Patent Application
20110271360
Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
This invention relates to a new pygmy Sesamum indicum L. variety with improved non-dehiscence appropriate for mechanized harvesting.
Sesame, or Sesamum indicum, is a tropical annual cultivated worldwide for its oil and its nut flavored seeds. The sesame plant grows to a height of about 52-249 cm, and at its leaf axils are found capsules which contain the sesame seed. Upon maturity in nature, the capsules holding the sesame seeds begin to dry down, the capsules normally split open, and the seeds fall out. Commercially, the harvester tries to recover as much seed as possible from mature capsules. From ancient times through the present, the opening of the capsule has been the major factor in attempting to successfully collect the seed. Harvesting methods, weather, and plant characteristics all contribute to the amount of seed recovered.
The majority of the world's sesame is harvested manually. With manual non-mechanized methods, it is desirable for the sesame seed to fall readily from the plant. Manual harvesting is labor intensive. Efforts to mechanize or partially mechanize harvesting met with limited success.
A breakthrough was accomplished when non-dehiscent (ND) sesame was developed and patented by Derald Ray Langham. ND sesame was found to possess the proper characteristics which would enable mechanical harvesting without the seed loss disadvantages reported with prior varieties.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,452, 6,815,576, 6,781,031, 7,148,403, and 7,332,652 each disclose and claim non-dehiscent sesame cultivars having various characteristics.
An improved non-dehiscent sesame (IND) class of sesame was later developed by Derald Ray Langham. IND sesame, through increased constriction, better adhesion between the false membranes, and improved placenta attachment, holds more seed than prior sesame types, as measured four weeks after a crop is ready for harvest (could have been combined). The IND characteristics offer advantages for certain growing applications.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,257, filed Mar. 3, 2008 discloses a method for breeding improved non-dehiscent sesame (IND). U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,205, filed Mar. 3, 2008 discloses an improved non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S32, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-8888. S32 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved non-dehiscence, higher yield, and shorter drydown phase.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/049,705, filed Mar. 17, 2008 discloses an improved non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S30, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-8887. S30 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved non-dehiscence, higher yield, and shorter drydown phase.
U.S. patent application Ser. No 12/533,972, filed Jul. 31, 2009 discloses an improved non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S27, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-10184. S27 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved non-dehiscence, higher yield, and shorter drydown phase.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/565,095, filed Sep. 23, 2009 discloses a non-dehiscent black sesame cultivar S55, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-10185. S55 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing the only black sesame that can be mechanically harvested.
Although sesame plants which are shorter than about 110 cm have been developed in order to attempt to increase the harvest index (the weight of the seed divided by the weight of the plant to include the seed), heretofore no known sesame plant in this height range exhibited ND or IND characteristics. Without ND or IND characteristics, shorter sesame plants have to be manually harvested. Such shorter plants present a disadvantage in manual harvesting because the worker has to bend over further to make a cut below the lowest capsule.
In one aspect, the invention comprises a pygmy sesame line having a (py/py) allele and improved non-dehiscence.
In one aspect, the invention comprises a seed of sesame variety designated Sesaco 70 (S70), a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272.
Herein disclosed is a new pygmy sesame variety designated Sesaco 70 (S70), which is homozygous for a pygmy allele (py/py) and exhibits improved non-dehiscence (IND), rendering it suitable for mechanical harvesting. The “pygmy” sesame described averages approximately 85 cm in height, but the height may be somewhat greater than 85 cm or less than 85 cm depending on the environment. The height measurement is made after the plants stop flowering.
The height of pygmy sesame is dependent on several environmental factors, including the amount of moisture, heat, fertility, and population. Higher values for moisture, heat and fertility generally influence an increase in height. In a high population, the height will only increase if there is adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise, the height will be shorter. In low light intensities, the plants are generally taller. In the field, the range of heights for pygmy sesame is generally 52 to 110 cm.
Pygmy IND as disclosed herein is distinguishable from sesame heretofore described as “dwarf” varieties (described in Japan, China and Korea). “Pygmy” IND is homozygous for a pygmy allele (py/py) and has a shorter HEIGHT OF THE PLANT (Character No. 5 in Table II), a lower HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6 in Table II), and a shorter AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9 in Table II) than all known varieties released and grown commercially in the world.
A pure pygmy line can be proved by crossing the line with a known pygmy (py/py). If all of the plants in the F1 of the cross with the known pygmy exhibit a short height, low first capsule height, and short internode, the pygmy line in question is pure py/py. This is because the pygmy allele in a heterozygous condition (PY/py) does not exhibit the shorter height, lower first capsule, or shorter internode. In other words, heterozygous (PY/py) of the F1 generation, do not exhibit any intermediate characters. Height, first capsule height, and internode length are similar to the normal parent without the pygmy allele.
The pygmy sesame line of the invention can be planted using close row spacing without exhibiting spindly stems which are generally exhibited by other varieties planted in close row spacing. Pygmy sesame has a shorter AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE which keeps the plants from exhibiting spindly stems, in comparison to prior varieties. By “close row spacing” it is meant that the rows are between about 15 to about 30 cm apart, whereas standard row spacing is between about 76 and about 102 cm apart. The ability to grow in close row spacing without exhibiting spindly stems prevents or inhibits lodging of the plants. The shorter height presents less of a profile to wind, and there is less lodging pressure. In addition, there are lower wind speeds closer to the ground.
Close row spacing is advantageous because the plants provide a canopy more rapidly, thereby inhibiting weed growth. Weeds are “shaded out” by a canopy because weeds sprouting from the ground under the canopy die or are stunted from the lack of sunlight. By planting in closer row spacing, the farmer has lower inputs (e.g. lower resources that are used in farm production, such as chemicals, equipment, feed, seed, and energy) since he does not have to cultivate (weed). Pygmy sesame planted in 15 to 20 cm rows can be used in a method of sesame agriculture which omits the step of cultivation. Omitting the cultivation is advantageous in that it reduces the growing costs since cultivation requires fuel (diesel), operator hours, and maintenance.
The pygmy sesame line of the invention can also thrive with more plants per linear meter and make the practice of overplanting more productive. Farmers generally engage in the practice of overplanting in order to ensure the maximum production of their acreage. If normal height sesame is planted, and the overplanting results in more than 10 plants per linear meter, some plants will shade out others. The shaded plants either die out, resulting in self-thinning, or survive as “minor plants” as defined in Langham, D. R. 2007. “Phenology of sesame,” In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. The minor plants do not produce a commensurate amount of seed for the moisture and nutrients that the minor plants use. In contrast, when pygmy sesame according to the invention is overplanted, less shading occurs with a high population within a row. The minor plants are more productive.
The pygmy sesame of the invention also exhibits IND which allows mechanical harvesting. The shorter height of the pygmy sesame IND as compared with other IND provides an advantage in harvesting. Shorter plants are easier to combine with modern equipment because the reel does not push the plants forward before pulling them into the combine header. As a result there is less shatter loss and fewer plants that are pushed forward under the header. Within the combine header, the pygmy plants do not bridge over the auger as do taller varieties. In addition, by having a higher harvest index it is easier to separate the sesame from the trash in the combine.
Pygmy sesame lines have shown higher yields than existing varieties in low input conditions (less moisture and/or fertility) because they expend fewer resources making stems and leaves and use the scarce resources in making seed.
In the subsequent paragraphs, further detail about the pygmy sesame line of the invention and comparisons with other sesame lines is provided.
Sesame plants have been studied for their response to seasonal and climatic changes and the environment in which they live during the different phases and stages of growth and development. This type of study, called “phenology” has been documented by the inventor in Langham, D. R. 2007. “Phenology of sesame,” In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va., referenced supra.
Table I summarizes the phases and stages of sesame, and will be useful in describing the present invention.
zDAP = days after planting. These numbers are based on S26 in 2004 Uvalde, Texas, under irrigation.
There are several concepts and terms that are used in this document that should be defined. In the initial drydown stage in Table I, the capsules begin to dry and open. This stage ends when 10% of the plants have one or more dry capsules. The late drydown stage ends when the plants are dry enough so that upon harvest, the seed has a moisture of 6% or less. At this point some of the capsules have been dry for 5 weeks in the example used in Table I, but in other environments for other varieties, the drying can stretch to 7 weeks. The “ideal harvest time” is at the end of the late drying stage. At this point, a combine (also sometimes referred to as a combine harvester, a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops) can be used to cut and thresh the plants and separate the seed from the undesired plant material. However, at times, weather may prevent harvest at the ideal time. The plants may have to remain in the field for as much as an additional four weeks, and in some cases even longer. Thus, time t0 corresponds to the ideal harvest time and time t1, which corresponds to the time the grower actually harvests the sesame is a time later than time t0.
Sesame cultivar Sesaco 70 (hereinafter “S70”) is a variety which exhibits Improved Non-Dehiscence (IND) characteristics and desirable characteristics which make it a commercially suitable sesame line. IND characteristics are defined in comparison to non-dehiscence (ND) characteristics first described and defined by the inventor in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Compared to ND sesame, IND sesame has more seed in the capsules when measured between 4 and 9 weeks after the ideal harvest time.
Without wishing to be bound by one particular theory, it is believed that this increased amount of seed in the capsules is may be due to the IND variety having the ability to better withstand adverse environmental conditions such as inclement or harsh weather. Examples of adverse weather conditions as to which IND has been subjected to in this regard are rain, fog, dew, and wind. S70 variety has been tested and meets the criteria of IND.
Filed and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,257, filed Mar. 3, 2008 is herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application discloses Improved Non-Dehiscent Sesame and the present invention. S70 is an example of a variety which resulted from breeding methods described therein. Concurrently filed and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/769,475, Attorney Docket Number SESA 3700 PTUS is herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This patent discloses Pygmy Sesame Plants for Mechanical Harvesting and the present invention. S70 is an example of a variety which resulted from breeding methods described therein.
S70 exhibits improved shatter resistance, acceptable resistance to common fungal diseases, and a maturity that allows a wide geographical range. Further, S70 exhibits higher yield in geographical locations desirable for sesame planting, and exhibits desirable seed size and seed color. S70 is suitable for planting in areas that have approximately a 21° C. ground temperature when planted in the spring and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. An exemplary desirable geographical area for S70 is from South Texas at the Rio Grande to southern Kansas and from east Texas westward to elevations below 1,000 meters.
Other exemplary areas are areas of the United States or of the world which areas have similar climatic conditions and elevations.
The pedigree method of plant breeding was used to develop S70. Sesame is generally self-pollinated. Crossing is done using standard techniques as delineated in Yermanos, D. M. 1980. “Sesame. Hybridization of crop plants,” Am Soc Agronomy-Crop Sci of America, pp. 549-563 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Ashri provides an overview of sesame breeding in Ashri, A. (1998). “Sesame breeding,” Plant Breed. Rev. 16:179-228 and Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In: R. J. Singh, Ed., Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, Vol. 4, Oilseed Crops, p. 231-289, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA.
The lineage of S70 is presented in
K28p (1) was a line obtained from Churl Kahn from the Republic of Korea in 1992 and first planted in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1993. Within Sesaco, K28 first carried the identifier 1838 and was later changed to TK28 and then to TK28p.
G8 (2) was a line obtained from D. G. Langham in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was a selection from the cultivar ‘Guacara’ which D. G. Langham developed in Venezuela in the 1950s. Guacara was an initial selection from a cross that later produced one of the major varieties in Venezuela—Aceitera. Within Sesaco, G8 first carried the identifier X011 and was later changed to TG8.
111 (3) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI173955) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1949 from W. N. Koelz, USDA, Beltsville, Md. who obtained it from India. Within Sesaco, 111 first carried the identifier 0858 and was then changed to X111. In 1985, a selection of this line became Sesaco 4 (S04).
192 (4) was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
V52 (5) was a cultivar designated as SF075 obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) collection in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from B. Mazzani (Maracay, Venezuela) in 1960. Originally, it was a cultivar known as Venezuela 52 developed by D. G. Langham in the 1940s. Within Sesaco, V52 first carried the identifier 0075 and was later changed to TV52.
SOMALIA (6) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI210687) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it from the Administrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0730.
118 (7) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI425944) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it in 1978 from P. F. Knowles, University of California, Davis, Calif., who collected it in Pakistan. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 1118 and then changed to X118 and then to T118.
193 (8) was a selection from 192 which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (503) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (507).
MAX (9) was a line designated as SF116 obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto Regional Canasta. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0116 and then changed to TMAX.
R234 (10) was a named variety obtained from D. M. Yermanos in 1978 from his sesame program at the University of California at Riverside. It was first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0544 and then changed to T234.
958 (11) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF411 and was named G958-1. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G958-1 carried the identifier 0411.
982 (12) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF477 and was named G53.98-2. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.98-2 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 982 carried the identifier 0477 and then changed to T982.
G53.80-1 (13) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ari.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF471. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.80-1 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G53.80-1 carried the identifier 0471.
701 (14) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292145) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0701 and then changed to X701. In 1984, a selection from X701 became Sesaco 5 (505).
111X (15) was an outcross in the 111 (2) plot BT0458 in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0745 and later changed to T111X.
888 (16) was a cross between 192 (4) and V52 (5) made by Sesaco in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, 888 first carried the identifier F888 and then changed to T888.
H6778 (17) was a cross between Somalia (6) and 118 (7) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6778.
R234 TALL (18) was an outcross in the R234 (10) strip in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier X026.
045 (19) was a cross between G8 (2) and 958 (11) made by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B045 and then changed to T045.
036 (20) was a cross between 982 (12) and G53.80-1 (13) made by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier CO36 and then X036. In 1984, a selection from X036 became Sesaco 6 (S06).
195 (21) was an outcross selected in the 192 (4) in plot MN4584 in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690 and then changed to X195.
S11 (22) was a cross between G8 (2) and 111X (15) made by Sesaco in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11 (S11).
076 (23) was a cross between MAX (9) and R234 TALL (18) made by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C076 and then changed to T076.
H6432 (24) was a cross between 193 (8) and 076 (23) made between by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6432.
H6785 (25) was a cross between 045 (19) and 036 (20) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6785.
H6562 (26) was a cross between 195 (21) and 701 (14) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6562.
J3208 (27) was a cross between H6778 (17) and H6432 (24) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1985. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3208.
J3222 (28) was a cross between H6785 (25) and H6562 (26) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1985. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3222.
K3255 (29) was a cross between J3208 (27) and J3222 (28) made by Sesaco in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K3255.
88F (30) was a cross between S11 (22) and 888 (16) made by Sesaco in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier LCE01 and then changed to X88F and then T88F.
S16 (31) was a cross between K3255 (29) and S11 (22) made by Sesaco in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAP11 and then changed to XFXA. In 1991, a selection from XFXA became Sesaco 16 (S16).
702 (32) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier 0702.
BI791 (33) was a cross between 88F (30) and S16 (31) made by Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier BI791.
72A (34) was an outcross selected in the 702 (15) strip SL2140 in the Ramsey nursery in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier X702A and then T72A.
S17 (35) was a cross between S11 (22) and 72A (34) made by Sesaco in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAN22 and then changed to X7AB. In 1992, a selection from X7AB because Sesaco 17 (S17).
S27 (36) was a cross between BI791 (33) and S17 (35) made by Sesaco in the Friesenhahn nursery (Knippa, Tex.) in 1994. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier, CM586 and then changed to X88K. A selection became Sesaco 27 (S27).
S70 (37) was a cross between K28p (1) and S27 (36) made by Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in Year 1 (hereinafter “Year” is abbreviated as “YR”). The original designator was KK654.
The seed (K654) was planted in plot XR05 in the Schwartz nursery (Wall, Tex.) in YR2. Two plants were selected because they had a good internode length.
The seed of one of the plants (0471) was planted in plot 2470 in the Panther City nursery (Batesville, Tex.) in YR3. Two volunteer plants from seed that had fallen from the plot were selected based on hold on a very low plant at the end of the nursery.
The seed from one of the plants (3623) was planted in plot D018 in the Chapman nursery (Lorenzo, Tex.) in YR4. The designator was changed to dK654. One plant was selected based on final hold at the end of the nursery, a long capsule zone on a short plant, and very good lodging after winds over 50 MPH.
The seed from this plant (1804) was planted in plot B501 in the Chapman nursery in YRS. Two bulks were selected based on being taller than sister selections, very low plant height with a short internode length, and good hold at the end of the nursery.
The seed from these bulks (2209, and 2286) were planted in 2 plots (WE01 and WE04) in the Gilleland nursery and 2 plots (D001 and D004) in the Chapman nursery in YR6. Four bulks were selected from these 4 plots based on having excellent hold on the last day of the nurseries. The designator was changed to XD55p.
The seed from these four bulks were planted in strips (VF54n through VF71 n) in the Gilleland nursery in YR7. Most of the seed from these strips was harvested for testing in farmer fields.
The materials were bulked and planted on farmer experimental fields for testing under commercial conditions in 2008. The seed was designated S70.
Along with breeding programs, tissue culture of sesame is currently being practiced in such areas of the world as Korea, Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka and the United States. One of ordinary skill in the art may utilize sesame plants grown from tissue culture as parental lines in the production of non-dehiscent sesame. Further IND sesame may be propagated through tissue culture methods. By means well known in the art, sesame plants can be regenerated from tissue culture having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the source plant.
The present invention includes the seed of sesame variety S70 deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272; a sesame plant or parts thereof produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272; sesame plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S70; and sesame plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a sesame plant produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272. The present invention also includes a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272 or a tissue culture of regenerable cells from sesame variety S70 or a part thereof produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S70 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272 or from sesame variety S70, wherein the regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S70 is also contemplated by the present invention. Methods of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant, wherein the first or second parent sesame plant was produced by seed having been deposited under ATCC Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-9272 is part of the present invention.
Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. Further, unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term progeny includes plants derived from plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like.
Sesame cultivar S70 has been tested experimentally over several years under various growing conditions ranging from South Texas to Northern Texas. Sesame cultivar S70 has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the characters listed in Table II below. Table II provides the name, definition, and rating scale of each character as well as the method by which the character is measured. Under the rating section, the rating for S70 is presented in bold text. Additionally, the distribution of the character in Sesaco's sesame development program is indicated under the rating section. Sesaco uses slightly different character specifications from “Descriptors for sesame”, AGP:IBPGR/80/71, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, (1981) and from the form “Sesame (Sesamum indicum)”, U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Variety Protection Office, Beltsville, Md. The descriptors in those documents were developed in the early 1980s and have not been updated to incorporate new concepts in sesame data collection.
Table II provides characteristics of S70 for forty-four (44) traits. Numerical ratings and values reported in this table were experimentally determined for S70 with prior sesame varieties in side by side replicated trials. Actual numerical values and ratings for a given variety will vary according to the environment, and the values and ratings provided in Table II were obtained in the environment specified in the parenthetical following the S70 rating. Tables IV and V provide a direct comparison between the new S70 variety and the prior varieties thus demonstrating the relative differences between the varieties in the side by side trials.
Macrophomina phaseoli, and Phytophtora
parasitica. Between 1988 and the present,
Macrophomina; too much water can
FUSARIUM WILT (F. oxysporum)
Fusarium wilt
PHYTOPHTORA STEM
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 36)
Phytophtora stem rot
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 36)
phaseoli)
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 36)
sesami)
argentifolii)
tabaci) has been observed in nurseries
persicae)
Heliothis has affected nurseries or
aUvalde nursery planted north of Uvalde, Texas (latitude 29°22′ north, longitude 99°47′ west, 226 m elev) in middle to late May to early June from 1988 to the present; mean rainfall is 608 mm annually with a mean of 253 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 3° C. and an average high of 17° C. in January to an average low of 22° C. and an average high of 37° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 96 cm beds from 1988 to 1997 and on 76 cm beds from 1988 to the present. The nursery was pre-irrigated and has had 2-3 post-plant irrigations depending on rainfall. The fertility has varied from 30-60 units of nitrogen.
bLorenzo nursery planted southeast of Lubbock, Texas (latitude 33°40′ north, longitude 101°49′ west, 1000 m elev) in mid June from 2004 to the present; mean rainfall is 483 mm annually with a mean of 320 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of −4° C. and an average high of 11° C. in January to an average low of 20° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 30 units of nitrogen.
In developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are seven characters that are desirable for successful crops: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 23), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 26), COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 35), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 30), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 11), SEED COLOR (Character No. 33), and SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 34). The first four characters contribute to YIELD AT DRYDOWN which is the most important economic factor normally considered by a farmer in the selection of a variety. The last two characters determine the market value of the seed.
SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING determine how well the plants will retain the seed while they are drying down in adverse weather.
COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE determines whether the plants can finish their cycle and have the optimum seed fill.
DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY determines how far north and to which elevation the varieties can be grown.
In improving the characters, the YIELD AT DRYDOWN has to be comparable to or better than current varieties, or provide a beneficial improvement for a particular geographical or market niche.
In the United States and Europe, the SEED COLOR is important since over 95% of the market requires white or buff seed. There are limited markets for gold and black seed in the Far East. All other colors can only be used in the oil market.
SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST determines the market for the seed. Lack of COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE can reduce SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST. In parts of the United States where there is little rain in dry years, the lack of moisture can reduce the SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST.
There are other characters important in developing commercial sesame varieties explained in Langham, D. R. and T. Wiemers, 2002. “Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through breeding”, In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Trends in new crops and new uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. BRANCHING STYLE (Character No. 1), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5), HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6), and PRESENCE OF PYGMY GENE (Character No. 10) are important in combining. CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODE PAIRS (Character No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9), and SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 19) are important in creating potential YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 11). LEAF DIMENSIONS (Characters No. 13, 14, 15, and 16) are important in determining optimum populations.
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL (Character No. 2), NUMBER OF CARPELS PER CAPSULE (Character No. 17), CAPSULE LENGTH (Character No. 18), CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 20), and CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CM OF CAPSULE (Character No. 21) are important in breeding for VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character No. 22) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 26) which lead to testing for SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 23) and determining the CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 24), NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character 25) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character No. 27).
DAYS TO FLOWERING (Character No. 28), DAYS TO FLOWER TERMINATION (Character No. 29), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 30), and MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3) are highly correlated and important in determining the phenology and geographical range for the variety.
DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 31) is important in that once the plants reach physiological maturity there is no weather event that will increase yield and many weather events that may substantially lower the yield. A shorter drying phase increases yield. PLANT PHENOTYPE (Character No. 4) is a summary character of characters 1, 2, and 3 that allows an overall visualization of the line.
RESISTANCE TO DROUGHT (Character No. 12) becomes important in reducing yield and seed weight. Even though there was a drought in the growing areas in 2006 and 2008, there has not been a drought in nurseries planted since 2000 because of irrigation. LODGING RESISTANCE (Character No. 32) is important in years when there are high winds in the growing areas. The resistance characters (Characters No. 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 44) are important in reducing the losses from diseases and pests.
Over the past 32 years, Sesaco has tested over 3,000 introductions from all over the world. Commercial samples have been obtained from China, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mozambique, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Egypt, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Thailand, Turkey, Upper Volta, Uganda, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Philippines, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Somalia, Eritrea, Paraguay, Bolivia, and El Salvador. Additional research seed has been received from the commercial countries and from many other countries such as Australia, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Russia, Jordan, Yemen, Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Gabon, Greece, Italy, South Korea, Libya, Nepal, Zaire, England and Tanzania. Research seed received from one country may have originated from another unspecified country. All of the commercial and research introductions have CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 24) of shattering, “SHA”.
Using selected characters from Table II, Table III provides a character differentiation between S70 and name cultivars from all over the world.
a SHA = shattering; SSH = semi-shattering; ID = indehiscent; SR = shatter resistant; XX = not non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; ND = non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; ZZ = not Improved non-dhiscent; IND = improved non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,257
Table IV compares the critical pygmy characters against the previously patented Sesaco varieties grown side by side in the 2008 Uvalde nursery in four replications. S70 is considerably shorter with a lower height of the first capsule, more capsule node pairs, and a shorter internode length than all previously developed Sesaco varieties.
Table V compares S70 to S26, S28, S30, S32, and S55, the current commercial varieties. When specified by year and nursery, the lines were grown side by side. The table is in terms of all of the characters listed in Table II. The major differences in Table V are indicated in the “Dif” column by a “C” for commercially important differences and an “M” for morphological differences.
aB = true branches;
The characters SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 23), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 26), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5), HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6), CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODE PAIRS (Character No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9), PRESENCE OF PYGMY ALLELES (Character No. 10), COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 35), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 30), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 11), LODGING RESISTANCE (Character No. 32), SEED COLOR (Character No. 33), and SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 34) will be discussed further below with respect to the patented varieties S25, S26, S27, S28, S29, S30, S32, and S55.
SEED COLOR (Character No. 33) is the last important character and S70 is the same (buff) as the other commercial varieties.
The leaf dimensions (LEAF LENGTH—Character No. 13, LEAF BLADE LENGTH—Character No. 14, LEAF BLADE WIDTH—Character No. 15, and PETIOLE LENGTH—Character No. 16) are somewhat smaller than previously developed ND and IND varieties. However, it has been found that the leaf area is adequate for photosynthesis required to produce a commercially suitable yield. The CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 24) is morphologically different from the other varieties in Table V. However, though useful for morphology the capsule weight per capsule does not provide a commercially significant variable.
S70 exhibits similar values for other characteristics noted or tested for ND and IND varieties, except those discussed above.
On May 14, 2008, a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of sesame plant S70 was made by Sesaco Corporation under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and the deposit was given ATCC Accession No. PTA-9272. This deposit will be maintained in the ATCC depository for a period of 30 years or 5 years after the last request or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer. Should the seeds from the sesame line S70 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection become nonviable, the deposit will be replaced by Sesaco Corporation upon request.
The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and characters for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
