Patent Grant
7642277
The invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, their use, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in the treatment or prophylaxis of HIV infection, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds that are active against HIV wild type and NNRTI resistant mutants.
The disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly the strain known as HIV-1. In order for HIV to be replicated by a host cell, the information of the viral genome must be integrated into the host cell's DNA. However, HIV is a retrovirus, meaning that its genetic information is in the form of RNA. The HIV replication cycle therefore requires a step of transcription of the viral genome (RNA) into DNA, which is the reverse of the normal chain of events. An enzyme that has been aptly dubbed reverse transcriptase (RT) accomplishes the transcription of the viral RNA into DNA. The HIV virion includes copies of RT along with the viral RNA.
Reverse transcriptase has three known enzymatic functions; it acts as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, as a ribonuclease, and as a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Acting as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, RT transcribes a single-stranded DNA copy of the viral RNA. Acting as a ribonuclease, RT destroys the original viral RNA, and frees the DNA just produced from the original RNA. Finally, acting as a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, RT makes a second, complementary DNA strand, using the first DNA strand as a template. The two strands form double-stranded DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome by another enzyme called integrase.
Compounds that inhibit the enzymatic functions of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase will inhibit replication of HIV-1 in infected cells. Such compounds are useful in the prevention or treatment of HIV-1 infection in human subjects, as demonstrated by known RT inhibitors such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC), d4T, 3TC, Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Abacavir, and Tenofovir, the main drugs thus far approved for use in the treatment of AIDS.
As with any antiviral therapy, use of RT inhibitors in the treatment of AIDS eventually leads to a virus that is less sensitive to the given drug. Resistance (reduced sensitivity) to these drugs is the result of mutations that occur in the reverse transcriptase segment of the pol gene. Several mutant strains of HIV have been characterised, and resistance to known therapeutic agents is believed to be due to mutations in the RT gene. One of the more commonly observed mutants clinically for the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, is the K103N mutant, in which a lysine (K), at codon 103, has been mutated to a asparagine (N) residue. Other mutants, which emerge with varying frequency during treatment using known antivirals, include single mutants Y181C, G190A, Y188C, and P236L, and double mutants K103N/Y181C, K103N/P225H, K103N/V108I and K103N/L100I.
As antiviral use in therapy and prevention of HIV infection continues, the emergence of new resistant strains is expected to increase. There is therefore an ongoing need for new inhibitors of RT, which have different patterns of effectiveness against the various resistant mutants.
The compounds of this invention can be characterized as being two aryl groups linked by a spacer. Relatively speaking, the structure of the linked diaryl compounds is much simpler than previously reported HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Accordingly, the finding of this activity for the linked diaryl compounds is surprising. In fact, the general class of linked diaryl compounds have most often been described as photographic agents. For example, EP 0436190, U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,230 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,573. Only a few publications have reported pharmacodynamic or therapeutic properties for this class. Such references can be summarized as follows:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,186,131 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,252,815 disclose that certain (phenyltetrazolyloxy)propyl arylamines possess antiarrhythmic and β-adrenergic blocking actions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,285 relates to substituted tetrazolyloxycarboxylic acid amides which are stated to be herbicides.
Kejha et al., Cesk. Farm., 39,294(1990) reported that a series of 1-phenyl-5-thio derivatives exhibited analgesic activity.
Toth and Simon, Monatsh. Chem., 125(8-9), 977 (1994) report that certain carbamic acid esters linked with tetrazole-5 thiol exhibit pesticidal, herbicidal and antifungal activities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,126 discloses that certain diarylsulfide derivatives are N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,817 B1 and related WO 98/35955 disclose that α-alkoxyamide and α-thioalkoxyamide compounds are antagonists of the NPY5 receptor, and consequently the compounds are useful for treating obesity related disorders.
WO 01/16357A2 reports that N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-{(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio}-acetamide is an inhibitor of sugar alcohol phosphatases with possible application as an antifungal agent.
EP 0 035 046 B1 and related U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,540,703, 4,663,323 and 4,766,120 describe tetrazole derivatives having a further unsaturated heterocylic ring; the derivatives are claimed to be antiulcer and antiinflammatory drugs.
Lagoja et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 85, 1883 (2002) relates to a series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives which inhibit HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV replication.
Also, WO 02/070470 discloses a series of benzophenone bridged triaryl derivatives as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, useful for treating viral infections.
In addition, a search of the CAS Chemical Registry System (2002) revealed the structures but no utility of a number of N-aryl-2-arylacetamide derivatives. For example, 2-{{1-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide, Registry No.: 310456-59-8; N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-{{1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}acetamide, Registry No.: 431890-67-4; 2-{{1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}-N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, Registry No.: 335207-29-9; and N-(2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl)-2-{{1-(2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}acetamide, Registry No. 385383-12-0.
The invention provides a method for treating HIV infection comprising administering to a human infected by HIV, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention. The compounds are potent inhibitors of wild-type (WT) and double mutant strains of HIV-1 RT, particularly the double mutation K103N/Y181C.
In a first aspect the invention provides a method for treating HIV infection comprising administering to an infected human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula 1:
Ar1—X—W—Ar2 (1)
wherein Ar1 is
Furthermore, a second aspect of this invention provides compounds of formula 1:
Ar1—X—W—Ar2 1
wherein Ar1 is
wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula 1 as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an HIV infection.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula 1 as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, in combination with one or more other antiretroviral drugs.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound of formula 1 as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of HIV infection, comprising a compound of formula 1 as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
According to a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for preparing a compound of formula 1 wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter, X is S or O and W is (CR5R5A)1-2 C(O)NR6, wherein R5, R5A and R6 each independently is H or (C1-4)alkyl, comprising:
Definitions
The following definitions apply unless otherwise noted:
As used herein, the term “(C1-4)alkyl”, either alone or in combination with another radical, is intended to mean acyclic straight or branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to four carbon atoms respectively. Examples of such radicals include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (Pr), 1-methylethyl (iPr), butyl (Bu), 2-methylpropyl (iBu), and 1,1-dimethylethyl (tBu), wherein the abbreviations commonly used herein are given in brackets.
As used herein, the term “O—(C1-4)alkyl”, either alone or in combination with another radical, refers to alkoxy radicals containing for one to four carbon atoms and includes methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), propoxy (OPr), 1-methylethoxy (OiPr), butoxy (OBu) and 1,1-dimethylethoxy (OtBu), wherein the abbreviations commonly used herein are given in brackets.
As used herein, the term “S—(C1-4)alkyl”, either alone or in combination with another radical, refers to alkylthio, radicals containing one to four carbon atoms and includes methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, (1-methylethyl)thio, butylthio and (1,1-dimethylethyl)thio.
As used herein, the term “halo” means a halo radical selected from bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.
As used herein, the term “(C1-4)alkylene,” either alone or in combination with another radical, means a divalent alkyl radical derived by removal of two hydrogens atoms from an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one to four carbon atoms and includes —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, —CH2CH2CH2—, —CH2CH(Me)—, —CH2CH2CH2CH2— and —CH2CH(Me)CH2—.
As used herein, the term “(C2-4)alkenyl”, either alone or used with antother radical, means a divalent alkene radical derived by removal of two hydrogen atoms from an olefinic hydrocarbon containing two to four carbon atoms and includes —CH═CH—, —CH2CH═CH—, —CH2CH═CHCH2— and —CH(Me)CH═CH—. The cis and trans isomers, and mixtures thereof, of the (C2-4)alkenyl radical can be encompassed by the term.
As used herein, the term “unsaturated or saturated 5- or 6-membered carbocycle”, either alone or in combination with another radical, means a unsaturated or saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, for example, phenyl, 1-cyclohexen, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, cyclohexanyl, 1-cyclopentenyl and cyclopentanyl. In the following Ph is used as an abbreviation for phenyl.
As used herein, the term “fused phenyl-(saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered carbocycle)” or “fused phenyl-carbocycle,” either alone or in combination with another radical, means a phenyl that is fused with a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic ring. Examples include naphthalenyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-indenyl and indenyl.
As used herein, the term “aromatic heterocycle”, either alone or in combination with another radical, means a monovalent radical derived by removal of a hydrogen from a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing, 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of suitable aromatic heterocycles include tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl and thiazolyl.
As used herein, the term “heterocycle”, either alone or in combination with another radical, is intended to mean a monovalent radical derived by removal of a hydrogen from a 5- or 6-membered saturated or unsaturated (including aromatic) heterocycle containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of suitable heterocycles include 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl and thiazolyl.
As used herein, the term “fused phenyl-5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyle”, either alone or in combination with another radical, is intended to mean a phenyl that is fused with a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having 1 to 2 nitrogen atoms. Examples include 1H-benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl.
As used herein, the term “inhibitor of HIV replication” refers to an agent capable of substantially reducing or essentially eliminating the ability of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to replicate a DNA copy from an RNA template.
As used herein, the term “single or double mutant strains” means that either one or two amino acid residues that are present in WT HIV-1 strain have been replaced by residues not found in the WT strain. For example, the single mutant Y181C is prepared by site-directed mutagenesis in which the tyrosine at residue 181 has been replaced by a cysteine residue. Similarly, for the double mutant K103N/Y181C, an asparagine residue has replaced the lysine at residue 103 and a cysteine residue has replaced the tyrosine at residue 181.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt of a compound which is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, generally water or oil-soluble or dispersible, and effective for their intended use. Where applicable and compatible with the chemical properties of the compound of formula 1, the term includes pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts. Lists of suitable salts are found in, e.g., S. M. Birge et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66, pp. 1-19, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salt” means those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, butyric acid, camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, digluconic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, glutamic acid, glycolic acid, glycerophosphoric acid, hemisulfic acid, heptanoic acid, hexanoic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid (isethionic acid), lactic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, mesitylenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, pamoic acid, pectinic acid, phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, picric acid, pivalic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfanilic acid, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecanoic acid, and the like.
The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salt” means those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, formed with inorganic bases such as ammonia or hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of ammonium or a metal cation such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable organic nontoxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, quaternary amine compounds, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion-exchange resins, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, tetramethylammonium compounds, tetraethylammonium compounds, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, N,N′ dibenzylethylenediamine, polyamine resins, and the like. Particularly preferred organic nontoxic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine.
When a valence bond on a phenyl ring or heterocyclic ring is illustrated as follows:
then the indication is that the valence bond can replace any hydrogen atom on the ring.
As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to pharmacologically acceptable derivatives, such that the resulting biotransformation product of the derivative is the active drug, as defined in compounds of formula 1: Examples of such derivatives include, but are not limited to, esters and amides (see Goodman and Gilman in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed. 1995, “Biotransformation of Drugs, p 11-16, incorporated herein by reference).
According to a first embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for treating HIV infection comprising administering to an infected human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula 1:
Ar1—X—W—Ar2 1
wherein Ar1 is
According to said first embodiment the method of this invention preferably relates to a compound represented by formula 1a:
wherein X, W and Ar2 are as defined above and R12 is a phenyl of formula
wherein R13, R14 and R15 each independently represents H, (C1-4)alkyl, O—(C1-4)alkyl, S—(C1-4)alkyl, halo, CF3, OH, NO2, CN, Ph, 2-methylphenyl, SO2NH2, SO2—(C1-4)alkyl, C(O)NH2, morpholino, 1-pyrrolyl, (2-NO2Ph)CH2, PhCH2, C(O)OR16 wherein R16 is H or (C1-4)alkyl; or
wherein R17 is H, (C1-4)alkyl, O—(C1-4)alkyl, halo, CF3 or NR18R19 wherein R18 and R19 each independently is H or (C1-4)alkyl.
Most preferably R13, R14 and R15 each independently represents H, Me, Et, Pr, iPr, tBu, OMe, OEt, OiPr, SMe, SEt, Br, Cl, F, CF3, OCF3, NO2, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe or C(O)OEt, provided that at least one of R13, R14 and R15 is other than hydrogen.
Furthermore, most preferably R17 is selected from H, Me, OMe, Cl, F, CF3, NH2, NHMe or NMe2.
Regarding the method of said first embodiment, those compounds of formula 1a are more preferred wherein R12 is selected from:
wherein R13, R14 and R15 each independently is Me, Et, OMe, O-iPr, SMe, Br, Cl, F, CF3 or C(O)OMe; or wherein R12 is selected from:
Very most preferably R12 is selected from:
According to the first embodiment of the first aspect of this invention, alternatively the compound to be administered is preferably a compound represented by formula 1 b:
Ar3—X—W—Ar2 1b
wherein X, W and Ar2 are as defined hereinbefore and Ar3 is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R12A, R12B, R12C and R12D each is a phenyl of formula
wherein R13, R14 and R15 each independently represents H, (C1-4)alkyl, O—(C1-4)alkyl, S—(C1-4)alkyl, halo, CF3, OH, NO2, CN, Ph, 2-methylphenyl, SO2NH2, SO2—(C1-4)alkyl, C(O)NH2, morpholino, 1-pyrrolyl, (2-NO2-Ph)CH2, PhCH2, C(O)OR16 wherein R16 is H or (C1-4)alkyl; or
wherein R17 is H, (C1-4)alkyl, O—(C1-4)alkyl, halo, CF3 or NR18R19 wherein R18 and R19 each independently is H or (C1-4)alkyl;
and R20 and R20A each is H or (C1-4)alkyl.
Preferably Ar3 is represented by the formula:
wherein R12C is as hereinbefore and R20A is H, Me, Et, Pr or iPr.
Most preferably R12C is a phenyl of the formula
wherein R13C, R14C and R15C each independently is H, Me, Et, Pr, iPr, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, Br, Cl, F, CF3, NO2, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe or C(O)OEt, provided that at least one of R13C, R14C, and R15C is other that hydrogen, and R20A is H, Me or Et; or R12C is
wherein R17C is selected from H, Me, OMe, Cl, F, CF3, NH2, NHMe or NMe2; and R20A is H, Me or Et.
A method of treatment according to the present invention is preferred wherein the compound is a compound of formula 1 wherein X is O or S, most preferably S.
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is O or S and W is CR5R5A—C(O)NH wherein R5 and R5A each is independently H or Me. More preferably, X is S and W is CH(R5)C(O)NH wherein R5 is H or Me.
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is O or S and W is D-C(ZB) wherein D is CH2CH2O, CH2CH2NH or CH2CH2NMe, and ZB is O. More preferably, X is S and W is CH2CH2OC(O).
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is O or S and W is CH2CH2CH2, CH2CH2CH(OH), CH2CH(OH)CH2, trans —CH2CH═CH, trans —CH2CF═CH or
More preferably, X is S and W is CH2CH2CH(OH), CH2CH(OH)CH2 or
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is O or S and W is CH2CH2O, CH2CH2CH2O, CH2CH(OH)CH2O, CH2CH2NH, CH(OH)CH2NH, CH2CH2NMe or CH2CH(OH)CH2NH. More preferably, X is S and W is CH2CH(OH)CH2O, CH(OH)CH2NH or CH2CH(OH)CH2NH.
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is a valence bond and W is CH═CHC(O)NH or
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a, wherein X is CH2 and W is SCH2C(O)NH, OCH2C(O)NH, NHCH2C(O)NH or NMeCH2C(O)NH. More preferably X is CH2 and W is SCH2C(O)NH.
Most preferably, the method of treatment relates to compounds of formula 1a wherein X is S and W is CH2C(O)NH, CH(Me)C(O)NH, CH2CH2CH(OH), CH2CH(OH)CH2, CH2CH(OH)CH2NH or
Preferably, the method of treatment relates to of compounds of formula 1a wherein Ar2 is phenyl of formula:
wherein R9 and R10 each independently represents H, Me, Et, iPr, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, Br, Cl, F, I, CF3, OH, NO2, CN, Ph, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe, C(O)OEt, C(O)Me, C(O)Et, C(O)NH2, SO2Me, SO2NH2, morpholino, 1-pyrrolyl, (2-NO2Ph)CH2 or PhCH2. More preferably, R9 is halo or NO2, and R10 is OMe, halo, OH, NO2, Ph, C(O)OH or C(O)OMe.
More preferably, Ar2 is selected from
wherein R9 is Me, Cl, F, Br, I or NO2.
Even more preferably, Ar2 is is selected from:
wherein R9 is Me, Br, Cl, F, I or NO2, and R10 is Me, OMe, Cl, F, OH, Ph, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe or CN.
Most preferably, Ar2 is selected from:
wherein R9 is Cl, Br, I, or NO2; or
wherein R9 and R10 each is F; or wherein R9 and R10 each is Cl; or
wherein R9 is Cl and R10 is OMe, Cl, OH, CN, Ph, C(O)OH or C(O)OMe.
Alternatively, Ar2 is 5-(1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl).
In addition, the method of treatment preferably relates to the compounds of formula 1b wherein Ar3 is
wherein R12A is as defined hereinabove. More preferably, the use of the compounds of formula 1b wherein Ar3 is as defined in the last instance and R12A is a phenyl of formula
wherein R13A, R14A, and R15A each independently represents H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, Br, Cl, F, CF3, NO2, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe or C(O)OEt, provided that at least one of R13A, R14A, and R15A is other that hydrogen; or R12A is
wherein R17A is selected from H, Me, OMe, Cl, F, CF3, NH2, NHMe or NMe2. Most preferably, the use of the compound of formula 1b wherein Ar3 is
wherein R12A is
Preferably, Ar3 is
wherein R12C is as defined in the first instance herein, and R20A is H, Me, Et, Pr or iPr. More preferably, the use of the compounds of formula 1b wherein Ar3 is as defined in the last instance and R12C is a phenyl of formula:
wherein R13C, R14C and R15C are respectively as defined above for R13A, R14A and R15A; and R20A is H, Me or Et; or R12C is
wherein R17C is selected from H, Me, OMe, Cl, F, CF3, NH2, NHMe or NMe2; and R20A is H, Me or Et. Most preferably, the use of a compound of formula 1b wherein Ar3 is as defined in the last instance and R12C is
and R20A is H or Me.
According to a second embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for treating HIV infection comprising administering to an infected human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula 1a:
wherein X, W and Ar2 are as defined hereinbefore and R12 is a phenyl of formula
wherein R13, R14 and R15 each independently represents H, (C1-4)alkyl, (C3-7)cycloalkyl, (C3-7)cycloalkyl-(C1-3)alkyl, (C2-6)alkenyl, O—(C1-4)alkyl, S—(C1-4)alkyl, halo, CF3, OCF3, OH, NO2, CN, phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, SO2NH2, SO2—(C1-4)alkyl, C(O)NH2, morpholino, 1-pyrrolyl, (2-nitrophenyl)-CH2, phenylmethyl, C(O)OR16 wherein R16 is H or (C1-4)alkyl; or
wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R31, R32,
According to said second embodiment the method of this invention preferably relates to a compound of the formula 1a wherein R12 is preferably selected from:
wherein
Most preferably R12 is selected from the group consisting of:
A method according to the present invention is preferred wherein the compound is a compound of formula 1 wherein X is O or S, most preferably S.
Furthermore, a method according to the present invention is preferred wherein the compound is a compound of formula 1 wherein —X—W— is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of:
Most preferably —X—W— is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of:
A most preferred meaning of the group W is CH(R5)C(O)NH wherein R15 is H or Me.
A method according to the present invention is preferred wherein the compound is a compound of formula 1 wherein Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R9 is (C1-3)alkyl, halo or NO2, and
Most preferably Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of
In the following preferred embodiments of the second aspect of this invention which is related to new compounds are described.
According to a first embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention, there are provided new compounds of the formula 1
Ar1—X—W—Ar2 1
wherein Ar1 is
wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R9 is halo or NO2; or
wherein R9 is halo or NO2 and R10 is halo; or
wherein R9 is halo or NO2, and R10 is OMe, halo, OH, NO2, phenyl, C(O)OH or C(O)OMe.
Most preferably, new compounds are represented by the formula 1a wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of
and X, W and Ar2 are as defined in the last instance.
Alternatively, according to the first embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention new compounds of the formula 1 are provided
Ar1—X—W—Ar2 1
wherein Ar1 is
and
wherein R12C is a phenyl of formula
wherein R13C, R14C and R15C each independently represents H, Me, Et, Pr, iPr, tBu, OMe, OEt, SMe, SEt, Br, Cl, F, CF3, NO2, C(O)OH, C(O)OMe or C(O)OEt, provided that at least one of R13C, R14C and R15C is other than hydrogen; or R12C is
wherein R17 is selected from H, Me, OMe, Cl, F, CF3, NH2, NHMe or NMe2; and R20A is H, Me, Et, Pr or iPr.
Most preferably R12 is selected from the group consisting of:
or
a compound of formula 1 wherein Ar1 is
and X, W and Ar2 are as defined in the last instance.
According to a second embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention, there are provided new compounds of the formula 1 wherein Ar1 is
and
wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R13, R14, R15, R20A, R30, R31, R32 and R33 are as defined hereinbefore and hereinafter.
According to this second embodiment preferred meanings of the substituents are:
Most preferably W represents CH2C(O)NH.
Most preferably —X— is —S—.
According to this second embodiment, most preferred are those compounds of the formula 1, wherein Ar1 is:
and wherein R12 selected from the group consisting of:
Furthermore, those compounds of formula 1 are preferred wherein Ar1 is:
wherein R12C has one of the most preferred meanings of R12 as defined above and R20A is H, Me, Et, iPr or 2-hydroxy-ethyl, preferably R20A is methyl or ethyl.
Furthermore those compounds of the second embodiment of the present invention are preferred wherein Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R9 is C1 or NO2 and
Most preferably R10 is selected from the group consisting of (C1-4)alkyl, (C3-6)Cycloalkyl, CF3, OH, —NH2, —COOH, —C(O)NH2, —SO2—(C1-4)alkyl, —SO2-phenyl, —SO2—NH2, whereby said phenyl may have one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, NO2, C1-3-alkyl and CF3.
Most preferably Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of:
Specific Embodiments
Included within the scope of this invention are all compounds of formula 1 as presented in Tables 1 to 8.
The compounds of formula 1 are effective inhibitors of wild type HIV as well as inhibiting the double mutation enzyme K103N/Y181C. The compounds of the invention may also inhibit the single mutation enzymes V106A, Y188L, K103N, Y181C, P236L and G190A (among others). The compounds may also inhibit other double mutation enzymes including K103N/P225H, K103N/V108I and K103N/L100I.
The compounds of formula 1 possess inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication. When administered in suitable dosage forms, they are useful in the treatment of AIDS, ARC and related disorders associated with HIV-1 infection. Another aspect of the invention, therefore, is a method for treating HIV-1 infection which comprises administering to a human being, infected by HIV-1, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, as described above. Whether it is termed treatment or prophylaxis, the compounds may also be used to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV-1 from mother to baby, by administration to the mother before giving birth and to the child within the first days of life.
The compounds of formula 1 may be administered in single or divided doses by the oral, parenteral or topical routes. A suitable oral dosage for a compound of formula 1 would be in the range of about 0.5 mg to 3 g per day. A preferred oral dosage for a compound of formula 1 would be in the range of about 100 mg to 800 mg per day for a patient weighing 70 kg. In parenteral formulations, a suitable dosage unit may contain from 0.1 to 250 mg of said compounds, preferably 1 mg to 200 mg, whereas for topical administration, formulations containing 0.01 to 1% active ingredient are preferred. It should be understood, however, that the dosage administration from patient to patient would vary. The dosage for any particular patient will depend upon the clinician's judgement, who will use as criteria for fixing a proper dosage the size and condition of the patient as well as the patient's response to the drug.
When the compounds of the present invention are to be administered by the oral route, they may be administered as medicaments in the form of pharmaceutical preparations that contain them in association with a compatible pharmaceutical carrier material. Such carrier material can be an inert organic or inorganic carrier material suitable for oral administration. Examples of such carrier materials are water, gelatin, talc, starch, magnesium stearate, gum arabic, vegetable oils, polyalkylene-glycols, petroleum jelly and the like.
The compounds of formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more other antiretroviral drug known to one skilled in the art, as a combined preparation useful for simultaneous, separate or sequential administration for treating or preventing HIV infection in an individual. Examples of antiretroviral drugs that may be used in combination therapy with compounds of formula 1, include but are not limited to, NRTIs (such as AZT), NNRTI's (such as Nevirapine), CCR5 antagonists (such as SCH-351125), CXCR4 antagonists (such as AMD-3100), integrase inhibitors (such as L-870,810), viral fusion inhibitors (such as T-20), antifungal or antibacterial agents (such as fluconazole), compounds of the TIBO (tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepine-2(1H)-one and thione)-type, compounds of the α-APA (α-anilino phenyl acetamide)-type, TAT inhibitors, protease inhibitors (such as Ritanovir), and immunomodulating agents (such as Levamisole) and investigational drugs (such as DMP-450 or DPC-083). Moreover, a compound of formula 1 can be used with another compound of formula 1.
The pharmaceutical preparations can be prepared in a conventional manner and finished dosage forms can be solid dosage forms, for example, tablets, dragees, capsules, and the like, or liquid dosage forms, for example solutions, suspensions, emulsions and the like. The pharmaceutical preparations may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization. Further, the pharmaceutical preparations may contain conventional adjuvants such as preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifiers, flavor-improvers, wetting agents, buffers, salts for varying the osmotic pressure and the like. Solid carrier material which can be used include, for example, starch, lactose, mannitol, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, silica, dibasic calcium phosphate, and high molecular weight polymers (such as polyethylene glycol).
For parenteral use, a compound of formula 1 can be administered in an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion in a pharmaceutically acceptable oil or a mixture of liquids, which may contain bacteriostatic agents, antioxidants, preservatives, buffers or other solutes to render the solution isotonic with the blood, thickening agents, suspending agents or other pharmaceutically acceptable additives. Additives of this type include, for example, tartrate, citrate and acetate buffers, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, complex formers (such as EDTA), antioxidants (such as sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and ascorbic acid), high molecular weight polymers (such as liquid polyethylene oxides) for viscosity regulation and polyethylene derivatives of sorbitol anhydrides. Preservatives may also be added if necessary, such as benzoic acid, methyl or propyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride and other quaternary ammonium compounds.
The compounds of this invention may also be administered as solutions for nasal application and may contain in addition to the compounds of this invention suitable buffers, tonicity adjusters, microbial preservatives, antioxidants and viscosity-increasing agents in an aqueous vehicle. Examples of agents used to increase viscosity are polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysorbates or glycerin. Microbial preservatives added may include benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chloro-butanol or phenylethyl alcohol.
Additionally, the compounds provided by the invention may be administerable by suppository.
Methodology and Synthesis
In general, the compounds of formula 1 are prepared by known methods from readily available starting materials, using reaction conditions known to be suitable for the reactants.
A process for preparing a compound of formula 1, wherein X is S or O and W is (CR5R5A)1-2 C(O)NR6 as defined herein, is illustrated as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are as defined herein, X is S or O, RA is H or (C1-4)alkyl and Y is halo, e.g. Br or Cl.
The process comprises:
The requisite starting material of formula Ar1—X—H can be prepared readily by reacting a commercially available aromatic isocyanate or isothiocyanates with sodium azide to give directly the desired starting material. The aromatic amine HNR6—Ar2 is either available commercially or can be prepared by known methods.
The requisite aromatic amide of formula Y—(CR5R5A)1-2—C(O)NR6—Ar2 can be prepared readily by known methods from commercially available amines; for example, see example 2 hereinafter.
Although several well known coupling agents can be used in the preceding process, phosphorus oxychloride has been found to be practical and efficient.
Processes and reactants for preparing other compounds of formula 1 are illustrated further by the examples hereinafter.
The present invention is illustrated in further detail by the following non-limiting examples. All reactions were performed in a nitrogen or argon atmosphere unless otherwise stated. Room temperature is 18 to 22° C. (degrees Celsius). Solution percentages or ratios express a volume to volume relationship, unless stated otherwise.
Abbreviations or symbols used herein include:
The following examples illustrate methods for preparing compounds of the invention.
To a solution of NaN3 (1.76 g, 27.0 mmol) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) and water (25 mL) was added 1-naphthalenylisothiocyanate (5.00 g, 27.0 mmol) at room temperature. The yellow solution containing a white solid was heated at 102° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and aqueous 1 N HCl solution was added until pH 2 was reached. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (250 mL). The organic layer was extracted with aqueous 1 N NaOH solution. The aqueous layer was acidified with aqueous 6 N HCl solution and a white precipitate formed. The suspension was filtered and the resulting solid was triturated with Et2O/hexane (1/1) to give the title compound (3.89 g, 63% yield) as an off white solid.
Pyridine (0.83 mL, 10.3 mmol) and 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (2.14 g, 9.38 mmol) were added to a solution of methyl 2-bromoacetate (977 μL, 10.3 mmol) in DMSO (50 mL). The resulting light yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (300 ml) and was successively washed with water (2×250 ml) and brine (100 ml), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude ester was dissolved in THF and aqueous 1 N NaOH solution was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The THF was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in aqueous 1 N NaOH solution. The solution was slowly acidified to pH 2 at 0° C. with aqueous 1 N HCl solution. The suspension was filtered and the resulting solid was rinsed with water and dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (2.48 g, 92% yield) as a white solid.
2-{{1-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}acetic acid (500 mg, 1.75 mmol) and 2-chloroaniline (202 μL, 1.92 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (8 mL). This solution was cooled to 0° C. and POCl3 (0.179 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, quenched with a few drops of water, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (100 mL) and the resulting solution was successively washed with water (2×30 ml) and brine (30 ml), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to afford the title compound (643 mg, 85% yield) as a solid.
2-Bromoacetyl bromide (173 μL, 1.99 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2-nitroaniline (250 mg, 1.81 mmol) and pyridine (293 μL) in CH2Cl2 (9 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 min. The mixture was then diluted with CH2Cl2 (10 mL), washed with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (10 mL), water (10 ml) and brine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (431 mg, 92% yield) as an orange solid.
To a solution of 2-bromo-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (186 mg, 0.718 mmol) in DMSO (4 mL) was added pyridine (116 μL, 1.43 mmol) followed by 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (164 mg, 0.718 mmol). The dark brown solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with CH2Cl2 (40 mL) and washed with water (2×40 mL), brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and directly loaded onto silica gel. The crude sample was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc) to afford 140 mg of a light yellow solid which was lyophilized from water-MeCN to afford (136 mg, 47% yield) of the title compound.
A 0.5 M DPPBE solution in THF (20.0 mL, 10.0 mmol), DIAD (1.97 mL, 10.0 mmol) and TMSN3 (1.33 mL, 10.0 mmol) were successively added to a solution of methyl 4-{(1-naphthalenyl)amino}4-oxobutanoate (1.29 g, 5.00 mmol) in THF (30 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. A 1.0 M TBAF solution in THF (5.00 mL, 5.00 mmol; additional 5.00 mL added after 5.5 h) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6.5 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was taken in EtOAc (250 mL). The solution was successively washed with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (25 mL), water (25 mL), aqueous 1 N NaOH solution (2×15 mL), water (15 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partially purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc:CH2Cl2, 3:1:1) to yield the impure ester. The ester was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and MeOH (5 mL) and aqueous 1 N NaOH solution (3.0 mL, 3.00 mmol) was added to the solution. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The organic solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting aqueous solution was washed with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The aqueous layer was rendered acidic by addition of aqueous 1 N HCl solution (15 mL) and was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (768 mg, 58% yield) as a white solid.
A solution of (COCl)2 (310 μL,3.45 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added dropwise to a suspension of 1-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-tetrazole-5-propanoic acid (738 mg, 2.75 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) and DMF (50 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was concentrated to give the title compound (789 mg, 100% yield).
A solution of 1-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-tetrazole-5-propanoyl chloride (112 mg, 0.39 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added slowly to a solution of 2-nitroaniline (54.5 mg, 0.39 mmol) and pyridine (79.3 μL, 0.98 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The solution was successively washed with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (10 mL), water (10 mL), aqueous saturated NaHCO3 solution (2×5 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with Et2O:hexane (1:1) to give, after drying, the title compound (72 mg, 47% yield) as a yellow solid.
A solution of 2-chlorocinnamic acid (5.00 g, 27.4 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was slowly added to a suspension of NaBH4 (1.24 g, 32.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred until evolution of gas ceased. A solution of 12 (3.47 g, 13.7 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Aqueous 3 N HCl solution (10 mL) was added carefully and the mixture was extracted with Et2O. The combined organic layers were successively washed with aqueous 1 N NaOH solution and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to yield the title compound (2.86 g, 62% yield).
Pd(OAc)2 (13.3 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added to a solution of trans-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-propen-1-ol (100 mg, 0.59 mmol) in a solution of CH2N2 in Et2O (ca. 0.6 M, 25 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. An additional amount of CH2N2 solution in Et2O (25 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to yield the title compound (85.5 mg, 79% yield).
DIAD (87 μL, 0.44 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (84.0 mg, 0.37 mmol), trans-2-(2-chlorophenyl)cyclopropanemethanol (80.5 mg, 0.44 mmol), and PPh3 (116 mg, 0.44 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to give the title compound (81 mg, 56% yield) as a white solid.
Methyl acetate (5.09 mL, 64.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a cold (−78° C.) solution of LDA [prepared at 0° C. from i-Pr2NH (10.5 mL, 74.7 mmol) and 2.0 M n-BuLi in hexane (37.3 mL, 74.7 mmol)] in THF (50 mL). After 45 min, the enolate solution was added via cannula to a cold (−78° C.) solution of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde (3.00 g, 21.3 mmol) in THF (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Aqueous saturated NH4Cl solution (15 mL) was then added and the mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken in Et2O (300 mL) and the resulting solution was washed with water (2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partially purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to give the title compound (2.9 g, 63% yield).
LiAlH4 (1.28 g, 33.8 mmol) was added to an ice-cold solution of methyl 2-chloro-β-hydroxybenzenepropanoate (2.90 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (70 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Water (4.0 mL), aqueous 10% NaOH solution (4.0 mL) and water (12 mL) were successively added to the mixture. Et2O (300 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc, 1:1) to give the title compound (829 mg, 33% yield).
DIAD (82 μL, 0.42 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (80.0 mg, 0.35 mmol), 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propanediol (65.4 mg, 0.35 mmol), and PPh3 (110 mg, 0.42 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 95:5) to give the title compound (70 mg, 50% yield) as a white solid.
MCPBA (826 mg, 3.83 mmol) was added portionwise to an ice-cold solution of 2-chloro-1-allylbenzene (487 mg, 3.19 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Aqueous 10% Na2CO3 solution (10 mL) and CH2Cl2 (100 mL) were added. The solution was successively washed with aqueous 10% Na2S2O3 (2×40 mL) and brine (40 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc, 8:2) to give the title compound (512 mg, 95% yield).
A solution of 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (50.0 mg, 0.22 mmol), 2-chloro-1-(2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene (36.9 mg, 0.22 mmol) and Et3N (0.15 mL, 1.10 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was heated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by HPLC using a gradient of MeCN/H2O containing TFA (0.1%) (CombiPrep ODS-AQ 50×20 mm, 5μ, 120 Å). The pure fractions were concentrated to give the title compound (12 mg, 14% yield) as a colorless solid.
A solution of 2-chloroaniline (46.1 μL, 0.44 mmol), epichlorohydrin (51.4 μL, 0.66 mmol) and Et3N (0.30 mL, 2.19 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was heated at reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography. A solution of the intermediate obtained (93.4 mg), 1,2-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-5H-tetrazole-5-thione (50.0 mg, 0.22 mmol) and Et3N (0.30 mL, 2.19 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was heated at reflux for 3 days. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by HPLC using a gradient of MeCN/H2O containing TFA (0.1%) (CombiPrep ODS-AQ 50×20 mm, 5μ, 120 Å). The pure fractions were concentrated to give the title compound (11.7 mg, 13% yield) as a pale yellow solid.
A solution of 1-naphthalenylthioisocyanate (893 mg, 4.82 mmol) and 2-aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (0.70 mL, 4.85 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Aqueous 12 N HCl solution (0.2 mL) was added and the mixture was heated at 110° C. for 3 h and then stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with hot EtOAc to give the title compound (608 mg, 56% yield).
A solution of 1,3-dihydro-1-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-imidazole-2-thione (129 mg, 0.50 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added slowly to a solution of 2-bromo-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (113 mg, 0.50 mmol) and pyridine (121 μL, 1.49 mmol) in DMSO (1 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (3×) and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by HPLC using a gradient of MeCN/H2O containing TFA (0.06%) (CombiPrep ODS-AQ 50×20 mm, 5μ, 120 Å). The pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to give the title compound (8.4 mg, 4% yield).
A solution of 4-(1-naphthalenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (4.01 g, 18.4 mmol) and N,N,-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (2.50 mL, 18.8 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken in hexane and Et2O and the solution was stirred until a suspension was obtained. The suspension was filtered and the solid was triturated with hexane:Et2O (4:1), then was dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (4.19 g, 90% yield) as a beige solid.
A solution of 2,4-dihydro-4-(1-naphthalenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (129 mg, 0.50 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added slowly to a solution of 2-bromo-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (113 mg, 0.50 mmol) and pyridine (121 μL, 1.49 mmol) in DMSO (1 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (3×) and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. A mixture of Et2O and hexane (1:1) was added, the resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by HPLC using a gradient of MeCN/H2O containing TFA (0.06%) (CombiPrep ODS-AQ 50×20 mm, 5μ, 120 Å). The pure fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (4.5 mg, 2% yield).
2-Bromothiophenol (4.00 g, 21.6 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl 2-bromoacetate (2.20 mL, 23.3 mmol) and pyridine (1.88 mL, 23.3 mmol) in DMSO (50 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and the resulting solution was washed with water (2×250 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in THF (50 mL), aqueous 1 N NaOH solution (25 mL, 25 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 min. The mixture was concentrated and the aqueous solution was diluted with aqueous 1 N NaOH solution. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and was slowly rendered acidic (pH=2) by addition of aqueous 1 N HCl solution. The resulting suspension was filtered, the solid was washed with water and dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (3.71 g, 71% yield) as a white solid.
PCl3 (0.39 mL, 4.45 mmol) was added to an ice-cold solution of 2-{(2-bromophenyl)thio}acetic acid (1.00 g, 4.05 mmol) and 2-chloroaniline (0.47 mL, 4.45 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Water (few drops) was added and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2) to give the title compound (957 mg, 66% yield) as a yellow solid.
PdCl2(dppf) (1:1 complex with CH2Cl2, 41.0 mg, 56.0 μmol) and dppf (31.1 mg, 56.1 μmol) were added to a degassed (N2, 45 min) solution of 2-{2-bromophenyl)thio}-N-(2-chlorophenyl)acetamide (200 mg, 0.56 mmol), 1-naphthaleneboronic acid (116 mg, 0.67 mmol) and K3PO4 (357 mg, 1.68 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 3 h. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (CH2Cl2:(CH3)2CO, 98:2) to give the title compound (147 mg, 65% yield) as a pale orange solid.
Tables 1 to 8 illustrate further compounds of the present invention, which can be synthesized in analogy to the methods as described hereinbefore, optionally modified by procedures known to the one skilled in the art.
Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Assays
Enzymatic Assay (IC50)
The enzymatic assay employed is described as follows: The reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme assay has been adapted to a 96-well microtiter plate format and uses PicoGreen™ as a fluorescent intercalator. More explicitly, the HIV-1 RT enzyme was thawed and appropriately diluted into Tris/HCl 50 mM pH 7.8 containing NaCl 60 mM, MgCl2∘6H2O 2 mM, DTT 6 mM, GSH 2 mM and 0.02% w/v Chaps to give ≈10 nM enzyme. To 10 μL of this enzyme solution was added 10 μL of inhibitor solution (40 μM to 78 nM inhibitor in the same assay buffer as above containing 4% v/v DMSO). The plate was pre-incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature before proceeding to the next step. In this pre-incubation step, the highest and lowest inhibitor concentrations were 20 μM and 1.016 nM respectively and the concentration of DMSO was 2% v/v. Then the enzymatic reaction was initiated by addition of 20 μL of substrate solution. The final reaction mixture contained Tris/HCl 50 mM pH 7.8, NaCl 60 mM, MgCl2∘6H2O 2 mM, DTT 6 mM, GSH 2 mM, CHAPS 0.02% w/v, DMSO 1% v/v, poly rC 45 nM, dG15 4.5 nM, dGTP 3.6 μM, and ≈2.5 nM enzyme. In this incubation step, the highest and lowest inhibitor concentrations were 10 μM and 0.508 nM respectively. After addition of the substrate cocktail, the plate was covered with a plastic seal and incubated for 50 minutes at 37° C. in a dry incubator. The reaction was then quenched by addition of 5 μL of EDTA 0.5 M. The plate was shaken for 30 seconds at medium speed and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then 160 μL of PicoGreen™ 1:400 dilution from commercial stock (diluted in Tris 20 mM pH 7.5 with EDTA 1 mM) was added and the plate was shaken for 30 seconds and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. The plate was then analyzed using a POLARstar Galaxy fluorimeter (BMG Labtechnologies) with λex and λem of 485 nm and 520 nm respectively. Each well was read for 1.25 second. Each row contained at its extremities a blank and a control well.
P24 Cellular Assay (EC50) (Data Identified with * in Table 9).
The p24 assay is as described in WO 01/96338, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
C8166 HIV-1 Luciferase Assay (EC50)
Plasmid: pGL3 Basic LTR/TAR #12
Plasmid is the pGL3 Basic Vector (a promoterless luciferase expression vector from Promega catalogue #E1751) with the addition of HIV-1 H×B2 LTR sequence from nucleotide −138 to +80 (Sca1-HindIII) upstream of the luciferase gene and the gene for blasticidine resistance cloned in.
Cells: C8166 LTRluc #A8-F5-G7
C8166 cells are a human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 immortalized but nonexpressing line of cord blood lymphocytes and are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection. The reporter cells were made by electroporating C8166 cells with pGL3 Basic LTR/TAR and then selecting positive clones with blasticidine. The clone C8166-LTRluc #A8-F5-G7 was selected by 3 consecutive rounds of limiting dilution under blasticidine selection.
Media: Complete media consisting of: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+10−5 M
β-mercaptoethanol+10 μg/ml gentamycin. Cultures are maintained in complete media with 5 μg/ml blasticidine, however, selection is removed for the assay.
Luciferase Assay Protocol
Preparation of Compounds
Serial dilutions of HIV-1 inhibitors compounds are prepared in complete media from 10 mM DMSO stock solutions. Eleven serial dilutions of 2.5× are made at 8× desired final concentration in a 1 ml deep well titer plate (96 wells). The 12th well contains complete media with no inhibitor and serves as the positive control. All samples contain the same concentration of DMSO (≦0.1% DMSO). A 25 μl aliquot of inhibitor is added, to triplicate wells, of a 96 well tissue culture treated clear view black microtiter plate (Corning Costar catalogue # 3904). The last row is reserved for uninfected C8166 LTRluc cells to serve as the background blank control and the first row is media alone.
Infection of Cells
Count C8166 LTRluc cells and place in a minimal volume of complete RPMI 1640 in a tissue culture flask (ex. 30×106 cells in 10 ml media/25 cm2 flask). Infect cells with HIV-1 at a moi of 0.005. Incubate cells for 1.5 hours at 37° C. on a rotating rack in a 5% CO2 incubator. Resuspend cells in complete RPMI to give a final concentration of 25,000-cells/175 μl. Add 175 μl of cell mix to wells of 96 well microtiter plate containing 25 μl 8× inhibitors. Add 25,000 uninfected C8166-LTRluc cells/well in 200 μl complete RPMI to last row for background control. Incubate cells at 37° C. in 5% CO2 incubator for 3 days.
Luciferase Assay
Add 50 μl Steady Glo (luciferase substrate T1/2=5 hours Promega catalogue # E2520) to each well of the 96 well plate. Determine the relative light units (RLU) of luciferase using the BMG LUMlstar Galaxy luminometer. Plates are read from the bottom for 2 seconds per well with a gain of 240.
The level of inhibition (% inhibition) of each well containing inhibitor was calculated with the following equation:
The calculated % inhibition values were then used to determine EC50, slope factor (n) and maximum inhibition (Imax) by the non-linear regression routine NLIN procedure of SAS using the following equation:
The results are listed in Table 9 as IC50(nM) and EC50 (nM).
Table legend: A=>100; B=100-50; C=<50; NT=not tested
According to this invention those compounds are preferred which possess an IC50 value against the resistant mutant K103N/Y181C smaller than 50 nM (range C), most preferably an EC50 value against the resistant mutant K103N/Y181C smaller than 50 nM (range C).
Benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/430,796, filed Dec. 4, 2002 is hereby claimed.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4399285 | Forster et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 6124307 | Vig et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 20060135556 | Girardet et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2053512 | Apr 1992 | CA |
| 2156420 | Sep 1994 | CA |
| 2301800 | Apr 1999 | CA |
| 2375261 | Dec 2000 | CA |
| 2496565 | Apr 2004 | CA |
| 0029183 | Nov 1980 | EP |
| WO 9955676 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO 0003998 | Jan 2000 | WO |
| WO 0232889 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| WO 02070470 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| 2004030611 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050054639 A1 | Mar 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60430796 | Dec 2002 | US |
