Patent Application
20110017516
Western Well Tool (WWT) has designed and produced a variety of non-rotating drill pipe protector assemblies that are used in drilling and completion work in oil and gas wells, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,297; U.S. Pat. No. 5,579,854; U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,019; U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,405; U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,633; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,739,415, all of which are incorporated herein by this reference.
As part of the process to increase the utility of these non-rotating drill pipe protector assemblies, variations of the design can incorporate features that facilitate its use for a particular application, such as torque reduction, casing wear prevention, drag reduction, buckling load improvement, and pipe centralization within the casing. As part of this expansion of non-rotating drill pipe protectors, it is desirable, when operating inside a large diameter pipe, to use a large diameter non-rotating protector assembly to help centralize the pipe within the casing, which may be curved along its length. For example, when running 6⅝ inch drill pipe inside 13⅜ inch to 20 inch pipe, the non-rotating drill pipe protector sleeve outside diameter is typically about 9 inches. However, greater centralization within pipe is achieved when the sleeve diameter is increased to 10 or 18 inches or larger.
In addition to reducing drag and providing centralization within casing, a large enough protector of appropriate density will displace wellbore fluid and reduce the effective weight of the drill pipe in fluid. This practice has application in both drilling and casing landing operations as string weights continue to increase with well depth.
However, increasing the diameter of the non-rotating drill pipe protector sleeve, without increasing of the associated stop collar that holds the sleeve in place, may result in a substantially unprotected protrusion that can be caught on various irregularities, restrictions and wellbore equipment within the hole. The result is the assembly could be caught on a surface, resulting in damage to the non-rotating drill pipe protector, the pipe, or both. To avoid such potential damage, it is advantageous to have a collar assembly that is slightly smaller than the sleeve, thus providing a protective surface for the sleeve. However, as the size of the sleeves increase, the size of the collars can increase to the point that installation is difficult due to the weight of the collars. In addition, the gripping of the large diameter collars is more difficult to achieve when the associated bolts are tightened during installation.
To allow the use of larger diameter sleeves and collars without excessive weight of the collars or sleeves, this invention provides a solution. In addition, it is recognized that it would also be advantageous in sleeve manufacturing to have elements encased in an outer coating, thus providing adjustable rigidity and/or density. A process has also been developed to manufacture sleeves with a multiplicity of inserts having improvements described below.
One embodiment of the invention comprises a low density buoyant sleeve attached to a sub-sea conduit for increasing the buoyancy of the conduit when the conduit is installed in an underwater wellbore or used in a deep-water installation. The sleeve is made from a non-porous molded polymeric resinous matrix forming the body of the sleeve. A dispersion of finely divided elements having a closed structure with a hollow interior and a density less than water is embedded in and dispersed throughout the cross section of the resinous matrix, to increase its buoyancy. An abrasion-resistant coating or jacket is bonded to and encompasses the outside surface of the sleeve. The sleeve is secured to the conduit in a non-rotating configuration, between at least one stop collar at each end rigidly affixed to the conduit.
In other embodiments:
These and other aspects of the invention will be more fully understood by referring to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
In this embodiment, a semi-submersible offshore drilling rig 20 supports a riser 22 which runs underwater to a BOP 24 and a casing 26 set in the sea floor 28. A drill pipe 30 is lowered from the drilling rig through the riser to run a liner 32 into an open hole below the casing. (The casing and liner are not shown to scale and are proportionately longer in use.) A non-rotating buoyancy module assembly 34, according to this invention, is carried on the drill pipe to increase buoyancy. For simplicity only, one module is shown between tool joints 36, but in practice and as described below, multiple buoyancy module assemblies can be installed between adjacent tool joints.
Briefly, each buoyancy module assembly illustrated in
Exterior Shell Collar for Non-Rotating Drill Pipe Assembly.
In one embodiment, the exterior shell collar is made from aluminum with multiple reinforced regions and some regions without material, providing high impact strength and low weight. In other embodiments, the external shell collar is made of plastic, rubber, or composite to further reduce the weight of the part.
The interior collar 44 is similar to the stop collars described in the several WWT patents listed above. In the preferred embodiment, the collar 44 is high strength aluminum with steel bolts 46 positioned in corresponding axially spaced recessed regions 47 on the outside of the interior collar. A hinged axis 48 extends along the side of the collar opposite from the split region that contains the fastener assembly. The collar has axial interior grooves 49 that allow the collar to adjust to variations of drill pipe diameter and maintain gripping force. Radial grooves may be included to further adjust the collar's flexibility for adequate gripping on drill pipe of varying diameter.
In
In addition, the outer collar is designed with material removed at 54 to reduce weight of the outer collar, thus allowing it to be more easily lifted on the rig floor during installation. Further, decreased weight of the exterior shell collar limits the increase of overall drill string weight once the collar is installed. This can be important where large diameter protectors or sleeves are installed to displace fluid and provide buoyancy in operations where drill string weights are reaching critical limits.
The bolts 46 are used to hold the interior collar in place rigidly affixed to the drill pipe or other conduit. The torque is specifically selected to allow maximum gripping strength of the drill pipe without producing detrimental effects of significantly increasing the working stress state of the drill pipe. This can be important for applications with significant side loads or tensile loads that result in cyclic fatigue or excessive tensile loads. In one embodiment, the bolts 46 are of high strength steel and are torqued to 25-30 ft-lbs, which produces a gripping force of about 10,000 to 14,000 lbs around the drill pipe before movement.
In one embodiment, the material for either collar is high strength aluminum. Use of this material reduces over all weight and provides a soft material that can be easily drilled if the part is torn off and falls down hole into the well. Other materials may be considered for the components. For example, in another embodiment, each outer shell 50 can be made of a plastic or composite material such as phenolic, epoxy, urethane or other polymer. Alternative materials may be used for the interior collar 44 such as bronze or steel, reinforced plastic, or composite.
The inner collar assembly 40 is designed to allow rotation of the interior collar 44 relative to the outer protective shell collar assembly 42. This allows ease of installation and facilitates small levels of movement of the outer collar relative to the sleeve, during use.
Sleeve with Multiple Inserts.
Variations of the insert material, as well as the configuration of the inserts, allow the sleeve to vary in density and rigidity, while remaining sufficiently robust to withstand the loads experienced by the sleeve assembly during various operations. Grooves and flats (not shown) on the interior diameter of the sleeve may be incorporated to establish a fluid bearing for a non-rotating sleeve when the drill pipe is rotated within the sleeve or when rotating a casing. Alternatively, the sleeve can provide a non-rotating function in which a small gap (described below) is formed between the OD of the drill pipe and the ID of the sleeve.
In
By having ribs 62 of the more flexible polyurethane sleeve material between 56 inserts, a rigid insert material is subject to less bending loading during operation. This configuration effectively uses each material for its best-suited loading conditions. The rigid insert primarily experiences compressive loading while the softer jacket material experiences impact and bending loads.
The sleeve structure is built on the perforated metal cage 58 which allows mechanical bonding between the cage and the polyurethane sleeve coating material. The inserts 56 are fixed to the sleeve cage before polyurethane casting. The insert ridges 68 create gaps between the inserts to allow the polyurethane to flow for complete encapsulation and isolation between inserts. In one embodiment, the outer coating encapsulates the entire sleeve, including the ID of the sleeve (thereby encapsulating the cage structure) to form a cylindrical sleeve ID that encompasses the OD of the drill pipe, when the sleeve is positioned around the drill pipe during use.
Significant Features.
(a) Internal and External Collar.
The diametric taper provides a gradual increase of diameter to allow the exterior shell collar assembly to move through the rotary table while protecting the sleeve from impact loads. In addition, the design has regions of reinforcement and other areas without material. This results in a high strength, high impact resistant, low weight structure.
Because the field installation is done in two parts, first the interior collar, and then the outer collar is installed, the separate parts have weights that are easily and quickly installed on the rig floor or an offsite location by an individual, without the need for lifting equipment.
The interior recess 52 allows the exterior shell collar to loosely fit onto the load-bearing interior collar. This feature reduces the precise dimensioning necessary in the exterior shell collar's manufacturing, thus reducing costs. It also allows the relative rotation of the two collars, thus accommodating some movement between the collar and the sleeve.
(b) Sleeve with Multiple Inserts.
Multiple inserts of materials of various hardness, density, and strength are incorporated into the sleeve design. This is distinguished over previous inserts of different material in that (1) the inserted material is completely encapsulated with the body of the sleeve, and (2) one element of the inserted material is separated from other elements thus allowing isolation of damage to a limited number of inserts, thereby allowing continued functioning of the sleeve.
(c) Test Method.
A method (illustrated in
The sleeve can be of various materials including but not limited to plastics, composite, or elastomers. The material for the insert can be homogenous material such as a plastic with a greater or lesser hardness, strength, density, or rigidity. The inserts can also be heterogeneous composed of two or more constituents such as an epoxy with fiberglass, glass, graphite, Kevlar materials, that can themselves be homogenous or heterogeneous. Voids can be incorporated into the sleeve design to further adjust the structural characteristics.
In one embodiment, as shown in
In one embodiment, the sleeve is made of a urethane plastic and the inserts are made of glass spheres in a resin matrix, such as syntactic foam. Experiments have shown that this material configuration provides adequate bonding between the urethane sleeve material and the composite insert. Further, experiments have shown that this formulation is structurally strong, resisting up to 8,000 lbs parallel-plate crushing force, depending upon the material used in the inserts.
An extensive process led to the selection of possible insert materials. In an attempt to decrease weight, various woods including balsa and bass were encapsulated in urethane. Entrained air, however, compromised the quality of the urethane jacket and the quality of the bond between the jacket and the insert material. Polyurethane foam and PVC foam were encapsulated with some success, but also included problems of entrained air similar to the wood materials. Also considered for use was a composite structure of hexagonal reinforcements of glass composite or aluminum. Encapsulating pressure vessels of spherical, cylindrical, and custom shapes within the sleeve material were considered. These materials and methods could have some application, should their mechanical characteristics meet structural demands of the application.
In the initial evaluation and testing, an insert material candidate that performed well and can be adjusted for specific applications is a composite material of hollow spheres in a resin matrix. The filler can be many materials including plastic microspheres, glass microspheres and metal spheres. Plastic microspheres of collapse pressure of 350 to 2,200 psi isostatic and density of 0.2 to 0.55 SG were considered. Metal spheres of varying density and collapse pressure were also considered. The matrix materials include, but are not limited to, epoxy, vinyl ester, polyester, and polyurethane. The general resulting composite is a lightweight yet rigid structure. By varying the constituents, a range of overall material rigidity and density can be achieved.
Many resins and fillers were tested. Several glass bubbles made by the 3M Company were evaluated including: K20, K25, S32, XLD3000, and IM30K. These glass microspheres vary in collapse pressure from 250 psi to 28,000 psi isostatic. Resins evaluated included epoxies made by BJB, West Systems, and Jeffco. Also, Derakane epoxy vinyl ester resin was evaluated and proved to be a potential matrix material.
In one embodiment the manufacturing method is as follows: Promoted Derakane epoxy vinyl ester resin is first catalyzed by 1% methyl-ethyl-ketone by resin volume. 3M K20 glass microspheres were mixed in catalyzed Derakane epoxy vinyl ester resin at an approximate ratio of 1:3.5 ratio by weight, respectively. This is approximately equal to 61% microspheres and 39% resin by total volume. The mixture is a slurry that can be cast into complex shapes like the inserts in the sleeve design. The properly catalyzed material allows sufficient time for the slurry to take the shape of a mold. Vibration has been shown to assist in proper mold fill and de-aerating the material as it cures. Once cured, the composite is a lightweight yet rigid material. This material can be encapsulated in the polyurethane jacket.
Encapsulation of the samples was done by staging the cure of the urethane. A base layer of urethane was allowed to gel while the insert material rested on top. This was followed by pouring urethane around the insert material. This produced homogeneous jacket once the urethane cured, as shown in
A sample containing 3M K20 glass microspheres in BJB epoxy resin, encapsulated in an ⅛″ polyurethane jacket was pressure tested to 6000 psi hydrostatically and suffered no structural damage.
Other embodiments include filler materials of varying densities that can provide improved flexibility or rigidity over the glass microspheres.
It has been shown in experimentation that encapsulation of approximately ⅛-¼ inch thickness of urethane material provide adequate coating armor for most of the abrasive and impact loads seen during operation of this configuration of protector assembly. Further, the material best-suited for the jacket has been found to be an aliphatic-aromatic blend polyurethane of 92 Shore D hardness. It withstands both the impact and compressive loading seen down hole. Further, it maintains its mechanical properties in most all drilling fluids and can be bonded well to the insert material.
In
In addition, the sleeve may include capability for opening the sleeve without disassembly or may be configured to not open without disassembly. In the latter configuration, the benefit is that more insert material may be included. In the former configuration, the sleeve may be opened in a single step of removing one of the pins and utilizing the hinge.
Benefits.
By increasing the diameter of the non-rotating drill pipe protector, standoff between the drill pipe and casing or riser wall is increased. This improves the protector's performance inside casing of highly-deviated wells and inside riser during conditions of high riser differential angles. A larger outer diameter improves centralization of the pipe within casing or riser which can dramatically reduce drag and prevent buckling during drilling, slide drilling, or tripping in the hole. An installation of large outer diameter protectors can displace an adequate volume of drilling fluid to substantially reduce the pick-up weight of a drill string. A reduction in drag also assists in effectively delivering weight to bit, particularly in horizontal sections.
In addition to the benefits provided while drilling, an installation of large outer diameter protectors can effectively reduce a casing landing string's effective weight in fluid. This may be achieved by installing large diameter protectors to drill pipe remaining in the riser as well as drill pipe miming into casing and liners. This allows longer casing strings, and an additional well design parameter, should adjustment to the drill pipe and mud weight be insufficient to complete the well.
The exterior shell collar allows for safer operation and protection of the one or more sleeve assemblies held between a pair of opposing collars along the pipe axially. The geometry mitigates the possible damage to the sleeve assembly while moving through the rotary table, well head and other restrictions. The exterior shell collar efficiently uses available length of drill pipe by fitting over the installed interior collar. The exterior shell collar effectively delivers impact loads to the structural interior collar.
The multi-segmented insertions in sleeve have the benefits of: (1) completely encapsulating the entire insert, thus providing protection from fluids, impact, and abrasion; (2) the materials are effectively insolated to prevent damage from one part significantly influencing the operation of the overall component; (3) proper selection of materials allow high levels of adhesion between sleeve jacket and insert thus increasing overall structural properties; and (4) the various insert materials and configurations allow for adjustable structural characteristics such as rigidity and density.
The insert materials to be used allow the inserts to be cast into complex shapes. This allows for the multi-segmented design and also eases manufacturing. Casting produces less waste and post-processing of the inserts is minimized. Further, mechanical fasteners can be included in the cast or added before urethane casting to fix the inserts to the internal sleeve cage structure. By suspending the inserts in the urethane mold, complete encapsulation of the inserts is achieved.
The modular design of the protector assembly allows for flexible installation of the protector sleeve and collar assembly which can take place while the drill pipe is running into the hole or offsite. Also, removal of the protector assembly allows for inspection of the drill pipe and reinstallation. The design also permits the reuse of the sleeve and collar assemblies for multiple installations.
The range of the ID for the inner collar can be the same as the larger drill pipe −5 in., 5.5 in., 5.825 in., 6.625 in. The OD of the inner sleeve is approximately 1.5 inch larger than the pipe. The OD of the sleeve can range from 9-20 inches; the ID of the sleeve is approximately 0.
125 inches larger than the drill pipe. The outer collar's ID is the same as the drill pipe it is attached to −5,5.5, 5.825, 6.625 inches. The OD of the outer collar is approximately 0.5-1 inch smaller than OD of the sleeve for the sizes of interest.
A landing string floatation system of this invention can include a reduced number of floatation module inserts. In one embodiment, the syntactic foam module units can be reduced in number to two modules encompassing the OD of the conduit. This allows the use of more foam throughout the cross section, and thus increases floatation capacity.
In the embodiment shown in
Appendix A shows the test data supporting the buoyancy performance curves in
Summary of Unique Features of Invention—Improved Large Diameter Drill Pipe Protector.
Feature 1: An apparatus of non-rotating drill pipe protector assembly consisting of double collars (collar within a collar) and large diameter sleeves.
Feature 2: An apparatus of non-rotating drill pipe protector assembly consisting of double collars and large diameter sleeves with multiplicity of encapsulated inserts.
Feature 3: A method that uses large diameter non-rotating drill pipe [protector with double collars and large diameter sleeves with encapsulated buoyant inserts attached to drill pipe and used for drilling inside large diameter pipe.
Feature 4: A method that uses large diameter non-rotating drill pipe protector with double collars and large diameter sleeves with encapsulated buoyant inserts attached to drill pipe used for running casing inside large diameter pipe.
Feature 5: A method to manufacture large diameter sleeves with one or multiplicity of inserts.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/271,900, filed Jul. 27, 2009; Application No. 61/274,022, filed Aug. 11, 2009; and Application No. 61/336,530, filed Jan. 21, 2010, each application incorporated herein by this reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61271900 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61274022 | Aug 2009 | US | |
| 61336530 | Jan 2010 | US |
