Patent Application
20080011311
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The nicotine-reducing agent of the invention which is an aqueous liquid composition containing at least one polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, phyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan.
Tamarind seed gum is an aqueous polyssacharide obtainable from seeds of Tamarindus grandiflora Pers. which is a perennial dicotyledon of the Fabaceous family. Locust bean gum is a polysaccharide obtainable from seeds of Ceratonia siliqua Linne. Xantham gum is a fermented polysaccharide produced by the microorganism Xanthomonas campestris. Tara gum is an aqueous polysaccharide obtainable from seeds of Actinidia callosa Lindl. Guar gum is a polysaccharide obtainable from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub. or an enzymatically (e.g. hemicellulase, etc.) degraded product of said polysaccharide. Pectin is a polysaccharide extractable from citrus fruits and apples using water, and has methylated polygalacturonic acid as a principle component. Pectin can broadly be classified into HM pectin (50% or more methylated galacturonic acids out of the total galacturonic acid content) and LM pectin (below 50%) methylated galacturonic acids out of the total galacturonic acid content), based on its degree of esterification (methoxyl group content). HM pectin and LM pectin can be both used in the present invention.
Pullulan is a polysaccharide produced by Aureobasidium pullulans [DE Bary] Arn.). Psyllium seed gum is a polysaccharide obtainable from seeds of Plantago ovata Forsk. and other plants of the same genus. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted using water from fronds of Chondrus crispus Lyngb., Gigartina tenella Harv., Eucheuma muricatum W. v. Bosse forma depaupaerata W. v. Bosse, Hypnea japonica Tanaka, and the like. Carrageenan can be classified into three main categories, kappa (κ), iota (ι) and lambda (λ), and any of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan and λ-carrageenan can be used in the invention, with λ-carrageenan being preferable.
These polysaccharides, as well as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, are commonly commercialized and used as food additives such as thickening agents, thickening stabilizers, and the like. The present invention may also use, with no limitation, conventional commercial food additives including tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethycellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan.
Preferable polysaccharides among these are tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum and pectin, and particularly preferable are tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum and xanthan gum.
The nicotine-reducing agent of the invention that is an aqueous liquid composition having a viscosity of 500 to 3000 mPa·s. The viscosity used herein is measured using a B-type rotational viscometer (a No. 3 rotor is used for a viscosity of 2000 mPa·s or lower, and a No. 4 rotor for a viscosity above 2000 mPa·s) at 20° C. at 60 rpm for one minute. The viscosity is preferably 500 to 2500 mPa·s, and more preferably 1000 to 2500 mPa·s.
The method for adjusting the aqueous liquid composition to have a viscosity as mentioned above is not limited, and the viscosity may be adjusted by suitably selecting the solvent(s) for dissolving the above polysaccharides, adjusting the ratios of polysaccharides to be used, mixing in other components, and/or the like.
Solvents used for dissolving tamarind seed gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and like polysaccharides mentioned above are not limited as long as they are capable of dissolving these substances. In light of safety and convenience, a preferable solvent is water. Water may also be used in combination with ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, etc. in a range in which the effects of the invention are not impaired.
The above polysaccharides (tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan) can be used singly as an active ingredient for the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention, or two or more may be used in combination, as desired. Preferable combinations of these polysaccharides are not limited, and examples are tamarind seed gum and locust bean gum, tamarind seed gum and xanthan gum, locust bean gum and methylcellulose, tamarind seed gum and tara gum, and tamarind seed gum and guar gum.
The proportion of the above polysaccharides (tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or carrageenan) in the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) is not limited, as long as the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) to be obtained has the above-specified viscosity from 500 to 3000 mPa s, preferably from 500 to 2500 mPa·s, and more preferably 1000 to 2500 mPa·s.
For example, proportions of each polysaccharide that may be used in 100 wt. % of nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) are shown in Table 1.
Psyllium seed gum
When using any two or more of these components in combination, the ratio and amount of the combination can be determined, based on the above mixing proportions as a guideline, to adjust the viscosity so that the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) has a viscosity from 500 to 3000 mPa·s, preferably from 500 to 2500 mPa·s, and more preferably 1000 to 2500 mPa·s. As mentioned above, for the combined use of tamarind seed gum and locust bean gum, the ratio can be, for example, 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, and preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, of locust bean gum per part by weight of tamarind seed gum. For the combined use of tamarind seed gum and xanthan gum, the ratio can be 0.02 to 1 parts by weight, and preferably 0.05 to 0.5 parts by weight of xanthan gum per part by weight of tamarind seed gum. For the combined use of methylcellulose and locust bean gum, the ratio can be 0.2 to 20 parts by weight, and preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of locust bean gum per part by weight of methylcellulose. Further, for the combined use of tamarind seed gum and tara gum, the ratio can be 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, and preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight of tara gum per part by weight of tamarind seed gum. For the combined use of tamarind seed gum and guar gum, the ratio can be 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, and preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight of guar gum per part of tamarind seed gum.
In addition to at least one polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan, the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention can contain other saccharides within the range in which effects of the invention are not impaired. When such saccharides are used in combination with the above-mentioned polysaccharides, it is possible to enhance the viscosity and viscosity stability as well as the nicotine and tar reduction percentage.
Preferable examples of such saccharides for use in the invention include glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, erythrose, and like monosaccharides, and reducing sugars thereof (e.g. sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol); trehalose, maltose, isomaltose, nigerose, cellobiose, sucrose, lactose, and like disaccharides, and reducing sugars thereof (e.g. maltitol, lactitol); beet oligosaccharide, maltooligosaccharide, isomaltooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, lacto-sucrose oligosaccharide, and like oligosaccharides, and reducing sugars thereof; and dextrin, starch syrup, and like saccharides derived from starch, and reducing sugars thereof (e.g. reduced starch syrup).
Preferable examples include glucose, fructose, and like monosaccharides, and reducing sugars thereof (sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol); trehalose, maltose, sucrose, and like disaccharides, and reducing sugars thereof (maltitol, lactitol); dextrin, and starch syrup. Especially preferable are glucose and its reducing sugar (sorbitol); maltose and its reducing sugar (maltitol); trehalose; dextrin and starch syrup and like starch-derived saccharides (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and reducing products thereof obtained by enzymatic or acidic degradation, enzymatic transfer and enzymatic bonding of starch), and particularly preferable are sorbitol, trehalose, and starch syrup.
These saccharides can be used singly with the above-mentioned polysaccharides, or two or more of any saccharide can be used in combination. Examples of preferable combinations are trehalose and starch syrup, sorbitol and starch syrup, etc.
The proportion of these saccharides in the nicotine-reducing agent (100 wt. %) of the invention is not limited, but can be selected based on an adjusted viscosity so that the nicotine-reducing agent has a final viscosity ranging from 500 to 3000 mPa·s, preferably 500 to 2500 mPa·s, and more preferably 1000 to 2500 mPa·s. For example, when starch syrup and/or reduced starch syrup are used as saccharides, the proportion of these saccharides is usually from 5 to 60 wt. %, preferably 10 to 50 wt. %, and more preferably 10 to 40 wt. %. When saccharides other than these are used, the proportion of these saccharides is usually, for example, 5 to 50 wt. %, preferably 10 to 40 wt. %, and more preferably 10 to 30 wt. %.
In addition to the above components (polysaccharides and saccharides), the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention may optionally contain components having thickening properties within ranges in which the effects of the invention are not impaired. Examples of such thickening components include cassia gum, glucomannan, deacylation-type gellan gum, native-type gellan gum, Bacillus natto gum, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), alginate, alginic acid propylene glycol ester, gum arabic, tragacanth gum, ghatti gum, soybean polysaccharide, macrophomopsis gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, karaya gum, starch, modified starch, chemically-modified starch, fermentation-derived cellulose, agar, and like thickening components. Such components can be used singly, or any two or more can be used in combination. It is desirable that such components be water soluble. Preferable are gum arabic, soy bean polysaccharide, and karaya gum.
Further, in addition to the above components (polysaccharides and saccharides), the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention may optionally contain other components within ranges in which the effects of the invention are not impaired. Examples of such components include sweeteners (e.g. sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, saccharin, and like high-intensity sweeteners), natural and synthetic food colorings, perfumes, acidulants (e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, and like organic acids), preservatives (e.g. sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, etc.), antioxidants (e.g. tea catechin, anthocyanin, isoflavone, and like polyphenols), herbs and extracts therefrom (chamomile, Aloe arborescens Mill, Echinacea, hop (Humulus lupulus), melissa (Melissa officinalis), etc.), amino acids, minerals and vitamins, etc. It is also desirable that these components be water soluble.
The nicotine-reducing agent of the invention can be prepared by dissolving in an aqueous solvent at least one polysaccharide as an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan, or a combination of at least one of these polysaccharides and at least one of the above-mentioned saccharides, or optionally added any of the above-mentioned components. The dissolution may be carried out at warm temperatures or with stronger heating.
The pH of the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention is not limited, and any value may be selected, with typical examples being weakly acidic with pH 3 to 5, and particularly pH 3.5 to 4.5.
The thus-prepared nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention is used while being retained in a filter of a smoking article. The accommodation method is not limited, and the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the present invention may be supplied in a liquid form into the filter (e.g. infiltration), and accommodated in the filter in either a wet or dried state. In view of nicotine removing effects, it is preferable that the agent be accommodated in a wet state (infiltration).
Specific examples of filter of smoking articles include filters at cigarette ends and filters in tobacco pipes and cigarette holders (placed at the inhalation end of a cigarette in use).
The method of accommodating the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) in the filter of a smoking article is not limited. For examples, a filter of a smoking article may be directly immersed in the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition), or a filter may be coated with the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition). However, it is hygienically desirable that one (about 50 mg) to several drops, and preferably one to five drops, of the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) be dropped into the filter of a smoking article.
When the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention is dropped onto a filter as mentioned above, it is. preferable, but not limited, that the agent form droplets easily. Further, when the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention is used in a filter, it is preferable, but not limited, that the agent is readily penetrated to be contained, and preferably spread throughout the filter. Furthermore, when retained in the filter of a smoking article and the article is sucked, it is preferable that the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention does not cause problems such as sucking difficulties due to elevated suction pressure or splashing of the agent from the filter into the mouth.
The nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention can provide the above characteristics when comprising at least one polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carrageenan, optionally combined with saccharides as mentioned earlier, and prepared into an aqueous liquid composition having a viscosity of 500 to 3000 mPa·s, preferably 500 to 2500 mPa·s, and more preferably 1000 to 2500 mPa·s. The nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention advantageously having diminished viscosity changes caused by temperature and/or storage conditions has a stable viscosity and other properties throughout the year. Given this, the viscosity does not remarkably increase during low winter temperatures but maintains such a viscosity that the dropping and penetration into the filter and smoking (suction) can be done without inconvenience.
The nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention is intended to be usually sold as being filled in a container. The container for accommodating the nicotine-reducing agent is not limited; however as mentioned above, since dripping is the preferable manner for using the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention, the agent is desirably filled in a dropping pipette-type container (e.g. such as a dropper). The dropping pipette-type container is not limited, as long as it is provided with a member by which the liquid content (aqueous liquid composition) can be applied drop by drop. Usable examples include containers whose entire body is a dropping pipette and capable of directly dripping the contents (aqueous liquid composition) from its opening, those with a cap functioning as a dropping pipette by which the contents can be sucked out and dripped, etc.
The size (volume) of a container for accommodating the nicotine-reducing agent is not limited, but in view of the purpose of the invention, dosage, and portability, it is desirable that the container accommodate contents of usually 1 to 100 ml, and preferably 2 to 20 ml.
The present invention provides nicotine-reducing smoking articles. Examples of nicotine-reducing smoking articles of the invention include smoking articles such as filtered cigarettes, etc. (hereinafter simply referred to “cigarettes” so as to distinguish these from tools used for smoking as mentioned below); and tools used for smoking tobacco products (e.g., paper-wrapped tobaccos, shredded tobaccos, cigars, etc.) such as smoking pipes (including long-stemmed pipes such as Japanese pipe “kiseru”), cigarette holders (used by being placed onto the mouth end of cigarettes, for example, disposable cigarette holders), cartridges mounted in cigarette holders, etc. (hereinafter simply referred to as “pipes” so as to distinguish these from the above-defined cigarettes).
A pipe as referred to herein comprises at least a tobacco-accommodating portion or tobacco insertion opening, an inhalation opening, and a passage (tube) for passing smoke from the tobacco-accommodating portion or tobacco insertion opening to the inhalation opening, and a region (retention portion) for retaining the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention.
The smoking article of the invention is a nicotine-reducing smoking article in which the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention is accommodated in the filter of a filtered cigarette or the retention portion of a pipe, thereby reducing the amount of nicotine inhaled into the body during smoking.
There are no particular structural or material limitations on the retention portion of the pipe, as long as the retention portion is disposed so that the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product passes therethrough, and is configured in such a manner that the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention can be retained therein. The retention portion can be formed, for example, by attaching a porous member made of paper, nonwoven fabric, fiber, sponge, etc. to or filling such a member into a portion through which the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product passes. Examples of retention portion materials include but are not limited to cellulose acetate, fatty acid polyester compounds, cellulose esters, etc.
The pipe (smoking article) of the invention achieves nicotine-removing effects by passing the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product through the retention portion in which the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) is accommodated. Therefore, the retention portion of the pipe can also be defined as a filter. In this sense, in this specification, the retention portion of pipes and the filter of cigarettes may sometimes be referred to together as a “smoking article filter”.
The capacity of the smoking article filter of the invention (filter of cigarettes, retention portion of pipes) is not particularly limited. Preferably, the filter has a capacity capable of retaining as much nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) as possible in a stable manner. However, if the filter has a capacity capable of retaining at least about 50 to about 250 mg, and preferably about 50 to about 150 mg, of the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition), this is sufficient for normal use.
The cigarette holder 1 comprises a holder body 3 in which a filter 2, i.e., a retention portion, is provided to retain the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention. The holder body 3 has an inhalation opening 4 at one end and a cigarette insertion opening 5 at the other end. In the holder body 3, the periphery and vicinity of the inhalation opening 4 are flattened to facilitate the cigarette holder being held between the lips. The cigarette holder 1 shown as one embodiment of the nicotine-reducing smoking article of the invention is configured in such a manner that the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention is retained beforehand in the filter.
Similarly, the cigarette holder 11 comprises a holder body 3 in which a filter 2, i.e., a retention portion, is provided to retain the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention. The cigarette holder 11 shown as a nicotine-reducing smoking article of the invention may be configured in such a manner that the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention is retained in the filter 2 beforehand or placed and retained in the filter at the time of use.
The structure of the cigarette holder 11 is described below with reference to
The holder body 3 has an inhalation opening 4 at one end and a cigarette insertion opening 5 at the other end. In the holder body 3, the periphery and vicinity of the inhalation opening 4 are flattened to facilitate the cigarette holder being held between the lips. In the cigarette holder 11, one end of the holder body 3 may further be provided with a cap 6 with a detachable clip, and the other end a detachable lid 7. In the embodiment shown in the Figs., the cap 6 with the clip is attached to the inhalation opening 4 end of the holder body 3, and the lid 7 to the cigarette insertion opening 5 end of the holder body 3. The cap 6 with the clip has a projection 8 for insertion into the inhalation opening 4.
Attachment of the cap 6 with the clip and the lid 7 to the holder body 3 can prevent volatilization during the infiltration of the nicotine-reducing agent into the filter 2. When not smoking, the clip of the cap 6 can be fastened onto a breast pocket, etc. The cap 6 with the clip is preferably configured to be similar to those attached to typical pens.
The cap 6 with the clip and the lid 7 are configured to be attachable and detachable. In the embodiment shown in the Figs., attachment can be made by engaging the lid 7 with the opening 9 of the cap 6 with the clip. The lid 7 has a collar 10 that acts as a stopper when the lid 7 is engaged with the cap 6 with the clip. When smoking, the lid 7 is attached to the cap 6 with the clip and the clip is fastened onto a breast pocket, etc., thereby preventing loss of the lid 7.
The present invention provides a method for reducing the nicotine content of the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product. The method can be carried out by infiltrating the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) into a smoking article filter (e.g., a cigarette filter or a filter of a smoking pipe or cigarette holder) and passing the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product through the filter when smoking.
According to the method of the invention for reducing the nicotine content, the nicotine content of the mainstream smoke inhaled into the body can be significantly reduced by simply infiltrating the nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) of the invention into a smoking article filter. As shown in the Experimental Examples below, not only can the nicotine content of the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product be significantly reduced but also the tar content. Thus the present invention also provides a method for reducing the tar content of the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product.
As shown in the Experimental Examples, increasing the amount of nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) in the filter leads to a greater reduction in the nicotine content and tar content of the mainstream smoke, in proportion to the increase of nicotine-reducing agent. The volume of nicotine-reducing agent (aqueous liquid composition) retained in the filter is not particularly limited as long as it can be successfully retained in the filter. For example, it is usually a volume equivalent to 1 to several drops (about 50 mg to about several hundred mg), and preferably a volume equivalent to 1 to 5 drops (about 50 mg to about 250 mg).
The main reason that it is difficult to quit smoking is considered to be the physical and psychological dependence on the nicotine contained in the mainstream smoke of tobacco products. The nicotine-reducing method of the invention enables smokers to reduce the amount of nicotine inhaled into the body while smoking, thereby gradually reducing their nicotine dependence. According to the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention, smokers can adjust the amount of nicotine-reducing agent (the amount contained in the filter) by themselves, thereby controlling the nicotine content of the mainstream smoke inhaled. Therefore, smokers can gradually reduce their nicotine intake according to their nicotine dependence status and ultimately eliminate their nicotine dependence, thereby successfully quitting smoking.
Hereafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the following Experimental Examples and Examples, but the invention is not limited thereto. In the following Experimental Examples and Examples, parts are all parts by weight unless otherwise specified.
The products used in the following Examples were obtained as follows. The products marked “*” are registered trade marks of San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc in Japan.
Aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 1-15) were prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 2. More specifically, one or more of the polysaccharides shown in Table 1 (tamarind seed gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, tara gum, guar gum, pullulan, psyllium seed gum, HM pectin, LM pectin, λ-carageenan, carboxymethylcellulose) together with trehalose were added to ion-exchanged water, and the mixture was dissolved by stirring while heating at 80° C. for 10 minutes, however methylcellulose (Example 14) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Example 15) were added together with trehalose to ion-exchanged water, and the mixture was dissolved by stirring at 60° C. for 10 minutes and further stirring at 10° C. for 10 minutes.
To each solution were added an aqueous solution of sodium benzoate, an aqueous solution of citric acid, an aqueous solution of trisodium citrate, and an aqueous solution of colorant (red No. 2, red No. 40), these aqueous solutions having been prepared by dissolution in ion-exchanged water beforehand, and then mixed. The total amount of each mixture was adjusted with ion-exchanged water to be 100% by weight, preparing aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 1-15).
The viscosity (initial viscosity) of each aqueous liquid composition (Examples 1-15) obtained above was measured using a B-type rotational viscometer (Rotor No. 3 was used when the viscosity was 2000 mPa·s or lower, and Rotor No. 4 was used when the viscosity was above 2000 mPa·s) at 20° C. at 60 rpm for 1 minute. The aqueous liquid compositions were stored at 50° C. for three weeks, and the viscosity (viscosity after storage) was measured under the same conditions as above. The residual viscosity (%) was calculated using the following equation, and the viscosity stability was evaluated in accordance with the following criteria.
The aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 1-15) obtained above were adjusted to 20° C., and two drops (about 100 mg) of one of each of the aqueous liquid composition were then added to a single tobacco product filter tip. The time taken for the liquid to penetrate into each filter was measured (evaluation of liquid penetration ability). The penetration was judged to be complete when the liquid drops adhering to the filter surface had completely disappeared. After confirming that the liquid had penetrated into each filter, it was evaluated by smoking each tobacco product to determine whether or not the liquid was drawn into a mouth when the smoke of each tobacco product was inhaled (evaluation of liquid drawing property). The aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 1-15) were evaluated by the same person for the liquid penetration ability and the liquid drawing property in accordance with the following criteria. The liquid drawing property was evaluated by inhaling mainstream smoke three times.
The evaluation results obtained in (2) and (3) above are also shown in Table 2. The results evaluated based on the results obtained in (2) and (3) above according to the following criteria are also shown in Table 2 as a comprehensive evaluation.
Aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 16-25) were prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 3. More specifically, tamarind seed gum, xanthan gum and one of the saccharides shown in Table 3 (trehalose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, maltitol, erythritol, xylitol, dextrin) were added to ion-exchanged water, and each mixture was dissolved by stirring while heating at 80° C. for 10 minutes. To each solution were added an aqueous solution of sodium benzoate, an aqueous solution of citric acid, an aqueous solution of trisodium citrate, and an aqueous solution of colorant (red No. 2, red No. 40), these solutions having been dissolved in ion-exchanged water beforehand, and then mixed. The total amount of each mixture was adjusted with ion-exchanged water to be 100% by weight, preparing aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 16-25).
In the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, the initial viscosity of each aqueous liquid composition (Examples 16-25) obtained above was measured. Separately, in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, the viscosity after storage at 50° C. for three weeks (viscosity after storage) was measured to calculate the residual viscosity (%), and the viscosity stability of each aqueous liquid composition was evaluated.
In the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 (3), one of each of the aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 16-25, adjusted to 20° C.) obtained above was added to a single tobacco product filter tip. The liquid penetration ability into each filter (evaluation of penetration ability) was evaluated. In the same manner, it was evaluated whether or not the liquid was drawn into a mouth when each tobacco product was smoked (evaluation of liquid drawing property).
The evaluation results obtained in (2) and (3) above are shown in Table 3.
The results evaluated based on the results obtained in (2) and (3) above according to the same criteria as in Experimental Example 1 are also shown in Table 3 as a comprehensive evaluation.
Aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 26-29) were prepared by the following procedure according to the formulations shown in Table 4. The viscosity of each aqueous liquid composition obtained above was measured using a B-type rotational viscometer (Rotor No. 3) at 20° C. at 60 rpm for 1 minute.
Locust bean gum was added in small portions to room temperature water while stirring, followed by heating. After reaching 90° C., the mixture was dissolved by further stirring at 90° C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, trehalose was added to the mixture, followed by further stirring. Methylcellulose was added in small portions to the mixture, and the mixture was cooled to 20° C. To the mixture were added citric acid, glycine, L-ascorbic acid, tea catechin, trisodium citrate, licorice powder, and a colorant. The citric acid, glycine, L-ascorbic acid, and tea catechin were dissolved in small amounts of water before mixing. With respect to trisodium citrate and licorice powder, trisodium citrate was dissolved in a small amount of water, and licorice powder was then added to the solution and dissolved before use. After preparation, the total amount (100% by weight) of the mixture was adjusted with water. The adjusted solution was put in a container, followed by heat pasteurization at 65° C. for 10 minutes, providing an aqueous liquid composition (Example 26).
Tamarind seed gum and xanthan gum were added in small portions to 80° C. water while stirring, and the mixture was dissolved by stirring at 80° C. for 10 minutes (Solution A). Separately, a mixed powder of soybean polysaccharide and trehalose was added in small portions to 80° C. water while stirring, and the mixture was dissolved at 80° C. To this solution were added glycine, adipic acid, L-ascorbic acid, and tea catechin. A solution obtained by adding licorice powder to trisodium citrate dissolved in a small amount of water and dissolving was further added, and a colorant was added (Solution B). Solution A, Solution B, and starch syrup were mixed by stirring, and the total amount (100% by weight) of the mixture was then adjusted with water. The adjusted solution was placed in a container, followed by heat pasteurization at 65° C. for 10 minutes, providing an aqueous liquid composition (Example 27).
The procedure of Example 27 was followed except for using no xanthan gum, giving an aqueous liquid composition (Example 28).
(iv) Example 29
The procedure of Example 27 was followed except for using no tamarind seed gum, giving an aqueous liquid composition (Example 29).
Among the aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 26-29) obtained above, the aqueous liquid composition of Example 26 was evaluated for the liquid condition by varying the temperature over the range of 10° C. to 40° C. As a result, the aqueous liquid composition of Example 26 was maintained smooth despite the temperature change (10° C. to 40° C.).
The aqueous liquid compositions of Examples 27-29 were stored at 37° C., and their viscosities were measured over time (after three days, seven days, ten days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days of storage) to evaluate viscosity stability. The viscosity measurement conditions were the same as above. The results are shown in Table 5. The viscosity stability is shown in terms of the residual viscosity(%) calculated according to the equation shown in Experimental Example 1(2).
The results shown in the above table revealed that the viscosity of the aqueous liquid compositions of Examples 26-29 prepared using one or more of locust bean gum, tamarind seed gum, and xanthan gum did not greatly vary with prolonged storage or temperature change, and had substantially uniform properties.
The aqueous liquid compositions (Examples 26-29) obtained above were adjusted to 20° C., and two drops (about 100 mg) of one of each of the aqueous liquid compositions were then added to a single tobacco product filter tip. The time taken for the liquid to penetrate into each filter was measured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1(3), thereby evaluating the liquid penetration ability (evaluation of liquid penetration ability). After confirming that the liquid had penetrated into filter of each tobacco product, it was evaluated by smoking each tobacco product for ease of sucking the tobacco product and whether or not the liquid had drawn into a mouth (generally referred to as “ease of smoking”). Each aqueous liquid composition was evaluated for the liquid penetration ability and ease of smoking by the same person. The ease of smoking was evaluated by inhaling mainstream smoke three times. After smoking, the degree of color change in each filter was observed.
When one of each of the aqueous liquid compositions obtained in Examples 26-29 was dripped onto a single tobacco product filter tip, the aqueous liquid composition uniformly penetrated into the filter in about 15 seconds. Moreover, the aqueous liquid compositions of the invention caused no problems, such as spreading of the liquid into a mouth or causing difficulty in inhalation during smoking. Each filter after smoking was blackened, which showed that larger amounts of nicotine and tar were trapped in each filter than when the aqueous liquid composition of the invention was not infiltrated therein.
Using the aqueous liquid composition (Example 27) prepared in Experimental Example 3, the nicotine and tar removal effects of an aqueous liquid composition of the invention were evaluated.
More specifically, the aqueous liquid composition of Example 27 was dripped onto the filter tip of a tobacco product (Mild Seven Light, Japan Tobacco Inc.: 0.7 mg nicotine content, 8 mg tar content) in an amount of about 50 mg (one drop), about 100 mg (two drops), or about 150 mg (three drops), and immediately the amounts of nicotine and tar contained in the smoke of the tobacco product were measured. As comparative experiments, the amounts of nicotine and tar contained in the smoke of comparative tobacco products were measured following the above procedure using water (one drop, two drops, or three drops) in place of the above-mentioned aqueous liquid composition. The nicotine reduction percentage(%) and the tar reduction percentage (%) were calculated based on the amounts of nicotine and tar contained in the smoke of each tobacco product treated with one of the above-mentioned aqueous liquid compositions or water, when the amount of nicotine and the amount of tar of a tobacco product treated with neither aqueous liquid composition nor water were both defined as 100%.
The amount of nicotine and the amount of tar contained in the tobacco product smoke were measured according to the method provided in Ministry of Finance notification No. 174 (Japan) issued in 1988 as shown below. Ten tobacco products were used for each experiment.
Tobacco products to be used for the above measurements are stored at a temperature of 22±1° C. and at a humidity of 60±2% for at least two days and up to seven days before use so that the condition of the tobacco products was appropriate for the measurements.
The filter has a diameter of 44 mm and a thickness of 1 to 2 mm, and has a capacity of collecting at least 99.9% of all dioctyl phthalate particles with a diameter of 0.3 μm or more at a rate of 140 mm/second. The filter pressure drop at this rate is not more than 93 mm H2O (900 Pa). The filter has an acrylate resin adhesive content of not more than 5%.
(i) Measurement Conditions of Gas Chromatography for Measurement of Moisture Content
Column: Glass column with an inner diameter of 2-3 mm and a length of 1.2 to 1.8 m
Filler: Porapak Q (manufactured by Waters) (80 to 100 mesh) or one whose performance is equivalent or better
Temperature: Thermostatic bath (170 to 180° C.), injection part (230 to 250° C.), and detector (250° C.)
Carrier gas: Helium
Flow rate: 40 ml/minute
Detector: Thermal conductivity detector
(ii) Measurement Conditions of Gas Chromatography for Measurement of Nicotine Content
Column: Glass column with an inner diameter of 2-3 mm and a length of 1.8 to 2.7 m
Filler: Obtained by covering Chromosorb W 60-80 mesh, that has been washed with acid and distilled water with polyethylene glycol-20W (10% by weight) and potassium hydroxide (2% by weight), or one with equivalent or better performance
Temperature: Thermostatic bath (170 to 180° C.), injection part (230 to 250° C.), and detector (250° C.)
Carrier gas: Helium or nitrogen
Flow rate: 20 to 40 ml/minute
Detector: Flame ionization detector
The mouth end of a measurement tobacco product is inserted in a cigarette holder to 9±1 mm. Smoking of the tobacco product is performed under the following smoking conditions until the length of the tobacco product end reaches 30 mm, and the crude tar (particles in the tobacco product smoke collected in the filter) is then collected. The number of measurement tobacco products to be smoked for collecting crude tar is 5 per smoking experiment.
Smoking volume (volume of tobacco product smoke inhaled by one smoking): 35±0.3 ml
Smoking period (duration of one smoking): 2±0.1 seconds
Smoking interval (period between one smoking and the next smoking): 60±1 seconds
Smoking wave-form (puff profile): Bell type in which the maximum flow value appears 0.8 to 1.2 seconds from the starting of smoking, and the maximum flow rate is 25 to 30 ml/second.
The weight of the smoke collector before and after smoking is weighed in 0.1 mg units, and the amount of crude tar (mg/tobacco product) is calculated to the second decimal based on the weight difference (figures below the third decimal place are omitted) according to the following equation.
Crude tar amount=[the weight (mg) of smoke collector after smoking−the weight (mg) of smoke collector before smoking/the number of smoked tobacco products]
The filter collecting the crude tar is folded up. The inner wall surface of a tobacco product holder of the tobacco product is wiped with the back side of the folded filter, and is further wiped with one quarter of an unused filter. These filters and 10 ml of extraction solvent [mixed solvent of isopropanol, ethanol, and anethole in the volume ratio of 4974:25:1, the same applies hereinafter] are put in a container, followed by shaking, giving a sample solution.
1 μl of the sample solution is placed in a gas chromatograph. The ratio of the peak area of moisture to the peak area of ethanol is then calculated. The moisture content (mg/tobacco product) in the sample solution is calculated to the second decimal (figures below the third decimal place are omitted) using the calibration curve prepared by the method of (6) (i) described below. The daily average amount of water contained in a filter is deducted from the moisture content in the sample solution measured above, to obtain the moisture content in the crude tar. The measurement is performed twice for each sample solution, with the average of the measurement values being calculated.
1 μl of the sample solution is placed in a gas chromatograph. The ratio of the peak area of nicotine to the peak area of anethole is then calculated. The nicotine content (mg/tobacco product) in the sample solution is truncated to the second decimal (figures below the third decimal place are omitted) using the calibration curve prepared by the method of (6) (ii) described below. The measurement is performed twice for each sample solution, with the average of the measurement values being calculated.
(i) Preparation of a Calibration Curve for Water
10 ml of extraction solvent is added to each of at least four different amounts of distilled water, the amounts of which are determined in such a manner as to cover all the estimated moisture contents in the crude tar, giving standard solutions. 1 μl of each standard solution is placed in a gas chromatograph. The ratio of the peak area of water to the peak area of ethanol is then calculated. The process is performed twice, preparing a calibration curve based on the relationship between the peak area ratio and the amount of added water.
(ii) Preparation of a Calibration Curve for Nicotine
10 ml of extraction solvent is added to each of at least four different amounts of nicotine, the amounts of which are determined in such a manner as to cover all the estimated nicotine contents in the crude tar, giving standard solutions. 1 μl of each standard solution is placed in a gas chromatograph. The ratio of the peak area of nicotine to the peak area of anethole is then calculated. The process is performed twice, preparing a calibration curve based on the relationship between the peak area ratio and the amount of nicotine.
The amount of tar (mg/tobacco product) is determined by calculating, to the second decimal, the value obtained by deducting the amount of water and the amount of nicotine in the crude tar from the amount of the crude tar.
The results are shown in
As is clear from
As described above, nicotine contained in the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product is effectively trapped and removed by impregnating the filter of a smoking article with the nicotine-reducing agent of the present invention when smoking. A preferable nicotine-reducing agent in accordance with the present invention has a specific polysaccharide and an appropriate viscosity; hence, such an agent drips sharply onto the filter, and is then rapidly distributed uniformly throughout the fibers of the filter and remains in the filter. This prevents the nicotine-reducing agent from spreading into the mouth during smoking, and allows the smoker to smoke as normal with little inhaling resistance while still effectively removing nicotine.
Moreover, a preferable nicotine-reducing agent in accordance with the present invention has reduced variation in viscosity with temperature; hence it maintains an appropriate viscosity under normal conditions of use without inconveniently thickening at low temperatures during wintertime. The nicotine-reducing agent thus has the same viscosity as its indoor viscosity even during wintertime outdoors, hence being unlikely to have difficulties in dropping onto the filter.
Using the nicotine-reducing agent of the present invention, nicotine and tar contained in the mainstream smoke of a tobacco product are effectively removed, so that nicotine and tar adhere to the filter of a smoking article in larger amounts than during usual smoking. While the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention may be applied to the filter of a quit-smoking pipe or cigarette holder, it can also be directly applied to the filter of cigarette, thereby reducing nicotine in the mainstream smoke. In this case, the cigarette may be discarded after smoking, resulting in higher economic efficiency than using a quit-smoking pipe or cigarette holder.
In addition, increasing the content of the nicotine-reducing agent of the invention in a smoking article increases the amount of nicotine trapped in the filter of a smoking article. Therefore, nicotine intake can be gradually reduced by increasing the amount of the nicotine-reducing agent used, so as to gradually alleviate the nicotine dependence symptoms while cutting down on or quitting smoking.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-043610 | Feb 2004 | JP | national |
| 2004-135448 | Apr 2004 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP05/02649 | 2/18/2005 | WO | 00 | 4/30/2007 |
