Patent Application
20150297782
This invention relates to the use of nitric oxide-releasing anti-septic agents in wound dressings. More specifically, this invention relates to wound dressings comprising compounds that release or generate nitric oxide which has an anti-septic effect.
Wound dressings and bandages are prevalent in wound care management. These dressings and bandages are useful in providing protective barriers for surface or subsurface lesions. Furthermore, wound dressings can absorb and draw off blood, serum or pus from the lesion to provide clean wound-sites which are conducive to healing. Dressings also promote healing by controlling and restricting water-loss, thus providing a moist environment that is favourable for healing. However, there are risks associated with wound dressings. For example, the wound dressing or bandage can raise the risk of wounds being infected or re-infected with pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The exudation of serum and blood from wounds to the external environment and the difficulty in maintaining a sterile site, can lead to infection or re-infection of lesions because this rich medium of serum and blood, when trapped in a moist wound dressing, provides a repository of microbes and an opportune site for microbial growth.
It has been suggested that anti-microbial materials may be used in conjunction with a dressing in order to reduce the risk of infection or re-infection of a wound site. For example, some documents suggest using biocompatible anti-microbial metal ions such as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, iron, tin, copper, antimony, bismuth or zinc. Such anti-microbial metals have been incorporated into and onto surgical, wound and medical device dressings, bandages, and bio-absorbable materials, such as sutures, staples, prosthetic devices, microcapsules and the like, to avoid, prevent and treat bacterial, fungal and microbial infections. The use of free elemental iodine has also been suggested.
In addition to wound dressings and bandages for protecting and treating wounds, other methods of administering topical or systemic therapies to patients have been used to treat wound infections. For example, antibiotics have been used to treat infected abscesses, lesions, wounds, and similar injuries. However, an increasing number of pathogens have developed resistance to such therapy and some patients are allergic to the compositions used for treatment. Furthermore, it is known that infectious agents can interfere with the circulation of blood within an infected region. Such reductions in blood flow may lower the level of anti-septic agent that can be systemically delivered to the infected region. Topical applications of anti-septic agents can solve this problem but such methods often do not allow the anti-septic agent to penetrate in sufficient concentrations to be effective.
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the endothelium tissue of the human body as part of normal physiological processes. NO is an endogenous vasodilator i.e., an agent that widens the internal diameter of blood vessels. NO has also been investigated for its use as a sterilizing agent. It has been discovered that NO will interfere with or kill the growth of bacteria grown in vitro. WO00/30659 discloses a method and apparatus for the treatment of respiratory infections by NO inhalation. It has also been suggested that NO has an inhibitory effect on the life cycle of the influenza virus. See, for example, Rimmelzwaan et. al., Journal of Virology; Vol. 73, No. 10; p. 8880-8883 (October 1999) and Akerstrom et. al., Journal of Virology; Vol. 79, No. 3; p. 1966-1969 (February 2005). In addition, it has been suggested that NO gas may be delivered via a device in order to treat surface or subsurface wounds (U.S. Pat. No. 7,520,866; U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,077; U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,644; U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,018; J. B. J. Hardwick et. al., Clinical Science (2001) 100, 395-400).
The present invention provides methods of reducing and/or eliminating microbes and spores within dressings. In certain embodiments, the present invention is aimed at reducing and/or eliminating the potential for re-infection of surface or subsurface lesions by pathogens, including those infections caused by viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria, and those caused by pathogens that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotics.
The present invention further provides a wound dressing comprising a nitric oxide gas producing component. For example, the present wound dressings may comprise discrete supplies of sodium nitrite, citric acid, an oxygen-releasing compound, and an aqueous component. The nitric oxide of the present invention provides an anti-septic or sterilizing effect. The nitric oxide producing component is integral to the dressing making it convenient and easy to apply while the nitric oxide is delivered directly to the appropriate place.
As used herein, the term “dressing” means material used to cover a wound. Examples, of dressings include gauzes, tulle, semi-permeable films, hydrocolloid, polyurethane or silicone foams, hydrofibres, and the like. Combinations of dressings may be used herein.
As used herein, the phrase “nitric oxide gas producing component” means a constituent part of the dressing or apparatus is capable of discharging or generating nitric oxide gas.
According to an embodiment, the wound dressing comprises a layer comprising discrete supplies of sodium nitrite and citric acid and a separate layer comprising an oxygen-releasing compound layer. The dressing may comprise a supply of an aqueous gel and/or water embedded within a layer distinct from both the sodium nitrite-citric acid layer and the oxygen-releasing compound layer.
According to certain embodiments, the aqueous component is provided as hydro-gel capsules comprising the aqueous component or breakable packets comprising the aqueous component.
According to certain embodiments, the water is administered by the user or another person. The water may be absorbed (i.e., wicked) by the dressing and/or provided in frangible packets comprising of sterile water.
The present invention provides, wound dressing comprising a manipulably controllable device which releases a supply of aqueous gel or water upon activation. The activation may, for example, be triggered by the user or by a care giver. The aqueous gel or water may, for example, come from hydro-gel capsules or breakable packets. Post-release the aqueous gel or water will mingle with the sodium nitrite, citric acid, and oxygen-releasing compound to produce NO.
The present invention also provides an apparatus configured for use in the proximity of a subject's foot or within a subject's footwear and configured for deployment of anti-microbial gases. An example of the present apparatus is an inner-sole to be placed within a subject's footwear. The apparatus may be a sock to be worn on a subject's foot comprising NO-producing agent. The present apparatus may comprise discrete supplies of sodium nitrite, citric acid, an oxygen-releasing compound, and an aqueous gel or water, similar to the composition of the wound dressing described above.
The present dressings and apparatus preferably comprise supplies of sodium nitrite and citric acid that would result in a concentration of gaseous NO of from about 8,000 to about 12,000 ppm. It is desirable that the NO persists from about 45 minutes to about 90 minutes.
The present dressings and apparatus preferably comprise supplies of an oxygen-releasing compound embedded in a layer such that the resultant concentration of gaseous oxygen is greater than 18%.
The present dressings and apparatus may comprise a bottom layer that is permeable to gaseous NO. For example, the bottom layer may be a fibrous or foam material. The bottom layer may be separated from any other layers by a membrane that is impermeable to larger molecules such as nitrogen dioxide but permits the diffusion of NO.
The present dressings and apparatus may comprise an upper surface barrier that is relatively gas and moisture-impermeable to prevent premature dispersion of gaseous NO. The barrier may also prevent the premature activation of the NO producing reaction by water molecules in the surrounding environment.
The present invention also provides a method of providing anti-septic treatment to a subject using the present dressings and/or apparatus. The method may comprise the following steps:
The present dressings or apparatus may be used for treating prolerating microbes causing objectionable odours. A suitable method for such treatment is exemplified by the following steps: (i) providing an inner-sole or sock configured for deployment about a portion of a subject's foot wound; (ii) providing a plurality of layers in said inner-sole or sock; (iii) providing four discrete components in said layers of the inner-sole or sock; (iv) controllably commingling said discrete components to release gaseous NO; and (v) controllably diffusing said gaseous NO into the layer of the inner-sole or sock in contact with the subject's skin.
The present invention may be used in conjunction with currently available dressings. For example, the present invention may be used as an adjuvant to dressings comprising silver as their anti-microbial agent.
In some embodiments of the present invention it will be necessary for the NO gas to contact the subject directly in order to have the desired anti-microbial or sterilizing effect but the invention also encompasses embodiments where the anti-microbial effect is mostly confined to the dressing or apparatus itself.
The present invention relates to the use of nitric oxide (NO) as the anti-septic or sterilizing agent. NO appears to be a broad spectrum anti-microbial agent and can have a deleterious effect on many pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc. NO seems to cross cell membranes and is able to target a variety of marcromolecules. Additionally, since NO is endogenous to humans the potential for allergic reaction is much reduced. Furthermore, NO is known to be an endogenous vasodilator, able to widen the internal diameter of blood vessels, thus exposing wounds to NO may counter-act any constriction of the blood vessels caused by infectious agents.
The concentration at which NO is cytotoxic to microbes is generally lower than the level at which it is cytotoxic to mammalian cells. However, NO can be toxic to humans if high concentrations, especially concentrations greater than 1,000 ppm, are inhaled and enter the bloodstream. Even at lower concentrations of inhaled NO, gaseous NO can be harmful if the time of exposure is relatively high. Thus, it is preferred that any apparatus for treating infections with NO prevents or minimizes the risk of exposure of the subject to toxic concentrations of NO.
The present invention relates to assemblies, apparatus, and methods for treating and preventing various infections in surface or subsurface wounds or lesions, including those caused by viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria, and those caused by pathogens that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotics.
The present invention provides for the delivery of NO gas into a wound dressing at effective concentrations for a relatively short period of time. This concentrates the anti-septic agent at the infection site and reduces or eradicates microbial burden within the wound dressing to avoid infection or re-infection of the wound.
The present invention may be used, for example, to treat chronic non-healing wounds, acute wounds, MRSA infections, and the like.
An embodiment of the present invention relates to wound dressings and bandages used for wound care management. In addition to providing a protective barrier and keeping a moist wound environment, dressings absorb fluids, remove exudates, pus and debris. However, because of this feature, a dressing can be a repository of microbes, which can then re-infect the wound. It has been shown that NO gas reduces the bacterial burden about 5-6 log.sub.10 cfu/mL. In addition, NO can have an anti-viral and fungicidal effect. Moreover, NO gas can eradicate microbes in both their vegetative and spore phase. NO gas can be used in conjunction with dressings or as an adjuvant to commercially available anti-microbial dressings.
An embodiment of the present invention relates to assemblies, apparatus, and methods for reducing the pathogenicity of transmissible agents that are in or on a wound dressing, wherein the method comprises applying to a wound a dressing or bandage with a source of gaseous NO and releasing said NO into the dressing or bandage. Such dressings and methods will also be effective for treating wounds that are infected by pathogens. If the wound is infected by, the presence of the gaseous NO in the dressing will kill or otherwise reduce the pathogencity of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, or other pathogens.
The present dressings comprise a source of gaseous NO. The source may comprise sodium nitrite and citric acid. The reaction between sodium nitric and citric acid may be catalyzed by the presence of an aqueous gel or water. Accordingly, the present invention preferably comprises a source for an aqueous gel or water. The source may comprise hydro-gel capsules or packets comprising an aqueous gel. The hydro-gel capsules or packets may be configured so as to release the aqueous component upon the controllable activation of a device by the user. A suitable device for activating the aqueous component may comprise a pull tab attached to the hydro-gel capsules, which when pulled, breaks the capsules to release the inner aqueous component. Such device may also comprise aqueous gel or water packets, such packets being broken to release the inner aqueous component by applying pressure over the wound dressing. The commingling of the sodium nitrite, citric acid, and aqueous component produces gaseous NO which can diffuse through at least a portion of the wound dressing. Application of the wound dressing or bandage over a surface or subsurface lesion may also result in subsequent absorption of liquid into the dressing from the wound, which could act as a further catalyst for the NO-producing reaction.
An embodiment of the present invention relates to assemblies comprising an upper surface layer and a bottom surface layer. The upper surface layer comprises a moisture- and/or gas-impermeable barrier such as a membrane, wherein the barrier reduces or prevents the dissipation of the NO into the atmosphere. The barrier may also reduce the risk of premature catalyzation of the reaction between the sodium nitrite and citric acid by preventing environmental moisture from penetrating to catalyze the NO-producing reaction. The bottom surface layer of the wound dressing preferably comprises a gas-permeable membrane to allow the dispersion of the NO gas through the bottom surface barrier of the wound dressing. It is within the scope of the present invention to also have the bottom layer of the dressing comprising a fibrous or foam material for contact with the subject's skin. Such fibrous or foam material may be separated from the upper layers by a membrane that is permeable to small gas molecules such as NO, thereby only allowing the gaseous NO to diffuse into the fibrous or foam material. Preferably the membrane is impermeable to large molecules, such as nitrogen dioxide.
The half-life of NO is short, thus resulting in a short, localized effect of NO in treating a specific infection site. Wound care studies in humans have shown that the delivery of NO to an infection site does not have significant side-effects. Further, human cells are able to tolerate relatively high concentrations of NO. Therefore, with the correct parameters for delivering an effective dose in a short period of time, gaseous NO will be an effective therapy for treating surface or subsurface wounds and for reducing or eliminating the microbial burden within a wound dressing. Even if the effective NO concentrations are high, the skin cells adjacent to the wound should be able to cope and NO overspill from the dressing should not have a deleterious effect on the wound bed and its associated cell lines.
The sodium nitrite-citric acid components and the aqueous component of the present dressings are preferably separated such that production of the gaseous NO only occurs once the dressing is deployed. The quantity of sodium nitrite and citric acid embedded in the dressing is preferably at a level wherein a reaction between the sodium nitrite and citric acid will result in a concentration of gaseous NO capable of achieving its anti-septic or sterile effect within approximately 3 minutes to 11/2 hours. For example, such concentrations may be about 5,000 to about 22,000 ppm.
Preferably the sodium nitrite and citric acid is contained in an upper layer of the wound dressing as compared to the aqueous component. The aqueous component may be contained within a layer immediately beneath the sodium nitrite-citric acid. Such aqueous component may comprise hydro-gel capsules or some type of similar capsule or packet that contains an aqueous component, said aqueous component released only upon controllable activation by the user. It is within the scope of the present invention to provide a controllable device configured to trigger the release of the aqueous component from its capsule or packet, and thereby catalyze the reaction between the sodium nitrite and citric acid to produce gaseous NO at such time when the user controllably activates the device.
Prior art devices for delivering NO to treat wounds have required a closed environment. However, it has been surprisingly discovered that the anti-microbial efficiency of NO is increased in the presence of oxygen. The oxygen may be environmental oxygen or may be delivered via an oxygen generating component within the dressing or apparatus.
The effect of various oxygen concentration levels on the efficacy of 1000 ppm treatment of NO was studied. The results are summarized in Table 1.
Preferably the resulting gaseous oxygen concentration is greater than 18%. The NO may be delivered in the presence of an oxygen supplement. Any oxygen producing component may be used herein e.g. Aluminium oxide. The combination seems to provide an enhanced anti-septic and/or sterilization effect over the delivery of NO without an oxygen supplement. Thus, the present invention embodies this improved method of treating vegetative and spore forming bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal infections by generating gaseous NO in the presence of oxygen. An oxygen-releasing compound may be contained in a separate layer from the sodium nitrite-citric acid layer and the aqueous component layer. Such oxygen-releasing layer may, for example, be located between the aqueous component layer and the bottom layer comprising the fibrous or foam material. The oxygen-releasing compound may be embedded into such layer of the wound dressing at a level wherein the concentration of oxygen produced is at a concentration greater than 18%.
The present invention includes dressings comprising sodium nitrite, citric acid, aqueous component, and oxygen-releasing component wherein the release of the aqueous component can cause the commingling of the sodium nitrite, citric acid, aqueous component, and oxygen-releasing component therein, resulting in the production of a mixture of NO and oxygen. The quantity of sodium nitrite-citric acid is preferably controlled to only allow the production of a certain concentration of gaseous NO, such quantity dissipating within approximately 3 minutes and 11/2 hours, thereby applying a high concentration of NO over a short period of time within the dressing and/or onto the wound.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to assemblies, apparatus and methods for reducing the pathogenicity of transmissible agents that have infected or could infect a wound on a subject's foot, wherein the subject is provided with an inner-sole or sock comprising a source of gaseous NO. The NO may be released into the inner-sole or sock so that it contacts the wound. Suitable sources for gaseous NO are described above.
The present inner-soles or socks may also be used in order to reduce or kill microbes or fungi which may be causing foot odour or other minor infections such as athlete's foot.
The NO-gas releasing mixture herein may comprise a discrete amount of potassium nitrate and/or a discrete amount of chromium oxide. Such a mixture is preferably provided in combination with a component configured to maintain a temperature within and about the dressing in a range from ambient to cooler than ambient.
The aqueous component herein may comprise one or more alternative supplies of water molecules, e.g., in frangible packets containing sterile distilled water. Alternatively, the NO-gas producing reaction may be catalyzed by water molecules from the subject's body fluids. In this embodiment it is preferred that the dressings or apparatus comprise portions configured for contacting such water molecules. Accordingly, it is possible to configure the wound dressings/apparatus of the present inventions to release of NO gas for the duration of time that the dressing is deployed on and about a portion of a subject's body surface.
The present invention is described with reference to specific details, preferences, and examples of particular embodiments thereof. It is not intended that such details and examples be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Unless otherwise specified all documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference.
To study the potential effectiveness of NO-generating compounds on the bacterial load within a dressing, a custom exposure chamber was designed. A standard six-well culture plate (Corning 3516, Corning, N.Y.) was used. Standard Chicken Wire Mesh was cut to 3.5.times.3.5 cm squares, folded into a dome-like structure to be placed into the well.
Bacterial-laden dressing inoculums were prepared using an American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain (14990) of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The organisms were grown according to the standard operating procedures of the microbiology laboratory. From these cultures, a 0.5 McFarland standard with 10.sup.8 cfu/mL was prepared and further diluted 1:1000 with sterile saline to 10.sup.5 cfu/mL in a volume of 20 mL. The concentration of 10.sup.5 cfu/mL was chosen as it is an accepted threshold for determining wound infection. Bacteria were suspended in 0.9% saline rather than nutrient broth media, because saline maintains the bacteria in a more representative in vivo state and in a more resistant state in which they neither multiply nor die. Further, suspensions in saline were standardized based on similar in vitro NO studies that have shown that substances found in a bacterial laboratory support media bind NO, and that this interference may have masked the true effects of NO in previous studies. Aliquots of 0.5 mL were then pipetted onto 1.5 cm.sup.2 dressing samples, which were then placed on the Wire Mesh after which the six-well plate lid was put in place. Two wells in each plate were prepared for each time point during the studies and all studies were repeated three times.
At each time point sterile tweezers were used to remove the dressing and placed into a sterile 50 ml, test tube containing sterile saline. The test tube was mixed vigorously for 20 seconds on an electric vortex machine to remove bacteria from the dressing. Samples of 0.1 mL and 0.001 mL were pipetted and plated on separate blood agar plates (Columbia Agar w/5% sheep blood) and incubated in 37.degree. C. for 24 hours. Colonies were counted and the resulting cfu/mL calculated. Controls were prepared the same as the treated dressings only without exposure to the NO-generating mixture.
To characterize the NO, nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) and oxygen (O.sub.2) production generated from various mixtures of NO-generating compounds a series of experiments were conducted. A standard 9 cm diameter Petri dish was modified to accommodate a sampling line (#5 Fr Feeding Tube, Mallinckrodt, USA) for the NO, NO.sub.2, and O.sub.2 analyzer (Aeronox, Pulmonox Medical Inc., Canada). Using a clean stainless steel spatula, three active ingredients were weighed and placed into the bottom of the petri dish and mixed thoroughly. The petri dish lid was then placed over the reactants. The gas analyzer sampling line was attached to the gas analyzer and readings were recorded when peak concentrations of NO, NO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 were attained.
The foregoing description of embodiments of the present invention has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed. Obvious modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The embodiments described were chosen to best illustrate the principles of the invention and practical applications thereof to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/126,931, filed Sep. 20, 2011, which is a 371 U.S. Nationalization of International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2009/001563, filed Oct. 28, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/109,652 , filed Oct. 30, 2008, each of which is incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61109652 | Oct 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13126931 | Sep 2011 | US |
| Child | 14585008 | US |
