BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a device forming a first embodiment of the present invention, the Professional Sport device;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a pair of electrodes on the device;
FIG. 3 is a graph of a typical output pulse or spike;
FIG. 4 is a graph of a typical train of output pulses;
FIG. 5 is an illustration of a device connected to a patient engaging device;
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a system using a device, a central control facility and communication there between by the Internet;
FIG. 7 is a multielectrode patient engaging device such as for treatment of the back;
FIG. 8 is an illustration of use of the device with a cold laser.
FIG. 9 is a device intended for professional use;
FIG. 10 is illustrates dose tapping/auto stim;
FIG. 11 is a device intended for home sport use;
FIG. 12 is a device intended for home use;
FIG. 13 is a device intended for cosmetic applications;
FIG. 14 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device allowing the user to select from a menu of preset treatment protocols;
FIG. 15 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device with a different menu to select a preset treatment protocol from;
FIG. 16 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device with a menu to select parameters in the device such as strength;
FIG. 17 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device with a different menu;
FIG. 18 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device with five stages of injury recovery represented on the display as five adjacent vertical bars, allowing a preset treatment protocol appropriate for a specific stage to be implemented by highlighting the specific stage by activating the selection buttons;
FIG. 19 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device showing the impedance measured as specific locations on the patient's skin;
FIG. 20 is a view of the display and selection buttons on a device with a different menu;
FIG. 21 is an electrical circuit equivalent to the electrical characteristics of the human skin and underlying tissue;
FIG. 22 is an electrical circuit to apply a pulse to the tissue;
FIG. 23 is a flow chart showing the steps of measuring skin impedance and presenting a representation of the impedance measured as an audio or visual signal varying in frequency or strength depending on the relative impedance measured;
FIG. 24 is a circuit suitable for measuring skin impedance and converting the measured value to a frequency used to generate an audio or visual indication of relative impedance;
FIG. 25 illustrates low pass filter frequency response to allow the device to compensate for changes in skin impedance as the treatment progresses.
FIG. 26 is a frequency to voltage converter circuit that can be used in the device;
FIG. 27 is a voltage to audio frequency converter that can be used in the device;
FIG. 28 is a graph of transducer frequency and audio frequency variation in relation to the measured skin impedance suitable for use with the device;
FIG. 29 is a frequency to light color converter circuit that can be used in the device;
FIG. 30 is a flow chart of software that can be used to implement the task of converting the measured skin impedance to an audio or visual signal representative of the relative impedance;
FIG. 31 is an illustration of a possible array of electrode pairs on a probe than can be used with the device;
FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a flexible array probe;
FIG. 33 is a side view of the flexible array probe;
FIG. 34 is an illustration of the circuit of the flexible array probe;
FIG. 35 is a perspective view of a ball probe;
FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a circular electrode probe;
FIG. 37 is an exploded view of a dome probe;
FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a comb probe;
FIG. 39 is a perspective view of the inner electrode plate of the comb probe;
FIG. 40 is a perspective view of the outer electrode plate of the comb probe;
FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a non-circular electrode probe;
FIG. 42 is a flexible array probe using an inflatable cuff;
FIGS. 43
a and 43b show possible electrode patterns;
FIG. 44 is a view of a device intended for cosmetic use employing two sets of electrodes;
FIG. 45 is an end view of the device of FIG. 44 showing one set of electrodes;
FIG. 46 is an illustrative view of a pad probe with variably spaced electrodes;
FIG. 47 is an illustrative view of a knee pad probe;
FIGS. 48A-D illustrate the construction of a flexible probe; and
FIG. 49 illustrates a flexible probe using electrodes and light sources.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference now to the accompanying drawings, wherein like or corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals, FIG. 1 illustrates a non-invasive neuro stimulation Professional Sports device 10 that incorporates certain features of the present invention. Device 10 has two electrodes 12 and 14 mounted integrally therein, forming an electrode pair, sized and shaped for ready contact with the skin of the patient to treat the patient. Device 10 can also be used with various probes, such as probes 16, 130, 150, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 220 described hereinafter, that plug into a suitable socket in device 10. Each of these probes has electrodes as well. If a probe is attached to device 10, the integral electrodes 12 and 14 are deactivated and the signals that would be sent to electrodes 12 and 14 are instead delivered to the electrodes in the probe.
Circuits within the device 10 provide a series of sharp voltage pulses to the electrodes that exhibit a naturally damped ringing oscillation. The output is typically generated by stimulating a transformer coil within the device connected between the output electrodes with a single digital current pulse. The result is an inductive flywheel effect that causes a sharp transient response in the opposite polarity to the applied digital stimulus and with much greater amplitude. The transient response then undergoes classical electronic “ringing”, i.e. a naturally damped electronic oscillation as seen in FIG. 3.
For example, the autotransformer may be excited by a negative going electronic impulse of duration 10-12 microseconds, resulting in an unloaded damped oscillatory output, pulse or spike at the electrodes 12 and 14 with an initial peak voltage of 200 volts and a natural oscillation frequency of about 45 K Hz that damps out within a period of approximately 300 microseconds. Circuits in the device 10 allow the addition of loading and damping onto the basic excitation to alter the output characteristics in addition to the natural variation in resistive and capacitive loading represented by the skin and body of the patient being treated. These outputs or pulses are then repeated at predetermined intervals, i.e. repeated at a desired frequency, say 60 outputs per second.
The duration of the exciting impulse into the transformer can be changed to modify the amplitude of the output or pulse at the electrodes 12 and 14. For example, the duration of the input impulse may be selected from within a range of about 10 microseconds to about 500 microseconds.
The device 10 is also capable of varying the intervals between outputs or pulses in a predetermined manner. Besides the uniform interval option noted above, the intervals between successive pulses can be continuously varied, say ranging from 8 milliseconds to 30 milliseconds between pulses over the total period of treatment, say 7 seconds.
Another variation is to have a train of pulses, for example three, in quick succession, as seen in FIG. 4, followed at an interval by another train of pulses in quick succession, with the intervals between the trains of pulses continuously varied as above. Within this variation, it is also possible at the same time to vary the interval between each pulse in the train. For example the interval between each pulse in the train can vary from about 200 microseconds to about 2.0 milliseconds.
The train of pulses noted above can include one or more pulses. Typically, device 10 can provide between one to eight pulses in a given train. The number of pulses in the train is referred to as the intensity. As noted, the interval between each pulse in the train can be varied, typically from about 200 microseconds to about 2.0 milliseconds.
The device 10 also has circuits to determine the electrical characteristics of the output when the device is in contact with the skin and compare the output to that of the output generated when the device 10 is not in contact with the skin to evaluate conditions of the skin and body of the patient. These characteristics include the resistance and capacitance of the patient's skin and body. These characteristics are sampled continuously as the patient is treated as they vary in the course of the treatment, at least in the early stages of the treatment. An observation of limited variation in the characteristics after an interval of treatment can be used as a signal to stop the treatment, indicating the treatment is completed.
In addition to the aspects of device 10 discussed above, the device 10 includes additional inventive features. The device 10 can be connected to a plurality of pairs of electrodes mounted in a patent engaging device or probe 16 for contact with the patient. The patient engaging device 16 can be an arm, knee, elbow or leg cuff, for example. The device 10 adjusts the pulse train conditions in response to feedback from the patient, including both passive feedback such as skin impedance, and active feedback from the patient. For example, a series of lights could be displayed on the device 10 to inform the patient of the level of treatment and the patient can provide input as to the desirable level.
As seen in FIG. 5, the device 10 can include a circuit to provide alternate pulses to a first patient engaging device or probe 16a and the intervening pulse to a second patient engaging device or probe 16b such that multiple patients can be treated by the same device 10. Use of a device 10 separate from the patient engaging device 16 permits the device 10 to be connected to power at the mains so that battery life or power constraints are not an issue.
The device 10 can be programmed to automatically undertake a predetermined treatment regimen or preset treatment protocol to treat the patient. This eliminates the requirement to have trained staff present during the course of the treatment, freeing resources for other tasks and reducing cost.
As seen in FIG. 6, the device 10 can be in communication through a packet type data exchange system 19, such as the Internet, with a central control facility 20 directing the treatment regimen of the device 10 through the data exchange system 19. The device 10 can provide feedback to the central control facility 20 to alter the treatment regimen based on the patient feedback. The patient can provide initial symptoms to the central control facility 20, with the central control facility 20 evaluating the initial symptoms and transmitting the recommended treatment regimen to the device 10 for treating the patient. The device 10 can also measure the skin condition of the patient in the area to be treated, transmit this data to the central control facility 20 and receive in return a recommended treatment regimen from the central control facility 20 based on the skin condition. Dual control by the local device 10 and remote central control facility 20 is possible, perhaps with the local device 10 providing coarse adjustments and the remote central control facility 20 providing finer adjustments to the treatment regimen.
The patient engaging device or probe 16 can be a back or neck treatment device 22 as seen in FIG. 7, with electrode pairs 12 and 14 positioned down the length of the device 16 to provide a series of contact areas on the back or neck of the patient and on either side of the spine of the patient. The device 10 can be programmed to apply a pulse train to selected ones of the electrodes in a predetermined pattern to treat the back or neck.
A photonics treatment can be integrated with the electrodynamic pulse treatment provided by a device such as device 10. For example, a cold laser 24 can be used in combination with the device 10 and probe 16 to treat the patient as seen in FIG. 8. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) can also be used to provide the photonics treatment. Cold laser 24, or LEDs 24 can be centered in the electrodes 152, as seen in FIG. 8. When using LEDs, the preferred wavelengths are 635 to 660 nm (visible red) or 800 to 900 nm (near IR). The photonics treatment can be used to two purposes. The first purpose is energetic, providing perhaps 4 to 8 Joules/cm2 to activate ATP mitochondria. The second purpose is for information. The body responds to the application of light, and the response can be measured to determine body conditions for treatment.
The photonics and electrodynamic treatments can occur simultaneously. The treatments can be at the same frequency of application, or at different frequencies. The photonics may be on constantly at a given wavelength and intensity, or can be pulsed. The photonics can be applied randomly or chaotically. The photonics source can be integral with the electrodynamic device, or can be a separate component or plug in attachment such as an LED array. Use of LEDs provide non-coherent light and the ability to vary brightness, intensity, and color. A low level laser (LLL) can also be used. The photonics can provide general potentiation for the electrodynamics, since the body may respond better to the treatment in the presence of the light. The photonics and electrodynamic treatments can constructively interfere, amplifying the effect of both treatments over that possible by each alone.
The photonics and electrodynamic treatments can alternate. For example, the photonics treatment can be applied for 1 second, 5 seconds, etc. and then the electrodynamic treatment for a similar period. The electrodynamic treatment has feedback, as noted, and the feedback can be used to adjust the treatment pattern of the photonics. In fact, the feedback feature of the electrodynamic treatment can be used to provide feedback for the photonics treatment without even treating the patient with the electrodynamic treatment. Thus, a biofeedback of the photonics treatment is provided, with the feedback being near real time so that the pattern, energy and duration of the photonics treatment can be optimized. The LEDs can be pulsed, again controlled by the feedback provided through the electrodynamic treatment. The photonics treatment and feedback control can be alternated, refining the best pattern for treatment.
The use of multiple electrode pairs provides the possibility of different patterns of pulses for the different electrode pairs, being variable in amplitude, duration and strength, for example, thus treating different areas of the patient with different patterns. For example, first and second electrode pairs could each be pulsed for 20 seconds, or the first electrode pair for 30 seconds and the second electrode pair for 5 seconds. As another example, if 20 electrode pairs are used, electrode pairs 1, 4, 8 and 11 could be operated at higher voltages.
The electrode pairs can be placed on opposite sides of a limb.
A hand held device 10 can be initially employed to isolate an area for treatment, with subsequent treatment undertaken with a central control unit 20 that has the same functions as device 10, and perhaps additional functions, interacting with a patient engaging device 16 that is in actual contact with the patient.
The device 10 can generate a pulse train, with alternate pulses used to treat different areas on the patient or even to treat different patients. For example, use of 12 electrode pairs allows six different areas to be treated on the patient by directing every sixth pulse to a particular electrode pair. This results in effectively treating all of the areas at the same time, even though, at a given instant of time, only one area is being treated.
FIGS. 9 and 11-13 illustrates devices 50, 70, 80 and 90 that form additional embodiments of the present invention. Each of the devices 50, 70, 80 and 90 can have the same internal circuits and controls as device 10. Device 10 is a professional device for use in sports. Device 50 is a professional unit, device 70 is designed for home sport use, device 80 is used for home use and device 90 is used for cosmetic applications. These devices 10, 50, 70, 80, and 90 include the advantage of using preset treatment protocols already programmed into the device to allow the user to initiate an entire treatment protocol by simply pushing one button or making a selection off of a menu on a display.
Each of the devices 10-90 have a series of treatment protocols programmed therein by hardware, software or a combination thereof. These protocols can be displayed graphically on a display 100 on the professional devices 10 and 50. These protocols aid and assist the user of the device to quickly find the treatment methodologies that have been found to be most effective in treating a particular medical condition. They also provide guidance for the novice and occasional user of the device. FIGS. 14-17 show various menus that can be displayed on the display 100 of devices 10 that permit the user to choose one of the preset treatment protocols by pushing a select button 102 on the device. The user can scroll through the choices by pushing up and down buttons 104 and 106 until the desired choice is highlighted. The choice is then selected by pushing select button 102, which will initiate the desired protocol. Device 50 would use similar menus. The devices 70, 80 and 90, not having a display 100, will have a number of choices that can be selected by up and down buttons 104 and 106 and initiated by pushing the select button 102. The choice that is chosen for selection will have a lit LED beside the choice. Choices for devices 70 and 80 can include Acute, Chronic, FM Var, Dose and Default, each representing different preset treatment protocols. Choices for device 90 can include Tone, Smooth1 and Smooth2, for example. Devices 70 and 90 have a mode button 105. Pressing the mode button 105 multiple times cycles the device through each mode in turn and then starts at the beginning again. The +button increases the stimulation amplitude. The − button decreases the stimulation amplitude. The lower button is the on/off button.
For example, as FIG. 14 illustrates, the device 10 may have preset treatments. FIG. 14 shows 14 preset treatments numbered 1-14. Each preset has a portion of the injury curve 108a-d shown to the left of the preset number, indicating that preset would be beneficial to treating an injury at the particular stage shown. Preset 1 indicates 480, meaning 480 pulses per second(pps). Preset 2 indicates 90-360, which indicates the pulses swing between 90 to 360 pulses per second. Pulses per second can be delivered in burst, variable or continuous stim patterns. Presets 1, 3, 4 and 6 are burst patterns. Preset 1 is 480 pps with 8 impulses per burst and 60 bursts per second. Preset 3 is 360 pps with 6 impulses per burst and 60 burst per second. Preset 4 is 480 pps with 8 impulses per burst and 60 burst per second with a longer delay between impulses. Preset 6 is 240 pps with 4 impulses per burst and 60 bursts per second. Presets 2, 5, 7 and 9 are variable stim patterns. In these, the patterns will range between the two frequencies listed, the highest and lowest pps in the range. Presets 2 and 5, 90-360 pps, are 3 pulses per burst, variable between 30 and 120 bursts per second. Preset 7, 30-120 pps, is variable frequency between 30 and 120 pps. Preset 9, 15-60 pps, is variable frequency between 15 and 60 pps. Presets 8 and 10 are continuous stim patterns with a consistent frequency pulsed waveform. Preset 8 is 60 pps and preset 10 is 15 pps. Preset 11 is 3:1 modulation with 121 pps which modulates 3 seconds on and 1 second on. Presets 12, 13 and 14 are cycle patterns. This pattern uses a series of preset patterns in a 5 minute period. The cycle will repeat until the maximum treatment time of 10 minutes has been reached. Preset 12 performs preset 5 for 2 minutes, preset 7 for two minutes and preset 5 for 1 minute. Preset 13 performs preset 5 for 1 minute, preset 6 for 2 minutes, preset 7 for 1 minute and preset 11 for 1 minute. Preset 14 performs preset 7 for 2 minutes, preset 9 for 2 minutes and preset 10 for 1 minute. Clearly, presets differing from those shown in FIG. 14 and described above can be used and developed as appropriate. The device allows one of these presets to be selected directly, or the operator can click on one of the bars 108a-d, which can initiate one of the preset treatments for that stage of injury treatment or bring up another menu allowing a choice of the present treatments recommended for that stage. Other presets can be PS1, PS2, PS3, PS10, PS11, UD1 and UD2. PS would represent a preset treatment programmed or designed into the device by the manufacturer. UD would represent a preset treatment defined by the user, perhaps representing a treatment protocol particularly effective for a chronic pain or commonly treated condition. By using a preset treatment protocol, the user is freed from having to make the many individual settings for a treatment, such as the frequency of the pulses, the modulation of the pulses, the number of pulses in a packet, etc. The individual settings can be time consuming and confusing to a novice or occasional user.
It is well recognized in sports injuries that the injury progresses through five separate stages, beginning with pre-inflammation, then proceeding through inflamed, remodel, repair and reform stages, which can sometimes be illustrated as an injury curve. A modified version of these stages is represented on display 100 in FIG. 18 by a bar graph with four discrete vertical bars 108a-d of different colors with the repair and reform stages combined in the four bar 108d. More particularly, bar 108a represents acute onset-initial occurrence as systems develop. Bar 108b represents acute inflamed-peak of injury symptoms. Bar 108c is repair-symptoms begin to improve. Bar 108d is chronic-conditions that persist past expected recovery time. The injury curve 108e is shown progressing through each of the four bars representing the four stages of the modified injury curve. The user of the devices 10 and 50 can highlight one of the bars by manipulating up and down buttons 104 and 106 until the bar representing the desired stage of the sports injury to be treated is highlighted. Pressing the select button 102 then initiates a preset treatment specifically designed for effective treatment of that stage of the injury. This interactive display allows an athletic trainer or physical therapist to treat an injury with the device with very little instruction.
Other preset treatments can be provided to treat conditions of chronic or acute pain, inflammation, and the like. The preset treatment for each condition would be designed to best treat that condition. In devices 10 and 50, these preset treatments can be selected off a menu by pressing the appropriate buttons 102, 104 and 106. In devices 70 and 80, the buttons 102, 104 and 106 can be pressed to light the LED beside the condition to be treated which initiates the preset treatment for that condition.
The devices 10-90 will be provided with a communication port that will allow the devices to be updated as needed when new treatment protocols are developed. The updates can be made by connecting the device to a packet type data exchange system such as the Internet, for example.
It is generally understood that the most effective treatment by devices 10-90 will occur in areas where the skin impedance is the lowest, ie the capacitance the greatest. These are referred to as the active areas. These areas are seen to be gates to effective body treatment and a goal is to stimulate the tissue in these areas. The devices 10-90 are capable of measuring the skin impedance and communicating the measured value, at least in a relative sense, to the user audibly, visually or both. Devices 10 and 50 can use display 100 for this purpose as well as sound. Devices 70, 80 and 90 do not have displays, but do have a sound producing device such as a speaker so that an audio signal can used, perhaps supplemented by a visual indication using LEDs on the devices.
At the present time, the sensing of skin impedance by a device is the indirect result of actual treatment of the patient. As seen in FIG. 21, the body's skin and underlying tissue is represented by an equivalent circuit with two resistors R1 and R2 and a capacitor C. R1 is usually relatively high while R2 is relatively small. FIG. 22 illustrates a typical circuit to apply a pulse to the tissue. When the treatment pulse is applied, the period of the free oscillation of the circuit is measured and used to determine the impedance. As a result, as the user is passing a device over the skin to sense variations in impedance, the patient is actually being treated as well. However, the skin impedance changes during the treatment. Thus, the current method of testing itself alters the results of the test. In contrast, the method of the present invention provides for an accurate survey of the skin before treatment to isolate the active areas.
The present invention allows a user to measure tissue impedance using small amplitude signals that do not treat or change tissue impedance, prior to actual treatment. FIGS. 23-29 illustrate the implementation of one embodiment of the invention. A small amplitude signal, with far less power than a treatment pulse, is generated at the same transformer 110 used to apply the treatment pulse and is applied to the skin at the area being tested. The circuit determines the frequency of oscillation, which is directly related to the skin impedance. This is represented by step 112 in the flow chart to determine the active areas presented in FIG. 23. A frequency to voltage converter 120 illustrated in FIG. 26 converts this oscillation frequency to a voltage signal. This provides a dramatic increase of sensitivity to body capacitance variations. This is represented by step 114 in FIG. 23.
Preferably, the variable voltage representing the skin impedance is then transformed into an audio signal, with the audio frequency related to the skin impedance so that the user can easily find active sites by simply passing the device over the skin and listening for the tone of the audio signal to change to the pitch indicating low impedance. FIG. 27 illustrates a suitable circuit 122 to convert the voltage to an audio signal. One advantage of using an audio signal is that the user need not be constantly removing the device from the skin to read an impedance value on a visual readout. The user need only monitor the audio tone as the device is moved along the skin to find the active areas. This is represented by step 116 in FIG. 23.
A visual display can be used to supplement, or replace, the audio signal. This is represented by step 118 in FIG. 23. FIG. 29 illustrates a circuit 124 that will activate orange and green LEDs in response to the impedance measured. When the input signal period is shorter than Tp=R1C1, pin 6 of U1 is in the “on” state, and pin 7 is off, lighting the orange LED only. When the period becomes longer, periodic pulses appear at both pins 6 and 7, lighting the orange and green LEDs alternatively. Relatively equal activation periods of the green and orange LEDs result in a yellow color. When the period reaches a certain length, effectively only the green LED is on. Thus, as the frequency varies, the input signal period varies and the appearance of the LEDs will shift gradually from orange to yellow to green, giving a visual indication of skin impedance. Use of this type of visual display also has the advantage of not needing to constantly remove the device from the skin to read an impedance as well. These functions can be implemented in hardware as shown in the Figures referenced, or in software, as illustrated in FIG. 30. As a result, the impedance of the region to be treated can be quickly evaluated just prior to treatment and the active areas located to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment.
Further, the circuits can have a feature to adjust or scale the audio output range to the particular range of impedances found. For example, the full audio range can be applied equally to variation of impedance that varies over an order of magnitude, or applied to a variation that only differs by a factor of two. The absolute value of skin impedance is not as important as the value of impedance of one area of skin relative another area of skin so as to allow determination of the area of lowest impedance or active area in the overall area to be treated. Such a feature is most likely implemented in software.
More sophisticated circuits such as a phase detector can also be used to isolate the capacitance component from the resistance component of the skin. It is believed the capacitance is more directly related to the effectiveness of treatment so that isolation of the capacitance will lead to more accurate location of the active areas. Resistance can vary with factors unrelated to those useful to treatment evaluation, such as when the patient is sweating or has damp skin, leading to lowered resistance.
The devices of the present invention are also capable of automatic dose tapping. Dose tapping is a process of applying a series of treatment pulses while monitoring the tissue impedance response after each treatment. The treatment is applied a sufficient number of times until the tissue response or impedance is optimum. It has been observed that the impedance will change during treatment, but eventually stabilize at a given value. When this stable or optimum value is reached, the treatment is complete. FIG. 10 shows dose tapping/auto stim. The number 480 represents 480 pulses per second. 27.5% represents the intensity relative full intensity. Point stim allows treatment of a single point on the skin and will generate a value of skin impedance. An auto stim is a series of point sitms that occur with a pause between each, say 3 seconds. The peak value measured is displayed on the top right side of the screen in FIG. 10 and any lower values are saved below. The auto stim can be complete when either the sequence of values peaks and then falls twice consecutively or when 8 point stims have been completed.
The devices can also monitor the energy delivered to the patient in each pulse. The analysis of the stimulation signal combined with a software control loop allows software to adjust the stimulation signal so as to deliver a fixed net charge regardless of changes of tissue impedance. This allows stimulation signals to retain more consistent effectiveness as the devices are moved over the skin. For example, as the tissue impedance changes during the course of a treatment, the pulse strength can be varied to maintain the same energy delivered to the patient. Variation of the frequency of the pulse can be employed as well.
The devices can also incorporate software that monitors the response of the tissue and maintains the same level of treatment perceived by the patient, in spite of variations in impedance. The software can increase the amplitude of the pulse, for example, to deliver more actual energy to the patient to maintain the perceived level of treatment the same.
As mentioned previously, the devices can be used with the skin contacting electrodes mounted integrally in the device or with interchangeable patient engaging devices or probes having different electrode configurations. For example, a certain probe may be configured for a certain part of the body, such as the arm, or the back or neck. Alternatively, a probe may be application specific. Software within the device will normalize tissue impedance readings and optimize maximum energy settings based on the probe type. The devices will be able to automatically detect the type of probe used therewith. One technique to achieve this result is to mount a resistor of different value in each type of probe. The device need only measure the value of the resistor to know the type of probe attached.
FIG. 31 illustrates a probe 130 having a 4 by 4 matrix of electrodes 132. Each electrode 132 has a rounded and contoured shape for effective contact with the skin. The electrodes 132 can be about 1 cm in diameter, for example. The electrodes 132 are mounted on a flexible base 134 which can wrap around a body part, such as an arm or leg. The base 134 can be made of neoprene, for example. The base 134 can be pulled tightly enough around the body member so that at least a majority of the electrodes 132 make contact with the skin. The base 134 can use a mechanism, such as a Velcro closure or belt, to secure the base 134 around the body member. Alternatively, the mechanism can be a bladder 145, such as a blood pressure cuff, that holds the base 134 in place by inflating the bladder 145 as seen in FIG. 42. Increasing the air pressure would increase the pressure exerted by the base 134 on the body member, perhaps increasing the number of electrodes 132 in contact with the skin, and increasing the contact area in contact with the skin. The device can control the air pressure to maintain consistent tissue treatment and maximum patient comfort.
Preferably, adjacent electrodes 132 are of opposite polarity to form electrode pairs. As shown in FIG. 31, the electrodes 132 will alternate +, −, +, − etc. One design provides that all the “+” electrodes 132 are connected together, and all the “−” electrodes are connected together so that the connected electrodes are subjected to the same signal. Thus the area stimulated would be stimulated uniformly (assuming the patient's skin impedance is uniform in that area as well). Another design is to provide individual connections to each of the electrodes 132. This provides the option of a number of enhanced approaches, as discussed hereinafter.
By using individual connections to each electrode 132, it is possible to switch rapidly between pairs of adjacent electrodes or any other pattern selected while using a single pulse generator. It is also possible to switch between adjacent electrode pairs to generate a map of the skin impedance over the entire area contacted by the base 134 prior to actual treatment. This switching can be accomplished either in the device, within the probe or inside a housing that connects to both the probe and the device. This can identify the active areas, allowing the electrodes directly in contact with those active areas to treat the active areas more aggressively. This would eliminate the need to first identify an active area and then place an electrode pair directly on the area. The base 134 would only need to be placed once over the general area of treatment and the multiple electrodes would permit the active areas to be located and treated without further movement of the base 134. The use of multiple electrodes also permits a first area covered by the base 134 to be treated for a predetermined interval, then a second area covered by the base 134 to be treated, and so forth, allowing multiple areas to be treated sequentially without having to reposition the base 134. This would allow an operator to place the base 134 on the patient, initiate the treatment sequence and then attend to other matters as the device cycles through the preset treatment protocol on perhaps several different regions of the patient body sequentially as long as those regions are contacted by electrodes on the base 134.
The measured skin impedance can be presented to the user in various visual ways. For example, the display 100 could represent the array of electrodes and show different shades in grey scale or different colors to represent the measured impedance. Alternatively, the display 100 can be divided into sectors 140a-i, as seen in FIG. 19 and the actual or relative impedance in each sector (or possibly the averaged impedance in the sector) displayed numerically within the sector.
The distribution and spacing of electrodes can be selected for each application. A circle of electrodes centered about a central electrode can be used, for example. An array of electrodes is believed to deliver more current to a low impedance active site on the skin than would be likely with a single pair of electrodes. Of course, the electrodes must be sufficiently spaced apart from each other to avoid electrode to electrode contact. Preferably, there is at least about a 0.1 inch gap between adjacent edges of any two electrodes and more preferably about a 0.22 inch gap and preferably a gap less than about 0.5 inch and very preferably a gap less than about 1 inch between adjacent edges of any two electrodes. The array of electrodes can also have LEDs spaced in the gaps between the electrodes to allow the user to combine optical treatment with electro-stimulation.
Another advantage of use of multiple electrodes within a base 134 is the possibility of detecting an active area even if the area is not in direct contact with the electrodes. For example, if an array of electrodes is used to generate a map of the impedance of the skin contacted by the electrodes, the impedance values may show a decrease in impedance toward one edge of the base 134, providing an indication that the active area is beyond that edge. The base 134 can simply be repositioned in the direction of the promising indicators, likely over the active area.
FIGS. 32-34 illustrate a probe 150 having multiple electrodes 152. The individual electrodes 152 have patient contacting surfaces 156 that are formed as squares with sides about 0.6 inches long. Electrodes 152 are separated from adjacent electrodes 152 by about 0.12 inches. Sixteen electrodes 152 are formed in a four by four matrix in the probe 150. The base 154 supporting the electrodes 152 is also a square shape, having sides about 5.0 inches long. Electrodes 152 preferably project out a distance from the inner surface of the base 154, for example ⅛ inch, as shown in FIG. 33, to make better contact with the skin of the patient. The probe 150 is flexible to allow the probe 150 to be wrapped about a portion of the patient. Preferably, both base 154 and electrodes 152 are made of flexible material. For example, base 154 can be formed of non-conductive silicon while the electrodes 152 are formed of conductive silicon. A two conductor cable 158 extends from the probe 150 for attachment to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. One conductor 160 connects to alternate electrodes 152 in the probe 150 while the other conductor 162 connects to the intervening electrodes 152 so that adjacent electrodes 152 are at opposite polarities. Conventional metal wire such as copper can form the portions of conductors 160 and 162 extending to the device, but the portions of conductors 160 and 162 within base 154 are also preferably made of conductive silicon. Two additional conductors can be used that form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe.
As seen in FIGS. 48A-D, one probe 150 constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention utilizes a silver and copper compound doped into the silicon forming electrodes 152 and interconnecting bridges 250 to provide high conductivity to the electrodes 152 and bridges 250. In the probe 150 of FIGS. 48A-D, two separate circuits, circuit A and circuit B, are used to allow for two polarities, with the circuits meshing so that adjacent electrodes are of opposite polarity. A metal conductive wire 252, for example of twisted copper, is routed along each bridge 250 and through each electrode 152 of common polarity to reduce resistance in the circuit. The conductive wire 252 can form part of or be connected to the conductors 160 and 162. In manufacturing the probe 150, a web of the electrodes 152, bridges 250 and conductive wire 252 for each of the circuits A and B are formed first, as seen in FIGS. 48A and 48B. For example, conductive silicon can be molded over a wire 252 bent to the correct shape to form the web. A jig or other alignment mechanism is used to position the webs in the proper orientation to form the probe 150. A non-conductive material, such as un-doped silicone, is then molded around the webs of electrodes 152, bridges 250 and conductive wires 252 to form the final shape of probe 150, as seen in FIG. 48C. The wires 252 not only assist the conductivity of the final probe, but also act as forms to mold the non-conductive material around the webs. The spacing of electrodes in the probe can be critical as the probe is intended to flex to conform to the shape of the body area being treated and if too radical a flexing occurs, electrodes of opposite polarity could actually contact each other and short out the device. Another advantage of use of silver in the electrodes 152 in contact with the skin is its antibacterial characteristics.
FIG. 35 illustrates a probe 170 having two large ball electrodes 172 extending from a handle 174. A four conductor cable 176 extends from the end of the handle 174 opposite the electrodes 172 for attaching the probe 170 to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. A conductor is connected to each of the electrodes 172 so that the electrodes 172 are at opposite polarities. The remaining two conductors form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe. The electrodes 172 are preferably formed of type 316 stainless steel.
FIG. 36 illustrates a probe 180 having two concentric circular electrodes 182 at one end of a handle 184. A four conductor cable 186 extends from the end of the handle 184 opposite the electrodes 182 for attaching the probe 180 to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. A conductor is connected to each of the electrodes 182 so that the electrodes 182 are at opposite polarities. The remaining two conductors form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe. The electrodes 182 are preferably formed of type 316 stainless steel, with the inner electrode about ¼ in diameter and the outer electrode formed of an annulus of inner diameter of about 0.42 inches and an outer diameter of about 0.76 inches.
FIG. 37 illustrates a dome shaped probe 190 having two concentric circular electrodes 192 on one side of dome shaped handle 194. It is believed the dome shape of the handle 194 will fit easily into the hand of the probe operator for comfort of use. A four conductor cable 196 extends from the handle 194 for attaching the probe 190 to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. A conductor is connected to each of the electrodes 192 so that the electrodes 192 are at opposite polarities. The remaining two conductors form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe. The electrodes 192 are preferably formed of type 316 stainless steel, with the inner electrode about 0.85 inches in diameter and the outer electrode formed of an annulus of inner diameter of about 1.22 inches and an outer diameter of about 2.00 inches.
FIGS. 38-40 illustrate a multiple pin comb probe 200 having many pin shaped electrodes 202 forming an electrode array at one end of a handle 204. As seen in FIG. 39, an inner electrode plate 208 mounts eight of the electrodes 202 in apertures 212 in plate 208 near the center of the array. As seen in FIG. 40, an outer electrode plate 210 mounts twenty two of the electrodes 202 in apertures 212 in plate 210 about the outside of the array. A four conductor cable 206 extends from an end of the handle 204 opposite the electrodes 202 for attaching the probe 200 to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. One conductor is connected to inner electrode plate 208 while another conductor is connected to the outer electrode plate 210 so that the pin electrodes connected to inner electrode plate 208 and the pin electrodes connected to outer electrode plate 210 are at opposite polarities. The remaining two conductors form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe. The electrodes 202 are preferably formed of type 316 stainless steel, and the inner and outer electrode plates 208 and 210 of copper plated tin. The pin electrodes preferably have a diameter of about 1/16 inch and extend about 0.4 inches above the end of the handle 204, with the array of electrodes 202 being about 1.5 inches wide and 3/7 inches tall. Clearly, any number of pin electrodes 202 can be used, with the shape of the electrode plates 208 and 210 chosen to establish the desired distribution of electrodes in the array.
FIG. 41 illustrates a probe 220 having two concentric non-circular electrodes 222 at one end of handle 224. A four conductor cable 226 extends from the handle 224 for attaching the probe 220 to a device, such as devices 10, 50, 70, 80 and 90. A conductor is connected to each of the electrodes 222 so that the electrodes 222 are at opposite polarities. The remaining two conductors form part of a resistor circuit of predetermined value that is used by the device to which the probe is connected to detect the type of probe. In probe 220, a 23.2 K Ohm ⅛ watt resistor can be connected between the two conductors in the resistor circuit, for example. The electrodes 222 are preferably formed of type 316 stainless steel, with the inner electrode being roughly a rectangle about 0.91 long and 0.27 inches high and the outer electrode being roughly a rectangle about 1.36 inches long and 0.72 inches high with a roughly rectangular aperture formed in its center larger than the dimensions of the inner electrode.
With reference to FIGS. 44 and 45, a modified device 300 is illustrated which is intended for cosmetic use, particularly to treat the face. As can be seen, the device has two different types of electrodes, one at each end. A pulse can be sent to either electrode, depending on the position of a selector switch on the device 300. At one end is an electrode formed by two conductive balls 302 and 304. At the opposite end is an electrode formed by concentric planar electrodes 306 and 308. The operator can use which ever electrode is most effective for the portion of the skin being treated by positioning the selector switch to deliver the pulse to the chosen electrode. For example, the electrode formed by balls 302 and 304 are best suited for treating wrinkle lines in the face, which are formed by the facial muscles. In contrast, the concentric planar electrodes 306 and 308 are best used to treat the planar skin on the face.
As the device 300 is more likely to be used by untrained users, the output of the device 300 may be limited or enhanced to provide parameters that may be specific to the cosmetic treatment. For example, the output of device 300 may be limited to energy levels that are safer for cosmetics than energy levels used to treat injuries. These principles can also be applied to a probe made specifically for use in cosmetics that is used with and attached to one of the devices 10-90 noted above. The device may be designed to recognize the attached probe is a cosmetic probe and automatically lower energy output to a level suitable for cosmetic treatment. If the probe uses ball electrodes, the diameter of the balls may be smaller than in other probes to provide a visual identification that the output energy levels are lower than normal. 15 Hertz is one of the limited outputs when the device is used for cosmetics.
One advantage of devices 10-90 detecting the type of probe attached is that if an unauthorized or improper probe is attached to a device and the device does not recognize the probe as an authorized probe, the device will not operate to send pulses through the probe, providing a safety feature.
Another advantage of devices 10-90 is that they will normally not need to be used with an electro gel, ie a conductive gel of the type used in connecting an EKG device to a patient, that improves the electrical contact between a device and the human skin. However, the skin of some patients may be so dry as to require use of an electro gel with devices 10-90 to provide adequate electrical contact. In essence, the electro gel would be used to return the condition of the skin to a normal, healthy condition for the devices to operate most effectively, much as one would want to wipe off excess moisture before beginning treatment with a device 10-90 from a patient sweating excessively. Clearly, it would not be desirable to use electro gel in a manner to short electrodes of opposite polarity.
A preferred array of electrodes for use with devices 10-90 will have at least four electrodes, and can be a square array as described above with reference to probes 130 and 150, a line of four or more linear side by side electrodes 230 as seen in FIG. 43a or a series of at least three concentric circular electrodes 232 with a center circular electrode 234, as seen in FIG. 43b, for example. In the preferred array of electrodes, it will be possible to define at least one line in the plane of contact between the electrodes and the skin of the patient which contacts or passes through at least four electrodes. If the electrodes are alternating in polarity, this would correspond to at least three transitions in polarity. For example, if the electrodes are +, −, +, −, transitions occur from + to −, from − to + and from + to − again. Lines 240, 242 and 244 shown in FIGS. 31, 43a and 43b all pass through at least four electrodes, for example.
The devices 10-90 can have indicators, such as displays 100, that tell the user that a probe is connected, the stimulation pattern being applied, the amount of time the device has treated the skin, the strength of the treatment, etc.
Typically, the devices 10-90 will operate in one of three modes, straight, variable, or cycles mode. The straight mode allows stimulation by selecting conditions such as frequency, intensity, number of pulses, modulation, phasing and damping. The variable mode allows variation of certain of the conditions during the course of treatment, such a varying the frequency, damping and modulation. For example, low frequency modulation, low FM, or high frequency modulation, high FM, could be selected. The cycles mode is a sequential series of treatments in the straight, and/or variable mode. For example, a cycles mode could be 5 minutes long and include 2 minutes of a selected straight or variable mode treatment, followed by another 2 minutes of a different selected straight or variable mode treatment followed by a final minute of yet another different selected straight or variable mode treatment or a repeat of the first mode of treatment. A device may allow only certain modes to be used with a given probe. For example, a device may allow only the variable or cycles mode to be used with a particular probe.
One of the significant advantages of the present invention is that the single pair of electrodes mounted in one of the devices 10-90 can be initially moved over the skin to find an active area and then that area and the surrounding area treated with a multi-pair electrode probe connected to the device and centered on the active area found. While the active area will present the lowest impedance to the probe, the area surrounding the active area covered by the probe will also be treated. That is, the highest current flow into the patient's skin would be expected to occur at the electrodes touching the active area, but smaller currents will also flow into the patient's skin at electrodes touching the skin in the area surrounding the active area. It is believed the simultaneous treatment of the active and surrounding areas is particularly effective. This will clearly reduce the labor required to treat patients. When using only the electrodes mounted in a device (ie, just one pair of electrodes), it would be necessary to treat the active area and then treat or “paint” the surrounding area to attempt to reproduce this treatment. But, of course, it could not be a simultaneous treatment of both the active area and surrounding area, as is possible with a probe. Also, this advantage is realized even when no electrodes are mounted to the device itself, and the electrodes are on probes attached to the device by cables or the like. For example, a single pair electrode probe can be used to locate the active area, and a multiple electrode pair probe can then be used to treat the active and surrounding areas. Such a device is shown in FIG. 47 and described hereinafter. Of course, a multi-pair electrode probe can be used to find an active area and then treat it.
A probe 400 is illustrated in FIG. 46 which has variably spaced electrodes. The electrodes 402 near the center of the probe 400 (nine electrodes in a 3×3 array as shown in FIG. 46) are spaced a uniform distance apart. The surrounding electrodes 404 are spaced further apart, as shown. This provides the advantage of concentrating the electrodes over the active area, while decreasing the presence of electrodes over the surrounding, less active areas. As noted, the surrounding areas will be treated to some extent by the surrounding electrodes.
Of course, it is also possible to use the probe itself to find the active area by moving it along the skin and then fixing the probe in the chosen location to perform the treatment. Also, a different probe, for example a smaller locator probe, could be attached to the device and used to locate the active area, with treatment then undertaken with a larger probe to treat both the active and surrounding areas. Also, the electrodes on the device itself may not be suitable for the particular area to be treated and a single electrode pair probe can be used to find the active area, followed by treatment by a multielectrode pair probe.
While the multielectrode pair probe will principally be used in a stationary manner by tightly placing it on the body in a stationary position at the location of the active area, it is also possible to use a multielectrode pair probe in a dynamic manner, that is by moving it across the skin during treatment. In dynamic use, the probe covers a larger area, yet still appears to work well in treating the entire area, and may treat a larger area faster. An advantage of the stationary use is that it can allow unattended treatments. However, it may be preferable to move the multielectrode pair probe dynamically over the body in particular circumstances.
One probe design 500, shown in FIG. 47, is specifically for use on the knee. The probe 500 would have an array of electrodes 502 above the knee and on one side of the knee, with a mirror image array of electrodes 504 on the other side of the knee. An array of electrodes 506 would also be placed below the knee and on one side of the knee, with a mirror image array of electrodes 508 on the other side of the knee as well. Each array can be a 3 by 3 array of electrodes, for example. Each array can be powered by a separate device 10-90 or all the arrays can be powered by a single device 510 as shown. The arrays can be in separate probes and attached separately to the knee, or all the arrays can be mounted in a single probe 512 designed to wrap around the entire knee as seen in FIG. 47.
FIG. 49 illustrates yet another probe design 550 with light sources 552, such as LEDs, positioned between the electrodes 554 to provide the option of treating the patient with both electric pulse and light stimulation.
While several embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions of parts and elements without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Patent Application
20070293918
