NK1 antagonists

Abstract

A NK1 antagonist having the formula (I), with the variables defined herein, which is useful for treating a number of disorders, including emesis, depression, anxiety and cough: 1

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to antagonists of the neuropeptide neurokinin-1 (NK1 or NK-1) receptor.

[0003] Tachykinins are peptide ligands for neurokinin receptors. Neurokinin receptors, such as NK1, NK2 and NK3, are involved in a variety of biological processes. They can be found in a mammal's nervous and circulatory systems, as well as in peripheral tissues. Consequently, the modulation of these types of receptors have been studied to potentially treat or prevent various mammalian disease states. For instance, NK1 receptors have been reported to be involved in microvascular leakage and mucus secretion. Representative types of neurokinin receptor antagonists and the disorders that can be treated with them include, for example, sleep, pain, migraine, emesis, nociception and inflammation, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,401, U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,018, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,989, WO 95/19344, WO 94/13639, and WO 94/10165. Cyclobutyl heterocyclic compounds can be found in: WO 99/52848, WO 99/21824 and WO 98/57940.

[0004] It would be beneficial to provide a NK, antagonist that is potent, selective, and possesses beneficial therapeutic and pharmacological properties, and good metabolic stability. It would further be beneficial to provide a NK1 antagonist that is effective for treating a variety of physiological disorders, symptoms and diseases, while minimizing side effects. This invention provides such NK1 antagonists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] This invention is directed to compounds of formula (I): 2

[0006] or the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein:

[0007] Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of:

[0008] (a) heteroaryl,

[0009] (b) heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r, and

[0010] (c) 3

[0011] X1 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—, —NR20—, —N(COR20)— and —N(SO2R17)—; and

[0012] when X1 is selected from the group consisting of —SO—, —SO2—, —N(COR20)— and —N(SO2R17)—, then R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy(C1-C3 alkyl)-, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —CH2F, —CHF2 and —CF3; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a C3-C6 cycloalkyl ring; and

[0013] when X1 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S— and —NR20—, then R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy(C1-C3 alkyl)-, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —CH2F, —CHF2 and —CF3; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O) group;

[0014] R3is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy(C1-C3 alkyl)-, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —CH2F, —CHF2 and —CF3;

[0015] R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl-, -halogen, —OR20, —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16 and —SR20; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— or —C(═NR13)— group;

[0016] R6is —(CH2)n1-G wherein n1 is 0 to 5, wherein G is selected from the group consisting of: H, —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)OR20, —C3-C8 cycloalkyl, 4

[0017] X4 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, and 5

[0018] R7 is —(CR40R41)n6-J wherein R40 and R41 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and —C1-C2 alkyl, and n6 is 0 to 5, and J is selected from the group consisting of —H, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —SO2R15, —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —SO2NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)OR20, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, 6

[0019] (examples of R7 include, but are not limited to, —(CH2)n6-J and —C(CH3)2-J);

[0020] provided that:

[0021] (a) when R6 is —(CH2)n1-G, where n1 is 0, then G is selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, 7

[0022] (b) R7 is —(CR40R41)n6-J, wherein n6 is 0, then J is selected from the group consisting of —H, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)OR20, 8

[0023] (c) when n1 for R6 is 0, and n6 for R7 is 0, and one of R6 and R7 is bound through a heteroatom (e.g., O or N) to the ring carbon of the cyclobutane ring then the other of R6 and R7 is bound through a carbon atom to the ring carbon of the cyclobutane ring (i.e., only one of R6 or R7 can be bound through a heteroatom to the carbon atom of the cyclobutane ring, i.e., the ring carbon atom to which R6 and R7 are bound does not have two heteroatoms bound to said ring carbon); or

[0024] R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)—, —C(═CH2)—, or —C(═NR13)— group; or

[0025] R6 and R7, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form:

[0026] (a) a 4- to 7-membered carbon ring (e.g., a C4 to C7 cycloalkyl ring);

[0027] (b) a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring; or

[0028] (c) a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl ring;

[0029] wherein said heterocycloalkyl or said heterocycloalkenyl comprises from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —N═, and —NR20— (wherein R20 is defined below), provided that a ring —S— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —S— or ring —S(O)— or ring —O—, and provided that a ring —O— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —O—; said 4- to 7-membered rings being optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R45 substituents wherein each R45 substituent is independently selected;

[0030] R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl-, halogen, —OR20, —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16 and —SR20; or R8 and R9, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0031] R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —OR20, halogen, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —CH2CF3, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —OCH2F, —OCH2CF3, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)NR23R24, —NR23C(O)R20, —NR23CO2R17, —NR23C(O)NR23R24, —NR23SO2R17, —NR23R24, —SO2NR23R24, —S(O)n5R17, aryl, aryl substituted with (R21)r wherein each R21 substitutent is independently selected, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r wherein each R21 substituent is independently selected;

[0032] each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O—(C1-C6 alkyl);

[0033] each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —C1-C6 alkylNH2 and —C1-C6 alkylNHC(O)OC1-C6alkyl;

[0034] R15 and R16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, benzyl, C1-C6 alkyl, and C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring that is optionally substituted with —OR20, and wherein one of the carbon atoms in said 4- to 7-membered ring is optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S— and —NR20—;

[0035] each R17 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl and —CF3;

[0036] each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —(C1-C6)alkylNH2 (e.g., —CH2CH2NH2), (C1-C6)alkoxy(C2-C6)alkyl, and hydroxy(C2-C6)alkyl;

[0037] each R21 is a substituent on the aryl or heteroaryl ring to which it is attached and is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —OH, -halogen, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —OCH2F, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —C(O)OR20, —C(O)NR23R24, —NR23R24, —NR23C(O)R20, —NR23CO2R20, —NR23C(O)NR23R24, —NR23SO2R17 and —S(O)n5R17;

[0038] R22 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl and —(CH2)n4-heterocycloalkyl;

[0039] R23 and R24 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl and benzyl; or R23 and R24, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring that is optionally substituted with —OR20, where one of the carbon atoms in the ring is optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S— and —NR20—;

[0040] R25 and R26 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; or R25 and R26, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— or cyclopropyl group;

[0041] R27 and R28 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; or R27 and R28, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— or cyclopropyl group;

[0042] each R29 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and C3-C8 cycloalkyl;

[0043] R30 and R31 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C2 alkyl), —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —OH, and —O(C1 to C3)alkyl; or R30 and R31, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0044] R38 and R39 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; or R38 and R39, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a cyclopropyl group;

[0045] each R45 is independently selected from the group consisting of: C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C2 alkyl), —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —OH, and —O(C1 to C3)alkyl; or two R45 substitutents, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0046] X2 is selected from the group consisting of —CH2—, —NR22—, —N(C(O)NR15R16)—, —N(CO2R15)—, —N(SO2R17)—, —N(C(O)R20)—, —N(SO2NHR20)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —CF2— and —CR20F—;

[0047] r is from 1 to 3;

[0048] n2 is from 1 to 4;

[0049] n3 is from 0 to 2;

[0050] n4 is from 0 to 3;

[0051] n5 is from 0 to 2;

[0052] n8 is from 0 to 4; and

[0053] n9 is from 1 to 3;

[0054] provided that, when n3 is 0, and R27 and R28 are each H, then X2 is selected from the group consisting of —CH2—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —CF2— and —CR20F—.

[0055] This invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0056] This invention is also directed to a method for effecting an NK1 receptor in a patient comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0057] This invention is also directed to a method for treating an NK1 receptor mediated disease (i.e., a disease associated with an NK1 receptor, or a disease involving an NK1 receptor in part of the disease process) in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0058] This invention is also directed to a method of treating a disease (or disorder or condition) in a patient in need of such treatment, wherein said disease is selected from the group consisting of: respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic lung disease, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, allergy, cough and bronchospasm), inflammatory diseases (e.g., arthritis and psoriasis), skin disorders (e.g., atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis), ophthalmological disorders (e.g., retinitis, ocular hypertension and cataracts), central nervous system conditions, such as depressions (e.g., neurotic depression), anxieties (e.g., general anxiety, social anxiety and panic anxiety disorders), phobias (e.g., social phobia), and bipolar disorder, addictions (e.g., alcohol dependence and psychoactive substance abuse), epilepsy, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, AID's related dementia, Towne's disease, stress related disorders (e.g., post tramautic stress disorder), obsessive/compulsive disorders, eating disorders (e.g., bulemia, anorexia nervosa and binge eating), sleep disorders, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, colitis, and emesis), atherosclerosis, fibrosing disorders (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis), obesity, Type II diabetes, pain related disorders (e.g., headaches, such as migraines, neuropathic pain, post-operative pain, and chronic pain syndromes), bladder and genitourinary disorders (e.g., interstitial cystitis and urinary incontinence), emesis (e.g., chemotherapy-induced (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin, and taxane), radiation-induced, motion sickness, ethanol-induced, and post operative nausea and vomiting), and nausea, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0059] This invention is also directed to a method of treating a disease (or disorder or condition) in a patient in need of such treatment, wherein said disease is selected from the group consisting of: respiratory diseases (e.g., cough), depression, anxiety, phobia, and bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, psychoactive substance abuse, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, stress related disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, bulemia, anorexia nervosa and binge eating, sleep disorders, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, pain related disorders, bladder disorders, genitourinary disorders, emesis and nausea, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0060] This invention is also directed to a method of treating a disease wherein there is microvascular leakage and mucus secretion in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0061] This invention is also directed to a method of treating asthma, emesis, nausea, depressions, anxieties, cough and pain related disorders in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0062] This invention is also directed to a method of treating emesis, depression, anxiety and cough in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0063] This invention is also directed to a method for antagonizing an effect of a Substance P at a neurokinin-1 receptor site in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0064] This invention is also directed to a method for the blockade of neurokinin-1 receptors in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I).

[0065] This invention is also directed to a method for treating depression and/or anxiety in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) compounds of formula (I) in combination with an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) anti-depressant agents and/or one or more (e.g., one) anti-anxiety agents.

[0066] This invention is also directed to a method of treating an NK1 receptor mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) compounds of formula (I) in combination with an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (“SSRIs”).

[0067] This invention is also directed to a method of treating depression and/or anxiety in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) compounds of formula (I) in combination with an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

[0068] This invention is also directed to a method of treating an NK1 receptor mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I) in combination with at least one (e.g., one) therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: other types of NK1 receptor antagonists (e.g., those that are disclosed in the neurokinin receptor antagonist patents cited in the above Background Section), prostanoids, H1 receptor antagonists, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, dopamine receptor agonists, melanocortin receptor agonists, endothelin receptor antagonists, endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, neutral metalloendopeptidase inhibitors, ETA antagonists, renin inhibitors, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron), serotonin 5-HT2c receptor agonists, nociceptin receptor agonists, glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone), rho kinase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators and inhibitors of multi-drug resistance protein 5.

[0069] This invention is also directed to a method for treating an NK1 mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) in combination at least one (e.g., one) therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: prostanoids, such as prostaglandin E1; α-adrenergic agonists, such as phentolamine mesylate; dopamine receptor agonists, such as apomorphine; angiotensin II antagonists, such as losartan, irbesartan, valsartan and candesartan; ETA antagonists, such as bosentan and ABT-627; serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron; and glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone.

[0070] This invention is also directed to a method for treating an NK1 mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I) in combination with and effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: other types of NK1 receptor antagonists, SSRIs, dopamine receptor agonists, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, serotonin 5-HT2c receptor agonists, nociceptin receptor agonists, glucocorticoids and inhibitors of multi-drug resistance protein 5.

[0071] This invention is also directed to a method for treating emesis, nausea and/or vomiting in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound of formula (I) in combination with and effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (e.g., ondansetron) and/or at least one glucocorticoid (e.g., dexamethasone).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0072] Unless indicated other wise, the following definitions apply throughout the specifications and claims. Chemical names, common names, and chemical structures may be used interchangeably to describe the same structure. These definitions apply regardless of whether a term is used by itself or in combination with other terms, unless otherwise indicated. Hence, the definition of “alkyl” applies to “alkyl” as well as the “alkyl” portions of “hydroxyalkyl,” “haloalkyl,” “alkoxy,” etc.

[0073] Unless otherwise incicated, when a substituent can be present more than once in a formula, each selection for that substituent is made independently of any other selections (e.g., for (R21)r each R21 substituent is independently selected).

[0074] “At least one”, examples include 1-3, 1-2 or 1.

[0075] “Heteroatom” means a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom. Multiple heteroatoms in the same group may be the same or different.

[0076] “One or more”, examples include 1-3, or 1-2 or 1.

[0077] “Patient” means a mammal, such as a human, and preferably a human.

[0078] “Alkyl” means an unsubstituted or substituted, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain having, preferably, from one to twenty-four carbon atoms, more preferably, from one to twelve carbon atoms, and even more preferably, from one to six carbon atoms.

[0079] “Cycloalkyl” or “cycloalkane” means an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated, stable, non-aromatic, carbocyclic ring, having, preferably, from three to fifteen carbon atoms, more preferably, from three to eight carbon atoms, most preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl ring can be fused with one to two cycloalkyl, aromatic (e.g., a benzofused ring), heterocyclic or heteroaromatic rings. The cycloalkyl ring can be attached at any endocyclic carbon atom that results in a stable structure. Examples of cycloalkyl rings include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.

[0080] “Aryl” means a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carbocyclic ring system comprising, for example, from one to two aromatic rings. The aryl moiety generally comprises from 6 to 14, preferably 6 to 10, carbon atoms with all available substitutable carbon atoms of the aryl moiety being intended as possible points of attachment. Representative examples include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, cumenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like. The carbocyclic ring can optionally be substituted with from one to five, preferably one to three, moieties, such as mono- through pentahalo, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, phenoxy, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and the like, said moieties being independently selected.

[0081] “Heteroaryl” means an aromatic ring system comprising, for example, one or two aromatic rings and at least one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur hetero atom in an aromatic ring. The heteroaryl group typically comprises 5 to 10 ring atoms (e.g., 5-6 or 9-10). The heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with a one or more substituents, preferably, one to five substituents, more preferably, one, two or three substituents (e.g., mono- through pentahalo, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, phenoxy, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and the like). Representative heteroaryl (heteroaromatic) groups are pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl and indolyl groups.

[0082] “Heterocycloalkyl” means an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated, cyclic ring system comprising from three to fifteen ring atoms, preferably, from three to eight ring atoms, and comprising carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom as part of the ring.

[0083] “Heterocycloalkenyl” means an unsubstituted or substituted, non-aromatic cyclic ring system comprising at least one (e.g., one) double bond, said ring system comprising from three to fifteen ring atoms, preferably, from three to eight ring atoms, and comprising carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom as part of the ring, and comprising.

[0084] “Heterocyclic ring” or “heterocycle” means an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono cyclic or polycyclic ring, comprising carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms in the ring. Monocyclic rings preferably contain from three to eight atoms in the ring structure, most preferably, five to seven atoms. Polycyclic ring systems comprising two rings preferably comprise from six to sixteen atoms, most preferably, ten to twelve atoms. Polycyclic ring systems comprising three rings comprise, preferably, from thirteen to seventeen atoms, most preferably, fourteen to fifteen atoms. Each heterocyclic ring has at least one heteroatom. Unless otherwise stated, the heteroatoms are each independently selected from the group consisting of: nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms.

[0085] “Carbocyclic ring” or “carbocycle” means an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic (e.g., aryl) hydrocarbon ring. Carbocycles may be monocyclic or polycyclic. Monocyclic rings, preferably, contain from three to eight atoms, more preferably, five to seven atoms. Polycyclic rings having two rings, preferably, contain from six to sixteen atoms, more preferably, ten to twelve atoms, and those having three rings, preferably, contain from thirteen to seventeen atoms, more preferably, fourteen to fifteen atoms.

[0086] “Alkoxy” means an oxygen atom bonded to an alkyl group(-O-alkyl). Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy groups.

[0087] “Hydroxyalkyl” means an alkyl group, as defined above, comprising at least one hydroxy substituent (-alkyl-OH). Additional substituents to the alkyl group may also be present. Representative hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl groups.

[0088] “Halo,” “halogen” or “halide” means a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo atom radical. Chlorides, bromides and fluorides are preferred halides.

[0089] “Sulfonyl” represents a group having the formula —S(O)2—.

[0090] “Prodrug” represents compounds that are drug precursors which, following administration to a patient, release the drug in vivo via a chemical or physiological process (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to a physiological pH or through an enzyme action is converted to the desired drug form). A discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of A.C.S. Symposium Series (1987), and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, E. B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Ass'n and Pergamon Press (1987), each of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.

[0091] “Effective amount” means an amount of a compound or composition which is sufficient enough to significantly and positively modify the symptoms and/or conditions to be treated (e.g., provide a positive clinical response). The effective amount of an active ingredient for use in a pharmaceutical composition will vary with the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy, and the particular active ingredient(s) being employed, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the attending physician.

[0092] This invention is directed to compounds having the formula (I) or la (defined below), including any and all isomers, such as enantiomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers, rotomers, and tautomers, and prodrugs of the compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia), and the isomers thereof, and their corresponding salts, solvates (e.g., hydrates), esters, and the like.

[0093] The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of formula (I) or (Ia) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients/carriers, or salts, solvates, and esters thereof.

[0094] The compounds of formula (I) or (Ia) can be useful for treating a variety of diseases, symptoms and physiological disorders, such as emesis, depression, anxiety and cough. Thus, the invention is also directed to methods of treating such types of diseases, symptoms and disorders by administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound having the formula (I) or (Ia) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient/carrier.

[0095] Another aspect of the invention is to provide a kit comprising separate containers in a single package, wherein the inventive pharmaceutical compounds, compositions and/or salts thereof are used in combination with pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers to treat a variety of physiological disorders, symptoms and diseases.

[0096] Compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia) can have at least one asymmetrical carbon atom. All isomers, including stereoisomers, diastereomers, enantiomers, tautomers and rotational isomers, are contemplated as being part of the invention. Prodrugs, salts, solvates, esters, etc., derived from the compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia), or precursors thereof, are also within the scope of the invention. The invention includes d- and I-isomers in pure form and in admixture, including racemic mixtures. Isomers can be prepared using conventional techniques, either by reacting optically pure or optically enriched starting materials or by separating isomers of a compound having the formula (I) or (Ia).

[0097] The inventive compounds can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms, with pharmaceutically-acceptable solvents, such as water, ethanol, and the like, are equivalent to the unsolvated forms for purposes of this invention.

[0098] The inventive compounds may form pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with organic and inorganic acids. Examples of suitable acids for salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The salts are prepared by contacting the free base forms with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in a conventional manner. The free base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution, such as dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia or sodium bicarbonate. The free base forms may differ somewhat from their respective salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the salts are otherwise equivalent to their respective free base forms for purposes of the invention. Acidic compounds of the invention (e.g., those compounds which possess a carboxyl group) form pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with inorganic and organic bases. Representative examples of such types of salts are sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, gold and silver salts. Also included are salts formed with pharmaceutically-acceptable amines, such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Many such types of salts are known in the art, for example, those that are described in WO 87/05297, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. Preferred cationic salts include alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium and potassium) and alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., magnesium and calcium). Preferred anionic salts include halide (e.g., chloride), acetate and phosphate salts.

[0099] For compounds of formula (I), n8 is preferably 0-2 and most preferably 0-1.

[0100] For compounds of formula (I), t is preferably 1-2.

[0101] For compounds of formula (I) R30 and R31 are preferably selected from the group consisting of: H, and (C1-C6)alkyl, and most preferably H and —CH3.

[0102] For compounds of formula (I) R45 is preferably selected from the group consisting of: H, and (C1-C6)alkyl, and most preferably H and —CH3.

[0103] For compounds of formula (I) R20 is preferably H in the substitutent —NR20—.

[0104] Examples of moieties formed as a result of R6 and R7 being taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound include: 9

[0105] wherein t is from 1 to 4, and X4 is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S— or —NR20— (wherein R20, R30, R31, R45, and n8 are as defined for formula (I)).

[0106] Examples of moieties formed as a result of R6 and R7 being taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound also include: 10

[0107] wherein t is 1 to 4.

[0108] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound form a ring selected from the group consisting of: 11

[0109] wherein t is 1 to 4.

[0110] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 12

[0111] wherein X4 is selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S— and —NR20—, and wherein R20, R30 and R31 are as defined for formula (I).

[0112] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 13

[0113] wherein t is 1-4, and R20, R45 and n8 are as defined for formula (I).

[0114] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 14

[0115] wherein X4 is selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S— and —NR20—, and wherein R20, R45 and n8 are as defined for formula (I).

[0116] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 15

[0117] wherein R20, R30, and R31 are as defined for formula (I).

[0118] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 16

[0119] wherein R30 is as defined for formula (I).

[0120] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 17

[0121] wherein t is 1 to 4.

[0122] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 18

[0123] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 19

[0124] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 20

[0125] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 21

[0126] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 22

[0127] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 taken together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring: 23

[0128] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 or R7 is 24

[0129] wherein n8 is 0-1 and R45 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0130] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring 25

[0131] wherein R30 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, and R31 is H, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0132] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R4 is H and R5 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0133] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 or R7 is 26

[0134] wherein n8 is 0-1, R45 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, R4 is H and R5 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0135] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring 27

[0136] wherein R30 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, R31 is H, R4 is H and R5 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0137] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R8 is H and R9 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0138] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 or R7 is 28

[0139] wherein n8 is 0-1, R45 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, R8 is H and R9 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0140] One embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R6 and R7 together with the carbon to which they are bound form the ring 29

[0141] wherein R30 is selected from the group consisting of —OH and —O(C1-C3)alkyl, R31 is H, R8 is H and R9 is —OH, and all other substituents are as defined for formula (I).

[0142] Preferred embodiments of this invention are directed to compounds of formula (I) comprising one of, or any two or more of, the groups of substituents defined in (1) to (7) below:

[0143] (1) Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently 30

[0144] (i.e., Ar1 and Ar2 are the same or different 31

[0145] group)

[0146] wherein R10, R11 and R12 are as defined for formula (1); more preferably, R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —OR20, halogen, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —CH2CF3, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —OCH2F, —OCH2CF3, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r; even more preferably, R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, —CF3, —CHF2 and —CH2F; and still more preferably, when X1 is —O—, R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C6alkyl, and —O(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0147] (2) X1 is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —NR20—; and more preferably X1 is —O—;

[0148] (3) R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy(C1-C3 alkyl)-, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —CH2F, —CHF2 and —CF3; more preferably R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; and even more preferably R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3;

[0149] (4) R3is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —CH2F, —CHF2 and —CF3; more preferably R3 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; and even more preferably R3 is H;

[0150] (5) R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl. —OH and halogen (e.g., Cl); more preferably R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; and even more preferably R4 and R5 are each H;

[0151] (6) n1 is 0, 1, or 2 for R6, G for R6 is selected from the group consisting of: H, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)OR20, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, 32

[0152] wherein R14, R15, R16, R17, R20, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, X2, R45, n2, n3, and n8are as defined for formula (I); and

[0153] (7) R7 is —(CH2)n6-J (i.e., R40 and R41 are H) wherein n6 is 0, 1 or 2, and J is selected from the group consisting of H, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)OR20, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —O—C(O)NR15R16, 33

[0154] wherein R14, R15, R16, R17, R20, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, X2, R45, n2, n3 and n8 are as defined for formula (I).

[0155] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring comprising from, preferably, 0 to 2 heteroatoms that are each independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —N═ and —NR20—, the 4- to 7-membered ring being optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R45 substituents wherein each R45 substituent is independently selected. More preferably, the ring is selected from the group consisting of: 34

[0156] wherein t is 1 to 4, X4 is selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S—, and —NR20—, and R20, R30, R31, R45, and n8 are as defined for formula (I). Even more preferably the ring is selected from the group consisting of: 35

[0157] wherein t is 1 to 4. Still more preferably the ring is selected from the group consisting of: 36

[0158] wherein t is 1 to 4.

[0159] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R6 is as defined for formula (I) (and most preferably n, for R6 is 0 to 3, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of —NR15R16 (e.g., —NH2), —NR15C(O)R14 and —NR20C(O)NR15R16, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R20 are as defined for formula(I). In still another preferred embodiment of the invention, R6 is selected from the group consisting of —CH3, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —NR15R16, —NR15C(O)R14, —NR20C(O)NR15R16, —C(O)NR15R16 and —C(O)OR20, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R20 are as defined for formula (I). In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)—, —C(═CH2)—, or —C(═NR13)— group.

[0160] Preferably R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C1-C6 alkyl and halogen (e.g., F or Cl), or R8 and R9, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group. More preferably, R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. Even more preferably, R8 and R9 are each H.

[0161] Preferably each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH and —OCH3.

[0162] Preferably each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, etc.), —C1-C6 alkylNH2 and —C1-C6 alkylNHC(O)OC1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0163] Preferably R15 and R16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached form a 4- to 7-membered ring that is optionally substituted with —OR20, wherein one of the carbon atoms in the ring is optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S— and —NR20—, and wherein R20 is as defined for formula (I). In one preferred embodiment of the invention, R15 and R16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and CH3.

[0164] Preferably each R17 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl and —CF3. More preferably, each R17 is C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., —CH3).

[0165] Preferably each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0166] Preferably each R21 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OCF3, —OCHF2 and —OCH2F. More preferably, each R21 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl.

[0167] Preferably R22 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, R22 is selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0168] Preferably R23 and R24 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, R23 and R24 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0169] Preferably R25 and R26 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, R25 and R26 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0170] Preferably R27 and R28 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, R27 and R28 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0171] When n3 is 0, and R27 and R28 are each H, and n3 is 0, then X2 is selected from the group consisting of —CH2, —CF2— and —CR20F—, where R20 is defined the same as above in the summary of the invention.

[0172] Preferably R29 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably R29 is selected from the group consisting of H and —CH3.

[0173] Preferably R30 and R31 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C2 alkyl (e.g., —CH3), or R30 and R31, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached form a —C(═O)— group.

[0174] Preferably R38 and R39 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C2 alkyl; or R38 and R39, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a cyclopropyl group.

[0175] Preferably each R45 is independently a C1-C2 alkyl (e.g., —CH3), or two R45 substitutents, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group.

[0176] Preferably X2 is selected from the group consisting of —NR22, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —CH2—, —CF2— and —CR12F—. More preferably, X2 is selected from the group consisting of —NR22, —O— and —CH2—.

[0177] Preferably r is 1 or 2, and more preferably 1.

[0178] Preferably n2 is 2 or 3.

[0179] Preferably n3 is 0, 1 or 2, and more preferably 1.

[0180] Preferably n4 is 1, 2 or 3, and more preferably 1.

[0181] Preferably n5 is 0 or 1.

[0182] Preferably n8 is 0-2, and more preferably 0-1.

[0183] Preferred embodiments of the invention are also directed to compounds of formula (I) having one, or a combination of any two or more, of the groups of substituents defined in (1) to (8) below:

[0184] (1) X1 is —O— or —NR20—;

[0185] (2) Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently: 37

[0186] (i.e., Ar1 and Ar2 are the same or different 38

[0187] group)

[0188] wherein

[0189] (a) R10, R11 and R12 are as defined for formula (I); or

[0190] (b) For Ar1:

[0191] (i) R10, R11 and R12 are each H; or

[0192] (ii) at least one (e.g., 1) of R10, R11 and R12 is halogen, preferably, F; or

[0193] (c) For Ar2:

[0194] (i) at least two (e.g., 2) of R10, R11 and R12 are each —CF3; or

[0195] (ii) at least two (e.g., 2) of R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F and Cl;

[0196] (3) (a) R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., —CH3); or

[0197] (b) One of R1 and R2 is C1-C6 alkyl, preferably —CH3;

[0198] (4) R3 is H;

[0199] (5) (a) R4 and R5 are each H; or

[0200] (b) R4 and R5 are each Cl; or

[0201] (c) R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0202] (6) (a) R8 and R9 are each H; or

[0203] (b) R8 and R9, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0204] (7) (a) R6 is —NH2, and R7is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH3, —C(O)NH2, —C(O)NHCH3, —C(O)N(CH3)2 and —C(O)OH;

[0205] (b) R6 is —NH2, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl (e.g., —CH3, —CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH2CH3, and —CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), —C(O)NR15R16 and —C(O)OR20, wherein R15, R16 and R20 are as defined for formula (I);

[0206] (c) R6 is H, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of —NH2, —NHC(O)CH3, —NHC(O)C(NH2)(CH3)2, 39

[0207] (d) R6 is H, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of —NR15R16, —NR15C(O)R14 and NR20C(O)NR15R16, wherein R14, R15 and R16 are as defined for formula (I);

[0208] (e) R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring selected from the group consisting of: 40

[0209] wherein t is from 1 to 4, X4 is selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S— and —NR20—, and R20, R30, R31, R45 and n8 are as defined for formula (I);

[0210] (f) R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring selected from the group consisting of: 41

[0211] wherein t is from 1 to 4; or

[0212] (g) R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring selected from the group consisting of: 42

[0213] wherein t is from 1 to 4; and

[0214] (8) X1 is —O— or —NR20—;

[0215] Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently represented by the formula: 43

[0216] (i.e., AR1 and Ar2 are the same or different 44

[0217] group)

[0218] wherein R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, C1-C6 alkyl, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OR20, —OCF3, —OCHF2, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r;

[0219] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and hydroxy(C1-C3alkyl)-; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group;

[0220] R3 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl;

[0221] R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C1-C6 alkyl and halogen; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group; and

[0222] R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C1-C6 alkyl and halogen; or R8 and R9, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group.

[0223] Another preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound of formula (I) having formula (Ia): 45

[0224] or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, wherein:

[0225] Ar1a is represented by the following formula: 46

[0226] wherein R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, —OH, —O(C1-C6)alkyl, C1-C6alkyl and —CF3 (preferably R10, R11 and R12 are each H);

[0227] Ar2a is represented by the following formula: 47

[0228] wherein R10, R11 and R12 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, —OR20 (wherein R20 is as defined for formula (I)), halogen, —CN, —NO2, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —CH2CF3, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —OCH2F, —OCH2CF3, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r wherein each R21 substituent is independently selected and R21 is as defined for formula (I) (preferably R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, —OH, —O(C1-C6)alkyl, C1-C6alkyl and —CF3);

[0229] R1a and R2a are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and hydroxy(C1-C3alkyl)-; and

[0230] R6 and R7 are as defined for formula (I).

[0231] R6 is —NR15R16, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., —CH3, —CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH2CH3, and)-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), —C(O)NR15R16 and —C(O)OR20, wherein R15, R16 and R20 are as defined for formula (I). More preferably, R6 is —NH2, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH3, —CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, —C(O)NH2, —C(O)NHCH3, —C(O)N(CH3)2 and —C(O)OH. In another preferred embodiment, R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a 4- to 7-membered ring, and preferably a 4- to 7-membered ring having 0 to 2 heteroatoms, said ring being as defined for formula (I). More preferably, the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of: 48

[0232] wherein t is from 1 to 4, X4 is selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S— and —NR20—, and R20, R30, R31, R45 and n8 are as defined for formula (I). Most preferably the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of: 49

[0233] wherein t is 1 to 4. Still more preferably the ring is selected from the group consisting of: 50

[0234] wherein t is 1 to 4.

[0235] Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the compounds in Table I. In the structures in Table I, “Me” represents methyl.

TABLE I
EXAMPLE STRUCTURE
1a      51
1b      52
2       53
3       54
4       55
5       56
6       57
7       58
8a      59
8b      60
9a      61
9b      62
9c      63
10a     64
10b     65
11a     66
11b     67
12a     68
12b     69
13      70
14      71
15a     72
15b     73
16a     74
16b     75
17a     76
17b     77
18      78
19      79
20      80
21a     81
21b     82
22a     83
22b     84
23a     85
23b     86
24      87
25      88
26a     89
26b     90
27      91
28      92
29      93
30      94
31      95
32      96
33      97
34      98
35      99
36      100
37      101
38      102
39      103
40      104
41      105
42      106
43      107
44      108
45      109
46      110
47      111
48      112
49      113
50      114
51      115
52      116
53      117
54      118
55      119
56      120
57      121
58      122
59      123
60      124
61      125
62      126
63a     127
63b     128
64      129

[0236] Preferred compounds of the invention are compounds of Examples 7, 8a, 8b, 9c, 10a, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 14, 16b, 17a, 17b, 18, 26b, 27-36, 39, 43-54, 57, 63b, and 64 in Table I.

[0237] More preferred compounds of the invention are compounds of Examples 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 27-29, 39, 43, 44-50 in Table I.

[0238] Even more preferred compounds of the invention are compounds of Examples 11a, 11b, 12b, 27, 28, 46 and 49 in Table I.

[0239] Assay

[0240] The in vitro and in vivo NK1, NK2 and NK3 activities of the compounds having the formulas (I) and (Ia) can be determined by various procedures known in the art, such as a test for their ability to inhibit the activity of the NK1 agonist Substance P. The percent inhibition of neurokinin agonist activity is the difference between the percent of maximum specific binding (“MSB”) and 100%. The percent of MSB is defined by the following equation, wherein “dpm” represents “disintegrations per minute”: 1$\%\mathrm{MSB}=\frac{\left(\text{dpm of unknown}\right)-\text{(dpm of nonspecific binding)}}{\text{(dpm of total binding)}-\text{(dpm of nonspecific binding)}}\times 100$

[0241] The concentration at which a compound having the formula (I) or (Ia) produces 50% inhibition of binding is then used to determine an inhibition constant (“Ki”) using the Chang-Prusoff equation.

[0242] The Ki values can be determined following the procedure of Duffy, Ruth A. et al., “Correlation of Neurokinin (NK) 1 Receptor Occupancy in Gerbil Striatum with Behavioral Effects of NK1 Antagonists”, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002, 301:536-542, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.

[0243] In vivo activity may be measured by inhibition of an agonist-induced foot tapping in a gerbil, as described in Science, 281, 1640-1695 (1998), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.

[0244] The compounds of Examples 1a, 1b, 2-7, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13, 14, 15a, 15b, 16a, 16b, 17a, 17b, 18-20, 21a, 21b, 22a, 22b, 23a, 23b, 24, 25, 26a, 26b, 27-62, 63a, 63b, and 64 in Table I had a Ki in the range of 0.02 to 93.20 nM

[0245] The compounds of Examples 7, 8a, 8b, 9c, 10a, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 14, 16b, 17a, 17b, 18, 26b, 27-36, 39, 43-54, 57, 63b, and 64 in Table I had a Ki in the range of 0.02 to 5.32 nM.

[0246] The compounds of Examples 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 27-29, 39, 43, and 44-50 in Table I had a Ki in the range of 0.11 to 5.32 nM.

[0247] The compounds of Examples 11a, 11b, 12b, 27, 28, 46 and 49 in Table I had a Ki in the range of 0.13 to 1.78 nM.

[0248] The compound of Example 49 had a Ki of 0.2 nM.

[0249] Compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia) can be effective antagonists of the NK1 receptor, and of an effect of its endogenous agonist, Substance P, at the NK1 receptor site, and therefore, can be useful in treating conditions caused or aggravated by the activity of said receptor Compounds having the formulas (I) or (Ia) have a number of utilities. For instance, the inventive compounds can be useful as antagonists of neurokinin receptors, particularly, NK1 receptors in a mammal, such as a human. As such, they may be useful in treating and preventing one or more of a variety of mammalian (human and animal) disease states (physiological disorders, symptoms and diseases) in a patient in need of such treatment, for instance, respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic lung disease, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, allergy, cough and bronchospasm), inflammatory diseases (e.g., arthritis and psoriasis), skin disorders (e.g., atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis), ophthalmalogical disorders (e.g., retinitis, ocular hypertension and cataracts), central nervous system conditions, such as depressions (e.g., neurotic depression), anxieties (e.g., general anxiety, social anxiety and panic anxiety disorders), phobias (e.g., social phobia), and bipolar disorder, addictions (e.g., alcohol dependence and psychoactive substance abuse), epilepsy, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, AIDs related dementia, Towne's disease, stress related disorders (e.g., post tramautic stress disorder), obsessive/compulsive disorders, eating disorders (e.g., bulemia, anorexia nervosa and binge eating), sleep disorders, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, colitis, and emesis), atherosclerosis, fibrosing disorders (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis), obesity, Type II diabetes, pain related disorders (e.g., headaches, such as migraines, neuropathic pain, post-operative pain, and chronic pain syndromes), bladder and genitourinary disorders (e.g., interstitial cystitis and urinary incontinence), and nausea.

[0250] Preferably, the inventive compounds can be useful in treating and preventing one of the following mammalian (e.g., human) disease states in a patient in need of such treatment: respiratory diseases (e.g., cough), depression, anxiety, phobia, and bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, psychoactive substance abuse, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, stress related disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, bulemia, anorexia nervosa and binge eating, sleep disorders, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, pain related disorders, bladder disorders, genitourinary disorders and nausea. In particular, the compounds having the formulas (I) and (Ia) are useful for treating disease states related to microvascular leakage and mucus secretion. Consequently, the compounds of the invention are especially useful in the treatment and prevention of asthma, emesis, nausea, depressions, anxieties, cough and pain related disorders, more especially, emesis, depression, anxiety and cough.

[0251] In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound (e.g., one to three compounds, preferably, one compound) represented by the formula (I) or (Ia) and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient/carrier. The invention also relates to the use of such pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of mammalian (e.g., human) disease states, such as those listed above.

[0252] In still another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for antagonizing an effect of a Substance P at a neurokinin-1 receptor site or for the blockade of one or more neurokinin-1 receptors in a mammal (i.e., a patient, e.g., a human) in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound having the formula (I) or (Ia).

[0253] In another embodiment of the invention, an effective amount of one or more of the inventive NK1 receptor antagonists may be combined with an effective amount of one or more anti-depressant agents and/or one or more anti-anxiety agents (e.g., gepirone (e.g., gepirone hydrochloride), and nefazodone (e.g., nefazodone hydrochloride, e.g., Serzone®) to treat depression and/or anxiety. U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,855 (2000) which is incorporated herein by reference thereto, discloses a method for treating or preventing depression or anxiety with a combination therapy of a specific NK1 receptor antagonist together with an anti-depressant and/or anti-anxiety agent. Thus, anti-depressant and/or anti-anxiety agents, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,855 (2000), can be combined with one or more (e.g., one) compounds having the formulas (I) and/or (Ia) to treat depression and/or anxiety disease states in a mammal, preferably, a human.

[0254] In still another embodiment of the invention, an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) of the inventive NK1 receptor antagonists may be combined with an effective amount of one or more (e.g., one) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (“SSRIs”) to treat a variety of mammalian disease states, such as those described above. SSRIs alter the synaptic availability of serotonin through their inhibition of presynaptic reaccumulation of neuronally released serotonin. U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,805 (2000), which is incorporated herein by reference thereto, discloses a method for treating obesity with a combination therapy of a NK1 receptor antagonist and an SSRI. An inventive compound(s) having the formula (I) or (Ia) can be combined together with an SSRI(s) in a single pharmaceutical composition, or it can be administered simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with an SSRI. This combination may be useful in the treatment and prevention of obesity or another of the above-identified human and animal disease states. In particular, an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound having the formula (I) or (Ia), alone or together with an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can be useful in the treatment and prevention of emesis, depression, anxiety and/or cough.

[0255] Numerous chemical substances are known to alter the synaptic availability of serotonin through their inhibition of presynaptic reaccumulation of neuronally released serotonin. Representative SSRIs include, without limitation, the following: fluoxetine (e.g., fluoxetine hydrochloride, e.g., Prozac®), fluvoxamine (e.g., fluvoxamine maleate, e.g. Luvox®), paroxetine (e.g., paroxetine hydrochloride, e.g., Paxil®), sertraline (e.g., sertraline hydrochloride, e.g., Zoloft®), citalopram (e.g., citalopram hydrobromide, e.g., Celexa™), duloxetine (e.g., duloxetine hydrochloride), and venlafaxine (e.g., venlafaxine hydrochloride, e.g., Effexor®). Further SSRIs include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,805 (2000). Other compounds can readily be evaluated to determine their ability to selectively inhibit serotonin reuptake. Thus, one aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one (e.g., one) NK1 receptor antagonist having the formula (I) or (Ia), at least one (e.g., one) SSRI, and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient/carrier. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating the above identified mammalian (e.g., human) disease states, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one (e.g., one) NK1 receptor antagonist having the formula (I) or (Ia) in combination with at least one (e.g., one) SSRI, such as one of those recited above, and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient/carrier.

[0256] In a preferred aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating emesis, depression, anxiety and/or cough, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) NK1 receptor antagonist having the formula (I) or (Ia) in combination with at least one (e.g., one) SSRI, such as one of those described above. When an inventive NK1 receptor antagonist is combined with an SSRI for administration to a patient in need of such treatment, the two active ingredients can be administered simultaneously, consecutively (one after the other within a relatively short period of time), or sequentially (first one and then the other over a period of time). In general, when the two active ingredients are administered consecutively or sequentially, the inventive NK1 receptor antagonist is, preferably, administered before the administration of the SSRI.

[0257] Thus, the compounds of the invention may be employed alone or in combination with other active agents. Combination therapy includes the administration of two or more active ingredients to a patient in need of treatment. In addition to the above described NK1 receptor antagonist/SSRI combination therapy, the compounds having the formula (I) and (Ia) may be combined with one or more other active agents, such as the following: other types of NK1 receptor antagonists (e.g., those that are disclosed in the neurokinin receptor antagonist patents cited above in the related art description section), prostanoids, H1 receptor antagonists, α-adrenergic receptor agonists, dopamine receptor agonists, melanocortin receptor agonists, endothelin receptor antagonists, endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, neutral metalloendopeptidase inhibitors, ETA antagonists, renin inhibitors, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron (e.g., ondansetron hydrochloride, e.g., Zolfran®), palonosetron and granisetron (e.g., granisetron hydrochloride, e.g., Kytril®)), serotonin 5-HT2c receptor agonists, nociceptin receptor agonists, glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone), rho kinase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators and/or inhibitors of multi-drug resistance protein 5.

[0258] Preferable therapeutic agents for combination therapy with compounds of the invention are the following: prostanoids, such as prostaglandin E1; α-adrenergic agonists, such as phentolamine mesylate; dopamine receptor agonists, such as apomorphine; angiotensin II antagonists, such as losartan, irbesartan, valsartan and candesartan; ETA antagonists, such as bosentan and ABT-627; serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron; and glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the inventive compounds can be combined with: other types of NK1 receptor antagonists, SSRIs, dopamine receptor agonists, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, serotonin 5-HT2c receptor agonists, nociceptin receptor agonists, glucocorticoids and/or inhibitors of multi-drug resistance protein 5. A preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a combination therapy comprising the administration to a patient of an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) compound having the formula (I) or (Ia) in combination with an effective amount of at least one (e.g., one) serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (e.g., ondansetron) and/or at least one (e.g., one) glucocorticoid (e.g., dexamethasone).

[0259] Pharmaceutical compositions may contain from about 0.1 to about 99.9 weight percent, or from about 5 to about 95 weight percent, or from about 20 to about 80 weight percent of active ingredient (compound having the formula (I) or (Ia)).

[0260] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described by this invention, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. The powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent active ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g. magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.

[0261] Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or addition of sweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

[0262] Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.

[0263] Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.

[0264] The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.

[0265] Preferably the compound is administered orally.

[0266] Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. In such form, the preparations subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

[0267] The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.01 mg to about 4000 mg, preferably from about 0.02 mg to about 1000 mg, more preferably from about 0.3 mg to about 500 mg, and most preferably from about 0.04 mg to about 250 mg according to the particular application.

[0268] The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill in the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.

[0269] The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 0.02 mg/day to about 2000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

[0270] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day, or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.

[0271] The quantity of NK1 receptor antagonist in combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (“SSRI”) in a unit dose of preparation may be from about 10 to about 300 mg of NK1 receptor antagonist combined with from about 10 to about 100 mg of SSRI. In another combination the quantity of NK1 receptor antagonist in combination with a SSRI in a unit dose of preparation may be from about 50 to about 300 mg of NK1 receptor antagonist combined with from about 10 to about 100 mg of SSRI. In another combination the quantity of NK1 receptor antagonist in combination with SSRI in a unit dose of preparation may be from about 50 to about 300 mg of NK1 receptor antagonist combined with from about 20 to about 50 mg of SSRI.

[0272] The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required. Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of the invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained. When the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

[0273] Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex and diet of the patient, the time of administration, the rate of excretion, the specific drug combination, the severity and course of the symptoms being treated, the patient's disposition to the condition being treated and the judgment of the treating physician. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art.

[0274] Compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia) can be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art. Typical procedures are described below, although a skilled artisan will recognize that other procedures may be applicable, and that the procedures may be suitably modified to prepare the same or other compounds within the scope of formula (I) or (Ia).

[0275] Definitions for abbreviations disclosed in the experimental section are as follows: Me is methyl; Bu is butyl; OH is hydroxyl; Ac is acetyl; Et is ethyl; Ph is phenyl; THF is tetrahydrofuran; OAc is acetate; Et2O is diethyl ether; (Boc)2O is di-tert-butyl dicarbonate; (Boc) is tert-butoxy carbonyl; TLC is thin layer chromatography; LDA is lithium diisopropyl amine; DCC is 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; HATU is O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate; TFA is trifluoroacetic acid; DIBAL or DIBAL-H is diisobutylaluminum hydride; DIEA or i-Pr2EtN is diisopropylethyl amine; UNCA is Urea protected N-carboxy Anhydrides; IPA is 2-propanol; DMF is dimethylformamide; TBAF is tetrabutylammonium fluoride; TASF is tris(dimethylamino)sulfur(trimethylsilyl)difluoride; and equiv is equivalents.

[0276] Compounds having the formula (I) or (Ia) may be generally prepared from the corresponding ketone A1 (described in WO 01/44200, which is incorporated herein by reference thereto) as shown under the following conditions:

[0277] wherein:

[0278] Ar1, Ar2, X1, R1 through R3 and R10 through R35 are as defined for formula (I);

[0279] R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and —Cl;

[0280] R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O) group; and

[0281] R8 and R9 are each —H.

[0282] Wittig olefination of ketone A1 with the methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and a suitable base, such as sodium amide or n-butyllithium, in THF provides alkene A2. Cycloaddition of the alkene with dichloroketene, which is generated in situ with trichloroacetylchloride and zinc-copper couple, in a suitable solvent, such as diethyl ether or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (“DME”), affords dichlorocyclobutanone A3. The ketene may also be prepared in situ with dichloroacetylchloride, triethylamine, and a suitable solvent such as hexane. Additionally, the zinc-copper couple can be replaced with zinc dust when the cycloaddition is performed using ultrasound. Reduction of the dichlorides using a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium iodide and zinc dust in acetic acid gives cyclobutanone A4. 130

[0283] For derivatives where R1 through R5, R8, and R9 are equal to hydrogen an alternative cyclobutane synthesis can be utilized. Deprotonation of the benzyl nitrile A5 with sodium hydride in DMF is followed by the addition of 3-chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene to afford cyclobutane A6. Reduction of the nitrile preferably with DiBAL-H in THF yields the aldehyde A7. Additional methods for the reduction of the nitrile are with Raney nickel and sodium hypophosphate in aqueous acetic acid-pyridine or formic acid and with other hydride reducing agents such as LiAlH4 and NaAlH4. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the aldehyde can be converted to an alcohol (Q=OH) by reduction with a hydride reducing agent, a sulfide (Q=SH) by standard alkylation methods from the alcohol, or the amine (Q=NH2) by reductive amination. Alkylation of A8 with an electrophile containing the second aryl moiety, Ar2, further functionalizes the side chain to provide cyclobutane A9. Ozonolysis of the alkene in dichloromethane is the method of choice for the formation of ketone A10. 131

[0284] Further derivatization of cyclobutanone A4 may be performed through deprotonation with a suitable base, such as LDA or KHMDS, followed by the addition of an electrophile to provide the substituted cyclobutanone A11. Appropriate electrophiles can be, but are not limited, to alkyl halides, peroxide reagents, trisylazide, and disulfides. Those skilled in the art can elaborate these derivatives to prepare compounds, where R4, R5, R8, and R9 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, —OR20, —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, —NR14CONR15R16, or —SR20; or R4 and R5 together are ═O or ═NR13. 132

[0285] To those skilled in the art, manipulation of the ketone moiety in A12 to the reported functional groups represented in R6 and R7 may require certain additional protection and deprotection steps. Accordingly, the order of synthetic operations may be different in order to maintain functional group compatibility with the operational steps in the synthesis.

[0286] The following modifications to ketone A12 can provide compounds of the type A13 where R6 is H, and R7 is either —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —SO2R15, —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —SO2NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, —NR14CONR15R16 or one of the structures below: 133

[0287] Reduction of the ketone A12 with a hydride reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride, will provide a secondary alcohol. Conversion of the alcohol to ethers, thioethers, sulfones, carbamates and sulfonamides as defined above can be performed with standard methods. Preferably, reductive amination of ketone A12 with a primary or secondary amine and sodium triacetoxyborohydride readily afford amines. Alternatively, reductive aminations can be accomplished with sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, zinc/HCl, or BH3-pyridine as the reducing agent. Additional functionalization of the amines by standard alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation, addition to isocyanates, or coupling with an appropriate carboxylic acid to the above analogs can be recognized by those skilled in the art. 134

[0288] The synthesis of compounds where R6 or R7 together are ═CH2, ═NR13, or ═NR15 originates with ketone A12. Wittig olefination of A12 with triphenylphosphonium bromide and n-butyllithium affords alkene A14. Oximes and oxime ethers, A15, are readily obtained from the reaction of the ketone with a hydroxyl- or alkoxyl-amine hydrochloride salt in pyridine as the solvent. Preferentially, imines are formed from ketones and primary amines in the presence of catalytic acid, such as para-toluenesulfonic acid, with the removal of water by a Dean-Stark apparatus. 135

[0289] In cases where R6 or R7 is not hydrogen, a quaternary center may be generated from ketone A12 to provide compound A17 where R7 is —(CH2)n6-J, where n6 is 0-5, J is H, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and R6 is —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16, —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, —NR14CONR15R16, or one of the structures below. 136

[0290] Incorporation of an alkyl group in the R7 position of A12 to afford a tertiary alcohol can be completed with the addition of a Grignard reagent to the ketone. Organometallic reagents such as alkyllithiums and alkylzincs may also be employed for this transformation. For —CF3 and —CHF2 moieties where the organometallic reagent cannot be generated the following protocol is applied. The method of choice for introducing a trifluoromethyl group to a ketone is with trimethylsilyltrifluoromethane (Ruppert's Reagent) and catalytic tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF. Subsequent addition of aqueous mild acid hydrolyzes the silylether to the desired carbinol A16. In instances where acid sensitive functionality is present, basic hydrolysis with potassium carbonate and methanol or TBAF in THF can be used. The difluoromethyl group can be incorporated in a similar manner using (difluoromethyl)phenyldimethylsilane and catalytic TASF or potassium fluoride in DMF followed by mild acid hydrolysis. Functionalization of the alcohol A16 to ethers, thioethers, sulfones, and sulfonamides can be performed with standard methods. 137

[0291] Additionally, the incorporation of alkyl groups, particularly —CH2F, could be obtained through conversion of the ketone to an epoxide A18 with dimethyloxosulfonium methylide or diazomethane. Nucleophilic addition to the epoxide would provide an alternate route to tertiary alcohol derivative A16. 138

[0292] Preferentially, the formation of a quaternary center at R6 and R7, where R6 is an amine, commences with the conversion of the ketone to a nitrone. Thus, formation of the nitrone with N-hydroxylbenzylamine and subsequent addition of a Grignard reagent generates the benzyl-protected hydroxylamine A19. Reduction to the secondary amine with zinc dust in acetic acid affords the benzylamine, which can be derivatized to nitrogen-containing analogs by the previously listed methods. Those skilled in the art will recognize that an imine, iminium salt, or a chiral sulfoxylimine is also a viable intermediate. Grignard reagents add to iminium salts, however, when using a sulfoxylimine or imine, alkyllithiums are the reagents of choice. The previously described chemistry to incorporate a —CF3 or —CHF2 can be applied to imines with the addition of trimethylsilylimidazole to the reaction and the use of stoichiometric cesium fluoride. 139

[0293] Analogous to the chemistry described with epoxide A18, the —CH2F moiety, along with other alkyl analogs, are accessible through an aziridine A20. Aziridination of the alkene A8 can be accomplished with chloramine-T or (N—(p-toluenesulfonyl)imino)-phenyliodinane. Nucleophilic addition to A20 followed by further functionalization will provide the previously listed nitrogen-containing derivatives. 140

[0294] Spirocyclic analogs can be prepared where R6 and R7 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a four to seven-member heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring, which includes but is not limited to hydantoins, ureas, lactams, imidazolones, imidazolidinones, piperazines, morpholines, and cyclic amines. Ketone A12 is converted to hydantoin A21 with potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate in aqueous ethanol with heating. Reduction of the hydantoin to the cyclic urea A22 occurs with the addition of lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum trichloride in THF. 141

[0295] The above transformation of ketone A12 to a hydantoin may also be accomplished through a stepwise process using the Strecker reaction. Initial formation of an aminonitrile from ketone A12 is obtained with sodium cyanide, and a suitably protected-primary amine, such as benzylamine, in methanol and acetic acid. Preferential basic hydrolysis of the nitrile with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide in ethanol provides the amino amide A23. Deprotection of the amine can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art. The addition of triphosgene to the amino amide affords the spirocyclic hydantoin A21. 142

[0296] The spirocyclic beta-lactam is synthesized from alkene A14 by a [2+2] addition with N-chlorosulfonylisocyanate to afford lactam A24. Ring expansion of the beta- to the gamma-lactam may be achieved through the following route where the lactam nitrogen is protected preferably as the t-butyl carbamate. Opening of the imide system with trimethylsilyldiazomethane, a safer alternative to diazomethane, generates a diazoketone. Wolff rearrangement of the diazoketone is carried out photolytically in benzene or in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver benzoate and triethylamine in THF. Deprotection of the lactam nitrogen with TFA in dichloromethane provides the desired lactam A25. As represented with beta-lactam A26, reduction of a lactam to the cyclic amine derivative A27 is completed with lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum trichloride. 143

[0297] An alternative method for the preparation of lactam A25 involves hydrolysis of the hydantoin A21 by protection of the hydantoin with Boc-anhydride and the subsequent addition of lithium hydroxide solution to form the amino acid A28. An alternate method for the basic hydrolysis of the hydantoin is with sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol at elevated temperatures. Protection of the nitrogen as the tert-butyl carbamate A29 followed by cyclization with triphosgene then affords the UNCA derivative A30. Hydride reduction of the UNCA to the alcohol, preferably with lithium borohydride, and subsequent oxidation to the aldehyde with the Swern protocol generates Boc-amino aldehyde A31. Homologation of the aldehyde by aldol condensation or preferably by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination provides ester A32. Subsequent hydrogenation and removal of the Boc-protecting group with trifluoroacetic acid will provide the desired lactam A25. 144

[0298] The spirocyclic gamma-lactam positional isomer is prepared from cyclobutanone A12. An initial Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction with an ester phosphonate is followed by a Michael addition with nitromethane in the presence of a suitable base, such as TBAF, in refluxing THF to provide nitro ester A33. The nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation in the presence of Raney nickel to the amine which spontaneously cyclizes to afford the lactam A34. 145

[0299] The following route can be applied in cases when R7 is —(CH2)n6-J, where n6=0, J is —C(O)NR15R16or —C(O)OR14 and R6 is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NR14CONR15R16. Starting with the Boc-protected UNCA derivative A30, addition of an alkoxide or amine would provide an ester or amide analog. Preferentially, the Boc-protecting group is removed with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane to afford A35. Functionalization of the amine by standard alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation, addition to isocyanates, or coupling with an appropriate carboxylic acid can be recognized by those skilled in the art. 146

[0300] In addition to the formation of amino amides through the UNCA derivative A30, the following route can be applied in cases when R7 is —(CH2)n6-J, where n6=0, J is —C(O)NR15R16and R6 is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NR14CONR15R16. The Boc-protected amino acid A29 can undergo a coupling reaction with ammonia, primary or secondary amines, preferably in the presence of PyBOP to activate the carboxylic acid, to provide Boc-amino amide A37. Those who are skilled in the art recognize other coupling reagents, such as CDI, DCC, EDC/HOBt, and HATU, can be used in the conversion of carboxylic acids to amides. Removal of the Boc-protecting group preferably with TFA in dichloromethane can be followed by elaboration of the amine by the previously described methods to afford derivatives of the type A36. 147

[0301] Nitrogen-substituted analogs of hydantoin A21 can be prepared from secondary amino amides A38 where R20 is C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C2-C8)alkyl, or (C1-C6)alkoxy(C1-C6)alkyl. The addition of triphosgene in the presence of an amine base affords substituted hydantoin A39. 148

[0302] In addition to the above method, N-alkyl substituted hydantoins can be prepared from hydantoin A21 by standard alkylation conditions with potassium carbonate and an alkyl bromide in DMF to obtain A39. Alkylation of the less reactive nitrogen of the hydantoin to provide analog A40 could be accomplished through protection of the more reactive nitrogen, standard alkylation, and subsequent removal of the protecting group. 149

[0303] Spirocyclic imidazolones and imidazolidinones can be prepared from primary and secondary amino amides A41, where R15 is the same as defined in the summary of the invention. Condensation of the amino amide with an orthoformate, preferably triethylorthoformate, in refluxing toluene with catalytic acetic acid affords the imidazolone A42. Reduction to the imidazolone is accomplished preferably with sodium borohydride in methanol to give imidazolidinone A43. The imidazolone can also be reduced by hydrogenation over platinum oxide, Raney nickel, or palladium on carbon. 150

[0304] Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the addition of an orthoester in place of an orthoformate to an amino amide would provide alkyl- or aryl-substituted imidazolones A44. Likewise, condensation of the amino amide with acetone in methanol with acid, such as para-toluenesulfonic acid, would afford the dimethyl-substituted imidazolidinone A45. 151

[0305] For derivatives when R7 is —(CH2)n6-J, where n6=1-5, J is —C(O)NR15R16, or —C(O)OR14 and R6 is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NR14CONR15R16 the following route can be used. One carbon homologation of aldehyde A31 can be obtained using Wittig reagents such as methoxymethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide or cyanomethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Additionally, formation of an acid chloride followed by the Arndt-Eistert protocol will afford the homologated ester or amide analogs. Further chain extensions can be obtained through Wittig and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons chemistry. Functionalization of the amine to afford derivatives of the type A47 is analogous to the previously reported procedures. 152

[0306] For derivatives where R7 is —(CH2)n6-J, where n6=1, J is is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NR14CONR15R16and R6 is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NR14CONR15R16 the following route can be used. Initial formation of an amino nitrile from ketone A12 is obtained with sodium cyanide, and a suitable protected primary amine, such as benzylamine, in methanol and acetic acid. Reduction of the nitrile, preferably with lithium aluminum hydride, in ether affords the protected diamine A48. Those who are skilled in the art will recognize other methods to reduce nitriles to amines with other hydride reducing agents or hydrogenation with a catalyst. Deprotection of the amine or further functionalization followed by deprotection will afford derivatives with the structure A49. 153

[0307] In addition to the A49 analogs, R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, can form a piperazine ring. Deprotection of diamine A48 followed by cyclization with chloroacetyl chloride will provide the keto-piperazine derivative A50. 154

[0308] Cyclic carbamates and morpholine analogs can be prepared from amino acid A28. Reduction of the carboxylic acid with lithium borohydride in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride in THF provides amino alcohol A51. Cyclization to carbamate A52 and keto-morpholine A53 is accomplished with triphosgene or phenylbromoacetate addition, respectively, to the amino alcohol in the presence of diisopropylethylamine. 155

[0309] For derivatives where R7 is —(CR40R41)n6-J, where R40 and R41 are not hydrogen and n6=1, J is is —OH, —O—(C1-C6 alkyl), —O—(C3-C8 cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)NR15R16 and R6 is —NR15R16, —NR15SO2R17, —NR15COR14, or —NOR14CONR15R16 the following route can be used. Esterification of the Boc-amino acid A29 with trimethylsilyldiazomethane, a safer alternative to diazomethane, followed by addition of methyl magnesium bromide affords a mixture of the Boc-amino alcohol A54 and cyclic carbamate A54 can afford an amino alcohol upon deprotection of the Boc-moiety with TFA or with further functionalization of the alcohol followed by deprotection afford amino ethers or amino carbamates. A ketomorpholine derivative analogous to A53 can be prepared by the previously defined conditions. 156

[0310] In examples where R4 and R5together with the carbon atom to which they area attached, form a —C(═O) group and R6 through R9 is hydrogen, the following preparation of the core cyclobutanone employs ketone A1. Using a protocol reported by Trost, B. M.; Bogdanowicz, M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95, 5321(1973), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, the addition of diphenylcyclopropyl ylide to the ketone A1 initially affords an oxaspiropentane. This intermediate rearranges to the cyclobutanone upon treatment with lithium perchlorate or lithium tetrafluoroborate. The chemistry described for the elaboration of the cyclobutanone A4 is applicable to the functionalization of cyclobutanone A57. 157

[0311] The invention disclosed herein is exemplified by the following examples which should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogous structures may be apparent to those skilled in the art.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 1a AND 1b

EXAMPLE 1a

[0312] 158

EXAMPLE 1b

[0313] 159 160

[0314] Step 1:

[0315] Procedures for preparing Compound 1 and Compound 2 are shown in WO 01/44200.

[0316] Step 2: 161

[0317] To methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/sodium amide (“Instant Ylide” reagent) (20.9 g, 50.1 mmol, 1.3 equiv) in a 500 mL RBF under N2 was added anhydrous THF (210 mL). The yellow suspension became warm and was allowed to stir for 20 minutes. Compound 2 (14.5 g, 38.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) as a solution in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added via cannula over 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 24 h. The solution was filtered through a 1″ plug of silica gel and rinsed with 1 L of 5% EtOAc/hexane. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to provide a solid/oil mixture. The crude material was using a 5″ silica plug in a glass-fritted funnel eluting with 2% EtOAc/hexane to afford pure alkene Compound 3 (13.2 g, 92.2%) as a bright yellow oil.

[0318] Step 3: 162

[0319] To Compound 3 (5.2 g, 13.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in a 200 mL RBF was added anhydrous Et2O (50 mL) and anhydrous DME (7 mL) under N2. Zinc copper couple (2.7 g, 41.3 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture followed by dropwise addition of trichloroacetylchloride (4.7 mL, 42 mmol, 3.0 equiv) over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 48 hours. After this time additional zinc copper couple (2.0 g) and trichloroacetylchloride (2.0 mL) was added. After 65 h, hexane (100 mL) was added and the brown suspension was allowed to cool to room temperature. After 2 h, the suspension was filtered through celite washing with 5% Et2O/hexane (3×200 mL). The solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil (9.6 g). The crude material was purified using a SiO2 plug eluting with a solvent gradient of hexane to 5% EtOAc/hexane to 10% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired isomers Example 1a and 1b (5.8 g, 86% yield). The ratio of Isomer A: B is 1:1.

[0320] Electrospray MS [M+Na]+ 507.1 for Example 1a.

[0321] Electrospray MS [M+Na]+ 507.1 for Example 1b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 2

[0322] 163

[0323] To the dichloroketene Example 1a and 1b (4.3 g, 8.86 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in acetic acid (39 mL) was added zinc dust (4.46 g, 70.9 mmol, 8.0 equiv) followed by Nal (2.65 g, 17.7 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 48 h. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and was filtered through a plug of celite washing with EtOAc. The reaction mixture was taken up in EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO3 (1×100 mL) followed by brine (1×100 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with a solvent gradient of 5% EtOAc/hexane to 10% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 2 as yellow oil (3.0 g, 82% yield).

[0324] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 417.1 for Example 2.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 3

[0325] 164

[0326] To Compound 2 (1.17 g, 3.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous DMSO (10 mL) was added cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (1.07 g, 3.4 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The reaction mixture was degassed well with N2 and potassium hydroxide flakes (0.37 g, 7.0 mmol, 2.25 equiv) were added. After 18 h, the red reaction mixture was poured into hexane. The red oil was not soluble in hexane and was diluted with of ether (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with (3×50 mL) ether. The combined organics were rinsed with saturated NaHCO3 solution (2×50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 1.8 g of orange oil. The oil was diluted with benzene (8 mL) and lithium perchlorate (14 mg) was added. The suspension was heated to reflux for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, washed once with H2O and saturated NaHCO3 solution, dried over Na2SO4 filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 3% EtOAc/hexane to give Example 3 (0.65 g, 52% yield) as yellow oil.

[0327] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 417.1 for Example 3.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 4

EXAMPLE 4

[0328] 165

[0329] To Example 2 (0.091 g, 0.22 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in pyridine (1 mL) was added methoxylamine hydrochloride (0.22 g, 0.26 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was quenched with H2O and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed twice with H2O, and once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product Example 4 (0.10 g, 100% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0330] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 446.1 for Example 4.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 5

EXAMPLE 5

[0331] 166

[0332] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to that described for Example 4, using hydroxylamine hydrochloride in place of methoxylamine hydrochloride.

[0333] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 432.1 for Example 5.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 6

EXAMPLE 6

[0334] 167

[0335] To Example 2 (2.9 g, 7.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (28 mL) under N2 was added benzylamine (6.0 g, 56 mmol, 8.0 equiv). After 20 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.0 g, 14 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added followed by acetic acid (0.5 g, 8.4 mmol, 1.2 equiv). The reaction was monitored by TLC and showed the presence of starting material after 6 hours. An additional 1.5 g of sodium triacetoxyborohydride was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 18 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with H2O and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 40% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 6, a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers, as a light yellow oil (3.33 g, 94% yield).

[0336] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 508.1 for Example 6.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 7

EXAMPLE 7

[0337] 168

[0338] To Example 6 (1.9 g, 3.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (30 mL) under N2 was added 20% Pd(OH)2 on carbon. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight under H2. The TLC indicated the presence of starting material, and an additional 0.3 g of 20% Pd(OH)2 on carbon was added. After 36 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and washed with EtOAc. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 5% Et3N/EtOAc to afford Example 7, a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers, as a pale yellow oil (1.25 g, 81% yield).

[0339] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 418.1 for Example 7.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 8a and 8b

EXAMPLE 8a

[0340] 169

EXAMPLE 8b

[0341] 170

[0342] Step 1: 171

[0343] To methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (0.86 g, 2.4 mol, 2.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at 0° C. was added butyl lithium (1.5 mL, 2.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) dropwise. After 30 minutes, the ice bath was removed and Example 2 (0.51 g, 1.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in THF (5 mL) via cannula over a period of 5 minutes. After 1 h, the solution was cooled to 0° C., quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford an orange residue. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 5% EtOAc/hexane to 10% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 4 (0.036 g, 77% yield).

[0344] Step 2: 172

[0345] To Compound 4 (0.49 g, 1.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous ether (2.6 mL) at 0° C. was added chlorosulfonylisocyanate (0.018 g, 1.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv) dropwise. After 1 h the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 19 h, additional isocyanate (55 μL) was added. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with ether (12 mL) and was added to a flask containing 25% sodium sulfate solution (12 mL) and ether (6 mL). The solution was adjusted to pH 8 with 2.0 M KOH solution. The biphasic mixture was allowed to stir for 1.5 hours. The organic layer was washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product as an oil/solid mixture. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 15% EtOAc/hexane to 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product (0.033 g, 60% yield) as a mixture of two isomers. The isomers were separated by HPLC on a Chiralcel AD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA to afford Examples 8a and 8b.

[0346] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 536.2 for Example 8a.

[0347] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 536.2 for Example 8b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 9a, 9b and 9c

EXAMPLES 9a, 9b and 9c

[0348] 173

[0349] To Example 7 (0.1 g, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added triethyl amine (0.61 g, 0.6 mmol, 2.5 equiv) followed by acetyl chloride (0.020 g, 0.26 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After 2 h at 0° C., the solution was concentrated under vacuo to afford the crude product as a white solid. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 70% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 9a as a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of isomers (0.102 g, 93% yield).

[0350] Separated 0.90 g of Example 9a by HPLC on a Chiralcel OD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA. Isomer A as Example 9b (0.042 g) and Isomer B as Example 9c (0.041 g) were obtained.

[0351] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 460.1 for Example 9a.

[0352] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 460.1 for Example 9b.

[0353] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 460.1 for Example 9c.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 10a and 10b

EXAMPLE 10a

[0354] 174

EXAMPLE 10b

[0355] 175

[0356] To Example 7 (0.097 g, 0.23 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (1.7 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added triethyl amine (0.81 mL, 0.58 mmol, 2.5 equiv) followed by 4-chlorobutyryl chloride (0.035 g, 0.25 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After 3 hours at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and diluted with CH2Cl2. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with CH2Cl2, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil. The oil was diluted with anhydrous THF (2 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Sodium hydride as a 60% dispersion in mineral oil (0.019 g, 0.46 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was then added to the solution. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 80% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product as mixture of isomers (0.090 g, 80% yield). Separated 0.90 g of the mixture by HPLC on a Chiralcel AD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA. Isomer A as Example 10a (0.034 g) and Isomer B as Example 10b (0.035 g) were obtained.

[0357] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 486.1 for Example 10a.

[0358] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 486.1 for Example 10b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 11a and 11b

EXAMPLE 11a

[0359] 176

EXAMPLE 11b

[0360] 177

[0361] To Example 2 (1.35 g, 3.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 50% EtOH (20 mL) was added KCN (0.42 g, 6.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and ammonium carbonate (1.25 g, 13 mmol, 4.0). The reaction mixture was heated in a steel bomb to 90° C. After 36 h, the bomb was allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL). The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white foam. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 30% EtOAc/hexane to 40% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 11a (0.71 g, 46% yield) as a white foam and Example 11b (0.66 g, 43% yield) as a white foam.

[0362] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 11a.

[0363] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 11b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 12a

EXAMPLE 12a

[0364] 178

[0365] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 12b, using Example 11a in place of Example 11b.

[0366] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 12a.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 12b

EXAMPLE 12b

[0367] 179

[0368] A flame-dried, 50 mL RBF under N2 was charged with AlCl3 (0.45 g, 3.4 mmol, 4.0 equiv). The solid was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath and a 1M solution of LiAlH4 (2.6 mL, 2.6 mmol, 3.0 equiv) in Et2O was added dropwise over 3 minutes. After 30 minutes, a solution of Example 11b (0.42 g, 0.86 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dry THF (8 mL) was added via a cannula over a period of 2 minutes. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was allowed to stir for an additional 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched slowly with saturated sodium/potassium tartrate solution. After 1 h, the biphasic solution was diluted with EtOAc and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product as a white solid. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 90% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product (0.34 g, 84% yield) as white solid.

[0369] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 12b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 13

EXAMPLE 13

[0370] 180

[0371] To a solution of Example 6 (0.4 g, 0.79 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and potassium carbonate (0.12 g, 0.87 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in DMF (1.0 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of the chlorotriazolinone (0.1 g, 0.79 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (1.7 mL). After 5 h, an additional amount (0.01 g) of chlorotriazolinone was added to the reaction. After 4 h, the solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 50% EtOAc/hexane (2% Et3N) to 75% EtOAc/hexane (2% Et3N) to afford a diastereomeric mixture of isomers Example 13 (0.3 g, 77% yield) as colorless oil.

[0372] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 605.1 for Example 13.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 14

EXAMPLE 14

[0373] 181

[0374] To Example 13 (0.31 g, 0.51 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (5.0 mL) under N2 was added 10% Pd/C (0.3 g) followed by ammonium formate (0.16 g, 2.6 mmol, 5.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was refluxed for one hour and then was allowed to cool to room temperature. The suspension was filtered through celite washing with EtOAc. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford a white solid (0.24 g, 92% yield) Example 14.

[0375] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 515.1 for Example 14.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 15a and 15b

EXAMPLE 15a

[0376] 182

EXAMPLE 15b

[0377] 183

[0378] To a solution of Example 7 (0.47 g, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (5.5 mL) under N2 was added Boc-α-methylalanine (0.1 g, 0.79 mmol, 1.0 equiv) followed by DCC (0.23 g, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The reaction was complete after 18 h. The suspension was diluted with CH2Cl2 (20 mL) and filtered through a fritted-glass funnel. The reaction mixture was concentrated to afford a 0.74 g of a yellow solid. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 25% EtOAc/hexane to 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product (0.56 g, 85% yield) as colorless oil. The isomers (0.56 g) were separated by HPLC on a Chiralcel OD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA. Isomer A as Example 15a (0.028 g) and Isomer B as Example 15b (0.021 g) were obtained.

[0379] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 603.1 for Example 15a.

[0380] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 603.2 for Example 15b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 16a

EXAMPLE 16a

[0381] 184

[0382] To a solution of Example 15a (0.26 g, 0.43 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added TFA (0.1 mL). The reaction mixture was monitored by TLC and showed a small amount of starting material after 4 hours. An excess amount of TFA (0.4 mL) was added and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The biphasic mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with H2O and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Example 16a (0.22 g, 100% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0383] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 503.2 for Example 16a.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 16b

EXAMPLE 16b

[0384] 185

[0385] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 16a, using Example 15b.

[0386] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 503.3 for Example 16b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 17a and 17b

EXAMPLE 17a

[0387] 186

EXAMPLE 17b

[0388] 187

[0389] The title compounds were prepared by a method analogous to Example 12b, using Examples 8a and 8b. The isomers were separated by HPLC on a Chiralcel AD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA to afford Examples 17a and 17b.

[0390] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 444.2 for Example 17a.

[0391] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 444.2 for Example 17b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 18

[0392] 188

[0393] Step 1: 189

[0394] To Compound 4 (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous toluene (2 mL) was added sodium bicarbonate (0.092 g, 1.1 mmol, 0.95 equiv), N-benzyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.18 g, 1.1 mmol, 0.95 equiv) and magnesium sulfate (0.05 g). The yellow suspension was allowed to stir for 4 hours, before being filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The yellow oil was diluted with anhydrous ether (4 mL) and was cooled the solution to −78° C. Methyl magnesium bromide (0.43 mL, 1.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv) was added over 1 minute. The resulting yellow solution was allowed to warm to room temperature after 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was monitored by TLC and after 45 minutes indicated the presence of starting material. The solution was recooled to −78° C. and (0.43 mL) of MeMgBr was added. The cold bath removed after 10 minutes and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 5% EtOAc/hexane to 40% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 5 (0.25 g, 38% yield).

[0395] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 538.1 for Compound 5.

[0396] Step 2: 190

[0397] To a solution of Compound 5 (0.29 g, 0.54 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in acetic acid (3 mL) under N2 was added zinc dust (0.35 g, 5.4 mmol, 10.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered through celite, neutralized with 10% NaOH solution, and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 25% EtOAc/hexane to 75% EtOAc/hexane to 10% MeOH/EtOAc to afford Compound 6 (0.28 g, 100% yield).

[0398] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 522.1 for Compound 6.

[0399] Step 3: 191

[0400] To a solution of Compound 6 (0.13 g, 0.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (5 mL) under N2 was added 10% Pd/C (0.12 g) and ammonium formate (0.082 g, 1.3 mmol, 5.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux. After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the suspension was filtered through celite washing with EtOAc. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford Example 18 (0.097 g, 92% yield).

[0401] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 432.1 for Example 18.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 19

EXAMPLE 19

[0402] 192

[0403] To Example 2 (0.21 g, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous MeOH (1.5 mL) under N2 was added sodium cyanide (0.03 g, 0.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and benzylamine (0.07 g, 0.65 mmol, 1.3 equiv). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and acetic acid (70 μl) was added dropwise. The ice bath was removed after 30 minutes and the reaction was heated to reflux. After 19 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 7 (0.26 g), a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers, as a yellow oil. To the crude Compound 7 (0.26 g, 0.49 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (8 mL) was added a 1M NaOH solution (5 mL) followed by a dropwise addition of a 30% H2O2 solution over 10 minutes. After 4 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 8 (0.14 g, 50% yield) as a yellow oil.

[0404] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 551.1 for Compound 8.

[0405] Step 2: 193

[0406] To Compound 8 (0.114 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (4 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (0.11 g) followed by ammonium formate (0.069 g, 1.1 mmol, 5.0 equiv). After 3 h, the suspension was allowed to cool to room temperature and filtered through celite to afford a colorless oil (0.1 g). The crude material was purified on biotage eluting with 95:5 CH2Cl2/MeOH to afford a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of Example 19 (0.044 g, 45% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0407] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 446.1 for Example 19.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 20

[0408] 194

EXAMPLE 20

[0409] Step 1: 195

[0410] Compound 9 was prepared using similar procedure as for Compound 2 using 3,5-difluoromethylbenzyl alcohol instead of 3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl alcohol. 196

[0411] To Compound 9 (1.73 g, 6.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in a flame-dried 100 mL RBF in anhydrous Et2O (45 mL) was added zinc dust (0.83 g, 12.6 mmol, 2.0 equiv). An addition funnel containing a solution of trichloroacetylchloride (1.1 mL, 9.46 mmol, 1.5 equiv) in anhydrous Et2O (20 mL) was attached on top of the reaction flask which was emerged in the water bath of a sonicater to the level where it experienced the maximum agitation. The solution was added dropwise over a period of 50 minutes. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was sonicated vigorously for an additional 5 h. The TLC (EtOAc/Hexane=10%) indicated the presence of starting material and an additional portion of trichloroacetylchloride (0.8 mL, 7.17 mmol, 1.1 equiv) was added over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was sonicated for another 6 h. The reaction was almost complete by TLC and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude product, mainly Compound 10 and zinc dust, was treated with HOAc (30 mL), zinc dust (3.3 g, 50.5 mmol, 8 equiv) and Nal (1.88 g, 12.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The black mixture was heated at 90° C. for 1 hour. The TLC (EtOAc/Hexane=10%) showed the Compound 10 was almost completely consumed. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and the dark brown solution was filtered through a fritted funnel containing celite and was washed thoroughly with EtOAc. The filtrate was cooled to 0° C. and neutralized carefully with saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution, separated, and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage to afford Example 20 (0.43 g, 21 % yield).

EXAMPLE 20

[0412] 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ1.37 (d, J=6.305 Hz, 3 H), 3.35-3.43 (m, 4 H), 3.48 (s, 2 H), 4.25 (q, J=6.305 Hz, 1 H), 6.62-6.68 (m, 3 H), 7.25-7.39 (m, 5 H).

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 21a and 21b

EXAMPLE 21a

[0413] 197

EXAMPLE 21b

[0414] 198

[0415] A solution of Example 20 (0.38 g, 1.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH/H2O (v/v=1/1) (2.25 mL) was treated with (NH4)2CO3 (0.34 g, 4.43 mmol, 3.7 equiv) and KCN (0.12 g, 1.90 mmol, 1.58 equiv). The resulting orange solution was heated to 60° C. for 36 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, and carefully extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product. The crude material was purified on a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 10% EtOAc/hexane to 30% EtOAc/hexane to afford a mixture of diastereomers, which was further purified on a Chiralcel OD column (iPA/hexane=10/90) to obtain Examples 21a and 21b.

[0416] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 387.1 Example 21a.

[0417] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 387.1 Example 21b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 22a and 22b

EXAMPLE 22a

[0418] 199

EXAMPLE 22b

[0419] 200

[0420] Step 1: 201

[0421] A three-necked RBF under N2 was charged with anhydrous DMF (1L), 1,3-dichloro-2-butene (30 mL, 0.259 mmol) and a 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (30.6 g). To the above suspension under vigorous stirring was added dropwise benzylcyanide (30.45 mL) in anhydrous DMF (30 mL) over 15 minutes. After 30 minutes, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and extracted with ether. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried with Na2SO4 filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified using a flash silica gel column to afford Compound 11 (10-15 g, 23-35% yield). 202

[0422] Step 2:

[0423] A flame-dried 250 mL flask containing a 1.0 M solution of DIBAL-H in hexane (60 mL, 60 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was diluted with anhydrous THF (15 mL) and cooled to −50° C. To this solution was added via cannula a solution of Compound 11 (5 g, 30 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dry THF (10 mL). After 3 h at −50° C., the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and was allowed to stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified using a silica plug, eluting with EtOAc to afford Compound 12 (4.31 g, 83% yield).

[0424] Step 3: 203

[0425] A solution of Compound 12 (4.31 g, 25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in absolute EtOH (50 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with NaBH4 (1.89 g, 50 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH after stirring for one hour, then concentrated in vacuo to dryness. The residue was taken up in ether and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product which was purified via flash chromatography using a biotage to give Compound 13 (3.81 g, 87% yield). 204

[0426] Step 4:

[0427] A solution of Compound 13 (2.5 g, 14.4 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (1.0 g, 25.2 mmol). After stirring for 10 minutes, 3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzylbromide (4.7 mL, 23 mmol) was added dropwise and the solution was allowed to warm to 23° C. After 18 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and taken up in ether. The organic layers were combined washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product which was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage to give Compound 14 (5.45 g, 95% yield).

[0428] Step 5: 205

[0429] A solution of Compound 14 (1.7 g, 4.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (42 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated with O3. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with tetrabutylammonium iodide (1.88 g, 5.1 mmol) and was allowed to warm to 23° C. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage to give Compound 15 (0.85 g, 49%).

[0430] Step 6: 206

[0431] To a solution of Compound 15 (0.85 g, 2.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH—H2O(4:1; v/v) (10 mL) was added (NH4)2CO3 (0.7 g, 7.3 mmol, 3.5 equiv) and KCN (0.25 g, 3.8 mmol, 1.8 equiv). The reaction vessel was sealed and heated at 90° C. for 12 hours. The EtOH was then removed under reduced pressure and residue was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified using a silica gel column to give (0.62 g, 62% yield) Examples 22a and 22b.

[0432] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 22a.

[0433] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 22b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 23a AND 23b

EXAMPLE 23a

[0434] 207

EXAMPLE 23b

[0435] 208

[0436] Step 1: 209

[0437] Compound 16 was prepared using a similar procedure as for Compound 2 using 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl alcohol instead of 3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl alcohol.

[0438] Step 2: 210

[0439] Examples 23a and 23b were prepared using similar procedure as for Examples 11a and 11b using Compound 16 instead of Compound 2.

EXAMPLE 23a

[0440] 1 H NMR(500 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.47−7.15 (m, 9H); 5.69 (s, 1H); 4.38 (dd, 1H); 3.84, (d, 1H); 3.54 (d, 1H); 3.14 (m, 1H); 3.03 (m, 1H); 2.67 (m, 2H); 1.34 (d,1H).

EXAMPLE 23b

[0441] 1 H NMR(500 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.54 (m, 4H); 7.48 (m, 3H); 7.00 (m, 2H); 6.53 (s, 1H); 4.53 (m, 1H); 3.25, (m, 2H); 3.10 (m, 2H); 2.76 (dd, 1H); 2.65 (dd, 1H); 1.61 (d, 1H)

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 24

EXAMPLE 24

[0442] 211

[0443] In a sealed tube, Example 22b (0.120 g, 0.254 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and water (3 mL) and was treated with a 50% aqueous solution NaOH (0.5 mL). The suspension was sealed and heated at 100-110° C. for 20 hours. The volatiles were blown away with N2 at 100° C. The residue was diluted with MeOH (10 mL) and neutralized with 1 M HCl in ether to pH 7. The mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was diluted with water and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was further extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product. The material was dissolved in DMSO and subjected to Gilson (RP C18) to provide Example 24 (0.064 g, 56% yield).

[0444] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 448.1 for Example 24.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 25

EXAMPLE 25

[0445] 212

[0446] To a solution Example 24 (0.056 g, 0.123 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (1 mL), was added a 2.0 M solution of methylamine in MeOH (0.135 mL, 0.27 mmol, 2.2 equiv) followed by the addition of HATU (0.052 g, 1.35 mmol, 11 equiv). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 23° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with DMF (1 mL) and subjected to separation by Gilson (RP C18) to give Example 25 (0.001 g, 2% yield).

[0447] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 461.1 for Example 25.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 26a AND 26b

EXAMPLE 26a

[0448] 213

EXAMPLE 26b

[0449] 214

[0450] To a solution of Example 2 (0.39 g, 0.93 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dry ether (10 mL) at −78° C. was added methylmagnesium bromide (0.34 mL, 1.005 mmol, 1.07 equiv). After 10 minutes at −78° C., the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 16 h, no progress in the reaction was observed by TLC. The solution was cooled to −78° C. and methylmagnesium bromide (1.0 equiv) was added. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution (20 mL) and was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 95:5 hexane/EtOAc to 9:1 hexane/EtOAc to afford a mixture of two isomers (0.2 g, 50% yield). The isomers were separated by HPLC using a semi-prep Chiralcel OD column (IPA/hexane=10/90) to afford Examples 26a and 26b.

[0451] Electrospray MS [M−17]+ 451.1 for Example 26a.

[0452] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 433.1 for Example 26b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 27

EXAMPLE 27

[0453] 215

[0454] To a solution of Example 11a (7.5 g, 15.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) under N2 was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (6.7 g, 30.8 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and catalytic DMAP (50 mg, 0.41 mmol, 0.03 equiv). After 3 hours, 1M LiOH solution (150 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension was allowed to stir for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and EtOAc (700 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 17 (10.5 g, >100% yield) as a yellow foam. [Note: The crude material was carried forward based on a quantitative yield from the first step.] To a solution of Compound 18 (7.1 g, 15.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (80 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (8.4 g, 38.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv). After 24 h, the solution was cooled to 0° C. and was acidified with 10% citric acid solution to ph 3-4. The solution was extracted with EtOAc (700 mL). The organic layer was washed once with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a foam (11.4 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 7% MeOH/CH2Cl2 to afford Compound 18 (7.6 g, 88% yield) as a white solid foam.

[0455] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 562.1 for Compound 18.

[0456] Step 2: 216

[0457] To a solution of Compound 18 (5.0 g, 8.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (100 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added diisopropylethylamine (4.6 mL, 26.7 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and PyBOP (5.1 g, 9.8 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After 30 minutes the ice bath was removed and the solution was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. A 2M solution of methylamine in THF (44 mL, 89 mmol, 10 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension was allowed to stir for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with water and diluted with EtOAc (400 mL). The organic layer was washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow foam (8.5 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 30% EtOAc/hexane to 40% EtOAc/hexane to 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 19 (4.2 g, 82% yield) as a white solid foam.

[0458] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 575.1 for Compound 19.

[0459] Step 3: 217

[0460] To a solution of Compound 19 (3.0 g, 5.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (35 mL) under N2 at was added excess TFA (4.0 mL, 52 mmol, 10 equiv). After 24 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The biphasic mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Example 27 (2.4 g, 98 % yield) as a colorless gum.

[0461] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 475.1 for Example 27.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 28

EXAMPLE 28

[0462] 218

[0463] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 27 from Compound 18, using ammonia gas in place of methylamine.

[0464] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 461.1 for Example 28.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 29

EXAMPLE 29

[0465] 219

[0466] To a solution of Compound 18 (0.15 g, 0.27 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (2 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.14 mL, 0.81 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and triphosgene (0.040 g, 0.14 mmol, 0.5 equiv). After 3 h, a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (0.7 mL, 1.4 mmol, 5 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension was allowed to stir for 60 h. The reaction was quenched with water and diluted with EtOAc (25 mL). The organic layer was washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow foam (0.094 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 20 (0.036 g, 23% yield) as a white solid.

[0467] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 589.1 for Compound 20.

[0468] Step 2: 220

[0469] Example 29 was prepared from Compound 20 by a method analogous to Example 27 from Compound 19.

[0470] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 489.1 for Example 29.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 30

EXAMPLE 30

[0471] 221

[0472] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 29 from Compound 18, using pyrrolidine in place of dimethylamine. Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 515.1 for Example 30.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 31

EXAMPLE 31

[0473] 222

[0474] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 29 from Compound 18, using piperidine in place of dimethylamine.

[0475] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 529.1 for Example 31.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 32

EXAMPLE 32

[0476] 223

[0477] The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to Example 29 from Compound 18, using morpholine in place of dimethylamine.

[0478] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 531.1 for Example 32.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 33

EXAMPLE 33

[0479] 224

[0480] The title compound was prepared from Example 11b by a method analogous to Example 27 from Example 11a.

[0481] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 475.3 for Example 33.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 34

EXAMPLE 34

[0482] 225

[0483] The title compound was prepared from Example 11b by a method analogous to Example 27 from Example 11a.

[0484] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 461.3 for Example 34.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 35

EXAMPLE 35

[0485] 226

[0486] Step 1: 227

[0487] Compound 21 was prepared from Example 11b by a method analogous to Compound 17 from Example 11a.

[0488] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 462.1 for Compound 21.

[0489] Step 2: 228

[0490] To a solution of lithium borohydride (0.033 g, 1.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (1.0 mL) under N2 was added TMSCI (0.39 mL, 3.0 mmol, 4.0 equiv). After 10 minutes, a solution of Compound 21 (0.0035 g, 0.76 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was cannulated into the reaction flask over 8 minutes. After 4 h, the solution was cooled to 0° C. and carefully quenched with MeOH (1 mL) and 1 M KOH solution (1 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (40 mL), washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Example 35 (0.31 g, 91% yield) as a colorless gum.

[0491] FAB MS [M+1]+ 448.3 for Example 35.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 36

EXAMPLE 36

[0492] 229

[0493] To a solution of Example 35 (0.12 g, 0.27 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (2 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.24 mL, 1.4 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and triphosgene (0.042 g, 0.14 mmol, 0.5 equiv). After 4 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow foam (0.2 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 10% EtOAc/hexane to 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 36 (0.10 g, 78% yield) as a white solid.

[0494] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 474.1 for Example 36.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 37

EXAMPLE 37

[0495] 230

[0496] To a solution of Example 35 (0.14 g, 0.31 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH3CN (3 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.78 mmol, 2.5 equiv) and a solution of phenyl bromoacetate (0.073 g, 0.34 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in CH3CN (1 mL). After 24 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (0.2 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 20% EtOAc/hexane to 80% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 37 (0.10 g, 68% yield).

[0497] FAB MS [M+1]+ 488.2 for Example 37.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 38

EXAMPLE 38

[0498] 231

[0499] Step 1: 232

[0500] To a solution of Compound 18 (0.20 g, 0.36 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (1.2 mL) and toluene (3.0 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added a 2.0M solution of trimethylsilyl diazomethane in hexane (0.9 mL, 1.8 mmol, 5.0 equiv). After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil (0.2 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 10% EtOAc/hexane to 25% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 22 (0.10 g, 47% yield).

[0501] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 576.1 for Compound 22.

[0502] Step 2: 233

[0503] To a solution of Compound 22 (0.10 g, 0.17 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (2 mL) under N2 at 0° C. was added a 3.0 M solution of MeMgBr in Et2O (0.14 mL, 0.41 mmol, 2.4 equiv). The reaction mixture was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature. After 24 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product (0.093 g) as a yellow oil. The crude material was subjected to purification on a Gilson (RP C18) to give Example 38 (0.035 g, 41% yield).

[0504] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 502.1 for Example 38.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 39

EXAMPLE 39

[0505] 234

[0506] Step 1: 235

[0507] Compound 24 was prepared from Compound 21 by a method analogous to Compound 18 from Compound 17.

[0508] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 562.1 for Compound 24.

[0509] Step 2: 236

[0510] Example 39 was prepared from Compound 24 by a method analogous to Example 38 from Compound 18.

[0511] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 502.1 for Example 39.

PREPARATIONS OF EXAMPLE 40

EXAMPLE 40

[0512] 237

[0513] Step 1: 238

[0514] To a solution of Compound 6 (0.14 g, 0.27 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (1 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.68 mmol, 2.5 equiv) followed by 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl chloride (0.60 mL, 0.54 mmol, 2.0 equiv). After 60 h the reaction was not complete by TLC and was heated to 60° C. for 36 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was quenched with water. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil (0.17 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 25 (0.10 g, 59% yield) as a colorless gum.

[0515] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 619.1 for Compound 25.

[0516] Step 2: 239

[0517] To a solution of Compound 25 (0.096 g, 0.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (4 mL) under N2 was added 20% Pd(OH)2 on carbon (0.2 g) and AcOH (4 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 5 h under H2. The suspension was filtered through celite, washed with EtOAc and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (0.071 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 40% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 40 (0.040 g, 47% yield) as a white solid.

[0518] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 529.1 for Example 40.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 41

EXAMPLE 41

[0519] 240

[0520] The title compound was prepared from Compound 6 by a method analogous to Example 40 from Compound 6 using trimethylsilyl isocyanate in place of 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl chloride.

[0521] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 475.1 for Example 41.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 42

EXAMPLE 42

[0522] 241

[0523] Step 1: 242

[0524] To a solution of Compound 6 (0.083 g, 0.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and potassium carbonate (0.029 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.3 equiv) in DMF (1.0 mL) at 0° C. was added chlorotriazolinone (0.026 g, 0.19 mmol, 1.2 equiv). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 20 h. The suspension was filtered through a plug of glass wool and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil. The crude material was purified on a Gilson (RP C18) to afford Compound 26 (0.033 g, 33% yield).

[0525] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 619.1 for Compound 26.

[0526] Step 2: 243

[0527] Example 42 was prepared from Compound 26 by a method analogous to Example 18 from Compound 6.

[0528] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 529.1 for Example 42.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 43

EXAMPLE 43

[0529] 244

[0530] To a solution of Example 34 (0.058 g, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in toluene (1.6 mL) under N2 was added triethylorthoformate (0.027 mL, 0.16 mmol, 1.2 equiv) followed by AcOH (0.010 mL). The solution was refluxed for 4.5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was quenched with water. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (0.058 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 2% MeOH/CH2Cl2 to afford Example 43 (0.038 g, 62% yield) as a colorless gum.

[0531] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 471.1 for Example 43.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 44

EXAMPLE 44

[0532] 245

[0533] The title compound was prepared from Example 33 by a method analogous to Example 43 from Example 34.

[0534] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 485.1 for Example 44.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 45

EXAMPLE 45

[0535] 246

[0536] The title compound was prepared from Example 27 by a method analogous to Example 43 from Example 34.

[0537] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 485.1 for Example 45.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 46

EXAMPLE 46

[0538] 247

[0539] To a solution of Example 28 (1.8 g, 3.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in toluene (96 mL) under N2 was added triethylorthoformate (0.77 mL, 4.68 mmol, 1.2 equiv) followed by AcOH (0.3 mL). The solution was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was quenched with water. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed once with saturated NaHCO3 solution and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (1.89 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 2% MeOH/CH2Cl2 to 5% MeOH/CH2Cl2 to afford Example 46 (1.26 g, 68% yield) as a white foam.

[0540] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 471.1 for Example 46.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 47

EXAMPLE 47

[0541] 248

[0542] To a solution of Example 45 (0.080 g, 0.17 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (1.0 mL) under N2was added sodium borohydride (0.013 g, 0.34 mmol, 2.0 equiv). After 7 h, the solution was neutralized with AcOH and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc, washed once with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (0.076 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 60% EtOAc/hexane to 90% EtOAc/hexane to 5% MeOH/EtOAc to afford Example 47 (0.047 g, 59% yield).

[0543] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 47.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 48

EXAMPLE 48

[0544] 249

[0545] The title compound was prepared from Example 44 by a method analogous to Example 47 from Example 45.

[0546] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 48.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 49

EXAMPLE 49

[0547] 250

[0548] To a solution of Example 46 (1.21 g, 2.57 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (15 mL) under N2at 0° C. was added sodium borohydride (0.19 g, 5.14 mmol, 2.0 equiv). After 2.5 h at 0° C., the solution was neutralized with AcOH (2 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc, washed once with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white solid. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with the solvent gradient 80% EtOAc/hexane to EtOAc to 5% MeOH/EtOAc to afford Example 49 (1.15 g, 95% yield) as a white solid.

[0549] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 49.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 50

EXAMPLE 50

[0550] 251

[0551] The title compound was prepared from Example 43 by a method analogous to Example 47 from Example 45.

[0552] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Example 50.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 51

EXAMPLE 51

[0553] 252

[0554] To a solution of Example 27 (0.054 g, 0.114 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (2.5 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.044 mL, 0.25 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and triphosgene (0.010 g, 0.034 mmol, 0.3 equiv). After 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2, washed twice with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 75% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 51 (0.028 g, 49% yield) as a white solid.

[0555] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 501.1 for Example 51.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 52

EXAMPLE 52

[0556] 253

[0557] The title compound was prepared from Example 33 by a method analogous to Example 51 from Example 27.

[0558] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 501.1 for Example 52.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 53

EXAMPLE 53

[0559] 254

[0560] Step 1: 255

[0561] To a solution of Compound 7a, the less polar diastereomer,(1.4 g, 2.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dry ether (15 ml) at 0° C. was added 1.0 M lithium aluminum hydride in ether (2.7 ml, 2.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv). After 3 h at 0° C., the reaction was quenched with sodium-potassium tartrate solution. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude Compound 27 (1.3 g, 90% yield).

[0562] Step 2: 256

[0563] Example 53 was prepared from Compound 27 by a method analogous to Example 18 from Compound 6.

[0564] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 447.1 for Example 53.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 54

EXAMPLE 54

[0565] 257

[0566] The title compound was prepared from Compound 7b, the more polar diastereomer, by a method analogous to Example 53 from Compound 7a.

[0567] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 447.1 for Example 54.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 55

EXAMPLE 55

[0568] 258

[0569] Step 1: 259

[0570] Compound 28 was prepared from Compound 7b by a method analogous to Compound 27 from Compound 7a.

[0571] Step 2: 260

[0572] To a solution of Compound 28 (0.105 g, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) at 0° C. under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.052 mL, 0.30 mmol, 1.5 equiv) followed by 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl chloride (0.024 mL, 0.22 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution and washed with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 29 as a white foam. The crude product was carried forward without purification.

[0573] Step 3: 261

[0574] Example 55 was prepared from Compound 29 by a method analogous to Example 18 from Compound 6.

[0575] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 544.1 for Example 55.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 56

EXAMPLE 56

[0576] 262

[0577] The title compound was prepared from Compound 28 by a method analogous to Example 55 from Compound 28 using isobutyryl chloride in place of 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl chloride.

[0578] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 517.1 for Example 56.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 57

EXAMPLE 57

[0579] 263

[0580] The title compound was prepared from Compound 27 by a method analogous to Example 55 from Compound 28.

[0581] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 544.1 for Example 57.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 58

EXAMPLE 58

[0582] 264

[0583] The title compound was prepared from Compound 27 by a method analogous to Example 55 from Compound 28 using isobutyryl chloride in place of 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl chloride.

[0584] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 517.1 for Example 58.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 59

EXAMPLE 59

[0585] 265

[0586] To a solution of Compound 27 (0.133 g, 0.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (2 mL) at −78° C. under N2 was added 4-chlorobutyryl chloride (0.031 mL, 0.27 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and washed with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 30 as a colorless oil. To a solution of the oil in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (0.011 g, 0.27 mmol, 1.1 equiv) as a 60% dispersion in mineral oil. After 4 h at reflux, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution and washed with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 31.

[0587] Step 2: 266

[0588] Example 59 was prepared from Compound 30 by a method analogous to Example 18 from Compound 6.

[0589] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 515.1 for Example 59.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 60

EXAMPLE 60

[0590] 267

[0591] The title compound was prepared from Compound 27 by a method analogous to Example 59 from Compound 27 using 2-chloroacetyl chloride in place of 4-chlorobutyryl chloride.

[0592] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 60.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 61

EXAMPLE 61

[0593] 268

[0594] The title compound was prepared from Compound 28 by a method analogous to Example 59 from Compound 27 using 2-chloroacetyl chloride in place of 4-chlorobutyryl chloride.

[0595] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 487.1 for Example 61.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 62

EXAMPLE 62

[0596] 269

[0597] To a solution of a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of Examples 26a and 26b (0.060 g, 0.14 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL) under N2 was added trichloroacetyl isocyanate (0.020 mL, 0.17 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After 16 h, the solution was concentrated in vacuo. To the residue in MeOH (3 mL) and water (3 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.058 g, 0.42 mmol, 3 equiv). After 6 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane to afford Example 62 (0.054 g, 81% yield) as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers.

[0598] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 476.1 for Example 62.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES 63a AND 63b

Example 63a

[0599] 270

Example 63b

[0600] 271

[0601] Step 1: 272

[0602] To a suspension of sodium hydride (0.12 g, 3.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv) as a 60% dispersion in mineral oil in anhydrous THF (8 mL) at 0° C. was added methyl diethylphosphonoacetate (0.62 mL, 3.4 mmol, 1.7 equiv) dropwise. After 10 minutes, the ice bath was removed and Example 2 (0.82 g, 2.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in THF (8 mL) via cannula over a period of 5 minutes. After 4 h, the solution was cooled to 0° C., quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography using a biotage eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 32 (0.53 g, 55% yield).

[0603] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 473.1 for Compound 32.

[0604] Step 2: 273

[0605] To a solution of Compound 32 (0.063 g, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added nitromethane (0.015 mL, 0.27 mmol, 2.0 equiv) followed by a 1M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (0.20 mL, 0.20 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After 20 h at reflux, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with 10% citric acid solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 20% Et2O/hexane to afford Compound 33 as a colorless oil.

[0606] Step 3: 274

[0607] To a solution of Compound 33 in MeOH (5 mL) was added Raney Ni. After 5 h at 50 psi of H2, the suspension was filtered through celite washing with MeOH. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 80% EtOAc/hexane to afford a 1:4 mixture of diastereomers, Examples 63a and 63b, as a colorless oil. The mixture was separated by HPLC on a Chiralcel OD column using 9/1 hexane/IPA. Example 63a, the first eluted isomer, was obtained as a white foam and Example 63b, the second eluted product, was obtained as a white foam.

[0608] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 472.1 for Example 63a.

[0609] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 472.1 for Example 63b.

PREPARATION OF EXAMPLE 64

EXAMPLE 64

[0610] 275

[0611] Step 1: 276

[0612] To a solution of a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of Compound 18 and Compound 24 (3.48 g, 6.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (50 mL) under N2 was added diisopropylethylamine (0.32 mL, 18.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and a solution of triphosgene (0.92 g, 3.1 mmol, 0.5 equiv) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (10 mL). After 16 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel washing with CH2Cl2. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product as a yellow oil (3.5 g, 100% yield).

[0613] Step 2: 277

[0614] To a solution of Compound 34 (3.5 g, 6.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added lithium borohydride (0.268 g, 12.3 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in small portions. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and diluted with EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 35 (1.5 g, 44% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0615] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 548.1 for Compound 35.

[0616] Step 3: 278

[0617] To a solution of DMSO (1.6 mL, 22 mmol, 8.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) at −78° C. under N2 was added oxalyl chloride (0.96 mL, 11 mmol, 4.0 equiv) dropwise. After 15 minutes, Compound 35 (1.5 g, 2.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) was added to the solution. After 6 h at −78° C., triethylamine (5.3 mL, 38 mmol, 14.0 equiv) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and diluted with CH2Cl2. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered through a plug of silica gel, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 36 as a yellow oil (1.47 g, 100% yield).

[0618] Step 4: 279

[0619] To a suspension of sodium hydride (0.342 g, 8.1 mmol, 3.0 equiv) as a 60% dispersion in mineral oil in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at 0° C. was added methyl dimethylphosphonoacetate (1.7 g, 8.1 mmol, 3.0 equiv) dropwise. After 15 minutes, a solution of Compound 36 (1.47 g, 2.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise. After the addition was complete, the ice bath was removed and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, and diluted with EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a biotage eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to afford Compound 37 (1.0 g, 62% yield) as a colorless oil.

[0620] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 602.1 for Compound 37.

[0621] Step 5: 280

[0622] To a solution of Compound 37 (1.0 g, 1.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (20 mL) under N2 was added 10% Pd on carbon (0.177 g, 0.17 mmol, 0.1 equiv). The reaction mixture was placed under H2 atmosphere with a balloon. After 2 days, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo to afford crude Compound 38 (1.0 g, 100% yield).

[0623] Step 6: 281

[0624] Example 64 was prepared from Compound 38 by a method analogous to Example 27 from Compound 19.

[0625] Electrospray MS [M+1]+ 472.1 for Example 64.

[0626] While the present invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A compound having the formula (I):

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein: (a) X1 is —O— or —NR20—; (b) Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently represented by the formula: 289wherein R10, R11 and R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, C1-C6 alkyl, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, —OR20, —OCF3, —OCHF2, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl substituted with (R21)r; (c) R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and hydroxy(C1-C3alkyl)-; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group; (d) R3 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; (e) R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C1-C6 alkyl and halogen; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group; and (f) R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C1-C6 alkyl and halogen; or R8 and R9, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)— group.

3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a —C(═O)—, —C(═CH2)—, or —C(═NR13)— group.

4. The compound of claim 2 wherein R6 and R7, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form: (a) a 4- to 7-membered carbon ring; (b) a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring; or (c) a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl ring; wherein said heterocycloalkyl or said heterocycloalkenyl comprises from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —N═, and —NR20—, provided that a ring —S— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —S— or ring —S(O)— or ring —O—, and provided that a ring —O— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —O—; said 4- to 7-membered rings being optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R45 substituents wherein each R45 substituent is independently selected.

5. The compound of claim 4, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

6. The compound of claim 4, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

7. The compound of claim 4, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

8. The compound of claim 2 wherein R6 is —(CH2)n1-G, and R7 is —(CR40R41)n6-J.

9. The compound of claim 8, where R6 is —NH2, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, —C(O)NR15R16 and —C(O)OR20.

10. The compound of claim 8, wherein R6 is H, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of —NR15R16, —NR15C(O)R14 and NR20C(O)NR15R16.

11. The compound of claim 1 wherein said compound has the formula (Ia):

12. The compound of claim 11, wherein R6is —NR15R16, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, —C(O)NR15R16 and —C(O)OR20.

13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R6 is —NH2, and R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH3, —C(O)NH2, —C(O)NHCH3, —C(O)N(CH3)2 and —C(O)OH.

14. The compound of claim 11 wherein R6 and R7, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form: (a) a 4- to 7-membered carbon ring; (b) a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring; or (c) a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl ring; wherein said heterocycloalkyl or said heterocycloalkenyl comprises from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —N═, and —NR20—, provided that a ring —S— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —S— or ring —S(O)— or ring —O—, and provided that a ring —O— in said heterocycloalkyl and said heterocycloalkenyl rings is not bound to another ring —O—; said 4- to 7-membered rings being optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R45 substituents wherein each R45 substituent is independently selected.

15. The compound of claim 14, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

16. The compound of claim 14, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

17. The compound of claim 14, where the 4- to 7-membered ring is selected from the group consisting of:

18. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group of final compounds of Examples 1a, 1b, 2-7, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13, 14, 15a, 15b, 16a, 16b, 17a, 17b, 18-20, 21a, 21b, 22a, 22b, 23a, 23b, 24, 25, 26a, 26b, 27-62, 63a, 63b, and 64 in Table I.

19. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group of final compounds of 7, 8a, 8b, 9c, 10a, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 14, 16b, 17a, 17b, 18, 26b, 27-36, 39, 43-54, 57, 63b, and 64 in Table I.

20. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group of final compounds of 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 27-29, 39, 43, 44-50 in Table I.

21. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group of final compounds of Examples 11a, 11b, 12b, 27, 28, 46 and 49 in Table I.

22. The compound of claim 1 having the formula

23. The compound of claim 1 having the formula

24. The compound of claim 1 having the formula

25. The compound of claim 1 having the formula

26. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:

27. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:

28. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:

29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of claim 1.

30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least one serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and at least one compound of claim 1.

31. A method for treating a physiological disorder, symptom or disease in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1, wherein said physiological disorder, symptom or disease is a respiratory disease, depression, anxiety, phobia, bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, psychoactive substance abuse, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, stress related disorder, obsessive/compulsive disorder, bulemia, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, sleep disorder, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorder, obesity, headache, neuropathic pain, post-operative pain, chronic pain syndrome, bladder disorder, genitourinary disorder, cough, emesis or nausea.

32. A method for treating a physiological disorder, symptom or disease in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1, and an effective amount of at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: other NK1 receptor antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, dopamine receptor agonists, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, serotonin 5-HT2, receptor agonists, nociceptin receptor agonists, glucocorticoids and inhibitors of multidrug resistance protein 5, wherein said physiological disorder, symptom or disease is a respiratory disease, depression, anxiety, phobia, bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, psychoactive substance abuse, nociception, psychosis, schizophrenia, stress related disorder, obsessive/compulsive disorder, bulemia, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, sleep disorder, mania, premenstrual syndrome, gastrointestinal disorder, obesity, headache, neuropathic pain, post-operative pain, chronic pain syndrome, bladder disorder, genitourinary disorder, cough, emesis or nausea.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein emesis is being treated and said active ingredient is ondansetron and/or dexamethasone.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein the physiological disorder, symptom or disease is emesis, depression, anxiety or cough.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one anti-depressant agent and/or at least one anti-anxiety agent.

36. The method of claim 34 wherein depression is being treated and said method further comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

37. A method for antagonizing an effect of a Substance P at a neurokinin-1 receptor site or for blocking at least one neurokinin-1 receptor, in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1.