Non-toxic corrosion-protection pigments based on manganese

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates generally to compositions and methods for the formation of protective, corrosion-inhibiting pigments without the use of chromium in the hexavalent oxidation state or lead in the tetravalent oxidation state. More particularly, this invention relates to non-toxic, corrosion-inhibiting pigments based on trivalent and tetravalent manganese and methods of making and using the same.

[0003] Inhibiting the initiation, growth, and extent of corrosion is a significant part of component and systems design for the successful long-term use of metal objects. Uniform physical performance and safety margins of a part, a component, or an entire system can be compromised by corrosion. Aluminum, zinc, iron, magnesium, titanium and their alloys tend to corrode rapidly in the presence of water due to their low oxidation-reduction (redox) potentials. The high strength 2000 and 7000 series of aluminum alloys are used extensively in aircraft and are very sensitive to corrosive attack. Materials such as steels and carbon fibers with higher redox potentials will form a galvanic couple in water and promote corrosive attack when located near light metal alloys such as aluminum.

[0004] A bare metal surface or one that has been conversion coated, phosphated, sealed, rinsed, or otherwise treated will be protected by the application of a primer paint with a corrosion inhibiting pigment. As used herein, the term “pigment” means chemically active compounds with the ability to inhibit corrosion at a distance, rather than simple colorants or opacifiers. Oxidative compounds that are effective as corrosion inhibitors tend to be highly colored and/or opaque. An effective corrosion inhibiting pigment has throwing power and can protect exposed base metal in a scratch or flaw by oxidizing and passivating it at a distance during aqueous corrosion when dispersed in a suitable carrier phase. These compounds are usually solids or liquids that are typically dispersed in a liquid carrier or binder system such as a paint or wash. These compounds may also be used to help inhibit corrosion without a significant liquid carrier using an integral binder and/or a low-volatile application method. Barrier layer formers such as sol-gel coatings or polymeric films are also used, but they tend to have no inherent oxidizing character and no appreciable throwing power and fail to protect the metal surface when the film is breached.

[0005] Pigments that contain hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are the de facto standard for high-performance corrosion inhibiting paints and coatings for metal protection and are a typical corrosion inhibitor used to protect aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper and their alloys. Zinc (C.I. Pigment Yellow 36) and strontium (C.I. Pigment Yellow 32) chromate pigments are typically used, although higher-solubility calcium and magnesium chromates have also seen some limited use as pigments. The coating vehicles of these pigments include alkyd-type primers, acrylic primers, and elastomeric sealants, among others. Some transition metal chromate pigments (e.g., complexed with copper, iron, manganese, or cobalt) and organic chromate pigments (e.g., bound with nitrogenous compounds such as guanidinium) have been used in protective coating systems. Barium or lead chromates have also been used as corrosion inhibitors, as well as colorants. Variations in chromate speciation (i.e., what the chromate ions are bound to) will result in significant differences in protection when used as corrosion-inhibiting pigments, due to differences in chromate solubility.

[0006] A clear correlation between performance and solubility of chromate pigments has been shown. However, oxidizing chromates can be dangerous to use as corrosion inhibitors if they are not delivered in sufficient quantity in a timely manner to the location of a coating breach. The chromate composition was far more important to the corrosion inhibiting performance of the primer film than the organic coating composition.

[0007] A principle use of zinc and strontium chromate pigments is in wash- or etch-primer formulations for aluminum protection. Wash- or etch-primers, which have been used since the 1940s, represent one of the harshest application conditions for chromate pigments. Wash-primers are applied to metal surfaces under acidic conditions where the primer is cured as a corrosion inhibiting film. Chromate pigment powders dispersed in an alcohol/resin base mixture are combined with an aqueous phosphoric acid diluent solution. The acid roughens the metal surface and initiates cross-linking of the resin to form a pigment-filled polymeric film. The chromate pigment may also be dispersed in other carriers that are not as harsh as the wash primer. However, if a corrosion-inhibiting pigment can survive the harsh conditions of acid diluent, then it can usually be successfully incorporated within other paint, polymeric, or barrier film systems for corrosion inhibition.

[0008] An important use of chromate pigments is in coil coating formulations for steel, zinc-coated steel, or aluminum sheet stock. Coil coatings can represent a challenging application environment for pigments in that cure temperatures for these paints can exceed 100 C. Corrosion-inhibiting pigments for these applications must exhibit both throwing power to inhibit corrosion and be thermally stable at elevated temperatures when incorporated into the paint.

[0009] Lead chromate pigments of various compositions are mostly used as colorants, although they are also used for corrosion protection, albeit often for different applications than zinc or strontium chromates. This is necessitated by the much lower solubility of lead chromate in comparison to these other chromates. The dark yellow lead chromate (PbCrO4, C.I. Pigment Yellow 34) exhibits a solubility of approximately 10−7 moles/liter Cr+6, whereas the darker basic lead chromate (PbCrO4.PbO, C.I. Pigment Orange 21) exhibits slightly lower solubility in water. In addition, lead chromate can be combined with other lead compounds to alter the spectral or solubility characteristics. For example, the lemon yellow lead silicochromate (PbCrO4.PbSiO3) and reddish lead molybdate-chromate (PbCrO4.PbMoO4, C.I. Pigment Red 104) are representative examples. [Note: This same situation exists for zinc chromate pigments such as ZnCrO4, ZnCrO4.Zn(OH)2, and ZnCrO4(OH).Zn(OH)2, wherein increased basicity leads to lowering of the solubility.]

[0010] While lead chromate can be used in some of the same coating vehicles as zinc or strontium chromate (i.e., alkyd-type primers), the much lower solubility of lead chromate permits its use in binder systems for which zinc or strontium chromate would be unsuitable. For example, lead chromate is often used in oil-based paints (i.e., linseed oil) wherein greater than 75% by weight of the paint system is pigment. The mechanistic action of the divalent lead ion present in the lead chromate pigments is discussed below.

[0011] Pigments that contain tetravalent lead (PbIV) are also used extensively in coatings for metal protection, especially for steels and cast irons. The most notable PbIV pigment is red lead (Pb3O4, C.I. Pigment Red 105). Red lead is compositionally equivalent to lead plumbate [(Pb2+)2(PbO444−)], wherein only one of the constituent lead atoms is in the tetravalent oxidation state, while the other two are present as the more common divalent species. The PbVI solubility for this compound is a remarkably low 10−17 moles/liter Pb+4 (Glasstone, J. Chem. Soc. 121: 1456-69, 1922), implying an extremely low release rate of PbIV. Red lead is used primarily in alkyd-type primers as well as oil-based paints such as those containing linseed oil.

[0012] Calcium plumbate (Ca2PbO4, Caldiox™) is another representative example of a corrosion-inhibiting pigment containing PbIV. Due to its higher solubility in comparison to red lead, calcium plumbate is most frequently used for applications where a quicker release of oxidizing ions is necessary for protection, such as on galvanized steel. Calcium plumbate is most frequently used in alkyd-type or acrylic primers.

[0013] The use of hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead pigments allows a broad range of service conditions to be addressed by tailoring the solubility of the pigment to the application needs. Very low solubility pigments, such as red lead, employ other corrosion-inhibiting mechanisms in addition to oxidative passivation. The divalent lead ions present in red lead (and even lead chromate) have been observed to form “lead soaps” after long storage when the pigment is used in conjunction with oil paints, especially those comprised of linseed oil. “Lead soaps” are reaction products between the alkaline divalent lead ions and the long-chain carboxylic acids present (i.e., oleates, linoleates, linolenates, palmitates, and stearates). This indicates that even though these pigments exhibit low solubility in water, the constituent ions are still chemically active, but less than their more soluble cousins. The divalent lead ions form insoluble compounds with corrosive anions such as sulfate, and low-solubility compounds with other corrosive ions such as chloride, thereby effectively removing them from the corroding system. For the heavier, more insoluble lead pigments such as red lead and basic lead chromate, the inhibiting action is due to both the oxidative tetravalent lead or hexavalent chromium ions, and the ability of the divalent lead ions to ‘capture’ (insolubilize) corrosive anions such as sulfate.

[0014] Significant efforts have been made in government and industry to replace CrVI and PbIV with other metals for corrosion-inhibiting applications due to toxicity, environmental, and regulatory considerations. An effective replacement for hexavalent chromate or tetravalent lead pigment needs to have throwing power for self-healing coating breeches. Throwing power is the ability of a highly oxidized ion, such as hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead, to oxidize and passivate the exposed bare metal in a small scratch or flaw.

[0015] A number of materials have been introduced as corrosion-inhibiting replacement pigments for tetravalent lead- or hexavalent chromium-based compounds. Commercially available corrosion inhibiting pigments including compounds such as molybdates, phosphates, silicates, cyanamides, and borates that have no inherent oxidizing character have been used as alternatives to chromate pigments. Coatings that contain these materials can effectively inhibit corrosion as barrier films until the coating is breached, as by a scratch or other flaw. Films or coatings that do not contain oxidizing species can actually enhance corrosion on a surface after failure due to the effects of crevice corrosion.

[0016] Manganese is one non-toxic, non-regulated metal which has been considered as a chromium or lead replacement. Manganese (like chromium or lead) exhibits more than one oxidation state (Mn+2, Mn+3, and Mn+4). In addition, the oxidation-reduction potential is comparable to that of CrVI or PbIV in acidic solutions. For example, in acid solution:

Mn+3+e−

Mn+2+1.49 V

Mn+4+e−

Mn+3+1.65V

Cr+6+3e−

Cr+3+1.36 V

Pb+4+2e−

Pb+2+1.70 V

[0017] The MnIV and MnIII ions are very good oxidizing species with oxidation-reduction potentials of +1.65 V and +1.49 V (at pH 0), respectively. The hydroxyl and oxygen liberated from water when MnIV or MnIII is reduced will oxidize nearby bare metal. This results in a passivated metal surface if sufficient oxygen is released. The potential required to reduce tetravalent or trivalent manganese to divalent manganese is only 0.29 or 0.13 volts greater than that needed to add three electrons to reduce CrVI to trivalent chromium (CrIII). Although neither MnIV or MnIII match PbIV in terms of redox potential, neither is significantly lower and so comparable passivation of metal is achieved. MnII is formed during corrosion inhibition by the oxidation of base metal in the presence of MnIV or MnIII and water. MnII is similar to CrIII in that neither is particularly effective as redox-based corrosion inhibitors.

[0018] A number of pigments using manganese have been reported in the literature over the years, but none approach the general performance or utility of PbIV- or CrVI-based pigments. For example, Manganese Violet is a colorant composed of MnII pyrophosphate with no oxidizing characteristics.

[0019] A number of compounds have been described as corrosion-inhibiting agents, including organic mercapto and thio compounds, cyclic tetraaza compounds, aminophosphonic acid, and triazinedithiols and triazinetrithiols. Other compounds have been described as corrosion inhibiting when complexed with manganese, typically in the divalent charge state. Among these compounds are porphyrin derivatives, tetraaza organic compounds, phosphoric and phosphonic acids, naphthenates, amidosulfonic acids, and amino acids. However, the pigments formed from these compounds provide only limited corrosion protection and do not approach the benefit derived from the use of hexavalent chromium.

[0020] In addition, the formation of manganese-containing pigments in which the manganese is complexed with ligands such as hydrazones, O bidentates, azomethines, phthalocyanines, azo and disazo complexes, N—S bidentates, oximes, tetraaza complexes, porphyrins, 1,2-dithiolates, and semicarbazones, has also been described. However, these compounds do not use tetravalent or trivalent manganese and are not used for anticorrosive applications.

[0021] U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,868 to Sullivan, et al. describes the use of alkaline earth-manganese oxides as pigments, wherein the alkaline earth is selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The pigments are described as being colorants and as resisting heat build-up due to infrared reflectance. Corrosion inhibiting characteristics of these compositions are not discussed or claimed. Additional manganese-containing colorants, frits, and ceramic pigments with no discussed or claimed anticorrosive properties are identified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,207 to Nuss, U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,205 to Lowery, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,162 to Speer, et al., and German Patent Nos. DE 4131 548 and DE 40 02 564, both to Speer, et al.

[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,521 to Salensky describes a corrosion-inhibiting pigment formed by sintering manganomanganic oxide (Mn3O4) with oxides of calcium, zinc, barium, magnesium, or strontium.

[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,118 to Eppler describes a corrosion-inhibiting black pigment formed by calcining calcium or strontium oxides or carbonates with manganese oxides. The formed calcium manganese oxide or strontium manganese oxide pigments have very low oil absorption and high tint strength.

[0024] German Patents Nos. 26 42 049, 28 15 306, and 26 25 401 to Hund, et al. describe the use of calcined calcium/iron/aluminum/manganese oxides as corrosion-inhibiting pigments.

[0025] Manganese oxides themselves have been described as being constituents in corrosion-inhibiting formulations. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,417,007 and 4,417,008 to Salensky, et al. as well as Belgian Patent Nos. BE 893,677 to Chopra, et al. and BE 893,676 to Salensky, et al. describe manganomanganic oxide (Mn3O4) as a constituent in a solvent-based paint formulation comprised of resin binders and additional extenders, fillers, and solvents. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is also described as an anticorrosive constituent within formulations in French Patent No. 2,348,257 to Zatmann and German Patent No. DE 39 35 478 to Ortlepp.

[0026] U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,411 to Skinner describes a paint composition described to prevent corrosion of welds. This composition is described as being composed primarily of zinc dust, with manganomanganic oxide (Mn3O4) and organic binder included. The zinc pigment is described as being especially important for corrosion protection.

[0027] To date, no truly effective replacements have been developed for pigments based on CrVI or PbIV. Accordingly, the need remains for improved corrosion-protective pigments composed of currently unregulated and/or nontoxic materials which have an effectiveness, ease of application, and performance comparable to current CrVI or PbIV pigment formulations, and for methods of making and using the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0028] This need is met by the present invention which represents a significant improvement in the formulation of non-toxic pigments through the use of trivalent or tetravalent manganese. Although the present invention is not limited to specific advantages or functionality, it is noted that the trivalent and/or tetravalent manganese pigments of the present invention have been demonstrated with accelerated corrosion testing to retard corrosion to a higher degree than prior art manganese pigments and other alternatives to CrVI- or PbIV-based corrosion inhibiting pigments. These pigments have been tested to inhibit corrosion to the same degree as zinc, strontium, and lead chromate-based CrVI pigments, as well as red lead or calcium plumbate Pb IV pigments. The raw materials are not exotic, are relatively inexpensive, and do not require complicated synthesis methods.

[0029] The present invention utilizes “valency stabilization” of the trivalent or tetravalent manganese ion in the as-formed pigments to achieve corrosion resistance comparable to the more soluble chromate-based CrVI pigments. More specifically, in order to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance, a MnIII-based or MnIV-based pigment must exhibit the following characteristics:

[0030] 1) A corrosion inhibiting pigment must contain a suitable source of oxidizing species. These species quickly oxidize bare metal and form a protective surface if bare metal is exposed in a coating breach.

[0031] 2) A valence stabilizer for the trivalent or tetravalent manganese ion is necessary to ensure that the ion will not be reduced too quickly to the divalent state when released into solution or in the coating. The importance of stabilizing the manganese ion in its trivalent or tetravalent charge state was not previously recognized as critical to the corrosion inhibiting function of a pigment.

[0032] 3) The MnIII or MnIV pigment powder must be a “sparingly soluble”, “low solubility”, or “insoluble” compound in water when dispersed in its binder-carrier system. If the pigment is too insoluble in a selected coating system that requires inhibitor release, an insufficient amount of corrosion inhibitor will be delivered to a flaw. A poorly formed, incomplete oxide layer produced by a pigment of too low solubility for a given binder-carrier system will not only fail to inhibit corrosion, but can promote crevice corrosion and result in locally enhanced corrosion rates.

[0033] The reservoir of oxidizing ions can be quickly flushed away if the pigment is too soluble, and typical corrosion will begin. Highly soluble pigments are also known to result in osmotic blistering of paint films and coatings. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigments that are too soluble can also be responsible for osmotic blistering depending on the aqueous permeability the carrier film.

[0034] It is difficult to place specific solubility values to these optimum “sparingly soluble”, “low solubility”, or “insoluble” pigment materials because there appear to be several variables associated with what makes an optimum anticorrosive pigment material (e.g., specific resin/binder system in which it is placed). The particle size and particle shape has been observed to noticeably affect the solubility of “low solubility” pigments such as lead chromate (e.g., May and Kolthoff, J. Phys. & Colloid Chem. 52: 836-54, 1948). The solubility of the candidate trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment must be matched to the hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead pigment that it is replacing (Table 1), such as zinc or strontium chromate, or calcium plumbate. If the trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment exhibits a solubility in water of between about 1×10−4 and about 1×10−1 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese, then appreciable corrosion inhibition will be observed in the binder systems that typically incorporate zinc or strontium chromates (or calcium plumbate). Pigments that incorporate stabilized trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds that fall outside of this particular range may also exhibit some corrosion inhibition as zinc or strontium chromate (or calcium plumbate) replacements. For example, pigments with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−5 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in binder systems that currently incorporate zinc or strontium chromate (or lead plumbate), although not as great as those compounds which fall within the optimum solubility range. A solubility range from 1×10−6 to 1×10−8 moles per liter trivalent or tetravalent manganese is desirable for manganese pigments to inhibit corrosion in binder systems where lead chromate pigments are currently used. Pigments that incorporate trivalent or tetravalent manganese that fall slightly outside of this range may also inhibit corrosion as lead chromate replacements. For example, pigments with solubilities as high as 1×10−5 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−9 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in binder systems that currently incorporate lead chromate, although not as great as those compounds which fall within the optimum solubility range. Lastly, any trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment that exhibits a solubility lower than 1×10−9, but higher than 1×10−17 (based on red lead solubility) moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in binder systems that currently incorporate red lead. Under special conditions (i.e., very carefully controlled particle sizes), trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds with solubilities as high as 1×10−7 moles per liter trivalent or tetravalent manganese can be used as red lead replacements. The solubility characteristics of the trivalent or tetravalent manganese in the pigment can be controlled through the use of valence stabilizer materials that form compounds that fall within the desired solubility ranges. A “controlled release” of trivalent or tetravalent manganese can thus be achieved similar to the “timed release” of hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead in the “state-of-the-art” systems.

1TABLE 1Solubility Ranges for Trivalent and/orTetravalent Manganese Replacements forHexavalent Chromium or Tetravalent Lead PigmentsHexavalent ChromiumOptimum SolubilityAcceptable Solubilityor Tetravalent LeadRange (moles/LRange (moles/LPigment to be ReplacedMn+3 and/or Mn+4)Mn+3 and/or Mn+4)Zinc Chromates1 × 10−1 (upper)1 × 100 (upper)(including basic forms)totoStrontium Chromates1 × 10−4 (lower)1 × 10−5 (lower)Calcium PlumbateLead Chromates1 × 10−6 (upper)1 × 10−5 (upper)(including basic forms)totoLead Molybdate-Chromate1 × 10−8 (lower)1 × 10−9 (lower)Lead SilicochromateRed Lead1 × 10−9 (upper)1 × 10−7 (upper)toto1 × 10−17 (lower)1 × 10−17 (lower)

[0035] 4) The “valence stabilizer” optionally helps establish an electrostatic barrier layer around the cation-stabilizer compound in aqueous solutions. The nature and character of the electrostatic double-layer surrounding the cation-stabilizer compound may be controlled and modified by careful selection of stabilizer species. In general, the electrostatic double layer formed acts to protect the cation from premature reaction with hydronium, hydroxide, and other ions in solution. The formation of electrostatic barrier layers also helps to impede the passage of corrosive ions through the binder phase to the metallic surface.

[0036] 5) The trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment material may also exhibit ion exchange behavior towards corrosion promoting ions, particularly alkali species. This optional consideration can be important because alkali ions are aggressive aqueous corrosion enhancers in alloys which contain metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or zinc.

[0037] 6) The manganese/valence stabilizer complex can optionally exhibit a color change between the trivalent or tetravalent and divalent manganese oxidation states. This color change can act as a metric to determine when the “throwing power” associated with the pigments is no longer available, and when the paint system in which it is contained needs to be replaced. For this reason, it is also optionally important that the color of these pigments that exhibit a color change between divalent and trivalent or tetravalent oxidation states that is light-fast (i.e., not changed by strong light).

[0038] The effectiveness of an oxidizing species is a function of its individual oxidation-reduction potential, and more highly oxidized species exhibit greater corrosion protection, although lower stability. A stabilizer is necessary to provide a timed release of the inhibitor ion, as well as being needed to ensure that the oxidative strength will not be reduced too rapidly. Thus, a valence stabilizer is required for the trivalent or tetravalent manganese ion because of its reactivity and to produce controlled trivalent or tetravalent manganese solubilities. The corrosion resistance of a number of aluminum alloys as tested using both ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85 has been enhanced through the use of stabilized trivalent and/or tetravalent manganese pigments. Not only do these optimized pigments retard corrosion to a higher degree than other prior art manganese pigments, but their corrosion resistance is comparable to that of hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead systems.

[0039] In one aspect, the invention comprises a mechanistic and chemical approach to the production of corrosion-inhibiting pigments using trivalent or tetravalent manganese. This approach uses stabilizer materials which form compounds with trivalent or tetravalent manganese that match the observed solubilities of hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead pigments currently in use (see Table 1). The solubility ranges reported provide a release of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at a rate slow enough that most binder systems will provide protection for an extended period of time and fast enough to inhibit corrosion during conventional accelerated corrosion testing methods such as ASTM B-117 and G-85. Compounds that fall slightly outside of the solubility ranges shown in Table 1 may also provide some corrosion-inhibiting activity under certain conditions and binder systems. However, pigment compounds with aqueous solubilities far outside of the target ranges are likely to be inefficient corrosion inhibitors. Solubility control can be achieved using organic or inorganic stabilizer materials.

[0040] In an optional aspect, the invention is the achievement of corrosion-resistant pigments using trivalent or tetravalent manganese by the use of stabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit electrostatic dipoles to form electrostatic barrier layers composed of ions such as hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH−) in the presence of water. The formation of these electrostatic barrier layers through the use of stabilizer materials can be achieved using organic or inorganic materials.

[0041] In another optional aspect, the invention is the achievement of corrosion-resistant pigments using trivalent or tetravalent manganese by the use of stabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit ion exchange behavior towards alkali ions. The formation of this ion exchange behavior can be achieved through the use of organic or inorganic materials.

[0042] In yet another optional aspect, the decomposition temperature of the trivalent or tetravalent manganese/valence stabilizer complex upon which the pigment is based should be above 100° C. In addition, the melting temperature of the complex is typically above 50° C., although lower-melting complexes may have some applications.

[0043] In still another optional aspect, the manganese/valence stabilizer complex upon which the pigment is based should exhibit a color change between the trivalent or tetravalent and divalent oxidation states. This allows for a visual metric of when the pigment has lost its “throwing power”, and the binder system within which it is contained must be replaced. Therefore, it is desirable that the color of these pigments be light-fast (unchanged by exposure to strong light).

[0044] These MnIII and MnIV compounds represent a substantial performance improvement over prior art related to pigment alternatives used to replace CrVI-based and PbIV-based corrosion inhibiting pigments. They also provide a capability to tailor the corrosion inhibiting pigment to the carrier system. This allows current binder/resin systems used for chromates or plumbates to be used for MnIII- or MnIV-based systems without modification. Likewise, new binder/carrier/resin systems with improved physical properties can be developed without the restriction of compatibility with zinc, strontium, or lead chromate; or plumbate pigments.

[0045] The raw materials needed for the solutions used to form these coatings are relatively inexpensive. The pigments do not use exotic materials or require complicated synthesis methods.

[0046] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide non-toxic, corrosion-protective pigments based on trivalent or tetravalent manganese and for methods of making and using the same. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the invention. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0047] A. Starting Materials

[0048] Four general starting materials are used for the preparation of trivalent or tetravalent manganese corrosion-inhibiting pigments. These include a manganese source, an oxidation source (if the precursor is a divalent manganese salt), a valence stabilizer source, and optional additional solubility control agents.

[0049] 1) Manganese Source

[0050] Manganese is a nontoxic, non-regulated replacement metal for chromium or lead that exhibits more than one oxidation state (MnII, MnIII, and MnIV). The oxidation reduction potential for MnIII-MnII is comparable to that of the CrVI-CrIII couple, and the oxidation-reduction potential for MnIV-MnIII is comparable to the PbIV-PbII couple. The ionic radii of MnIII (61 pm) and MnIV (54 pm) are slightly larger than the CrVI ion (44 pm), and they will have a correspondingly lower charge density (electrostatic field) per ion as compared to hexavalent chromium. Conversely, both MnIII and MnIV are smaller than PbIV (78 pm), and have a higher charge density (electrostatic field) per ion compared to tetravalent lead. These factors are important in the selection and design of trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds that match or exceed the performance of hexavalent chromium or tetravalent lead pigments.

[0051] Unlike most other high valence metal (HVM) systems, trivalent and/or tetravalent manganese ions exhibit remarkable stability under many environmental conditions. The numerous examples of manganese minerals that contain MnIII or MnIV are evidence of this stability (see Table 2 below). Trivalent or tetravalent manganese-containing minerals could conceptually be used as corrosion-inhibiting pigments. (However, natural impurities contained therein would alter the compositions so that the pigment materials would exhibit altered solubility characteristics.) The trivalent or tetravalent manganese minerals shown in Table 2 could be used as precursors for the production of anticorrosive manganese pigments for lead chromate or red lead replacements.

2TABLE 2Naturally-Occurring Trivalent and/or TetravalentManganese-Containing Minerals Useful as Feedstockfor Anticorrosive Manganese Pigment ProductionManganeseApproximateValenceCrystalMineralCompositionState(s)StructurePyrolusiteMnO2+4TetragonalHausmanniteMn3O4+3/+2TetragonalManganiteMnO(OH)+3TetragonalRamsdelliteMnO2+4OrthorhombicBixbyiteMn2O3+3CubicGroutiteMnO(OH)+3OrthorhombicFeitknechiteMnO(OH)+3TetragonalAkhtenskiteMnO2+4HexagonalBuseriteMnO2+4UnknownNsutiteMn(O,OH)2+4/+3HexagonalHetacroliteZnMn2O4+3TetragonalMarokiteCaMn2O4+3OrthorhombicHydro-HZnMn2−xO4+3/+2TetragonalhetaeroliteBrauniteMn7SiO12+3/+2TetragonalPsilomelane(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10 +4/+3Monoclinic(aka Roman-echite)Crypt-KMn8O16+4/+3Monoclinic oromelaneTetragonalManjiroite(K,Na)Mn8O16+4/+3TetragonalLithiophorite(Al.Li)MnO2(OH)2+4/+3HexagonalChal-(Zn,Fe,Mn)Mn3O7+4RhombohedralcophaniteHollandite(Ba,K,Na)Mn8(O,OH)16+4/+3UnknownWoodruffite(Zn,Mn)Mn3O7+4TetragonalNeltneriteCaMn6SiO12+3TetragonalBirnessiteNa4Mn14O27+4/+3HexagonalAsbolane(Ni,Co)xMn(O,OH)4+4/+3HexagonalTodorokite(K,Ca,Na)(Mn,Al,Mg)6O12+4/+3MonoclinicVernadite(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2+4/+3Hexagonal

[0052] a) Manganese Sources for “Sparingly Soluble” Pigments

[0053] Zinc and strontium chromates, as well as calcium plumbate, are “sparingly soluble” in water, and are typically formed via precipitation from a liquid media (i.e., water), with subsequent particle sizing and powder processing. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigments to be used for the same applications as zinc and strontium chromates, or calcium plumbate, are produced in a similar fashion. This is because the higher solubility requirements (1×10−1 to 1×10−4 moles/liter inhibitor ion) for these pigments necessitate much higher release rates of MnIII or MnIV than can typically be achieved by calcined or “fired” materials. MnIII or MnIV compounds that can achieve high solubilities and release rates require special valence stabilizer and/or solubility control agents. The easiest preparative method for these constituents is via precipitation processes.

[0054] Manganese precursors for “sparingly soluble” pigments can be nearly any water, alcohol, or hydrocarbon soluble manganese compound in which the manganese is in the divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, or heptavalent oxidation state. Water-soluble precursors are typically used. Inorganic divalent manganese precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate, manganese perchlorate, manganese chloride, manganese fluoride, manganese bromide, manganese iodide, manganese bromate, manganese chlorate, and complex fluorides such as manganese fluosilicate, manganese fluotitanate, manganese fluozirconate, manganese fluoborate, and manganese fluoaluminate. Organometallic divalent manganese precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, manganese formate, manganese acetate, manganese propionate, manganese butyrate, manganese valerate, manganese benzoate, manganese glycolate, manganese lactate, manganese tartronate, manganese malate, manganese tartrate, manganese citrate, manganese benzenesulfonate, manganese thiocyanate, and manganese acetylacetonate.

[0055] The manganese precursor for “sparingly soluble” pigments may also be a compound with manganese already in the trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state. A representative example is manganese III acetylacetonate. The manganese precursor for “sparingly soluble” pigments may be a compound with the manganese in the heptavalent oxidation state (permanganates). Heptavalent manganese precursors include, but are not limited to: potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate, lithium permanganate, ammonium permanganate, magnesium permanganate, calcium permanganate, strontium permanganate, barium permanganate, zinc permanganate, ferric permanganate, nickel permanganate, copper permanganate, cobalt permanganate, cerium permanganate, lanthanum permanganate, yttrium permanganate, and aluminum permanganate.

[0056] b) Manganese Sources for “Low Solubility” or “Insoluble” Pigments

[0057] Lead chromates are typically formed via precipitation from aqueous solution, while red lead pigments are produced by firing PbII oxide (PbO) in an oxidizing environment at approximately 400° C. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds to be used as lead chromate or red lead replacements can be formed in two ways: 1) precipitating a manganese compound from a liquid medium and then firing or calcining the resultant precipitate; or 2) calcining or firing a manganese-containing compound or mixture using insoluble precursors. The commonality between these two options is firing, calcining, or otherwise heating a manganese-containing compound or mixture. The only manganese compounds suitable as replacements for lead chromate or red lead pigments (<1×10−5 moles/liter inhibitor ion) are those produced by calcining or heating manganese compounds with or without other additives.

[0058] Soluble manganese sources for precipitation prior to calcining, firing, or otherwise heating are similar to those described above for “sparingly soluble” pigments. Insoluble manganese-containing compounds useful as precursors include MnII, MnIII, MnIV, and some MnIV compounds. Insoluble divalent manganese compounds useful as precursors include, but are not limited to: manganese oxide (manganosite), manganese hydroxide (pyrochroite), manganese carbonate (rhodochrosite), manganese silicate (rhodonite, tephroite, manganhumite, or manganjustite), manganese sulfide (alabandite or hauerite), manganese phosphate (reddingite or hureaulite), manganese oxalate, and manganese borate. Insoluble trivalent manganese or tetravalent manganese compounds suitable as precursors include manganese dioxide (MnO2), manganomanganic oxide (Mn3O4), manganese sesquioxide (Mn2O3), lithiated manganese spinel (LiMn2O4), and manganese III hydroxide (MnOOH). The MnIII and MnIV containing minerals described in Table 1 are also useful insoluble trivalent and tetravalent manganese precursors.

[0059] MnIII and MnIV are capable of providing corrosion protection at a distance to a metal surface in the presence of coating flaws such as scrapes, scratches, and holes because of their throwing power. The solubility of the MnIII or MnIV compound needs to be tailored to suit the needs of the protection system and must be neither too high, nor too low in that system. The protective system includes the binder phase, assorted modifiers, and under- and over-coatings. The system needs to be performance matched to its intended usage environment. Timely release and throwing power of the inhibitor are critical to protective performance, but controlled tailoring of these has not been taught in prior art. Likewise, the body of systematic chemistry data required to control these properties has not been readily available in a form useful to help design coatings. The present invention outlines how to stabilize MnIII and MnIV with a variety of materials so the MnIII and MnIV may be adapted to a multitude of pigment applications with specific compatibility requirements.

[0060] 2) Oxidation Source

[0061] If MnIII and/or MnIV pigment compounds are produced via precipitation, an oxidizing species will typically be included in the synthesis solution if divalent manganese compounds are used as precursors for MnIII and MnIV. Otherwise, a post-precipitation oxidation step will be required. Additional amounts of oxidizer may be added to help control and maintain a desired amount of MnIII/MnIV in the pigment solution by reoxidizing MnIII/MnIV that has become reduced. The trivalent manganese ion is an exceptionally good oxidizing species with an oxidation-reduction potential of +1.49 V at a pH of 0 for the MnIII-MnII couple in water, and the tetravalent manganese ion is an even stronger oxidizing species, with a redox potential of +1.65 V under similar conditions. Strong oxidizers are required because of the high potential of their redox reaction. The oxidizers may be gases, liquids, or solids. Solid oxidizers are typically used for this application due to ease of handling and reagent measurement. Other starting materials (manganese source and stabilizer source) will also frequently be solids. Liquid oxidizers may be used, but handling and accurate process metering have proven difficult. Gaseous oxidizers may be the most cost effective and chemically efficient on a large scale, but are also the most problematic due to handling and venting concerns.

[0062] Oxidizers suited for the purpose of producing and maintaining the manganese ion in the trivalent or tetravalent charge state include but are not restricted to peroxides and peroxo compounds (including superoxides, persulfates, perborates, pernitrates, perphosphates, percarbonates, persilicates, peraluminates, pertitanates, perzirconates, permolybdates, pertungstates, pervanadates, and organic peroxyacid derivatives), ozone, hypochlorites, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, nitrites, vanadates, iodates, hypobromites, chlorites, bromates, permanganates, periodates, and dissolved gases such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine. Inorganic and organic derivatives of these compounds may be used. Typical oxidizers for this use are peroxides, persulfates, perbenzoates, periodates, bromates, hypochlorites, gaseous dissolved oxygen, and even the oxygen content of air. In general, any inorganic, organic, or combination species with an oxidation potential of +1.0 V or greater (at a pH of 1) will be capable of oxidizing divalent manganese to the trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state.

[0063] Oxidized manganese may also be produced in solution by electrolytic oxidation. However, this approach may not be economically feasible due to the energy costs associated with electrolytic oxidation. Chemical oxidation, such as that described above, currently offers the best-value approach for oxidizing manganese to the trivalent or tetravalent state.

[0064] It is also possible to produce a divalent manganese/valence stabilizer complex, and then apply an oxidizer to oxidize divalent manganese to trivalent or tetravalent manganese. This, however, is less typical because the percentage of trivalent or tetravalent manganese will decrease from the outside to the interior of the pigment particle.

[0065] Oxygen (including the oxygen content of air) is the most useful oxidizer source for the production of “low solubility” or “insoluble” trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment compounds via calcining, firing, or otherwise heating processes. The control of temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, flowrate, and even particle size allows the oxidation state of the manganese in the sintered particle to be divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent. Other oxidizing gasses such as NOx, SOx, chlorine, fluorine, or ozone can also be used, but these are less desirable due to their environmental impact.

[0066] 3) Valence Stabilizers

[0067] Manganese is effective as an oxidative corrosion inhibitor if it can be supplied in sufficient quantities in the trivalent and/or tetravalent charge-state when brought into contact with unprotected bare metal. Corrosion resistance comparable to that of CrVI or PbIV can be achieved by the use of MnIII and/or MnIV oxidizer ions in pigment compounds. Valence stabilizers are materials that, when assembled, modify the rate of reduction and the solubility of the MnIII and/or MnIV ions. Valence stabilization has not been previously recognized as an important consideration in the development of effective corrosion inhibiting pigments. Stabilization helps avoid reduction and premature conversion of the ion to the divalent charge-state during compound formation, carrier incorporation, application, and exposure to a corrosive environment. Stabilizers control solubility, mobility, ion exchange, binder compatibility, and the degree of surface wetting. The exact solubility of this compound may be modified by species released into solution by the dissolving metal surface or by the subsequent addition of solubility control agents. A variety of inorganic and organic stabilizers are available that can serve to control solubility. The stabilizer may also act as an ion-exchange host and/or trap for alkali or halide ions in solution.

[0068] Valence stabilization is necessary for MnIII and MnIV due to the reactivity of these ions with water. Unlike MnII, which can readily be solubilized in water, MnIII and MnIV ions rapidly react with water, producing elemental oxygen. Valence stabilization is particularly useful for the more soluble MnIII and MnIV compounds (i.e., >1×10−5 moles/liter of inhibitor ion) where more rapid release rates of these ions are necessary. For example, manganese dioxide (MnO2) is reported to exhibit a solubility in water between 2.4×10−5 and 4.0×10−7 moles/liter Mn+4, depending upon pH (Swain, et al., Anal. Chem. 47(7): 1135-7, 1975 and Savenko, Geokhimiya (3) pp. 416-9, 1985). Similarly, manganese sesquioxide (Mn2O3) is reported to exhibit a solubility in water between 3.3×10−8 and 5.1×10−9 moles/liter Mn+3, depending upon temperature (Ampelogova, et al., Radiokhimiya 31(4): 160-5, 1989). For these low solubility compounds, oxygen (O) is a satisfactory “valence stabilizer” to achieve the desired solubilities and release rates. Specialized valence stabilizers are necessary for MnIII and MnIV compounds of solubilities higher than 1×10−5 moles/liter Mn+3 or Mn+4.

[0069] The need for “valence stabilization” of trivalent or tetravalent manganese for corrosion inhibition has only been indirectly noted in the general corrosion literature as a synergistic enhancement. Corrosion inhibition behavior of nitrogen-containing organics such as aniline or pyridine has been reported to be enhanced with the addition of manganese. The exact nature of this “synergistic enhancement” has never been adequately explained. These “synergistic” mixtures of nitrogen-containing organics and manganese have also been described as being “oxygen-scavengers”, and the organics are frequently observed to “chemisorb” onto the substrate piece being protected.

[0070] This enhancement can be explained by the “valence stabilization” model of corrosion inhibition by trivalent or tetravalent manganese outlined here. Nitrogen-containing organics and manganese result in the formation of an organometallic complex where the central manganese ion can be stabilized in a higher oxidation state. The observed “oxygen-scavenging” phenomenon associated with dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions is easily explained by the oxidation of stabilized divalent manganese to the trivalent or tetravalent state. “Sparingly soluble” MnIII or MnIV complexes containing these organics are responsible for the corrosion inhibiting activity, and these organics will appear to be “adsorbed” or “chemisorbed” from solution onto the metal piece being protected due to precipitation.

[0071] The key to providing a useful source of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at a metal surface is the creation of a compound in which the MnIII or MnIV ion is shielded from premature reduction during and after pigment formation. The formation of pigments with the proper release rate of MnIII or MnIV ions is problematic because of the instability of MnIII and MnIV in solution. A valence stabilizer must assemble around MnIII or MnIV to form a compound in order to produce the active corrosion-inhibiting component in a pigment. It is difficult to place specific solubility values to these optimum sparingly soluble pigments because of the wide range of binder systems in which corrosion-inhibiting pigments are used.

[0072] In order to replace the zinc chromates, strontium chromate, or calcium plumbate pigments, a MnIII- or MnIV-stabilized compound with a solubility in water of between about 1×10−4 and about 1×10−1 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese should exhibit appreciable corrosion inhibition when used as a primer pigment. This solubility range provides a release of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at a rate slow enough that protection will be provided for an extended period of time and fast enough to inhibit corrosion during conventional accelerated corrosion testing methods such as ASTM B-117 and G-85 for coatings that contain these pigments. Manganese compounds that fall outside of this particular solubility range may exhibit a small degree of corrosion inhibition in the binder systems that currently use the zinc or strontium chromate pigments. For example, compositions with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−5 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese will exhibit some corrosion resistance, although they will not be as effective as those compounds within the optimum solubility range. A common MnIII compound (MnIII acetylacetonate) is too soluble to provide effective corrosion inhibition if incorporated into a binder system such as a paint. Other compounds, such as Mn3O4 as described in the prior art, will not serve as effective corrosion inhibiting pigments in the binder systems that currently use the zinc or strontium chromate pigments because they are too insoluble.

[0073] The needed solubility will be strongly dependent on the net aqueous solubility of overlying paints and coatings and their usage environment. For example, solubility tailoring would be useful in a situation where a protected substrate is suddenly immersed in seawater, or where a rubber sealant allows only limited water penetration. Adequate corrosion protection could be achieved through the formation of a trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment compound that exhibits a higher solubility in water (e.g., 1×100 to 1×10−3 moles per liter MnIII or MnIV). A rapid release of protective trivalent or tetravalent manganese ions would happen at the expense of depleting the manganese quickly from the coating. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigments of lower solubilities (e.g., 5×10−5 to 1×10−3 moles per liter MnIII or MnIV) may also be useful in some situations (e.g., as paints in nearly pure deoxygenated water). The number and range of compound solubilities offered by valence stabilized MnIII and MnIV compounds allows the development of protective coating systems with broad performance and application ranges. This feature is not presently available even for CrVI based corrosion inhibiting pigments.

[0074] Any material in the synthesis bath which complexes with trivalent or tetravalent manganese (whether inorganic or organic) and which results in the formation of a MnIII- or MnIV-containing compound that exhibits solubilities within or near this solubility range can serve as a valence stabilizer for trivalent or tetravalent manganese. The assembly of a protective shell around the highly charged MnIII or MnIV and its associated oxygen and hydroxyl species can help control the rate at which the manganese is reduced and its oxygen is released. Proper selection of materials for forming the protective shell will allow solubility tailoring of the entire assembly to its intended application environment. Valence stabilizers described above may need some type of additional solubility control to optimize the performance of the trivalent or tetravalent manganese-valence stabilizer compound. Additional solubility control agents may be in the form of inorganic or organic compounds. Their use is optional rather than a requirement for effective valence stabilization and solubility control.

[0075] Trivalent or tetravalent manganese-containing compounds that are useful as replacements for lead chromate or red lead pigments require lower solubilities. A typical formula for a red lead paint is:

3Red lead (Pb3O4)80 wt. PercentLinseed oil18 wt. PercentTurpentine and liquid drier 2 wt. Percent

[0076] The majority of this paint system is pigment. If the pigment in this paint system exhibited excessive solubilities for this specific application, the coating would quickly be exhausted, leaving limited protection for the underlying metal.

[0077] An optimum solubility range from 1×10−6 to 1×10−8 moles per liter trivalent or tetravalent manganese is desirable for manganese pigments to inhibit corrosion in the binder systems that lead chromate pigments currently are used in. Pigments that incorporate trivalent or tetravalent manganese that fall slightly outside of this range may also inhibit corrosion as lead chromate replacements. For example, pigments with solubilities as high as 1×10−5 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−9 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in binder systems that currently incorporate lead chromate, although not as great as those compounds which fall within the optimum solubility range.

[0078] Any trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment that exhibits a solubility lower than 1×10−9 moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in binder systems that currently incorporate red lead. Under special conditions (i.e., very carefully controlled particle sizes), trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds with solubilities as high as 1×10−7 moles per liter trivalent or tetravalent manganese can be used as red lead replacements.

[0079] As with the more soluble MnIII and MnIV compounds used as zinc or strontium chromate replacements, changes in pigment solubility can be achieved through the use of additional solubility control agents.

[0080] Several variables are associated with making optimized pigments. If the pigment is too insoluble for the specific application, then insufficient trivalent or tetravalent manganese is available to inhibit corrosion. Low solubility compounds that do not provide a sufficient amount of oxidation quickly enough to a coating breach may produce an incomplete oxide layer and thus an ineffective barrier film. If the manganese pigment is too soluble, it will be washed away quickly, and an incomplete thin oxide film will form that will not provide long-term corrosion protection, or osmotic blistering of the paint system may result. The formation of spotty or patchy oxides can promote localized crevice corrosion and can result in enhanced corrosion rates at the breach.

[0081] The traditional chromate pigments are used not only in alkyd resin systems (e.g., DoD-P-15328D Wash Primers), but also in acrylic systems (e.g., MIL-P-28577B Water-Borne Acrylic Primers), and even in sulfonated rubber sealants (e.g., MIL-PRF-81733D Sealing and Coating Compound). Tetravalent lead pigments are typically used in either oil-based (i.e., linseed oil) paint systems, although some are used in alkyd resin coatings. Fortunately, it is possible to tailor the MnIII and/or MnIV valence stabilizer compound pigment systems themselves to specific binder/solvent systems using solubility (cohesion) parameters. Solubility parameters define how well an inorganic or organometallic complex will disperse in a given resin/binder system. This represents a radical departure from traditional paint systems, in which the paint systems are configured to specific pigments.

[0082] The formation of an electrostatic double layer can be important for the effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor once it is released into solution during corrosion. There are differences in anodic and cathodic polarization, solubility, and the saturated pH of aqueous solutions of various chromate or plumbate pigments. The formation of an electrostatic double layer around the pigment while in its carrier film will not be as important as when the species is in solution. For this reason, the development of an electrostatic double layer around the pigment is an optional consideration. For example, zinc chromate pigment-filled paint does not exhibit electrochemical inhibiting behavior. The carrier film typically behaves as a water impermeable barrier and will muffle the polar character of the pigment. The hexavalent chromium pigments SrCrO4 and ZnCrO4 have very small barrier layers associated with them, but they are effective as corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Optimized solubility for MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compounds alone can result in corrosion resistance comparable to the state-of-the-art chromium pigments. The degree of polarization exhibited by the MnIII or MnIV ions will be less than the CrVI ion because of their larger ionic radius and lower charge-state, and they will not be as efficient in forming electrostatic double layers in aqueous solution. The valence stabilization of trivalent or tetravalent manganese should be optimized to achieve the highest degree of efficiency in both solubility control and polar character, in order to further enhance the corrosion resistance.

[0083] Conversely, because both the MnIII and MnIV ions are smaller than the PbIV ion, the degree of polarization exhibited by these ions will be greater than PbIV, and they will be more effective in forming electrostatic double layers in aqueous solution. In order to replace PbIV pigments, a lower degree of valence stabilization is therefore acceptable.

[0084] The nature and character of the “electrostatic double layer” surrounding the trivalent or tetravalent manganese/valence stabilizer compound may be controlled and modified by careful selection of organic or inorganic stabilizers. Characteristics such as the electrical dipole moment and the shape/conformation (for steric effects) of the stabilizer were found to influence the performance of the corrosion-inhibiting pigment. These stabilizer ions establish a protective electrostatic shell around the cation-stabilizer compound and gather additional layers of ions such as hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH−) about them. The size of the electrostatic double layer is a function of the electrostatic potential at the compound surface and is inversely proportional to the ionic strength of the surrounding solution. An electrostatic double layer will likely form in aqueous solution for compounds that can carry a charge, have a natural electrostatic dipole, or can have an induced dipole. However, these compounds do not normally act as corrosion inhibitors because they have not been optimized for that purpose.

[0085] The melting point and decomposition temperature of the pigment material are important. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese-valence stabilizer compounds that decompose below about 100° C. limit both their useful lifetimes and range of use. The melting temperature should be above about 50° C. to ensure that the liquid phase does not form during normal handling procedures. An additive may be needed for pigments with melting temperatures below about 50° C. Inert solid addendum materials need not have any inherent corrosion-inhibiting capability and are used to provide a base (support) that the pigment can absorb on or into. Oxides, phosphates, borates, silicates, and polymers are examples of support compounds that can be used. Low melting temperature pigments (below about 50° C.) can be used, but they require handling and processing different from higher melting temperature pigments. Liquid-phase corrosion inhibitors based on MnIII, MnIV, and CrVI pigments have been demonstrated to provide excellent performance as corrosion inhibitors in primer paint systems.

[0086] The corrosion-inhibiting pigments of the present invention can optionally exhibit a color change between oxidized species and divalent species. The implications of these color changes from an applications standpoint are significant. Color changes in the pigment material in use can be used as a metric to determine when the pigment no longer exhibits corrosion-inhibiting action as a result of depleting the oxidized ion. Changes in hue of the pigment can be used to determine how much service life remains for that pigment in terms of corrosion-inhibiting capacity. Valence based color change is an attribute that conventional chromate or plumbate pigments do not exhibit. The color change associated with their redox reaction of chromate or plumbate pigments is insignificant as the pigments are reduced and “depleted” of their corrosion-inhibitive capability. Thus, trivalent or tetravalent manganese/valence stabilizer combinations that exhibit these color changes are superior to chromium or lead in terms of providing an easily measured, easily observed metric to gauge remaining service life of the pigment. However, this color change should not be initiated by exposure to strong light. Light-fast pigments are therefore desirable for these indicator pigments.

[0087] The incorporation of the valence stabilizer (inorganic or organic) may optionally result in the formation of a MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound that also exhibits ion exchange behavior towards alkali ions. This is not a requirement of the MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound, and pigments that do not exhibit this phenomenon have been successfully demonstrated to inhibit corrosive attack. However, it is a desirable characteristic for enhanced corrosion resistance. Existing CrVI-based or PbIV-based pigment systems do not exhibit this behavior to any significant degree.

[0088] The design of suitable MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compounds allows typical and less typical stabilizers to be identified. The general classes of compounds described below represent only a first approximation of whether a specific coordination compound will provide favorable or unfavorable properties in a MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound. Property tailoring can also take place through selection of specific anions or cations bound to the MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer coordination compound. The “physiology” of inorganic stabilizers is simple because of the limited number of atoms and structural arrangements involved in their formation. The “physiology” of organic stabilizers is not as simple. An organically stabilized manganese compound may have one or more organic ligands that may have one or more bonding sites that can interact with the MnIII or MnIV ion/oxide cluster. The bonding groups can be the same or different atoms or functional groups on an individual or a variety of ligands. An organic stabilizer ligand can be modified in an unlimited number of ways to tailor its physical behavior with respect to such properties as chemical reactivity, solubility, electrostatic and polar character, and functional behavior.

[0089] It is possible to fine tune the electronic and structural characteristics of a MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound further via substituent groups on the coordinating ligand, and/or by the selection of cations or anions to complete the charge balance of the MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound. For example, some substituent groups have large dipole moments associated with them, which will increase the electrostatic barrier layers associated with the manganese/valence stabilizer complexes. These include: ketones (═C═O), thioketones (═C═S), amides (—C[═O]—NR2), thioamides (—C[═S]—NR2), nitrites or cyano groups, (—CN), isocyanides (—NC), nitroso groups (—N═O), thionitroso groups (—N═S), nitro groups (—NO2), azido groups (—N3), cyanamide or cyanonitrene groups (═N—CN), cyanate groups (—O—CN), isocyanate groups (—N—C═O), thiocyanate groups (—S—CN), isothiocyanate groups (—N═C═S), nitrosamine groups (═N—N═O), thionitrosamine groups (═N—N═S), nitramine groups (═N—NO2), thionitramine groups (═N—NS2), carbonylnitrene groups (—CO—N), thiocarbonylnitrene groups (—CS—N), sulfenyl halides (—S—X), sulfoxides (—S═O), sulfones (═S[═O]2), sulfinyl groups (—N═S═O), thiosulfinyl groups (—N═S=S), sulfenyl thiocyanato groups (—S—S—CN), sulfenyl cyanato groups (—S—O—CN), sulfodiimine groups (═S[═NH]2), sulfur dihaloimido groups (—N═SX2), sulfur oxide dihaloimido groups (—N═S[═O]X2), aminosulfur oxide trihalide groups (═N—S[═O]X3), sulfonyl azide groups (—S[═O]2N3), sulfonyl thiocyanate groups (—S[═O]2SCN), sulfonyl cyanate groups (—S[═O]2OCN), sulfonyl cyanide groups (—S [═O]2CN), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]2OX), phosphonyl thiocyanate groups (—P[═O]OHSCN), phosphonyl cyanate groups (—P[═O]OHOCN), and phosphonyl cyanide groups (—P[═O]OHCN). In this way, the characteristics of less typical coordinating ligands may be adjusted so that the resultant MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound does exhibit some degree of corrosion inhibition. Conversely, the physical characteristics of typical coordination compounds can be adjusted so that they are no longer suitable as a corrosion inhibitor.

[0090] Valence stabilizers can be either organic or inorganic compounds. Manganese coordination chemistry, which has been the subject of numerous scientific studies for almost 100 years, identifies chemical binding preferences, structure stability, and the physical properties of the resulting compounds. Producing effective MnIII- and/or MnIV-valence stabilizer compounds requires understanding the electrostatic and structural influence of candidate species on the compound. The solubility of the valence stabilized MnIII- and/or MnIV-compound scales roughly with the inverse of its diameter. The MnIII and MnIV ions and their layer of negatively charged hydroxyl ions are very small, which results in a high degree of aqueous solubility. The field strength of the complex also scales with the inverse of its physical diameter. Large compounds with an optimal degree of solubility will not necessarily be ideal with respect to the size of their electrostatic double layer. The size of the ligand must therefore be balanced against the desired electrical properties. The MnIII ion generally favors complexation either in the square pyramidal (coordination number 5) or octahedral (coordination number 6) arrangements, although it will occasionally be found in a pentagonal bipyramid arrangement. The MnIV ion almost exclusively favors complexation in the octahedral (coordination number 6) arrangement. Valence stabilizers (and stabilizer combinations) should be selected with the goal of achieving these coordinations.

[0091] Stabilizers can be designed that result in manganese compounds with the necessary physical, electrical, and chemical properties to perform as corrosion inhibitors with this information. The nature of a particular valence stabilizer shell surrounding the manganese ion, or combination of valence stabilizers, can be further manipulated by the selection of appropriate “shaping groups” and heteroatoms at the binding site. Inorganic valence stabilizers are typically oxygen-containing coordinations. Therefore, manipulation of different sized ionic complexes around the MnIII or MnIV ions is best controlled through adjustment of the heteroatoms (e.g., Mo, W, Te, etc.) within these “polymerized” oxygen-containing ionic complexes (ligands).

[0092] For organic compounds, the physical geometry of the binding sites is important to the stability of the MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compound. The influence of site geometry becomes evident when the solvation shell of a MnIII or MnIV ion is replaced by the ligand donor atoms as when pigments are formed. The number of available ligand binding sites should be at least equal to the standard coordination number of the MnIII or MnIV ion. The balance between solvation of the ligand and MnIII and/or MnIV and their complexation where MnIII or MnIV is solvated by a specific ligand is critical in maintaining stability. MnIII- or MnIV-ligand attraction increases with the number of available binding sites on the ligand. However, with an increasing number of binding sites, site-site repulsions will also increase, resulting in lower stability.

[0093] The number of binding sites available on the complexing ligand is important to the resulting MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer's properties. Several ligands are required to effectively stabilize MnIII or MnIV if the chosen ligand has only one binding site. For example, six NH3 ligands are needed to octahedrally coordinate MnIII in a hexaaminemanganese(III) compound because NH3 has only one binding site. Bulky ligands with only one binding site, like pyridine, can be sterically hindered from packing tightly around the ion and will result in decreased compound stability. Conversely, macrocyclic organic and polymeric inorganic ligands can have many suitable binding sites. However, instability will result if a MnIII or MnIV ion is not completely embraced by all of the multiple macromolecular bonding sites on the ligand. For example, if a macromolecule surrounding the MnIII or MnIV ion has an insufficient number of binding sites available for charge balance, then the MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compound will be much less stable than a macromolecule that contains an adequate number of sites.

[0094] The stability of the MnIII- or MnIV-organic compound is strongly influenced by the charge, charge sign, and degree of polarizability of specific binding sites. Factors influencing compound stability include: 1) ion-pair interactions for charged ligands and MnIII or MnIV; 2) ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole interactions for neutral ligands; 3) hydrogen bonding; and 4) the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) rules convention of coordination chemistry. HSAB rules help identify functional groups on ligands that might be effective as binding sites. Optimum binding for organic valence stabilizers to MnIII or MnIV will be with ligands with hard bonding species such as those that contain oxygen or nitrogen. Certain coordination complexes of the soft base sulfur are also effective for binding with MnIII or MnIV. HSAB rules can also help identify groups that might provide a degree of polarization to the stabilizer because of their large dipole moments. The nature-of bonding-between the MnIII or MnIV ion/oxide cluster and the stabilizer ligand can be altered by using a substituent group to modify the stabilizer. Specific interactions between the ligand and MnIII or MnIV can be tailored by substituent group selection coupled with altering the size or geometry of the complexing ligand. Some substituent groups, such as carbonyls (ketones, amides, ureas), nitro groups, cyano groups, and azido groups have large dipole moments. The polarization of the MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer can therefore be optimized via evaluation of the effect of ligand type and substituents.

[0095] Finally, the size of the valence stabilizer plays an important role in solubility control of the resultant MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compound. As the ligand increases in size, it becomes more difficult to keep it in solution, therefore lowering the solubility. However, this must be balanced against the fact that as ligands are increased in size, it also becomes more difficult to establish the necessary dipoles at the compound/water interface. The size of the ligand must therefore be balanced against the desired electrical properties. The addition (or subtraction) of functional groups on organic valence stabilizers can be used to modify the solubility of the formed Mn+3 or Mn+4/valence stabilizer species. For example, the addition of sulfonated groups (—SO3−) to organic valence stabilizers will significantly increase the solubility in water. Other substituent groups that will increase the solubility in water include: carboxyl groups (—CO2—), hydroxyl groups (—OH), ester groups (—CO3—), carbonyl groups (═C═O), amine groups (—NH2), nitrosamine groups (═N—N═O), carbonylnitrene groups (—CO—N), sulfoxide groups (═S═O), sulfone groups (═S[═O]2), sulfinyl groups (—N═S═O), sulfodiimines (═S[═NH]2), sulfonyl halide groups (—S[═O]2X), sulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2NH2), monohalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2NHX), dihalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2MX2), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]2OX), halosulfonate amide groups (═N—S[═O]2X), aminosulfonate groups (═N—S[═O]2OH), iminodisulfonate groups (—N[SO3−]2), phosphonate groups (—PO3−2), phospbonamide groups (—PO2NH2−), phosphondiamide groups (—PO[NH2]2), aminophosphonate groups (—N—PO3−2), and iminodiphosphonate groups (—N[PO3−2]2). Conversely, the addition of nitro groups (—NO2), perfluoroalkyl groups (—CxF2x+1), perchloroalkyl groups (—CxCl2x+1), nitramine groups (—N—NO2), thioketone groups (═C═S), sulfenyl halide groups (—S—X), and sulfur dibaloimide groups (—N═SX2) to organic valence stabilizers will decrease the solubility in water. In this way, the solubility characteristics of valence stabilizers can be “tailored” to meet specific binder/resin needs.

[0096] Valence stabilizers-and combinations of stabilizers can be manipulated by the selection of “shaping groups” and heteroatoms positioned at the binding site. Saturated organic chains can form flexible ligands that wrap around MnIII- or MnIV- and can enhance their stability. Unsaturated organics typically have less freedom to bend and contort and are less likely to be a ligand that can wrap or fit around the MnIII or MnIV ions. Addition of substituents onto an organic ligand may further restrict its freedom to flex. For example, the attachment of a phenyl group onto an organic valence stabilizer that contains two or more binding sites will likely restrict the ability of that ligand to flex around the MnIII or MnIV ions so as to coordinate it as a square pyramid or octahedral complex.

[0097] The physical, chemical, and electrostatic requirements for the design of effective pigments based on MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compounds result in lists of stabilizers that may be divided into wide band or narrow band stabilizer classes for MnIII or MnIV, depending upon the application. Wide band valence stabilizers can be used under a wide variety of service conditions (e.g., corroding specie, temperature, etc.) to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance. Wide band physical properties (stability, solubility, and polarization) can be achieved by both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers. The desirable physical property of ion exchange can also be achieved with both inorganic and organic coordination compounds. “Narrow band” valence stabilizers result in satisfactory pigments only under limited applications. Table 3 lists the wide and narrow band valence stabilizers for MnIII and MnIV depending upon the specific application.

[0098] The compounds listed here are general guides for the initial selection of a coordination compound and do not represent a complete list. Tailoring substituent groups and the selection of cations or anions for charge balance can influence whether a particular MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compound will have wide band or narrow band corrosion inhibiting characteristics. Both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers may form compounds with the necessary physical properties of stability, solubility, and polarization to be effective corrosion inhibiting pigments.

4TABLE 3Wide and Narrow Band Valence Stabilizers for Trivalentand/or Tetravalent Manganese Replacements for HexavalentChromium or Tetravalent Lead PigmentsHexavalent ChromiumWideNarrowor Tetravalent LeadBand ValenceBand ValencePigment to be ReplacedStabilizersStabilizersZinc ChromatesInorganic:Inorganic:(including basic forms)Molybdates, tungstates,Bismuthates,Strontium Chromatesvanadates, niobates,germanates,Calcium Plumbatetantalates, tellurates,arsenatesperiodates, iodates,antimonates, stannates,sulfates, polyphosphatesOrganic:Organic:See Table 4See Table 5Lead ChromatesInorganic:Inorganic:(including basic forms)Oxygen, titanates,CarbonatesLead Molybdate-Chromatezirconates, tantalates,Lead Silicochromatealuminates, silicates,phosphates, boratesOrganic:Organic:nonenoneRed LeadInorganic:Inorganic:Oxygen, titanates,Nonezirconates, tantalates,aluminates, silicatesOrganic:Organic:nonenone

[0099] 3a) Wide Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers

[0100] Wide band inorganic valence stabilizers are formed around the MnIII or MnIV ion by “polymerizing” in synthesis solution. Inorganic wide band valence stabilizers for MnIII or MnIV for “sparingly soluble” pigments include molybdates (Mo+6, Mo+5, or Mo+4, for example [Mn+4Mo9O32]6− and [Mn+4Mo12O40]4−), tungstates (W+6, W+5, or W+4, for example [Mn+4W12O40]4− and [Mn+32W22O74]10−), vanadates (V+5 and V+4, for example [Mn+4V13O38]7− and [Mn+4V11O32]5−), niobates (Nb+5 and Nb+4, for example [Mn+4Nb12O38]12−), tantalates (Ta+5 and Ta+4, for example [Mn+4Ta12O38]12−), tellurates (Te+6 and Te+4, for example [Mn+4Te3O18]14−), periodates (1+7, for example [Mn+4I3O18]11−), iodates (1+5, for example [Mn+4I6O18]2−), antimonates (Sb+5 and Sb+3), stannates (Sn+4), sulfates (S+6, such as manganese spinels [Mn+3(SO4)2]1−), and polyphosphates (P+5, for example [Mn+3P3O10]2− and [Mn+3P2O7]1−). Many of these inorganics form octahedral and square pyramidal heteropolymetallate structures on precipitation from solution. For example, tellurate ions begin to polymerize near pH 5 in water and will complex with MnIII or MnIV ions in basic solution pH's. Therefore, as the pH is raised in the pigment synthesis bath, the tellurate ion polymerizes to polymorphs, which then complex the MnII or MnIV ion.

[0101] The general structural aspects of heteropolymetallates are well understood, and the stability of heteropolymetallates as a function of composition and structure is also well-characterized. The relatively unstable MnIII or MnIV ions are protected and stabilized within the surrounding octahedral and square pyramidal groups, although specific configurations of the heteropolymetallate anions differ from stabilizer to stabilizer (i.e., from molybdate to periodate or iodate). The dimensions of the octahedra and square pyramids are controlled by the size of the heteroatom (e.g., Mo, W, or Te) around which they are assembled.

[0102] A MnIII or MnIV ion trapped by the precipitation of these heteropolymetallates and its resulting “ion within a cage” structure can exhibit an even greater apparent volume due to the development of a large electrostatic double layer. This will influence both the valence stabilization of the MnIII or MnIV, as well as the solubility of the assembled compound. These compounds are reported to be excellent ion exchange agents for alkali ions. This caging structure serves to lower the solubility of the MnIII or MnIV because the chemical elements typically associated with these valence stabilizers (e.g., I, Te, Mo, or W) are all inherently less soluble in water than Mn. These materials can also establish oriented dipoles with the interior MnII or MnIV ion and form an electrostatic double layer during aqueous corrosion. Finally, the elements associated with these valence stabilizers themselves can contain high valence ions (i.e., V+5, Te+6, or Mo+6), which will also serve somewhat in corrosion protection, although not to the degree of MnIII or MnIV (or CrVI), due to their lower redox potential.

[0103] Water-soluble precursors for these materials are generally used so that the synthesis can be carried out from aqueous solution. Many elements associated with these stabilizers (e.g., Mo, W, or Te) do not typically form water-soluble compounds so the identification of suitable precursors can be difficult.

[0104] Complex, partially-polymerized salts such as para- or meta-polymorphs for each compound may also be used as precursors. These polymorphs typically exhibit slightly lower solubilities in water than the simple salts. Peroxo-salts of these compounds, especially permolybdates, pertungstates, and pervanadates may also be used as precursors. Formation of the chosen heteropolymetallates from precursors such-as the fluorides, chlorides, bromides, nitrates, and perchlorates (e.g., SnCl4 to form heterostannates and SbF5 to form heteroantimonates) can be difficult, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances. A valence stabilizer can be a cross between two or more of the wide-band inorganic valence stabilizers listed above. For example, a valence stabilizer composed of a periodate and a molybdate may be desirable in some situations. During the synthesis process, both of these materials will polymerize to form a mixed periodate/molybdate valence stabilizer out of the pigment solution.

[0105] The most notable valence stabilizer for low and insoluble MnIII and MnIV pigments is oxygen (O), as evidenced by the natural stability of such compounds as MnO2, Mn3O4, Mn2O3 and MnOOH, all of which contain MnIII and/or MnIV ions. In instances where oxygen is used as a valence stabilizer for MnIII or MnIV, differences in addendum cations (i.e., Ca+2 in CaMn2O4 or Zn+2 in ZnMn2O4) are observed to alter the solubility of the formed compound, and its performance as a corrosion inhibitor in a given binder system. This is discussed under Section 4 describing Additional Solubility Control Agents.

[0106] Additional wide band valence stabilizers for MnIII or MnIV for “low solubility” or “insoluble” pigments include silicates (Si+4, for example [Mn+3Si2O6]1−), borates (B+3, for example Mn+32B4O9), phosphates (P+5, for example Mn+3PO4), titanates (Ti+4), zirconates (Zr+4), and aluminates (Al+3). These compounds can also form octahedral or square pyramids, but have a higher tendency to form chain-like structures during calcining or firing. Combinations of these materials, such as phosphosilicates, aluminosilicates, or borosilicates may also function as wide band valence stabilizers for low and insoluble MnIII and MnIV compounds.

[0107] 3b) Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizers

[0108] A variety of organic compounds meet the criteria to be typical wide band valence stabilizers for MnIII or MnIV. These coordination ligands produce MnIII or MnIV valence stabilized compounds that fulfill the general requirements of a MnIII or MnIV pigment material. Organic compounds can be very effective manganese stabilizers and provide the greatest degree of freedom in designing new manganese-stabilizer compounds with new functionalities. More possible organic valence stabilizer species exist than inorganic valence stabilizers because of the immense number of organic compounds and functionalities from which to choose. Water-soluble precursors for the organic valence stabilizers are generally used so that pigment synthesis can be carried out in aqueous solution. However, alcohol or hydrocarbon soluble species can also be used.

[0109] The number of wide band (and narrow band) organic compounds that are acceptable as valence stabilizers for trivalent or tetravalent manganese is limited. Common organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, alkyl or aromatic halides, most carboxylic acids, anhydrides, phenols, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, carbohydrates, waxes, fats, sugars, and oils are not as effective as the structural types described in these Tables to stabilize the trivalent or tetravalent manganese ion. At best, some of the organic types described in these Tables may presently be used for other industrial applications, but their incorporation into corrosion-inhibiting blends to stabilize trivalent or tetravalent manganese has heretofore been unrecognized.

[0110] The choice of substituent functional groups on these general classes of valence stabilizers will affect the physicochemical properties of the MnIII- or MnIV-containing compound and the corrosion resistance achieved using that compound. For example, the addition of —NH2 or ═O substituents increases the net polarization of the overall net MnIII or MnIV/valence stabilizer compound, but will also increase its water solubility. Careful molecular design of MnIII and MnIV compounds is necessary in order to achieve desired performance characteristics.

[0111] In general, the bonding atoms in typical organic valence stabilizers are nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Bonding atoms such as phosphorus, carbon, silicon, tin, arsenic, and antimony are much less desirable due to problems with valence stability, toxicity, or solubility. Other stable coordinations (like pentagonal bipyramidal) are known, even though these particular agents prefer octahedral or square pyramidal coordination with Mn+3 or Mn+4. These valence stabilizers all serve to stabilize the Mn+3 or Mn+4 ions within a sparingly soluble complex that can exhibit a polar character in aqueous solution.

5TABLE 4Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizersfor the Mn+3 and Mn+4 IonsGeneral Structural Name(Type of Organic)Structural RepresentationN Valence Stabilizer #1:NH3, NH2R, NHR2, and NR3 where RMonoaminesrepresents H or any organic functional group(N Monodentates)wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—N—R—N—R″, where R, R′, and R″Diaminesrepresent H or any organic functional group(N—N Bidentates)wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #3:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R′′′, where R, R′,Triamines (either N—NR″, and R′′′ represent H or any organicBidentates or N—Nfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #4:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″,Tetramines (N—Nwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H orBidentates, N—Nany organic functional group wherein theTridentates, or N—Nnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #5:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″—Pentamines (N—NN—R″″′, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and Bidentates, N—NR″″′ represent H or any organic functionalTridentates, or N—Ngroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #6:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″—Hexamines (N—NN—R″″′—N—R″″″, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bidentates, N—NR″″, R″″′, and R″″″ represent H or anyTridentates, N—Norganic functional group wherein the numberTetradentates, or N—Nof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Hexadentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclicone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms, all ofRings containing One,which may or may not function as bindingTwo, Three, or Foursites. Can include other ring systems boundNitrogen Atoms wherein atto this heterocyclic ring, but they do notleast one Nitrogen Atom iscoordinate with the stabilized, high valencea Binding Site (Nmetal ion. Ring can also contain O, S, or PMonodentates or N—Natoms. This 5-membered ring and/orBidentates)attached, uncoordinating rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containingSix-Membered Heterocyclicone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms, allRings containing One,of which may or may not function as bindingTwo, Three, or Foursites. Can include other ring systems boundNitrogen Atoms wherein atto this heterocyclic ring, but they do notleast one Nitrogen Atom iscoordinate with the stabilized, high valencea Binding Site (Nmetal ion. Ring can also contain O, S, orMonodentates or N—NP atoms. This 6-membered ring and/orBidentates)attached, uncoordinating rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s)Five-Membered Heterocycliccontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogenRings containing One,atoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalTwo, Three, or Fournitrogen-containing substituents (usuallyNitrogen Atoms and havingamines) that constitute N binding sites. Canat least one additionalinclude other ring systems bound to theNitrogen Atom Bindingheterocyclic ring or to the N-containingSite not in a Ring (Nsubstituent, but they do not coordinate withMonodentates, N—Nthe stabilized, high valence metal ion.Bidentates, NRing(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms.Tridentates, N—NThis 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached,Tetradentates, oruncoordinating rings and/or N containingN—N Hexadentates)substituent(s) may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s)Six-Membered Heterocycliccontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogenRings containing One,atoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalTwo, Three, or Fournitrogen-containing substituents (usuallyNitrogen Atoms at least oneamines) that constitute N binding sites. Canadditional Nitrogen Atominclude other ring systems bound to theBinding Site not in a Ringheterocyclic ring or to the N-containing(N Monodentates, N—Nsubstituent, but they do not coordinate withTridentates, N—Nthe stabilized, high valence metal ion.Tetradentates, or N—NRing(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms.Bidentates, N—NThis 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached,Hexadentates)uncoordinating rings and/or N-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #11:.Five membered heterocyclic ring(s)Five-Membered Heterocycliccontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogenRings containing One,atoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalTwo, Three, or Fournitrogen-containing rings that constitute NNitrogen Atoms at leastbinding sites. Can include other ring systemsone additional Nitrogenbound to the N-containing heterocyclic rings,Atom Binding Site in abut they do not coordinate with theSeparate Ring (Nstabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)Monodentates, N—Ncan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisBidentates, N—N5-membered ring(s) and/or additional N-Tridentates, N—Ncontaining ring(s) and/or attached,Tetradentates)uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s)Six-Membered Heterocycliccontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogenRings containing One,atoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalTwo, Three, or Fournitrogen-containing rings that constitute NNitrogen Atoms at least onebinding sites. Can include other ring systemsadditional Nitrogen Atombound to the N-containing heterocyclicBinding Site in a Separaterings, but they do not coordinate with theRing (N Monodentates,stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)N—N Bidentates, N—Ncan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisTridentates, N—N6-membered ring(s) and/or additional N-Tetradentates)containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three,Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-,four, six, eight, or ten nitrogen binding sitesEight-, and Ten- Memberedto valence stabilize the central metal ion.Macrocyclics,Can include other hydrocarbon or ringMacrobicyclics, andsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand,Macropolycycliesbut they do not coordinate with the(including Catapinands,stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisCryptands, Cyclidenes, andligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or maySepulchrates) wherein allnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Binding Sites are composedinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.of Nitrogen (usually amineor imine groups) and arenot contained inComponent HeterocyclicRings (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total ofFour-, Six-, Eight-, orfour, six, eight, or ten five-memberedTen-Membered Macro-heterocyclic rings containing nitrogencyclics, Macrobicyclics,binding sites. Can include otherand Macropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do notCryptands, Cyclidenes, andcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceSepulchrates) wherein allmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Binding Sites are composeduncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may orof Nitrogen and aremay not have halogen or polarizing orcontained in Componentwater-insolubilizing groups attached.5-Membered HeterocyclicRings (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-5-membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMembered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide nitrogen bindingMacrobicyclics, andsites to valence stabilize the central metalMacropolycyclicsion. Other amine or imine binding sites can(including Catapinands,also be included in the macrocyclic ligand,Cryptands, Cyclidenes,so long as the total number of binding sitesand Sepulchrates)is four, six, eight, or ten. Can include otherwherein all Binding Siteshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisare composed of Nitrogenmacrocyclic ligand, but they do notand are contained in acoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceCombination of 5-metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings and Amine or Iminenot have halogen or polarizing or water-Groups (N—N Bidentates,insolubilizing groups attached.N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total ofFour-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-four, six, eight, or ten six-memberedMembered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings containing nitrogenMacrobicyclics, andbinding sites. Can include otherMacropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do notCryptands, Cyclidenes, andcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceSepulchrates) wherein allmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Binding Sites are composeduncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may orof Nitrogen and aremay not have halogen or polarizing or water-contained in Componentinsolubilizing groups attached.6-Membered HeterocyclicRings (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-6-membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMembered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide nitrogen bindingMacrobicyclics, andsites to valence stabilize the central metalMacropolycyclicsion. Other amine or imine binding sites can(including Catapinands,also be included in the macrocyclic ligand,Cryptands, Cyclidenes,so long as the total number of bindingand Sepulchrates)sites is four, six, eight, or ten. Can includewherein all Binding Sitesother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound toare composed of Nitrogenthis macrocyclic ligand, but they do notand are contained in acoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceCombination of 6-metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may orRings and Amine or Iminemay not have halogen or polarizing or water-Groups (N—N Bidentates,insolubilizing groups attached.N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #18:R′—NH—C(—R)═N—R″, where R, R′,Amidines and Diamidinesand R″represent H or any organic functional(N—N Bidentates andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsN—N Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—BiguanidesNR″′R″″ for biguanides, RR′—N—(ImidodicarbonimidicC(═NH)—NR″—NH—C(═NH)—NR″′R″″Diamides or Dihydrazides),for biguanidines, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBiguanidines,R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicImidotricarbonimidicfunctional group wherein the number ofDiamides or Dihydrazides,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, halogenImidotetracarbonimidicor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Diamides or Dihydrazides,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoDibiguanides,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Bis(biguanidines),Polybiguanides, andPoly(biguanidines) (N—NBidentates, N—NTridentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #20:RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R′″—C(═NH)—Diamidinomethanes,NR″″R″″′, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, andBis(amidinomethanes), andR″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(amidinomethanes)functional group wherein the number of(N—N Bidentates, N—Ncarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTridentates, N—Nhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—N Hexadentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—R″′Imidoylguanidines,for imidoylguanidines, and RR′—N—Amidinoguanidines,C(═NH)—NR″—NH—C(NH)—R″′ forBis(imidoylguanidines),amidinoguanidines, where R, R′, R″, andBis(amidinoguanidines),R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(imidoylguanidines),functional group wherein the number ofand Poly(amidino-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyguanidines) (N—Nhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—NLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Tetradentates)or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #22:RR′—N—C(NH)—O—C(═NH)-NR″R″′,Diformamidine oxideswhere R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2,(Dicarbonimidic Diamidesor any organic functional group wherein theor Dihydrazides),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tricarbonimidic Diamidesoptionally having halogen or polarizing oror Dihydrazides,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetracarbonimidicattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingDiamides or Dihydrazides,N, O, S, or P atoms.Bis(diformamidine oxides),and Poly(diformamidineoxides) (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tridentates,N—N Tetradentates)N Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—C(═NH)—Diformamidine SulfidesNR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent(ThiodicarbonimidicH, NH2, or any organic functional groupDiamides or Dihydrazides),wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesThiotricarbonimidicfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orDiamides or Dihydrazides,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Thiotetracarbonimidicsolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoDiamides or Dihydrazides,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Bis(diformamidinesulfides), andPoly(diformamidinesulfides) (N—NBidentates, N—NTridentates, N—NTetradentates)N Valence Stabilizer #24:R—O—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—O—R′Imidodicarbonimidie Acids,for imidodicarbomimidic acids, and R—O—DiimidodicarbonimidicC(═NH)—NR′—NH—C(═NH)—O—R″Acids, Imidotricarbon-for diimidodicarbonimidic acids, where R,imidic Acids, Imidotetra-R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organiccarbonimidic Acids, andfunctional group wherein the number ofderivatives thereof (N—Ncarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, N—Nhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, andLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,N—N Hexadentates)or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #25:R—S—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—S—R″Thioimidodicarbonimidicfor thioimidodicarbonimidic acids, and R—Acids, Thiodiimidodi-S—C(═NH)—NR′—NH—C(═NH)—Scarbonimidic Acids,—R″ for thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids,Thioimidotricarbonimidicwhere R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, orAcids, Thioimidotetra-any organic functional group wherein thecarbonimidic Acids, andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,derivatives thereofoptionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—N Bidentates, N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, N—Nattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingTetradentates, andN, O, S, or P atoms.N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #26:R—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—R″ forDiimidoylimines,diimidoylimines, and R—C(═NH)—NR′—Diimidoylhydrazides,NH—C(═NH)—R″ for diimidoyl-Bis(diimidoylimines),hydrazides, where R, R′, and R″ representBis(diimidoylhydrazides),H, NH2, or any organic functional groupPoly(diimidoylimines), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(diimidoylhydrazides)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or(N—N Tridentates andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/N—N Hexadentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #27:RR′—N—S(═NH)(═O)—OR″ or RR′—Imidosulfamides,N—S(═NH)(═O)—N—R″R″′ forDiimidosulfamides,imidosulfamides, and RR′—N—Bis(imidosulfamides),S(═NH)(═NH)—OR″ or RR′—N—Bis(diimidosulfamides),S(═NH)(═NH)—N—R″R″′ for diimido-Poly(imidosulfamides), andsulfamides, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Poly(diimidosulfamides)represent H, NH2, or any organic functional(N—N Bidentates, N—Ngroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—Nranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTetradentates, andhalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/N—N Hexadentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #28:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′),Phosphoramidimidicwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representTriamides, Bis(phosphor-H, NH2, or any organic functional groupamidimidic triamides), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(phosphoramidimidicfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen ortriamides) and derivativespolarizing or water-insolubilizing/thereof (N—N Bidentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoN—N Tridentates, N—Ncontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates, and N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #29:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(OH)2 for phosphor-Phosphoramidimidic Acid,amidimidic acid, and (NH═)P(—NRR′)Phosphorodiamidimidic(—NR″R″′)(OH) for phosphorodiamidimidicAcid, Bis(Phosphor-acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,amidimidic Acid),NH2, or any organic functional groupBis(Phosphorodiamidimidicwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAcid), Poly(Phosphor-from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen oramidimidic Acid), andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/Poly(Phosphorodi-solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoamidimidic Acid),contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.derivatives thereof(N—N Bidentates, N—NTridentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #30:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(SH)2 for phos-Phosphoramidimidodithioicphoramidimidodithioic acid, and (NH═)P(—Acid, Phosphorodiamidi-NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(SH) formidothioic Acid, Bis(Phos-phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, where R,phoramidimidodithioicR′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyAcid), Bis(Phosphorodi-organic functional group wherein the numberamidimidothioic Acid),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphoramidimido-optionally having halogen or polarizing ordithioic Acid), Poly(Phos-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsphorodiamidimidothioicattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingAcid), and derivativesN, O, S, or P atoms.thereof (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tridentates,N—N Tetradentates,and N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #31:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds,Azo compounds includingR—N═—NH—R′ for triazenes, wheretriazenes with amino,R, and R′ represent H or any organicimino, oximo, diazeno, orfunctional group wherein the number ofhydrazido substitution atcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythe ortho- (for aryl) orhaving halogen or polarizing or water-alpha- or beta- (for alkyl)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.positions, Bis[o-(H2N—)(Must include ortho-amino, imino, oximo,or alpha- or beta-diazeno, or hydrazido substituted aryl azo(H2N—)azo compounds],compounds, and alpha- or beta-amino,or Poly[o-(H2N—) orimino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido alkylalpha- or beta-(H2N—)azoazo compounds.) Ligand can also containcompounds) (N—Nnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Bidentates, N—NTridentates, N—NTetradentates, orN—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #32:R—N═N—C(═NH)—NR′R″ for diazene-Diazeneformimidamidesformimidamides, and R—N═N—CR′R″—(Diazeneamidines),C(═NH)—NR″′R″″ for diazeneacetimid-Diazeneacetimidamidesamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″(Diazene-alpha-amidino-represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalalkanes(alkenes)), Bis(di-group wherein the number of carbon atomsazeneformimidamides),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBis(diazeneacetimid-halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/amides), Poly(diazene-solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoformimidamides), andcontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Poly(diazeneacetimid-amides) (N—N Bidentates,N—N Tetradentates,and N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #33:R—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′ for diazene-Diazeneformimidic Acid,formimidic acid, and R—N═N—CR′R″—Diazeneacetimidic Acid,C(═NH)—OR″′ for diazeneacetimidic acid,Bis(diazeneformimidicwhere R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2,acid), Bis(diazene-or any organic functional group wherein theacetimidic acid),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(diazeneformimidicoptionally having halogen or polarizing oracid), Poly(diazene-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsacetimidic acid), andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingBidentates, N—NN, O, 5, or P atoms.Tetradentates, andN—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #34:R—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ for diazene-Diazeneformimidothioicformimidothioic acid, and R—NN—Acid, Diazeneacetimido-CR′R″—C(═NH)—SR″′ for diazene-thioic Acid, Bis(diazene-acetimidothioic acid, where R, R′, R″, andformimidothioic acid),R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(diazeneacetimidothioicfunctional group wherein the number ofacid), Poly(diazene-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyformimidothioic acid),having halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(diazeneacetimido-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.thioic acid), andLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,derivatives thereofor P atoms.(N—N Bidentates,N—N Tetradentates,and N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #35:R—N═N—C(NH)—R′ or R—N═N—Imidoyldiazenes,CR′R″—C(═NH)—R″′, where R, R′, R″,Bis(imidoyldiazenes), andand R″′represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(imidoyldiazenes),functional group wherein the number of(N—N Bidentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyN—N Tetradentateshaving halogen or polarizing or water-and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #36:RR′—N—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—DiazenediformimidamidesNR″R″′ for diazenediformimidamides, and(1,2-Diazenediamidines),RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R″′—N═N—DiazenediacetimidamidesCR″″R″″′—C(═NH)—NR″″″R″″″′(1,2-Diazene-di-alpha-for diazenediacetimidamides, where R, R′,amidinoalkanes(alkenes)),R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representBis(diazenediformimid-H, NH2, or any organic functional groupamides), Bis(diazenedi-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesacetimidamides), Poly(di-from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orazenediformimidamides),polarizing or water-insolubilizing/and Poly(diazenedi-solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoacetimidamides) (N—Ncontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tridentates and N—NHexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #37:RO—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′Diazenediformimidic Acid,for diazenediformimidic acid, and RO—Diazenediacetimidic Acid,C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—Bis(diazenediformimidicC(═NH)—OR″″′ for diazenediacetimidicacid), Bis(diazenedi-acid, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′acetimidic acid),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(diazenediformimidicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsacid), and Poly(diazenedi-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingacetimidic acid), andhalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/derivatives thereofsolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also(N—N Tridentatescontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.and N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #38:RS—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ forDiazenediformimidothioicdiazenediformimidothioic acid, and RS—Acid, Diazenediacetimido-C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—thioic Acid, Bis(diazene-C(═NH)—SR″″′ for diazenediacetimi-diformimidothioic acid),dothioic acid, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, andBis(diazenediacetimido-R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicthioic acid), Poly(diazene-functional group wherein the number ofdiformimidothioic acid),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand Poly(diazenedi-having halogen or polarizing or water-acetimidothioic acid), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.derivatives thereofLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,(N—N Tridentates andor P atoms.N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #39:R—C(═NH)—N═N—C(NH)—R″orDiimidoyldiazenes,R—C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—Bis(diimidoyldiazenes),C(═NH)—R″″′, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,and Poly(diimidoyl-and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicdiazenes), (N—Nfunctional group wherein the number ofTridentates and N—Ncarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyHexadentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #40:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′,Ortho-amino (or R″, and R″′ represent H, or any organic-hydrazido) Substitutedfunctional group wherein the number ofFormazans, Bis(o-amino orcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally-hydrazido substitutedhaving halogen or polarizing or water-formazans), and Poly(o-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.amino or -hydrazido(Must include ortho-amine or hydrazidesubstituted formazans)substituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-(N—N Bidentates, N—Namine or hydrazide substituted alkyl RTridentates, N—Nderivatives.) Ligand can also containTetradentates, and N—Nnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #41:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—Ortho-amino (orNR″R″′ (for ketazines), where R, R′, R″,-hydrazido) Substitutedand R″′ represent H, or any organicAzines (includingfunctional group wherein the number ofketazines), Bis(o-aminocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyor hydrazido substitutedhaving halogen or polarizing or water-azines), and Poly(o-aminoinsolubilizing/solubilizing groupsor hydrazido substitutedattached. (Must include ortho-amine orazines) (N —N Bidentates,hydrazide substituted aryl R derivatives, andN—N Tridentates,beta-amine or hydrazide substituted alkyl RN—N Tetradentates, andderivatives.) Ligand can also containN—N Hexadentates)nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #42:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with onerepresent H, or any organic functional groupImine (C═N) Group andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangeswith ortho- or alpha- orfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orbeta-amino or imino orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/oximo or diazeno orsolubilizing groups attached. (Must containhydrazido substitutionortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or(N—N Bidentates, N—Noximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution.)Tridentates, N—NLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Tetradentates, N—Nor P atoms.Pentadentates, or N—NHexadentates). Alsoincludes hydrazones withortho-N substitution.N Valence Stabilizer #43:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ orSchiff Bases with twoR—N═C—R′—CN—R′ orImine (C═N) GroupsRC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,and without ortho- (for arylR″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicconstituents) or alpha-functional group wherein the number ofor beta- (for alkylcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyconstituents) hydroxy,having halogen or polarizing or water-carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.mercapto, thiocarbonyl,(Not including ortho-, alpha-, or beta-amino, imino, oximo,hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,diazeno, or hydrazidothiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno,substitution (N—Nor hydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsoBidentates). Also includescontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.dihydrazones.N Valence Stabilizer #44:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ orSchiff Bases with twoR—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ orImine (C═N) Groups andRC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,with ortho- or alpha- orR″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicbeta-amino or imino orfunctional group wherein the number ofoximo or diazeno orcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhydrazido substitutionhaving halogen or polarizing or water-(N—N Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—N Tetradentates,(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-aminoN—N Pentadentates, oror imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazidoN—N Hexadentates).substitution.) Ligand can also containAlso includes hydrazonesnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.with ortho-N substitution.N Valence Stabilizer #45:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3 , where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with threerepresent H, or any organic functional groupImine (C═N) Groups andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangeswithout ortho- (for arylfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orconstituents) or alpha-polarizing or water-insolubilizing/or beta- (for alkylsolubilizing groups attached. (Not includingconstituents) hydroxy,ortho-, alpha-, or beta-hydroxy, carboxy,carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl,mercapto, thiocarbonyl,amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazidoamino, imino, oximo,substitution.) Ligand can also containdiazeno, or hydrazidononbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.substitution (N—N Tridentates). Also includestrihydrazones.N Valence Stabilizer #46:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with threerepresent H, or any organic functional groupImine (C═N) Groups andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangeswith ortho- or alpha- orfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orbeta-amino or imino orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/oximo or diazeno orsolubilizing groups attached. (Must containhydrazido substitutionortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or(N—N Tetradentates,oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution.)N—N Pentadentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or N—N Hexadentates)or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #1:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, four,Macrocyclic,or six thioketone binding sites to valenceMacrobicyclic, andstabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMacropolycyclicother hydrocarbon or ring systems bound toOligothioketonesthis macrocyclic ligand, but they do not(including Catapinands,coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceCryptands, Cyclidenes, andmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Sepulchrates) wherein alluncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may orBinding Sites are composedmay not have halogen or polarizing orof Thioketones (typicallywater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsin the beta position) (S—Sattached.Bidentates, S—STetradentates, and S—SHexadentates)S Valence Stabilizer #2:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, four,Macrocyclic,six, or eight 1,1-dithiolene binding sites toMacrobicyclic, andvalence stabilize the central metal ion. CanMacropolycyclicinclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsDithiolenes (includingbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doCatapinands, Cryptands,not coordinate with the stabilized, highCyclidenes, andvalence metal ion. This ligand and/orSepulchrates) wherein allattached, uncoordinating hydrocarbons/ringsBinding Sites aremay or may not have halogen or polarizingcomposed of alpha, alphaor water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsdithiols (meaning two thiolattached.groups on a single carbonatom in the ring) (S—SBidentates, S—STetradentates, andS—S Hexadentates)S Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—R″ for dithio-Dithiolmidodialdehydes,imidodialdehydes, and RC(═S)—NR′—DithiohydrazidodialdehydesNH—C(═S)—R″ for dithiohydrazidodi-(thioacyl thiohydrazides),aldehydes (thioacyl thiohydrazides), where R,Bis(dithioimidodi-R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or anyaldehydes), Bis(dithio-organic functional group wherein the numberhydrazidodialdehydes),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(dithioimidodi-optionally having halogen or polarizing oraldehydes), and Poly(di-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsthiohydrazidodialdehydes)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(S—S Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—O—R″ orDithioimidodicarbonicR—S—C(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—S—R″ foracids, Dithiohydrazidodi-dithioimidodicarbonic acids, and R—O—carbonic acids, Bis(dithio-C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—O—R″ orimidodicarbonic acids),R—S—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—S—Bis(dithiohydrazidodi-R″ for dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids,carbonic acids), Poly(di-where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH2, orthioimidodicarbonic acids),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(dithiohydrazidodi-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,carbonic acids) andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereofwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(S—S Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also containS—S Tridentates,nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #5:R—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═S)—R″′ where1,3-Dithioketones (Dithio-R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, orbeta-ketonates), 1,3,5-any organic functional group wherein theTrithioketones, Bis(1,3-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Dithioketones), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(1,3-Dithioketones)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(S—S Bidentates, S—Sattached. Ligand can also contain Tridentates, S—Snonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═S)—C(═S)—R′ where R and R′1,2-Dithioketonesrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functional(Dithiolenes, Dithio-group wherein the number of carbon atomsalpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTrithioketones,halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Dithiotropolonates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoortho-Dithioquinones,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Bis(1,2-Dithioketones), andPoly(1,2-Dithioketones)(S—S Bidentates,S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—N—DithiomalonamidesR″″R′″″where R, R′, R″, R″′,R″″, and R″″′(Dithiomalonodiamides),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(dithiomalonamides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsand Polydithiomalonamidesranges from 0 to 40, optionally having(S—S Bidentates,halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/S—S Tridentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoS—S Tetradentates)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—R″″2-Thioacylthioacetamides,where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Bis(2-thioacylthio-NH2, or any organic functional groupacetamides), and Poly(2-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesthioacylthioacetamides)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or(S—S Bidentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/S—S Tridentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoS—S Tetradentates)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #9:R—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—R′ where R andDithioacyl sulfides,R′ represent H or any organic functionalBis(dithioacyl sulfides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsand Poly(dithioacylranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingsulfides) (S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Bidentates, S—Ssolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoTridentates, S—Scontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—N—R″R″′Trithiodicarbonic Diamides,where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2Bis(trithiodicarbonicor any organic functional group wherein thediamides), and Poly(tri-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,thiodicarbonic diamides)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(S—S Bidentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—S Tridentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingS—S Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #11:R—S—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forPentathio-, Tetrathio-, orpentathiodicarbonic acids, R—O—C(═S)—Trithiodicarbonic Acids,S—C(═S)—S—R′ for tetrathiodicarbonicBis(pentathio-, tetrathio-,acids, and R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—or trithiodicarbonic acids),O—R′ for pentathiodicarbonic acids,Poly(pentathio-, tetrathio-,where R and R′ represent H, NH2 or anyor trithiodicarbonic acids),organic functional group wherein the numberand derivatives thereofof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,(S—S Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orS—S Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—S Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #12:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—P(═S)Dithiohypophosphoric(—O—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)Acids, Bis(dithiohypo-P(═S)—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′);phosphoric acids), andor (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═S)Poly(dithiohypophosphoric(—S—R″)(—S—R″′), where R, R′, R″, andacids), and derivativesR″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicthereof (S—S Bidentates,functional group wherein the number ofS—S Tridentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyS—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not to beconfused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization ofhigh valence states in metal ions.S Valence Stabilizer #13:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)(—N—Dithiohypophosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′,Bis(dithiohypophosphor-R″, R″′, and R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′amides), Poly(dithiohypo-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalphosphoramides) (S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTridentates, S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Tetradentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Note: these ligands are not to be confusedwith hypophosphorous acid derivatives(hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O)which are very reducing and thereforeunacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S Valence Stabilizer #14:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)Dithioimidodiphosphoric(—O—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)Acids, Dithiohydrazidodi-P(═S)—NH—P(═S )(—S—R″)(—O—phosphoric Acids, Bis(di-R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—thioimidodiphosphoricP(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′) for dithio-Acids), Bis(dithiohydra-imidodiphosphoric acids, and —NH—NH—zidodiphosphoric Acids),derivatives for dithiohydrazidodiphosphoricPoly(dithioimidodi-acids, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representphosphoric Acids), Poly(di-H, NH2 or any organic functional groupthiohydrazidodiphosphoricwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAcids), and derivativesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orthereof (S—S Bidentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/S—S Tridentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoS—S Tetradentates)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)(═S)—NH—Dithioimidodiphosphor-P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)amides, Dithiohydrazidodi-for dithioimidophosphoramides, andphosphoramides, Bis(di-(RR ′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—NH—thioimidodiphosphor-NH—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)amides), Bis(dithiohydra-(—N—R″″″R″″″′) for dithiohydrazidodi-zidodiphosphoramides),phosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(dithioimidodiphos-R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orphoramides), and Poly(di-any organic functional group wherein thethiohydrazidodiphosphor-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,amides) (S—S Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orS—S Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—S Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #16:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—N—Dithiodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), or (RR′—N—)Bis(dithioiphosphor-(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)amides), and Poly(dithio-(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,diphosphoramides) (S—SR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H,Bidentates, S—SNH2 or any organic functional group whereinTridentates, S—Sthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizingor water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #17:(R—O—)(R ′—O—)P(═S)—O—Dithiodiphosphoric Acids,P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Bis(dithioiphosphoric(R—O—)(R ′—O—)P(═S)—S—Acids), Poly(dithiodiphos-P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);phoric Acids), and(R—O—)(R ′—O—)P(═S)—O—derivatives thereofP(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);(S—S Bidentates,(R—O—)(R ′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—S Tridentates,P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′); orS—S Tetradentates)(R—S—)(R ′—O—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andR″″″′represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #18:(O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) orTrithiophosphoric Acids(S═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″),(Phosphorotrithioic Acids),where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(trithiophosphoricorganic functional group wherein the numberacids), Poly(trithiophos-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,phoric acids), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereofwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(S—S Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also containS—S Tridentates,nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) orDithiophosphoric Acids(S═)P(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″),(Phosphorodithioic Acids),where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH2 or anyBis(dithiophosphoric acids),organic functional group wherein the numberPoly(dithiophosphoricof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,acids), and derivativesoptionally having halogen or polarizing orthereof (S—S Bidentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—S Tridentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingS—S Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #20:(S═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″), whereTetrathiophosphoric AcidsR, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or any(Phosphorotetrathioicorganic functional group wherein the numberAcids), Bis(tetrathio-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,phosphoric acids),optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(tetrathiophosphoricwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsacids), and derivativesattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingthereof (S—S Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #21:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) orPhosphoro(dithioperoxo)di-(S)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″),thioic Acids, Bis[phos-where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH2 or anyphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioicorganic functional group wherein the numberAcids], Poly[phosphoro(di-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,thioperoxo)dithioic Acids],optionally having halogen or polarizing orand derivatives thereofwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(S—S Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingS—S Tridentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #22:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) orPhosphoro(dithio-(S═)P(—S—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″),peroxo)thioic Acids,where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH2 or anyBis[phosphoro(dithio-organic functional group wherein the numberperoxo)thioic Acids],of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly[phosphoro(dithio-optionally having halogen or polarizing orperoxo)thioic Acids], water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsand derivatives thereofattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(S—S Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #23:(S═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″),Phosphoro(dithioper-where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or anyoxo)trithioic Acids,organic functional group wherein the numberBis[phosphoro(dithio-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,peroxo)trithioic Acids],optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly[phosphoro(dithio-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsperoxo)trithioic Acids],attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingand derivatives thereofN, O, S, or P atoms.(S—S Bidentates,S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #24:R—CR′(—SH)—CH2—C(═S)—R″, whereBeta-Mercaptothioketones,R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or anyBeta-Mercaptothio-organic functional group wherein the numberaldehydes, Bis(beta-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,mercaptothioketones),optionally having halogen or polarizing orBis(beta-mercaptothio-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsaldehydes), Poly(beta-attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingmercaptothioketones),N, O, S, or P atoms.and Poly(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes)(S—S Bidentates,S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═S)—N-(Aminomethylthiol)thio-NR″′R″″, where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ureas [N-(Aminomercapto-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalmethyl)thioureas], Bis[N-group wherein the number of carbon atoms(aminomethylthiol)thio-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingureas], and Poly[N-(amino-halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/methylthiol)thioureas]solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also(S—S Bidentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #26:RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═S)—N—R″R″′,Dithiooxamides,where R, R′, and R″, and R″′ represent H,Bis(dithiooxamides),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinPoly(dithiooxamides)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0(S—S Bidentates,to 40, optionally having halogen orS—S Tridentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/S—S Tetradentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #27:RR′—C═C(—S−)(—S−), where R and R′1,1-Dithiolates, Bis(1,1-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionaldithiolates), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(1,1-dithiolates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having(S—S Bidentates andhalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/S—S Tetradentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #28:R—C(═S)(—S—R′) for dithiomono-Dithiomonocarboxyliccarboxylic acids, and (R—S—)(S═)C—Acids, Tri- and Tetrathio-R′—C(═S)(—S—R″) for tri- and tetra-dicarboxylic Acids,thiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithiomonocarboxylicrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalAcids), Bis(tri- and tetra-group wherein the number of carbon atomsthiodicarboxylic acids),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(dithiomonocarboxylichalogen and or polarizing or water-acids), Poly(tri- andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.tetrathiodicarboxylicLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,acids), derivatives thereofor P atoms.(S—S Bidentates andS—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #29:R—C(═S)(—S—S—R′) for perthiomono-Perthiomonocarboxyliccarboxylic acids, and (R—S—S—)(S═)C—Acids, PerthiodicarboxylicR′—C(═S)(—S—S—R″) for perthiodi-Acids, Bis(perthiomono-carboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″carboxylic acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(perthiodicarboxylicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsacids), Poly(perthiomono-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingcarboxylic acids),halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(perthiodicarboxylicinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.acids), and derivativesLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,thereof (S—S Bidentatesor P atoms.and S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—C(═S)—O—R′ orDithiocarbonates,R—S—C(═O)—S—R′ for dithiocarbonates,Trithiocarbonates,R—S—C(═S)—S—R′ for trithiocarbonates,Perthiocarbonates,and R—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ for perthio-Bis(dithiocarbonates),carbonates, where R, and R′ represent H,Bis(trithiocarbonates), andNH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(perthiocarbonates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to(S—S Bidentates and40, optionally having halogen or polarizingS—S Tetradentates)or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #31:RR′N+ ═C(SH)(SH), where R and R′ representDithiocarbamates,H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″═C1-C30 alkyl orBis(dithiocarbamates),aryl), SR″ (R″═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl),and Poly(dithiocarbamates)NH2 or any organic functional group wherein(including N-hydroxydi-the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 tothiocarbamates and N-40, optionally having halogen or polarizingmercaptodithiocarbamates)or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(S—S Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingS—S Tridentates, andN, O, S, or P atoms.S—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #32:RR′N—NR″—C(═S)(SH), where R and R′Dithiocarbazatesrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functional(Dithiocarbazides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(dithiocarbazates), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(dithiocarbazates)halogen or polarizing or water-(S—S Bidentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—S Tridentates, andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingS—S Tetradentates; orN, O, S, or P atoms.possibly N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates, andN—S Tetradentates)S Valence Stabilizer #33:Thiocyanates bound directly to the highThiocyanate ligandsvalence metal ion.(S Monodentates)O Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—Biurets (ImidodicarbonicNR″′R″″ for biurets, and RR′—N—Diamides), Isobiurets,C(═O)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—NR″′R″″Biureas, Triurets,for biureas, where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R′″′Triureas, Bis(biurets),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(isobiurets),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(biureas), Poly(biurets),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(isobiurets),halogen or polarizing or water-and Poly(biureas)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(O—O Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingO—O Tridentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—R″′Acylureas, Aroylureas,where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2,Bis(acylureas),or any organic functional group wherein theBis(aroylureas),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(acylureas), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(aroylureas)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(O—O Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingO—O Tridentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ forImidodialdehydes,imidodialdehydes, and RC(═O)—NR —HydrazidodialdehydesNH—C(═O)—R″ for hydrazidodialdehydes(Acyl hydrazides),(acyl hydrazides), where R, R′, and R″Bis(imidodialdehydes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(hydrazidodialdehydes),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(imidodialdehydes),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand Poly(hydrazidodi-halogen or polarizing or water-aldehydes) (O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates, O—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Tridentates, O—Oor P atoms.Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″ forImidodicarbonic acids,imidodicarbonic acids, and R—O—Hydrazidodicarbonic acids,C(═O)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—O—R″ forBis(imidodicarbonic acids),hydrazidodicarbonic acids, where R, R′, andBis(hydrazidodicarbonicR″ represent H, NH2, or any organicacids), Poly(imidodi-functional group wherein the number ofcarbonic acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(hydrazidodicarbonichaving halogen or polarizing or water-acids) and derivativesinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.thereof (O—O Bidentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,O—O Tridentates,or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′—N—S(═O)(═O)—NR″—Imidodisulfamic Acid,S(═O)(═O)—NR′″R″″ for imidodisulfamicImidodisulfuric Acid,acid, and R—O—S(═O)(═O)—NR′—Bis(Imidodisulfamic Acid),S(═O)(═O)—OR″ for imidosulfuric acid,Bis(Imidodisulfuric Acid),where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, orPoly(Imidodisulfamicany organic functional group wherein theAcid), and Poly(Imido-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,disulfuric Acid) andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereofwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(O—O Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingO—O Tridentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═O)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ where1,3-Diketones (Beta-R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyDiketonates), 1,3,5-organic functional group wherein the numberTriketones, Bis(1,3-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Diketones), and Poly(1,3-optionally having halogen or polarizing orDiketones), all with awater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsMolecular Weight Greaterattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingthan 125 (O—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms. If these ligands exhibitO—O Tridentates,a molecular weight less than or equal to 125,O—O Tetradentates)the solubility of the resultant Mn+3-diketonate complex will be too high.O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′1,2-Diketones (Alpha-represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalDiketonates), 1,2,3-group wherein the number of carbon atomsTriketones, Tropolonates,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingortho-Quinones,halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Bis(1,2-Diketones), andsolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoPoly(1,2-Diketones), allcontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Ifwith a Molecular Weightthese ligands exhibit a molecular weight lessGreater than 100than or equal to 100, the solubility of the(O—O Bidentates,resultant Mn+3-diketonate complex will beO—O Tridentates,too high.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—N—MalonamidesR″″R″″′ where R, R′, R″, R″′,R″″, and R″″′(Malonodiamides),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(malonamides), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPolymalonamidesranges from 0 to 40, optionally having(O—O Bidentates,halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O—O Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #9:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—R″″2-Acylacetamides,where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Bis(2-acylacetamides),NH2, or any organic functional groupand Poly(2-acylacetamides)wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges(O—O Bidentates,from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orO—O Tridentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/O—O Tetradentates)solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′—N—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′Monothiodicarbonicwhere R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orDiamides,any organic functional group wherein theBis(monothiodicarbonicnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,diamides), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(monothiodicarbonicwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsdiamides) (O—Oattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingBidentates, O—ON, O, S, or P atoms.Tridentates, O—OTetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #11:R—O—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—O—R′,Monothiodicarbonic Acids,where R and R′ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(monothiodicarbonicorganic functional group wherein the numberacids), Poly(monothiodi-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,carbonic acids), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereofwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(O—O Bidentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingO—O Tridentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #12:R—O—S(═O)(═O)—S—S(═O)—O—R′Trithionic acid,where R and R′ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(trithionic acid),organic and derivatives functional group wherein thePoly(trithionic acid),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,thereof (O—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orO—O Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #13:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—Hypophosphoric Acids,P(═O) (—O—R″)(—O—R′″), where R,Bis(hypophosphoric acids),R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or anyand Poly(hypophosphoricorganic functional group wherein the numberacids), and derivativesof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,thereof (O—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orO—O Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands arenot to be confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites)(R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are veryreducing and therefore unacceptable forstabilization of high valence states inmetal ions.O Valence Stabilizer #14:(RR′—N—)(RR″R′″—N—)P(═O)—Hypophosphoramides,P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Bis(hypophosphoramides),where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andand Poly(hypophosphor-R″″″′represent H, NH2 or any organicamides) (Q—O Bidentates,functional group wherein the number ofO—O Tridentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyO—O Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites)(R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are veryreducing and therefore unacceptable forstabilization of high valence states inmetal ions.O Valence Stabilizer #15:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—NH—Imidodiphosphoric Acids,P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O)—R″′) forHydrazidodiphosphoricimidodiphosphoric acids, and (R—O—)(R′—Acids, Bis(imidodiphos-O—)P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)phoric Acids), Bis(hydra-(—O—R″′) for hydrazidodiphosphoriczidodiphosphoric Acids),acids; where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,Poly(imidodiphosphoricNH2 or any organic functional groupAcids), Poly(hydra-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangeszidodiphosphoric Acids),from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orand derivatives thereofpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/(O—O Bidentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoO—O Tridentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #16:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═O)—NH—Imidodiphosphoramides,P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Hydrazidodiphos-for imidodiphosphoramides, andphoramides, Bis(imidodi-—NH—NH— derivatives for hydrazidodi-phosphoramides),phosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Bis(hydrazidodi-R″″′, R″′″′, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orphosphoramides),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(imidodiphos-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,phoramides), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(hydrazidodi-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsphosphoramides)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(O—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tridentates,O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #17:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)PQ═O)—O—Diphosphoramides,P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Bis(diphosphoramides), andwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andPoly(diphosphoramides)R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organic(O—O Bidentates,functional group wherein the number ofO—O Tridentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyO—O Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #18:R—CR′(—OH)—CH2—C(═O)—R″,Beta-Hydroxyketones,where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBeta-Hydroxyaldehydes,any organic functional group wherein theBis(beta-hydroxyketones),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(beta-optionally having halogen or polarizing orhydroxyaldehydes),water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(beta-hydroxyketones),attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingand Poly(beta-N, O, S, or P atoms.hydroxyaldehydes)(O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═O)—N-(Aminomethylol)ureasNR″′R″″, where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″[N-(Aminohydroxy-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalmethyl)ureas], Bis[N-group wherein the number of carbon atoms(aminomethylol)ureas],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand Poly[N-(amino-halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/methylol)ureas]solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also(O—O Bidentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tridentates,O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #20:RR′—N—C(═O)—C(═O)—N—R″R″′,Oxamides, Bis(oxamides),where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orand Poly(oxamides)any organic functional group wherein the(O—O Bidentates,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,O—O Tridentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orO—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #21:—C(—OH)═C(—OH)—, where the twoSquaric Acids andcarbon atoms supporting the hydroxy groupsderivatives thereofare included within a cyclic hydrocarbon(O—O Bidentates)moiety, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #22:(R—O—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″),Dicarboxylic Acids,where R, R′,and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis(dicarboxylic acids),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(dicarboxylic acids),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,and derivatives thereofoptionally having halogen or polarizing or(O—O Bidentates andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′N+═C(OH)(OH), where R and R′Carbamates,represent H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″═C1-C30 Bis(carbamates), andalkyl or aryl), SR″ (R″═C1-C30 alkylPoly(carbamates)or aryl), NH2 or any organic functional(including N-group wherein the number of carbon atomshydroxycarbamates andranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN-mercaptocarbamates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/(O—O Bidentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoO—O Tridentates, andcontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O—O Tetradentates)O Valence Stabilizer #24:RN═C(OH)(OH), where R represents H,Carbimates,NH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(carbimates), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(carbimates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing(O—O Bidentates,or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO—O Tridentates, an attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingO—O Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #25:Cyanates bound directly to the high valenceCyanate ligandsmetal ion.(O Monodentates)N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—C(═NH)—Stabilizer #1:NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representDiformamidine DisulfidesH, NH2, or any organic functional group(Thioperoxydicarbonimidicwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesDiamides or Dihydrazides),from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orThioperoxytricarbonimidicpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/Diamides or Dihydrazides,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoThioperoxytetra-contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.carbonimidic Diamides orDihydrazides,Bis(diformamidinedisulfides), andPoly(diformamidinedisulfides)(N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates,N—S Tetradentates)N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CS—NR″R″′,Stabilizer #2:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orS-Amidinodithio-any organic functional group wherein thecarbamates, Bis(S-amidino-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,dithiocarbamates), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(S- amidinodithio-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupscarbamates) (N—Sattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingBidentates andN, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Tetradentates)N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CS—NR″R″′,Stabilizer #3:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orO-Amidinothiocarbamates,any organic functional group wherein theBis(O-amidinothio-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,carbamates), and Poly(O-optionally having halogen or polarizing oramidinothiocarbamates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(N—S Bidentates andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—S Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—CS—NR″R″′,Stabilizer #4:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orS-Amidinoperoxythio-any organic functional group wherein thecarbamates, Bis(S-amidino-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,peroxythiocarbamates), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(S-amidinoperoxythio-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupscarbamates) (N—Sattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingBidentates and N—SN, O, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates)N—S Valence(NH═)P(—SR)(—OR′)(—OR″) forStabilizer #5:phosphorimidothioic acid, (NH═)P(═SR)Phosphorimidothioic Acid;(═SR′)(OR″) for phosphorimidodithioicPhosphorimidodithioicacid, (NH═)P(—SR)(—SR′)(—SR″) forAcid; Phosphorimidotri-phosphorimidotrithioic acid, where R, R′,thiole Acid; Bis(Phos-and R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicphorimidothioic Acid);functional group wherein the number ofBis(Phosphorimidodithioiccarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyAcid); Bis(Phosphorimido-having halogen or polarizing or water-trithioic Acid); Poly(Phos-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.phorimidothioic Acid);Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,Poly(PhosphorimidodithioicO, S, or P atoms.Acid); Poly(Phosphor-imidotrithioic Acid); andderivatives thereof(N—S Bidentatesand N—S Tetradentates)N—S Valence(S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′),Stabilizer #6:where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representPhosphorothioic Triamides,H, NH2 or any organic functional groupBis(phosphorothioicwherein the number of carbon atoms rangestriamides), and Poly(phos-from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orphorothioic triamides)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/(N—S Bidentatessolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoand N—S Tetradentates)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence(S═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR″′) forStabilizer #7:phosphoramidotrithioic acid, andPhosphoramidotrithioic(S═)P(—NRR ′)(—NR″R″′)(—SR″″) forAcid, Phosphorodiamido-phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, where R, R′,dithioic Acid,R″, R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2 or anyBis(phosphoramido-organic functional group wherein the numbertrithioic acid),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(phosphorodiamido-optionally having halogen or polarizing ordithioic acid),water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupspoly(phosphoramido-attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingtrithioic acid),N, O, S, or P atoms.poly(phosphorodiamido-dithioic acid), andderivatives thereof(N—S Bidentatesand N—S Tetradentates)N—S Valence(O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR″′) orStabilizer #8:(S═)P(—NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR″′) forPhosphoramidothioic Acid,phosphoramidothioic acid;Phosphoramidodithioic(O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR″′) orAcid, Phosphorodi-(S═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR″′) foramidothioic Acid,phosphoramidodithioic acid;Bis(Phosphoramido-(O═)P(—NRR′NR″R″′)(—SR″″) orthioic Acid),(S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—OR″″) forBis(Phosphoramido-phosphorodiamidothioic acid, where R, R′,dithioic Acid),R″, R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2 or anyBis(Phosphorodi-organic functional group wherein the numberamidothioic Acid),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphoramido-optionally having halogen or polarizing orthioic Acid),water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(Phosphoramido-attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingdithioic Acid), andN, O, S, or P atoms.Poly(Phosphorodi-amidothioic Acid)(N—S Bidentatesand N—S Tetradentates)N—S ValenceR′—C(═S)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), whereStabilizer #9:R is an aromatic derivative (i.e. —C6H5),N-Thioacyland R′and R″ represent H, NH2, or any7-Aminobenzylideniminesorganic functional group wherein the number(N—S Bidentates orof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,N—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceR—C(═S)—NR′—OH orStabilizer #10:R—C(—SH)═N—OH, where R and R′Thiohydroxamatesrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functional(Thiohydroxylamines),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(thiohydroxamates), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thiohydroxamates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/(N—S Bidentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoN—S Tetradentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—CH(—NHR′)—C(═S)(—OH) or Stabilizer #11:R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═5)(—SH) forAlpha- or ortho-aminothiocarboxylic acids, andAminothiocarboxylic(HO—)(S═)C—CH(—NHR)—R′—CH(—Acids, and alpha- or ortho-NHR″)—C(═S)(—OH) or (HS—)(S═)C—AminothiodicarboxylicCH(—NHR)—R′—CH(—NHR″)—Acids, and derivativesC(═S)(—SH) for aminothiodicarboxylicthereof (N—S Bidentates,acids, where R, R′, and R″represent anyN—S Tridentates,organic functional group wherein theand N—S Tetradentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—N═CR″′R″″,Stabilizer #12:where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Thiosemicarbazones,or any organic functional group wherein theBis(thiosemicarbazones),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,and Poly(thiosemi-optionally having halogen or polarizing orcarbazones) (N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsBidentates, N—Sattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingTetradentates, andN, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—C(═S)—NR′—N═CR″R″′, where R,Stabilizer #13:R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or any organicThioacyl hydrazones,functional group wherein the number ofBis(thioacyl hydrazones),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand Poly(thioacylhaving halogen or polarizing or water-hydrazones)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.(N—S Bidentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,N—S Tetradentates,S, or P atoms.and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—N═N—C(═S)—NR′—NR″R″′, whereStabilizer #14:R, R′, R″, R″′ represent H, or any organicThiocarbazonesfunctional group wherein the number of(Diazenecarbothioic andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhydrazides),having halogen or polarizing or water-Bis(thiocarbazones), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Poly(thiocarbazones)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,(N—S Bidentates,S, or P atoms.N—S Tetradentates,and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—N═N—R′ for azo compounds,Stabilizer #15:R—N═N—NH—R′ for triazenes, where R,Azo compounds includingand R′ represent H or any organic functionaltriazenes with thiol orgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsmercapto or thiocarbonylranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingsubstitution at the ortho-halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-solubilizing groups attached. (Must include(for alkyl) positions,ortho-thio, mercapto, or thiocarbonylBis[o-(HS-) or alpha-substituted aryl azo compounds, and alpha-or beta-(HS-)azoor beta-thio, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl alkylcompounds], orazo compounds.) Ligand can also containPoly[o-(HS-) or alpha-nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.or beta-(HS-)azocompounds)(N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates,N—S Tetradentates,or N—S Hexadentates) N—S ValenceR—N═N—C(═S)—N′R′R″Stabilizer #16:for diazeneformothioamides, andDiazeneformothioamides,R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—NR″′R″″Diazeneacetothioamides,for diazeneacetothioamides, where R, R′, R″,Bis(diazene-R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyformothioamides),organic functional group wherein the numberBis(diazene-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,acetothioamides),optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(diazene-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsformothioamides), andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingPoly(diazene-N, O, S, or P atoms.acetothioamides)(N—S Bidentates,N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′ orStabilizer #17:R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—O—R″′Diazenecarbothioic acids,for diazenecarbothioic acids, andDiazenecarbodithioic acids,R—N═N—C(═S)—S—R′ orBis(diazene-R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═′S)—S—R″′carbothioic acids),for diazenecarbodithoic acids, where R, R′,Bis(diazene-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anycarbodithioic acids),organic functional group wherein the numberPoly(diazene-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,carbothioic acids),optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(diazene-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupscarbodithioic acids) andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingderivatives thereofN, O, S, or P atoms.(N—S Bidentates,N—S Tetradentates,N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—N═N—C(═S)—R′forStabilizer #18:diazeneformothioaldehydes, andDiazeneformo-R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—R″′ forthioaldehydes,diazeneacetothioaldehydes, where R, R′, R″,Diazeneaceto-and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicthioaldehydes,functional group wherein the number ofBis(diazeneformo-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythioaldehydes),having halogen or polarizing or water-Bis(diazeneaceto-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.thioaldehydes),Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Poly(diazeneformo-or P atoms.thioaldehydes), andPoly(diazeneaceto-thioaldehydes)(N—S Bidentates,N—S Tetradentatesand N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceRR′—N—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—Stabilizer #19:NR″R′″ or RR′—N—C(═S)—Diazenediformothioamides,N═N—C(═O)—NR″R″′ forDiazenediacetothioamides,diazenediformothioamides, and RR′—N—Bis(diazenedi-C(═S)—CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″′—formothioamides),C(═S)—NR″″″R″″″′ orBis(diazenedi-RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—N═N—acetothioamides),CR″″R″″′—C(═O)—NR″″″R″″″′Poly(diazenedi-for diazenediacetothioamides, where R, R′,formothioamides), andR″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representPoly(diazenedi-H, NH2, or any organic functional groupacetothioamides)wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges(N—S Tridentatesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orand N—S Hexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceR—O—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′,Stabilizer #20:R—O—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—Diazenedicarbothioic acids,CR′″R″″—C(═S)—O—R″″′,Diazenedi-R—O—C(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′,carbodithioic acids,or R—O—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═′N—Bis(diazenedi-CR″′R″″—C(═O)—O—R″″′ forcarbothioic acids),diazenedicarbothioic acids, and R—S—Bis(diazenedi-C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—S—R′ orcarbodithioic acids),R—S—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—Poly(diazenedi-CR″′R″″—C(═S)—S—R″″′ forcarbothioic acids),diazenedicarbodithoic acids, where R, R′,Poly(diazenedi-R″, R″′, R″″, and R″′″ represent H, NH2,carbodithioic acids) andor any organic functional group wherein thederivatives thereofnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,(N—S Tridentatesoptionally having halogen or polarizing orand N—S Hexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceRC(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—R′ orStabilizer #21:RC(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—R′ forDiazenedi-diazenediformothioaldehydes, and RC(═S)—formothioaldehydes,CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═S)—R′″″ orDiazenedi-RC(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—acetothioaldehydes,C(═O)—R″″′ for diazenediaceto-Bis(diazenedi-thioaldehydes, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,formothioaldehydes),and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(diazenedi-functional group wherein the number ofacetothioaldehydes),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(diazenedi-having halogen or polarizing or water-formothioaldehydes), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Poly(diazenedi-Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,acetothioaldehydes)or P atoms.(N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceR—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R,Stabilizer #22:R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or any organicOrtho-thio (or -mercapto)functional group wherein the number ofSubstituted Formazans,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBis(o-thio or -mercaptohaving halogen or polarizing or water-substituted formazans),insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsand Poly(o-thio orattached. (Must include ortho-thio or-mercapto substitutedmercapto substituted aryl R derivatives,formazans) (N—Sand beta-thio or mercapto substituted alkylBidentates, N—SR derivatives.) Ligand can also containTridentates, N—Snonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates, andN—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceRR′C═N—NC═R″R″′ orStabilizer #23:RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (for ketazines),Ortho-thio (or -mercapto)where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or anySubstituted Azinesorganic functional group wherein the number(including ketazines),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(o-thio or mercaptooptionally having halogen or polarizing orsubstituted azines), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(o-thio or mercaptoattached. (Must include ortho-thio orsubstituted azines)mercapto substituted aryl R derivatives,(N—S Bidentates,and beta-thio or mercapto substituted alkylN—S Tridentates,R derivatives.) Ligand can also containN—S Tetradentates,nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceRR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″Stabilizer #24:represent H, or any organic functional groupSchiff Bases with onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesImine (C═N) Group andfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orwith ortho- or alpha- orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/beta-thio or mercapto orsolubilizing groups attached. (Must containthiocarbonyl substitutionortho- or alpha- or beta- thio or mercapto(N—S Bidentates,or thiocarbonyl substitution.) Ligand can alsoN—S Tridentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Tetradentates,N—S Pentadentates,or N—S Hexadentates).Also includes Schiff Basesderived from the reaction ofcarbonyl compounds withdithiocarbazates, andhydrazones with ortho-Ssubstitution.N—S ValenceRR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ orStabilizer #25:R—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ orSchiff Bases with twoRC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,Imine (C═N) GroupsR″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicand with ortho- or alpha-functional group wherein the number ofor beta-thio or mercapto orcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythiocarbonyl substitutionhaving halogen or polarizing or water-(N—S Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Tetradentates,(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio orN—S Pentadentates,mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution.)or N—S Hexadentates).Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Also includes Schiff Basesor P atoms.derived from the reaction ofcarbonyl compounds withdithiocarbazates, andhydrazones withortho-S substitution.N—S ValenceN(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Stabilizer #26:represent H, or any organic functional groupSchiff Bases with threewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesImine (C═N) Groups andfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orwith ortho- or alpha- orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/beta- thio or mercapto orsolubilizing groups attached. (Must containthiocarbonyl substitutionortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or(N—S Tetradentates,thiocarbonyl substitution.) Ligand can alsoN—S Pentadentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.or N—S Hexadentates).Also includes Schiff Basesderived from the reaction ofcarbonyl compounds withdithiocarbazates, andhydrazones with ortho-Ssubstitution.N—S Valence[R—CR′(—NR″R″′)]x—R″″—[C(—Stabilizer #27:SR″″′)R″″″R″″″′]y , [R—CR′(—NR″R″′)]x—Thioalkyl AminesR″″—[C(—S—S—R″″′)R″″″R″″″′]y, or(Aminothiols or[R—CR′(—NR″R″′)]x—R″″—Aminodisulfides) andLC(═S)R″″′]y for thioalkyl amines; andThioalkyl Imines[R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(—(Iminothiols orSR″′)R″″R″″′]y, [R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—Iminodisulfides)[C(—S—[C(═S)R″′]y for thioalkyl imines,(N—S Bidentates,where R, R′, H, NH2, or any organicN—S Tridentates,functional group wherein the number ofN—S Tetradentates, andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyN—S Hexadentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached,and x and y = 1-6. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence[R(—NR′R″)(—SR″′)],Stabilizer #28:[R(—NR′R″)(—S—S—R″′)],Thioaryl Amines and[R(—NR′R″)(—C(═S)R″′],Thioaryl Imines (N—S[R(—NR′R″)x]2S,Bidentates, N—S[R(—NR′R″)x]2−3R″′(—SR′″′)y ,Tridentates, N—S[R(—SR′)x]2−3R″(—NR″′R″″)y,Tetradentates, and[R(—NR′R″)x]2S2, andN—S Hexadentates)[R(—NR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═S))yR″″for thioaryl amines; and[R(—SR′)x]NH or [R(—SR′)x]2NHNH forthioaryl imines, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andR″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicfunctional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polanzing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached,and x = 0-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #29:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenFive-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringssulfur-containing substituents (usually thiols,containing One, Two,mercaptans, disulfides, or thiocarbonyls) thatThree, or Four Nitrogenconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherAtoms at least onering systems bound to the heterocyclic ringadditional Sulfur Atomor to the S-containing substituent, but theyBinding Site not in a Ringdo not coordinate with the stabilized, high(N—S Bidentates,valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also containN—S Tridentates,O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)N—S Tetradentates,and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—S Hexadentates)S-containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #30:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenSix-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringssulfur-containing substituents (usually thiols,containing One, Two,mercaptans, disulfides, or thiocarbonyls) thatThree, or Four Nitrogenconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherAtoms at least onering systems bound to the heterocyclic ringadditional Sulfur Atomor to the S-containing substituent, but theyBinding Site not in a Ringdo not coordinate with the stabilized, high(N—S Bidentates,valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also containN—S Tridentates,O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s)N—S Tetradentates,and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—S Hexadentates)S-containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #31:containing one or two sulfur atoms. InFive-Memberedaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Heterocyclic Ringscontaining substituents (usually amines,containing One or Twoimines, or hydrazides) that constitute NSulfur Atoms at least onebinding sites. Can include other ring systemsadditional Nitrogen Atombound to the heterocyclic ring or to theBinding Site not in a RingN-containing substituent, but they do not(N—S Bidentates,coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceN—S Tridentates,metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S,N—S Tetradentates,or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oror N—S Hexadentates)attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containingsubstituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #32:containing one or two sulfur atoms. InSix-Memberedaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Heterocyclic Ringscontaining substituents (usually amines,containing One or Twoimines, or hydrazides) that constitute NSulfur Atoms at least onebinding sites. Can include other ring systemsadditional Nitrogen Atombound to the heterocyclic ring or to theBinding Site not in a RingN-containing substituent, but they do not(N—S Bidentates,coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceN—S Tridentates,metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, orN—S Tetradentates,P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oror N—S Hexadentates)attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containingsubstituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #33:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenFive-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringssulfur-containing rings that constitute Scontaining One, Two,binding sites. Can include other ring systemsThree, or Four Nitrogenbound to the N- or S-containing heterocyclicAtoms at least onerings, but they do not coordinate with theadditional Sulfur Atomstabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)Binding Site in a Separatecan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisRing (N—S Bidentates,5-membered ring(s) and/or additionalN—S Tridentates,S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,N—S Tetradentates)uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #34:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenSix-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringssulfur-containing rings that constitute Scontaining One, Two,binding sites. Can include other ring systemsThree, or Four Nitrogenbound to the N- or S- containing heterocyclicAtoms at least onerings, but they do not coordinate with theadditional Sulfur Atomstabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)Binding Site in a Separatecan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisRing (N—S Bidentates,6-membered ring(s) and/or additionalN—S Tridentates,S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,N—S Tetradentates)uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing two, three,Stabilizer #35:four, six, eight, or ten binding sitesTwo-, Three-, Four-,composed of nitrogen and sulfur to valenceSix-, Eight-, and Ten-stabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMembered Macrocyclics,other hydrocarbon or ring systems bound toMacrobicyclics, andthis macrocyclic ligand, but they do notMacropolycyclicscoordinate with the stabilized, high valence(including Catapinands,metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Cryptands, Cyclidenes, anduncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may orSepulchrates) wherein allmay not have halogen or polarizing or water-Binding Sites are composedinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.of Nitrogen (usually amineor imine groups) or Sulfur(usually thiols, mercaptans,or thiocarbonyls) and arenot contained inComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates,N—S Tetradentates,and N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing a total ofStabilizer #36:four, six, eight, or ten heterocyclic ringsFour-, Six-, Eight-,containing and nitrogen or sulfur bindingcor Ten-Memberedsites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringMacrocyclics,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand,Macrobicyclics,but they do not coordinate with theMacropolycyclicsstabilized, high valence metal ion. This(including Catapinands,ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingCryptands, Cyclidenes,hydrocarbon/rings may or may not haveand Sepulchrates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizingwherein all Binding Sitesgroups attached.are composed of Nitrogenor Sulfur and are containedin Component HeterocyclicRings (N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates,N—S Tetradentates,or N—S Hexadentates)N—S ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing at least oneStabilizer #37:heterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsFour-, Six-, Eight-,provide nitrogen or sulfur binding sites toor Ten-Memberedvalence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherMacrocyclics,amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, orMacrobicyclics, andthiocarbonyl binding sites can also beMacropolycyclicsincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long(including Catapinands,as the total number of binding sites is four,Cryptands, Cyclidenes,six, eight, or ten. Can include otherand Sepulchrates)hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thiswherein all Binding Sitesmacrocyclic ligand, but they do notare composed of Nitrogencoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceor Sulfur and are containedmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,in a Combination ofuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may orHeterocyclic Rings andmay not have halogen or polarizing or water-Amine, Imine, Thiol,insolubilizing groups attached.Mercapto, or ThiocarbonylGroups (N—S Bidentates,N—S Tridentates,N—S Tetradentates,or N—S Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR′—N(—OH)—C(—R)═N—R″, where R,Stabilizer #1:R′, and R″ represent H or any organicN—Hydroxy(or N,N′-functional group wherein the number ofdihydroxy)amidines andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyN—Hydroxy(or N,N′-having halogen or polarizing or water-insoldihydroxy)diamidinesubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.(N—O Bidentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,N—O Tridentates,or P atoms.or N—O Tetradentates) N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—NR″′R″″Stabilizer #2:for guanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—Guanylureas,NR″—NH—CO—NR″′R″″ forGuanidinoureas,guanidinoureas, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBis(guanylureas),R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(guanidinoureas),functional group wherein the number ofPoly(guanylureas), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(guanidinoureas)having halogen or polarizing or water-(N—O Bidentates andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—R″′ forStabilizer #3:N-amidinoamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—Amidinoamides,CR″R″′—CO—N—R″″R″″′Guanidinoamides,for 2-amidinoacetamides, andBis(amidinoamides),RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CO—R″′Bis(guanidinoamides),for guanidinoamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Poly(amidinoamides), andR″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, orPoly(guanidinoamides)any organic functional group wherein the(including both N-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,amidinoamides andoptionally having halogen or polarizing or2-amidinoacetamides)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(N—O Bidentatesattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingand N—O Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═NH)—NR′—CO—R″, where R,Stabilizer #4:R′, and R″, and R′″ represent H or anyImidoylamides,organic functional group wherein the numberBis(imidoylamides),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(imidoylamides)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—O Bidentates andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CO—NR″R″′,Stabilizer #5:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2,O-Amidinocarbamates,or any organic functional group wherein theBis(O-amidinocarbamates),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,and Poly(O-optionally having halogen or polarizing oramidinocarbamates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(N—O Bidentates andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—O Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CO—NR″R″′,Stabilizer #6:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2,5-Amidinothiocarbamates,or any organic functional group wherein theBis(S-amidinothio-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,carbamates), and Poly(S-optionally having halogen or polarizing oramidinothiocarbamates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(N—O Bidentates andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—O Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence(NH═)(NH═)P(OR)(OR′), where R, R′, andStabilizer #7:R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicDiimidosulfuric Acid,functional group wherein the number ofBis(diimidosulfuriccarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyacid), and derivativeshaving halogen or polarizing or water-thereof (N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates and N—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Tetradentates)or P atoms.N—O Valence(NH═)P(—OR)(—OR′)(—OR″), where R,Stabilizer #8:R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicPhosphorimidic Acid,functional group wherein the number ofBis(phosphorimidic acid);carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand Poly(phosphorimidichaving halogen or polarizing or water-acid), and derivativesinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.thereof (N—O Bidentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.N—O Valence(O═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′),Stabilizer #9:where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H,Phosphoric Triamides,NH2, or any organic functional groupBis(phosphoric triamides),wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesand Poly(phosphoricfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen ortriamides) (N—O polarizing or water-insolubilizing/Bidentates andsolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoN—O Tetradentates)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence(O═)P(—NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR″′)Stabilizer #10:for phosphoramidic acid and (O═)P(—Phosphoramidic Acid,NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—OR″″) forPhosphorodiamidic Acid,phosphorodiamidic acid, where R, R′, R″,Bis(phosphoramidic acid),R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2, or anyBis(phosphorodiamidicorganic functional group wherein the numberacid), Poly(phosphor-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,amidic acid), Poly(phosp-optionally having halogen or polarizing orhorodiamidic acid), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsderivatives thereofattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(N—O BidentatesN, O, S, or P atoms.and N—O Tetradentates)N—O ValenceR′—C(═O)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), whereStabilizer #11:R is an aromatic derivative (i.e. —C6H5),N-Acyl 7-Aminobenzyl-and R′and R″ represent H, NH2, or anyidenimines (N—Oorganic functional group wherein the numberBidentates orof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,N—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═NOH)—R′ for oximes, andStabilizer #12:R—C(═NOH)—C(═NOH)—R′ forOximes, Dioximes,dioximes, where R and R′ represent H, NH2,and Poly(oximes)or any organic functional group wherein the(N—O Bidentates,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,N—O Tridentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orand N—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═O)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R andStabilizer #13:R′ represent H, NH2, or any organicCarbonyl oximes,functional group wherein the number ofBis(carbonyl oximes),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand Poly(carbonyl oximes)having halogen or polarizing or water-(N—O Bidentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Tridentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,and N—O Tetradentates)or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═N—R″)—C(═NOH)—R′, whereStabilizer #14:R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or anyImine oximes,organic functional group wherein theBis(imine oximes), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(imine oximes)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(including 2-nitrogenwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsheterocyclic oximes)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(N—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tridentates,N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—CH(—OH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R,Stabilizer #15:R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or anyHydroxy oximes,organic functional group wherein the numberBis(hydroxy oximes), andof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(hydroxy oximes)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(including 2-oxygenwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsheterocyclic oximes)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(N—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tridentates,N—O Tetradentates,and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceRR′—C(—NH—R″)—C(═NOH)—R′″Stabilizer #16:where R, R′, R″, and R″′represent H, NH2,Amino oximes,or any organic functional group wherein theBis(amino oximes), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(amino oximes)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—O Bidentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tridentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—O Tetradentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═NOH)—R″, where R, R′,Stabilizer #17:and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicAmido oximes,functional group wherein the number ofBis(amido oximes), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(amido oximes)having halogen or polarizing or water-(N—O Bidentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Tridentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,N—O Tetradentates,or P atoms.and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—C(═NOH)—R′ or RR′C—Stabilizer #18:═N—NR″—C(═NOH)—R″′, where R,Azo oximes,R′, R″, and R″′represent H, NH2, or anyBis(azo oximes),organic functional group wherein theand Poly(azo oximes)number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,(N—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orN—O Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates,attached. (R is typically an aryl group.)and N—O Hexadentates).Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Also includesor P atoms.hydrazone oximes.N—O Valenceo-(ON—)(HO-)Ar, where Ar represents anStabilizer #19:aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the2—Nitrosophenolsnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,(o-Quinone monoximes)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—O Bidentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valenceo-(O2N—)(HO-)Ar, where Ar represents anStabilizer #20:aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the2—Nitrophenolsnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,(N—O Bidentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═O)—NR′—OH orStabilizer #21:R—C(—OH)═N—OH, where R and R′Hydroxamatesrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functional(Hydroxylamines),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(hydroxamates), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(hydroxamates)halogen or polarizing or water-(N—O Bidentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingand N—O Hexadentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—N(—NO)—OH, where R representsStabilizer #22:any organic functional group wherein theN-Nitrosohydroxylamines,number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 40,Bis(N-nitrosohydroxyl-optionally having halogen or polarizing oramines), and Poly(N-water insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsnitrosohydroxylamines)attached. (R is typically an aryl or(N—O Bidentates,heterocyclic group.) Ligand can also containN—O Tetradentates,nonbinding N, O, S. or P atoms.and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—CH(—NHR′)—C(═O)(—OH) forStabilizer #23:amino acids and ortho-aminocarboxylicAmino Acids andacids, and R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═O)—ortho-Aminocarboxylic(NR″—)CH(—R″′)—C(═O)(—OH)Acids, Peptides,for peptides, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Polypeptides, and Proteinsrepresent any organic functional group[N—O Bidentates,wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—O Tridentates, andfrom 1 to 40, optionally having halogen orN—O Tetradentates;polarizing or water-insolubilizing/possibly S—O dentatessolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsofor sulfur-contg. examplescontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.such as penicillamine andcystine]N—O ValenceRCONR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ representStabilizer #24:H, NH2, or any organic functional groupAmides, Bis(amides),wherein N—O the number of carbon atomsand Poly(amides),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingincluding lactamshalogen or polarizing or water-(N—O Bidentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—O Tetradentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—N═CR″′R″″,Stabilizer #25:where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Semicarbazones,or any organic functional group wherein theBis(semicarbazones), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(semicarbazones)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—O Bidentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates, andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN—O Hexadentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—C(═O)—NR′—N═CR″R″′, whereStabilizer #26:R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or anyAcyl hydrazones,organic functional group wherein the numberBis(acyl hydrazones), andof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(acyl hydrazones)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(N—O Bidentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingand N—O Hexadentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceR—N═N—C(═O)—NR′—N—R″R″′,Stabilizer #27:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or anyCarbazonesorganic functional group wherein the number(Diazenecarboxylicof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,hydrazides),optionally having halogen or polarizing orBis(carbazones), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(carbazones)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(N—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tetradentates,and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—R′ for azo compounds,Stabilizer #28:R—N═N—NH—R′ for triazenes, where R,Azo compounds includingand R′ represent H or any organic functionaltriazenes with hydroxylgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsor carboxy or carbonylranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingsubstitution at the ortho-halogen or polarizing or water-(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups(for alkyl) positions,attached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orBis[o-(HO—) or alpha-carboxy or carbonyl substituted aryl azoor beta-(HO—)azocompounds, and alpha- or beta-hydroxy orcompounds], orcarboxy or carbonyl alkyl azo compounds.)Poly[o-(HO—) or alpha-Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or beta-(HO—)azoor P atoms.compounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—OTridentates, N—OTetradentates, orN—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—C(═O)—NR′R″Stabilizer #29:for diazeneformamides, andDiazeneformamides,R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—NR′″R ″″Diazeneacetamides,for diazeneacetamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(diazeneformamides),and R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(diazeneacetamides),functional group wherein the number ofPoly(diazeneformamides),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand Poly(diazene-having halogen or polarizing or water-acetamides)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.(N—O Bidentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,N—O Tetradentates,or P atoms.and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′Stabilizer #30:for diazeneformic acid, and Diazeneformic acids,R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—O—R″′Diazeneacetic acids,for diazeneacetic acid, where R, R′, R″, andBis(diazeneformic acids),R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(diazeneacetic acids),functional group wherein the number ofPoly(diazeneformic acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(diazeneacetic acids),having halogen or polarizing or water-and derivatives thereofinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.(N—O Bidentates,Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,N—O Tetradentates,or P atoms.N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—C(═O)—R′Stabilizer #31:for diazeneformaldehydes, andDiazeneformaldehydes,R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ forDiazeneacetaldehydes,diazeneacetaldehydes, where R, R′, R″, andBis(diazene-R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicformaldehydes),functional group wherein the number ofBis(diazene-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyacetaldehydes),having halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(diazene-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.formaldehydes), andLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Poly(diazene-or P atoms.acetaldehydes)(N—O Bidentates,N—O Tetradentatesand N—O Hexadentates) N—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═O)—NN—C(═O)—NR″R″′Stabilizer #32:for diazenediformamides, and RR′—N—Diazenediformamides,C(═O)—CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″′—Diazenediacetamides,C(═O)—NR″″″R″″″′for diazenedi-Bis(diazenedi-acetamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′,formamides),R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2, or anyBis(diazene-organic functional group wherein thediacetamides),number of carbon atoms ranges fromPoly(diazenedi-0 to 40, optionally having halogen orformamides), andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/Poly(diazenedi-solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoacetamides)contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.(N—O Tridentatesand N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—O—C(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′Stabilizer #33:for diazenediforrnic acid, and Diazenediformic acids,R—O—C(═O)—CR′R″N═N—CR″′R″″—Diazenediacetic acids,C(═O)—R′″″ for diazenediacetic acid,Bis(diazenediformic acids),where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representBis(diazenediacetic acids),H, NH2, or any organic functional groupPoly(diazenediformicwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesacids), Poly(diazene-from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen ordiacetic acids) andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/derivatives thereofsolubilizing groups attached.(N—O TridentatesLigand can also contain nonbindingand N—O Hexadentates)N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceRC(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—R′Stabilizer #34:for diazenediformaldehydes, andDiazenediformaldehydes,RC(═O)—CR ′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—Diazenediacetaldehydes,C(═O)—R″″′ for diazenediacetaldehydes,Bis(diazenedi-where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representformaldehydes),H, NH2, or any organic functional groupBis(diazenedi-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesacetaldehydes),from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orPoly(diazenedi-polarizing or water-insolubilizing/formaldehydes), andsolubilizing groups attached. Ligand canPoly(diazenedi-also contain nonbinding N, O, S, oracetaldehydes)P atoms.(N—O Tridentatesand N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceR—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, whereStabilizer #35:R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or anyOrtho-hydroxy (ororganic functional group wherein the number-carboxy) Substitutedof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Formazans, Bis(o-hydroxyoptionally having halogen or polarizing oror -carboxy substitutedwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsformazans), andattached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orPoly(o-hydroxy or -carboxycarboxy substituted aryl R derivatives, andsubstituted formazans)beta-hydroxy or carboxy substituted alkyl R(N—O Bidentates,derivatives.) Ligand can also containN—O Tridentates,nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tetradentates,and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceRR′C═N—N═CR″R″′orStabilizer #36:RR′C═N—NR″R″′(for ketazines), whereOrtho-hydroxy (orR, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, or any-carboxy) Substitutedorganic functional group wherein the numberAzines (includingof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,ketazines), Bis(o-optionally having halogen or polarizing orhydroxy or carboxywater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupssubstituted azines), andattached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orPoly(o-hydroxy orcarboxy substituted aryl R derivatives,carboxy substituted azines)and beta- hydroxy or carboxy substituted(N —O Bidentates,alkyl R derivatives.) Ligand can also containN—O Tridentates,nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tetradentates,and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceRR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″Stabilizer #37:represent H, or any organic functional groupSchiff Bases withwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesone Imine (C═N) Groupfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orand with ortho- or alpha-polarizing or water-insolubilizing/or beta-hydroxy or carboxysolubilizing groups attached. (Must containor carbonyl substitutionortho- or alpha- or beta- hydroxy or carboxy(N—O Bidentates,or carbonyl substitution.) Ligand can alsoN—O Tridentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Tetradentates,N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates).Also includes hydrazoneswith ortho-O substitution.N—O ValenceRR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ orStabilizer #38:R—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ orSchiff Bases withRC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,two Imine (C═N) GroupsR″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicand with ortho- or alpha-functional group wherein the number ofor beta-hydroxy or carboxycarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyor carbonyl substitutionhaving halogenor polarizing or water-(N—O Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Tetradentates,(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-N—O Pentadentates, orhydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution.)N—O Hexadentates).Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Also includes hydrazonesor P atoms.with ortho-O substitution.N—O ValenceN(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Stabilizer #39:represent H, or any organic functional groupSchiff Bases withwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesthree Imine (C═N)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orGroups and with ortho-polarizing or water-insolubilizing/or alpha- or beta- solubilizing groups attached. (Must containhydroxy or carboxy orortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxycarbonyl substitutionor carbonyl substitution.) Ligand can also(N—O Tetradentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Pentadentates, orN—O Hexadentates).Also includes hydrazoneswith ortho-O substitution.N—O Valence[R—C(NR′R″)]x—R″—[Si(—OR″′)zR″″3−z]yStabilizer #40:where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,SilylaminoalcoholsNH2, or any organic functional group(N—O Bidentates,wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—O Tridentates,from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orN—O Tetradentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/and N—O Hexadentates)solubilizing groups attached, and x andy = 1-6, z =1-3. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence[R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(—OR″′)R″″R″″′]yStabilizer #41:or [R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(═O)R″′]y,Hydroxyalkyl Imineswhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent(Imino Alcohols)H, NH2, or any organic functional group(N—O Bidentates,wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—O Tridentates,from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenN—O Tetradentates,or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/and N—O Hexadentates)solubilizing groups attached, and x and y =1-6. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence[R(—NR′R″)(—OR″′)],Stabilizer #42:[R(—NR′R″)(—C(═O)R″′],Hydroxyaryl Amines[R(—NR′R″)x]2O,and Hydroxyaryl Imines[R(—NR′R″)x]2−3R″′(—OR′″′)y,(N—O Bidentates,[R(—OR′)x]2−3R″(—NR″′R″″)y, andN—O Tridentates,[R(—NR′R″)x]2R″″(C(═O))yR″″ forN—O Tetradentates,hydroxyaryl amines; and [R(—OR′)x]2NH orand N—O Hexadentates)[R(—OR′)x]2NHNH for hydroxyaryl imines,where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,NH2, or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, andx = O-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #43:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenFive-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringsoxygen-containing substituents (usuallycontaining One, Two,hydroxy, carboxy or carbonyl groups) thatThree, or Four Nitrogenconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherAtoms at least onering systems bound to the heterocyclic ringadditional Oxygen Atomor to the O-containing substituent, but theyBinding Site not in a Ringdo not coordinate with the stabilized, high(N—O Bidentates,valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also containN—O Tridentates,O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)N—O Tetradentates,and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—O Hexadentates)O-containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #44:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenSix-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringsoxygen-containing substituents (usuallycontaining One, Two,hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) thatThree, or Four Nitrogenconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherAtoms at least onering systems bound to the heterocyclic ringadditional Oxygen Atomor to the O-containing substituent, but theyBinding Site not in a Ringdo not coordinate with the stabilized, high(N—O Bidentates,valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also containN—O Tridentates,O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s)N—O Tetradentates,and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—O Hexadentates)O-containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #45:containing one or two oxygen atoms. InFive-Memberedaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Heterocyclic Ringscontaining substituents (usually amines,containing One orimines, or hydrazides) that constitute NTwo Oxygen Atoms atbinding sites. Can include other ring systemsleast one additionalbound to the heterocyclic ring or to theNitrogen Atom BindingN-containing substituent, but they do notSite not in a Ringcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence(N—O Bidentates,metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S,N—O Tridentates,or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orN—O Tetradentates,attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—O Hexadentates)N-containing substituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #46:containing one or two oxygen atoms. InSix-Memberedaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Heterocyclic Ringscontaining substituents (usually amines,containing One orimines, or hydrazides) that constitute NTwo Oxygen Atoms atbinding sites. Can include other ring systemsleast one additionalbound to the heterocyclic ring or to theNitrogen Atom BindingN-containing substituent, but they do notSite not in a Ringcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence(N—O Bidentates,metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, orN—O Tridentates,P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orN—O Tetradentates,attached, uncoordinating rings and/oror N—O Hexadentates)N-containingsubstituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceFive membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #47:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenFive-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringsoxygen-containing rings that constitute Ocontaining One, Two,binding sites. Can include other ring systemsThree, or Fourbound to the N- or O-containing heterocyclicNitrogen Atoms atrings, but they do not coordinate with theleast one additionalstabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)Oxygen Atom Bindingcan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisSite in a Separate Ring5-membered ring(s) and/or additional O—(N—O Bidentates,containing ring(s) and/or attached,N—O Tridentates,uncoordinating rings may or may not haveN—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceSix membered heterocyclic ring(s)Stabilizer #48:containing one, two, three, or four nitrogenSix-Memberedatoms. In addition, ligand contains additionalHeterocyclic Ringsoxygen-containing rings that constitute Ocontaining One,binding sites. Can include other ring systemsTwo, Three, or Fourbound to the N- or O- containing heterocyclicNitrogen Atoms atrings, but they do not coordinate with theleast one additionalstabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s)Oxygen Atom Bindingcan also contain O, S, or P atoms. ThisSite in a Separate Ring6-membered ring(s) and/or additional(N—O Bidentates,O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,N—O Tridentates,uncoordinating rings may or may not haveN—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing two, three,Stabilizer #49:four, six, eight, or ten binding sitesTwo-, Three-, Four-,composed of nitrogen and oxygen to valenceSix-, Eight-, and Ten-stabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMembered Macrocyclics,other hydrocarbon or ring systems bound toMacrobicyclics,this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notand Macropolycyclicscoordinate with the stabilized, high valence(including Catapinands,metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Cryptands, Cyclidenes, anduncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may orSepulchrates) wherein allmay not have halogen or polarizing or water-Binding Sites areinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.composed of Nitrogen(usually amine orimine groups) or Oxygen(usually hydroxy, carboxy,or carbonyl groupss) andare not contained inComponent HeterocyclicRings (N—O Bidentates,N—O Tridentates,N—O Tetradentates,and N—O Hexadentates)N—O ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing a total ofStabilizer #50:four, six, eight, or ten heterocyclic ringsFour-, Six-, Eight-,containing nitrogen or oxygen binding sites.or Ten-MemberedCan include other hydrocarbon/ring systemsMacrocyclics,bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but theyMacrobicyclics, anddo not coordinate with the stabilized, highMacropolycyclicsvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or(including Catapinands,attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/ringsCryptands, Cyclidenes,may or may not have halogen or polarizingand Sepulchrates)or water-insolubilizing groups attached.wherein all BindingSites are composed ofNitrogen or Oxygenand are contained inComponent HeterocyclicRings (N—O Bidentates,N—O Tridentates, N—OTetradentates, or N—OHexadentates)N—O ValenceMacrocyclic ligands containing at least oneStabilizer #51:heterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsFour-, Six-, Eight-,provide nitrogen or oxygen binding sites toor Ten-Memberedvalence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherMacrocyclics,amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonylMacrobicyclics, andbinding sites can also be included in theMacropolycyclicsmacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total(including Catapinands,number of binding sites is four, six, eight,Cryptands, Cyclidenes,or ten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringand Sepulchrates)systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand,wherein all Bindingbut they do not coordinate with theSites are composed ofstabilized, high valence metal ion.Nitrogen or Oxygen andThis ligand and/or attached,are contained in auncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may orCombination ofmay not have halogen or polarizing orHeterocyclic Rings andwater-insolubilizing groups attached.Amine, Imine, Hydroxy,Carboxy, or CarbonylGroups (N—O Bidentates,N—O Tridentates,N—O Tetradentates,or N—O Hexadentates)S—O ValenceR—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ whereStabilizer #1:R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any1,3-Monothioketonesorganic functional group wherein the number(Monothio-beta-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,ketonates),optionally having halogen or polarizing or1,3,5-Monothioketones,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups1,3,5-Dithioketones,attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingBis(1,3-Monothioketones),N, O, S, or P atoms.and Poly(1,3-Monothioketones) (S—OBidentates, S—OTridentates, S—OTetradentates)S—O ValenceR—C(═S)—CR′E″—C(═O)—R″′ whereStabilizer #2:R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H,ThiomalonamidesNH2, or any organic functional group(Thiomalonodiamides),wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBis(thiomalonamides), andfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orPolythiomalonamidespolarizing or water-insolubilizing/(S—O Bidentates,solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoS—O Tridentates,contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Tetradentates)S—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—R″″Stabilizer #3:for 2-thioacylacetamides, and2-Thioacylacetamides, 2-RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—R″″Acylthioacetamides,for 2-acylthioacetamides, where R, R′, R″,Bis(2-thioacyl-R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyacetamides),organic functional group wherein the numberBis(2acylthio-of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,acetamides), Poly(2-optionally having halogen or polarizing orthioacylacetamides), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(2-Acylthio-attached. Ligand can also containacetamides)nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.(S—O Bidentates,S—O Tridentates,S—O Tetradentates)S—O ValenceRR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′Stabilizer #4:where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orDithiodicarbonicany organic functional group wherein theDiamides,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(dithiodicarbonicoptionally having halogen or polarizing ordiamides), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(dithiodicarbonicattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingdiamides) (S—ON, O, S, or P atoms.Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—OTetradentates)S—O Valence(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—Stabilizer #5:P(═O)(—O—R′)(—O—R′″);Monothiohypophos-(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—phoric Acids,P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′); orBis(monothiohypo-(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—phosphoric acids), andP(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′),Poly(monothiohypo-where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orphosphoric acids), andany organic functional group wherein thederivatives thereofnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,(S—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orS—O Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsS—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands arenot to be confused with hypophosphorousacid derivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducingand therefore unacceptable for stabilizationof high valence states in metal ions.S—O Valence(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)(—N—Stabilizer #6:R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′,Monothiohypo-R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representphosphoramides,H, NH2 or any organic functional groupBis(monothiohypo-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesphosphoramides), andfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orPoly(monothiohypo-polarizing or water-insolubilizing/phosphoramides) (S—Osolubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsoBidentates, S—Ocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Tridentates, S—ONote: these ligands are not to be confusedTetradentates)with hypophosphorous acid derivatives(hypophosphites) (R—O—) R″R″′P(═O)which are very reducing and thereforeunacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S—O Valence (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—Stabilizer #7:P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Monothioimido-(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(S)—NH—diphosphoric Acids,P(═O)(—S—R″)(—0—R″′); orMonothiohydrazido-(R—S—)(R ′—S—)P(═S)—NH—diphosphoric Acids,P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′)Bis(monothioimido-for monothioimidodiphosphoric acids,diphosphoric Acids),and —NH—NH— derivatives forBis(monothiohydrazido-monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, wherediphosphoric Acids),R,R′,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(monothioimidodi-organic functional group wherein the numberphosphoric Acid),of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiohydrazido-optionally having halogen or polarizing ordiphosphoric Acids),water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsand derivatives thereofattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding(5—O Bidentates,N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Tridentates,S—O Tetradentates)S—O Valence(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—NH—Stabilizer #8:P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Monothioimidodi-for monothiolmidodiphosphoramides, andphosphoramides,—NH—NH— derivatives forMonothiohydrazidodi-monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, wherephosphoramides,R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R′″″″Bis(monothioimidodi-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalphosphoramides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(monothiohydrazido-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingdiphosphoramides),halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(monothioimidodi-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.phosphoramides), andLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,Poly(monothiohydrazido-or P atoms.diphosphoramides) (5—O Bidentates,5—O Tridentates,5—O Tetradentates)S—O Valence(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—Stabilizer #9:P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Monothiodi-or (RR ′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—O—phosphoramides,P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Bis(monothioiphos-where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,phoramides), andand R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(monothiodi-functional group wherein the number ofphosphoramides) (S—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.S—O Valence(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—Stabilizer #10:P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothiodi-(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—phosphoric Acids,S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Bis(monothioi-(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—phosphoric Acids),O—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Poly(monothiodi-(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—phosphoric Acids), andS—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); orderivatives thereof(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—(S—O Bidentates,S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″),S—O Tridentates,where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andS—O Tetradentates)R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms.S—O ValenceRR′N+═C(OH)(SH), where R and R′Stabilizer #11:represent H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″═C1-C30 Monothiocarbamates,alkyl or aryl), SR″ (R″═C1-C30 alkylBis(monothio-or aryl), NH2 or any organic functional groupcarbamates), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(monothiocarbamates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen(including N-or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/hydroxymonothio-solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcarbamates and N-can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,mercaptomonothio-or P atoms.carbamates) (S—OBidentates, S—OTridentates, and S—OTetradentates)Miscellaneous ValenceHydroxo and oxo ligands bound directly toStabilizer #1:the high valence metal ion.Hydroxo and Oxo Ligands

[0112] N Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoamines (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: ammonia; ethylamine; n-dodecylamine; octylamine; phenylamine; cyclohexylamine; diethylamine; dioctylamine; diphenylamine; dicyclohexylamine; azetidine; hexamethylenetetramine (Urotropin); aziridine; azepine; pyrrolidine; benzopyrrolidine; dibenzopyrrolidine; naphthopyrrolidine; piperidine; benzopiperidine; dibenzopiperidine; naphthopiperidine; azacycloheptane (hexamethyleneimine); aminonorbornane; adamantanamine; aniline; benzylamine; toluidine; phenethylamine; xylidine; cumidine; naphthylamine; polyalkylamines; polyanilines; and fluorenediamine.

[0113] N Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diamines (N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrazine; phenylhydrazine; 1,1-diphenylhydrazine; 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (hydrazobenzene); methanediamine; ethylenediamine (1,2-ethanediamine, en); trimethylenediamine (1,3-propanediamine); putrescine (1,4-butanediamine); cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine); hexamethylenediamine (1,6-hexanediamine); 2,3-diaminobutane; stilbenediamine (1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine); cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; cyclopentane-1,2-diamine; 1,3-diazacyclopentane; 1,3-diazacyclohexane; piperazine; benzopiperazine; dibenzopiperazine; naphthopiperazine; diazepine; thiadiazepine; oxodiazepine; sparteine (lupinidine); 2-(aminomethyl)azacyclohexane; 2-(aminomethyl)piperidine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine; 2-(aminomethyl)azetidine; 2-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine; 1,2-diaminobenzene; benzidine; bis(2,2′-piperazino)-1,2-ethene; 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; naphthylethylenediamine; and 1,2-dianilinoethane.

[0114] N Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triamines (N—N bidentates or N—N tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (dien, 2,2-tri); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (2,3-tri); N-(3aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3-tri, dpt); N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine (3,4-tri, spermidine); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (2,4-tri); N-(6-hexyl)-1,6-hexanediamine (6,6-tri); 1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach); 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (tamm); 2-(aminomethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediamine (tame); 2-(aminomethyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine (tamp); 1,2,3-triaminopropane (tap); 2,3-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine; 2,4-(aminomethyl)azetidine; 2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)piperidine; di(2-aminobenzyl)amine; hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine; hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazine; and 1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)benzene.

[0115] N Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetramines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2-tet, trien (triethylenetetramine)); N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (2,3,2-tet, entnen); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3,2,3-tet, tnentn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,3-tet); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,2-tet); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3-tet); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine (3,4,3-tet, spermine); tri(aminomethyl)amine (tren); tri(2-aminoethyl)amine (trtn); tri(3-aminopropyl)amine (trbn); 2,2-aminomethyl-1,3-propanediamine (tam); 1,2,3,4-tetraminobutane (tab); N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine; and N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3-propanediamine.

[0116] N Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentamines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2,2-pent, tetren); N-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3,2,2,3-pent); N-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-3-aminopropyl]-N ′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3,3-pent, caldopentamine); N-[N-(2-aminobenzyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine; N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine (trenen); and N-[N-(2-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine (4-Me-trenen).

[0117] N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexamines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, or N—N—N—N—N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2,2,2-hex, linpen); N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (2,3,2,3,2-hex); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (penten, ten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine (tpn, R-5-Me-penten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (ttn); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (tbn); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (R,R-tptn, R,S-tptn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-2,2-[N-(2-aminoethyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine (sen); and N-(3-aminopropyl)-2,2-[N-(3-aminopropyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine (stn).

[0118] N Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-pyrroline, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, pyrrole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, azaphosphole, benzopyrroline, benzopyrrole (indole), benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, benzisothiazole, benzazaphosphole, dibenzopyrroline, dibenzopyrrole (carbazole), dibenzoxazole, dibenzisoxazole, dibenzothiazole, dibenzisothiazole, naphthopyrroline, naphthopyrrole, naphthoxazole, naphthisoxazole, naphthothiazole, naphthisothiazole, naphthazaphosphole, and polypyrroles.

[0119] N Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pyrazoline, imidazoline, imidazole (ia), pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, diazaphosphole, benzopyrazoline, benzimidazoline, benzimidazole (azindole)(bia)(bz), benzopyrazole (indazole), benzothiadiazole (piazthiole), benzoxadiazole (benzofurazan), naphthopyrazoline, naphthimidazoline, naphthimidazole, naphthopyrazole, naphthoxadiazole, naphthothiadiazole, polybenzimidazole, and polyimidazoles (e.g. polyvinylimidazole (pvi)).

[0120] N Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates, N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triazole, oxatriazole, thiatriazole, benzotriazole (bta), tolyltriazole (tt), naphthotriazole, and triazolophthalazine.

[0121] N Valence Stabilizer #7d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrazole.

[0122] N Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridine, picoline, lutidine, γ-collidine, oxazine, thiazine, azaphosphorin, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazine, benzothiazine, benzazaphosphorin, acridine, phenanthridine, phenothiazine (dibenzothiazine), dibenzoxazine, dibenzazaphosphorin, benzoquinoline (naphthopyridine), naphthoxazine, naphthothiazine, naphthazaphosphorin, and polypyridines.

[0123] N Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, oxadiazine, thiadiazine, diazaphosphorin, quinoxaline (benzopyrazine), cinnoline (benzo[c]pyridazine), quinazoline (benzopyrimidine), phthalazine (benzo[d]pyridazine), benzoxadiazine, benzothiadiazine, phenazine (dibenzopyrazine), dibenzopyridazine, naphthopyrazine, naphthopyridazine, naphthopyrimidine, naphthoxadiazine, naphthothiadiazine, and polyquinoxalines.

[0124] N Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, benzo-1,2,3-triazine, naphtho-1,2,3-triazine, oxatriazine, thiatriazine, melamine, and cyanuric acid.

[0125] N Valence Stabilizer #8d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrazine.

[0126] N Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(aminomethyl)-3-pyrroline; 2,5-(aminomethyl)-3-pyrroline; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrole; 3-(aminomethyl)isoxazole; 2-(aminomethyl)thiazole; 3-(aminomethyl)isothiazole; 2-(aminomethyl)indole; 2-aminobenzoxazole; 2-aininobenzothiazole (abt); 1,8-diaminocarbazole; 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole (amebt); 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole (ameobt), and 1,3-diiminoisoindoline.

[0127] N Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminoimidazoline; 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazoline; 2-aminoimidazole; 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole [histamine]; 1-alkyl-4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole; 3,5-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole; 1-(aminomethyl)pyrazole; 2-aminobenzimidazole; 7-(2-aminoethyl)benzimidazole; 1-(3-aminopropyl)benzimidazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)indazole; 3,7-(2-aminoethyl)indazole; 1-(aminomethyl)indazole; 7-aminobenzothiadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzothiadiazole; 7-aminobenzoxadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzoxadiazole; ethylenediaminetetra(1-pyrazolylmethane) [edtp]; methylenenitrilotris(2-(1-methyl)benzimidazole) [mntb] [tris(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine]; bis(alkyl-1-pyrazolylmethane)amine; bis(alkyl-2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)amine; bis(N,N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-2-aminoethane)(2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine; bis(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolylmethane)phenylamine; tris(2-(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolyl)ethane)amine; 5-(dimethylamino)pyrazole; 5-(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrazole; 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 1-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline.

[0128] N Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N—N Tridentates, N—N—N—N Tetradentates, or N—N—N—N—N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ata); 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (dat); 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 3,5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 3,5-(aminomethyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 7-aminobenzotriazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 4-(3-aminopropyl)benzotriazole; N-(benzotriazolylalkyl)amine; dibenzotriazole-1-ylalkylamine; bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl); bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes; and 1-(aminomethyl)benzotriazole.

[0129] N Valence Stabilizer #9d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1H-tetrazole; and 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole.

[0130] N Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyridine; 2,6-diaminopyridine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(aminoethyl)pyridine; 2-amino-4-picoline; 2,6-diamino-4-picoline; 2-amino-3,5-lutidine; 2-aminoquinoline; 8-aminoquinoline; 2-aminoisoquinoline; acriflavine; 4-aminophenanthridine; 4,5-(aminomethyl)phenothiazine; 4,5-(aminomethyl)dibenzoxazine; 10-amino-7,8-benzoquinoline; bis(2-pyridylmethane)amine; tris(2-pyridyl)amine; bis(4(2-pyridyl)-3-azabutane)amine; bis(N,N-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)amine; 4-(N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)morpholine; 6-aminonicotinic acid; 8-aminoacridine; and 2-hydrazinopyridine.

[0131] N Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyrazine; 2,6-diaminopyrazine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyrazine; 3-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 3,6-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 3,6-(2-aminoethyl)pyridazine; 1-aminopyridazine; 1-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 2-aminopyrimidine; 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrimidine; 2-aminoquinoxaline; 2,3-diaminoquinoxaline; 2-aminocinnoline; 3-aminocinnoline; 3-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline; 3,8-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline; 2-aminoquinazoline; 1-(2-aminoethyl)quinazoline; 1-aminophthalazine; 1,4-(2-aminoethyl)phthalazine; 1,8-(aminomethyl)phenazine; 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (admp); dihydralazine; and hydralazine.

[0132] N Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine; 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,5-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine, polymelamines; melamine; and altretamine.

[0133] N Valence Stabilizer #10d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,6-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; 3,6-(1,3-diamino-2-propyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; and 4,6-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.

[0134] N Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-3-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-2-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-1-pyrroline; 2,2′-bipyrrole; 2,2′,2″-tripyrrole; 3,3′-biisoxazole; 2,2′-bioxazole; 3,3′-biisothiazole; 2,2′-bithiazole; 2,2′-biindole; 2,2′-bibenzoxazole; 2,2′-bibenzothiazole; bilirubin; biliverdine; and 7-azaindole.

[0135] N Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2-imidazoline [2,2′-bi-2-imidazolinyl][bimd]; 2,2′-biimidazole [2,2′-biimidazolyl][biimH2]; 5,5′-bipyrazole; 3,3′-bipyrazole; 4,4′-bipyrazole [4,4′-bipyrazolyl][bpz]; 2,2′-bioxadiazole; 2,2′-bithiadiazole; 2,2′-bibenzimidazole; 7,7′-biindazole; 5,5′-bibenzofurazan; 5,5′-bibenzothiadiazole; bis-1,2-(2=benzimidazole)ethane; bis(2-benzimidazole)methane; 1,2-(2-imidazolyl)benzene; 2-(2-thiazolyl)benzimidazole; 2-(2-imidazolyl)benzimidazole; benzimidazotriazine; 4-azabenzimidazole; and 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine.

[0136] N Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazole [btrz]; 3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole; 1,1′-bi-1,2,4-triazole; 1,1′-bi-1,2,3-triazole; 5,5′-bi-1,2,3-triazole; 7,7′-bibenzotriazole; 1,1′-bibenzotriazole; bis(pyridyl)aminotriazole (pat); and 8-azaadenine.

[0137] N Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 5,5′-bi-1H-tetrazole; and 1,1′-bi-1H-tetrazole.

[0138] N Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bipyridine [bipy]; 2,2′,2″-tripyridine [terpyridine] [terpy]; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetrapyridine [tetrapy]; 6,6′-bi-2-picoline; 6,6′-bi-3-picoline; 6,6′-bi-4-picoline; 6,6′-bi-2,3-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-2,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-3,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-2,3,4-collidine; 2,2′-biquinoline; 2,2′-biisoquinoline; 3,3′-bibenzoxazine; 3,3′-bibenzothiazine; 1,10-phenanthroline [phen]; 1,8-naphthyridine; bis-1,2-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))ethane; bis-1,3-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))propane; 3,5-bis(3-pyridyl)pyrazole; 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)triazole; 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-5-(3-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminobenzopyiroline; 2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminophthalazine; 2,6-di-(2-benzothiazolyl)pyridine; triazolopyrimidine; 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazoline; 7-azaindole; i-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole; (1-imidazolyl)(2-pyridyl)methane; 4,5-bis(N,N′-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)imidazole; bathophenanthroline; 4-(2-benzimidazolyl)quinoline; 1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethane; 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-dipyridyl; neocuproine; nicotine; and nornicotine.

[0139] N Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bipyrazine; 2,2′,2″-tripyrazine; 6,6′-bipyridazine; bis(3-pyridazinyl)methane; 1,2-bis(3-pyridazinyl)ethane; 2,2′-bipyrimidine; 2,2′-biquinoxaline; 8,8′-biquinoxaline; bis(3-cinnolinyl)methane; bis(3-cinnolinyl)ethane; 8,8′-bicinnoline; 2,2′-biquinazoline; 4,4′-biquinazoline; 8,8′-biquinazoline; 2,2′-biphthalazine; 1,1′-biphthalazine; 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole; 8-azapurine; purine; adenine; guanine; hypoxanthine; 2,6-bis(N,N′-(2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; 2-(N-(2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; adenine (aminopurine); purine; and 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine.

[0140] N Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triazine; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triazine; 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazine; and 4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triazine; 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; and benzimidazotriazines.

[0141] N Valence Stabilizer #12d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3′-bi-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; and 4,4′-bi-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.

[0142] N Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclobutane ([4]aneN2); diazacyclopentane ([5]aneN2); diazacyclohexane ([6]aneN2); diazacycloheptane ([7]aneN2); diazacyclooctane ([8]aneN2); piperazine; benzopiperazine; diazacyclobutene ([4]eneN2); diazacyclopentene ([5]eneN2); diazacyclohexene ([6]eneN2); diazacycloheptene ([7]eneN2); diazacyclooctene ([8]eneN2); diazacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneN2); diazacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneN2); diazacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneN2); diazacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneN2); and diazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN2).

[0143] N Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triazacyclohexane (including hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine)([6]aneN3); triazacycloheptane ([7]aneN3); triazacyclooctane ([8]aneN3); triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3); triazacyclodecane ([10]aneN3); triazacycloundecane ([11]aneN3); triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN3); triazacyclohexene ([6]eneN3); triazacycloheptene ([7]eneN3); triazacyclooctene ([8]eneN3); triazacyclononene ([9]eneN3); triazacyclodecene ([10]eneN3); triazacycloundecene ([11]eneN3); triazacyclododecene ([12]eneN3); triazacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneN3); triazacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneN3); triazacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneN3); triazacyclononatriene ([9]trieneN3); triazacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneN3); triazacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneN3); and triazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN3).

[0144] N Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraazacyclooctane ([8]aneN4); tetraazacyclononane ([9]aneN4); tetraazacyclodecane ([10]aneN4); tetraazacycloundecane ([11]aneN4); tetraazacyclododecane ([12]aneN4); tetraazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN4); tetraazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN4); tetraazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN4); tetraazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN4); tetraazacyclononadiene ([9]dieneN4); tetraazacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneN4); tetraazacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneN4); tetraazacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneN4); tetraazacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneN4); tetraazacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneN4); tetraazacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneN4); tetraazacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneN4); tetraazacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN4); and tetraazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN4).

[0145] N Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN6); hexaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN6); hexaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN6); hexaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN6); hexaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN6); hexaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN6); hexaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN6); hexaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN6); hexaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN6); hexaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN6); hexaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN6); hexaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN6); hexaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN6); hexaazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN6); hexaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN6); hexaazacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneN6); hexaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN6); hexaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN6); hexaazacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneN6); hexaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN6); hexaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN6); hexaazacyclodocosatriene ([22]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneN6); and hexaazacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneN6).

[0146] N Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN8); octaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN8); octaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN8); octaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN8); octaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN8); octaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN8); octaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN8); octaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN8); octaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN8); octaazacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN8); and octaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN8).

[0147] N Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchratcs) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: decaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN0); decaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN10); decaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN10); decaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN10); decaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN10); decaazacyclopentacosane ([25]aneN10); decaazacyclohexacosanc ([26]aneN10); decaazacycloheptacosane ([27]aneN10); decaazacyclooctacosane ([28]aneN10); decaazacyclononacosane ([29]aneN10); decaazacyclotriacontane ([30]aneN10); decaazacycloeicosapentadiene ([20]pentadieneN10); decaazacycloheneicosapentadiene ([21]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneN10); decaazacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneN10); and decaazacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneN10).

[0148] N Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: porphyrins (including tetraphenylporphine (tpp); “picket fence” porphyrins, “picket tail” porphyrins, “bispocket” porphyrins, “capped” porphyrins, cyclophane porphyrins, “pagoda” porphyrins, “pocket” porphyrins, “pocket tail” porphyrins, cofacial diporphyrins, “strapped” porphyrins, “hanging base” porphyrins, bridged porphyrins, chelated mesoporphyrins, homoporphyrins, chlorophylls, and pheophytins); porphodimethanes; porphyrinogens; chlorins; bacteriochlorins; isobacteriochlorins; corroles; corrins and corrinoids; didehydrocorrins; tetradehydrocorrins; hexadehydrocorrins; octadehydrocorrins; tetraoxazoles; tetraisooxazoles; tetrathiazoles; tetraisothiazoles; tetraazaphospholes; tetraimidazoles; tetrapyrazoles; tetraoxadiazoles; tetrathiadiazoles; tetradiazaphospholes; tetratriazoles; tetraoxatriazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; coproporphyrin; etioporphyrin; and hematoporphyrin.

[0149] N Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaphyrins (hexapyrroles); hexaoxazoles; hexaisooxazoles; hexathiazoles; hexaisothiazoles; hexaazaphospholes; hexaimidazoles; hexapyrazoles; hexaoxadiazoles; hexathiadiazoles; hexadiazaphospholes; hexatriazoles; hexaoxatriazoles; and hexathiatriazoles.

[0150] N Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octaphyrins (octapyrroles); octaoxazoles; octaisooxazoles; octathiazoles; octaisothiazoles; octaazaphospholes; octaimidazoles; octapyrazoles; octaoxadiazoles; octathiadiazoles; octadiazaphospholes; octatriazoles; octaoxatriazoles; and octathiatriazoles.

[0151] N Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: decaphyrins (decapyrroles); decaoxazoles; decaisooxazoles; decathiazoles; decaisothiazoles; decaazaphospholes; decaimidazoles; decapyrazoles; decaoxadiazoles; decathiadiazoles; decadiazaphospholes; decatriazoles; decaoxatriazoles; and decathiatriazoles.

[0152] N Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: porphyrazines; octahydrodiazaporphyrins; phthalocyanines; naphthalocyanines; anthracocyanines; and tetraazaporphyrins

[0153] N Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazahexaphyrins; tetraazahexaphyrins; hexaazahexaphyrins; diazahexapyrazoles; tetraazahexapyrazoles; hexaazahexapyrazoles; diazahexaimidazoles; tetraazahexaimidazoles; and hexaazahexaimidazoles.

[0154] N Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazaoctaphyrins; tetraazaoctaphyrins; hexaazaoctaphyrins; octaazaoctaphyrins; diazaoctapyrazoles; tetraazaoctapyrazoles; hexaazaoctapyrazoles; octaazaoctapyrazoles; diazaoctaimidazoles; tetraazaoctaimidazoles; hexaazaoctaimidazoles; and octaazaoctaimidazoles.

[0155] N Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazadecaphyrins; tetraazadecaphyrins; hexaazadecaphyrins; octaazadecaphyrins; decaazadecaphyrins; diazadecapyrazoles; tetraazadecapyrazoles; hexaazadecapyrazoles; octaazadecapyrazoles; decaazadecapyrazoles; diazadecaimidazoles; tetraazadecaimidazoles; hexaazadecaimidazoles; octaazadecaimidazoles; and decaazadecaimidazoles.

[0156] N Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetrapyridines; cyclotetraoxazines; cyclotetrathiazines; cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraquinolines; cyclotetrapyrazines; cyclotetrapyridazines; cyclotetrapyrimidines; cyclotetraoxadiazines; cyclotetrathiadiazines; cyclotetradiazaphosphorins; cyclotetraquinoxalines; cyclotetratriazines; cyclotetrathiatriazines; and cyclotetraoxatriazines.

[0157] N Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclosexipyridines; cyclosexioxazines; cyclosexithiazines; cyclosexiphosphorins; cyclosexiquinolines; cyclosexipyrazines; cyclosexipyridazines; cyclosexipyrimidines; cyclosexioxadiazines; cyclosexithiadiazines; cyclosexidiazaphosphorins cyclosexiquinoxalines; cyclosexitriazines; cyclosexithiatriazines; and cyclosexioxatriazines.

[0158] N Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclooctapyridines; cyclooctaoxazines; cyclooctathiazines; cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaquinolines; cyclooctapyrazines; cyclooctapyridazines; cyclooctapyrimidines; cyclooctaoxadiazines; cyclooctathiadiazines; cyclooctadiazaphosphorins; cyclooctaquinoxalines; cyclooctatriazines; cyclooctathiatriazines; and cyclooctaoxatriazines.

[0159] N Valence Stabilizer #16d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclodecapyridines; cyclodecaoxazines; cyclodecathiazines; cyclodecaphosphorins; cyclodecaquinolines; cyclodecapyrazines; cyclodecapyridazines; cyclodecapyrimidines; cyclodecaoxadiazines; cyclodecathiadiazines; cyclodecadiazaphosphorins; cyclodecaquinoxalines; cyclodecatriazines; cyclodecathiatriazines; and cyclodecaoxatriazines.

[0160] N Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclotetrapyridines; tetraazacyclotetrapyridines; diazacyclotetraquinolines; tetraazacyclotetraquinolines; diazacyclotetrapyrazines; tetraazacyclotetrapyrazines; diazacyclotetrapyridazines; tetraazacyclotetrapyridazines; diazacyclotetrapyrimidines; tetraazacyclotetrapyrimidines; diazacyclotetratriazines; and tetraazacyclotetratriazines.

[0161] N Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclosexipyridines; triazacyclosexipyridines; diazacyclosexiquinolines; triazacyclosexiquinolines; diazacyclosexipyrazines; triazacyclosexipyrazines; diazacyclosexipyridazines; triazacyclosexipyridazines; diazacyclosexipyrimidines; triazacyclosexipyrimidines; diazacyclosexitriazines; and triazacyclosexitriazines.

[0162] N Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclooctapyridines; tetraazacyclooctapyridines; diazacyclooctaquinolines; tetraazacyclooctaquinolines; diazacyclooctapyrazines; tetraazacyclooctapyrazines; diazacyclooctapyridazines; tetraazacyclooctapyridazines; diazacyclooctapyrimidines; tetraazacyclooctapyrimidines; diazacyclooctatriazines; and tetraazacyclooctatriazines.

[0163] N Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclodecapyridines; pentaazacyclodecapyridines; diazacyclodecaquinolines; pentaazacyclodecaquinolines; diazacyclodecapyrazines; pentaazacyclodecapyrazines; diazacyclodecapyridazines; pentaazacyclodecapyridazines; diazacyclodecapyrimidines; pentaazacyclodecapyrimidines; diazacyclodecatriazines; and pentaazacyclodecatriazines.

[0164] N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of amidines and diamidines (N—N bidentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as ““wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylformamidine; N,N′-diethylformamidine; N,N′-diisopropylformamidine; N,N′-dibutylformamidine; N,N′-diphenylformamidine; N,N′-dibenzylformamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine; N,N′-diadamantylformamidine; N,N′-dianthraquinonylformamidine; N,N′-dimethylacetamidine; N,N′-diethylacetamidine; N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine; N,N′-dibutylacetamidine; N,N′-diphenylacetamidine; N,N′-dibenzylacetamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylacetamidine; N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine; N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine; N,N′-diethylbenzamidine; N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine; N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine; N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine; N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine; N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine; N,N′-diethyltoluamidine; N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine; N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine; N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinorbornyltoluamidine; N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; oxalic diamidine; malonic diamidine; succinic diamidine; glutaric diamidine; adipic diamidine; pimelic diamidine; suberic diamidine; phthalic diamidine; terephthalic diamidine; isophthalic diamidine; piperazine diamidine; 2-iminopyrrolidine; 2-iminopiperidine; amidinobenzamide; benzamidine; chloroazodin; and debrisoquin.

[0165] N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of biguamides (imidodicarbonimidic diamides), biguanidines, imidotricarbonimidic diamides, imidotetracarbonimidic diamides, dibiguamides, bis(biguanidines), polybiguamides, and poly(biguanidines) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: biguamide (bigH); biguanidine, methylbiguamide; ethylbiguamide; isopropylbiguamide; butylbiguamide; benzylbiguamide; phenylbiguamide; tolylbiguamide; naphthylbiguamide; cyclohexylbiguamide; norbornylbiguamide; adamantylbiguamide; dimethylbiguamide; diethylbiguamide; diisopropylbiguamide; dibutylbiguamide; dibenzylbiguamide; diphenylbiguamide; ditolylbiguamide; dinaphthylbiguamide; dicyclohexylbiguamide; dinorbornylbiguamide; diadamantylbiguamide; ethylenedibiguamide; propylenedibiguamide; tetramethylenedibiguamide; pentamethylenedibiguamide; hexamethylenedibiguamide; heptamethylenedibiguamide; octamethylenedibiguamide; phenylenedibiguamide; piperazinedibiguamide; oxalyldibiguamide; malonyldibiguamide; succinyldibiguamide; glutaryldibiguamide; adipyldibiguamide; pimelyldibiguamide; suberyldibiguamide; phthalyldibiguamide; paludrine; polyhexamethylene biguamide; 2-guanidinothiazole; 2-guanidinooxazole; 2-guanidinoimidazole; 3-guanidinopyrazole; 3-guanidino-1,2,4-triazole; 5-guanidinotetrazole; alexidine; buformin; and moroxydine.

[0166] N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diamidinomethanes, bis(diamidinomethanes), and poly(diamidinomethanes) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diamidinomethane; N-methyldiamidinomethane; N-ethyldiamidinomethane; N-isopropyldiamidinomethane; N-butyldiamidinomethane; N-benzyldiamidinomethane; N-phenyldiamidinomethane; N-tolyldiamidinomethane; N-naphthyldiamidinomethane; N-cyclohexyldiamidinomethane; N-norbornyldiamidinomethane; N-adamantyldiamidinomethane; dimethyldiamidinomethane; diethyldiamidinometbane; diisopropyldiamidinomethane; dibutyldiamidinomethane; dibenzyldiamidinomethane; diphenyldiamidinomethane; ditolyldiamidinomethane; dinaphthyldiamidinomethane; dicyclohexyldiamidinomethane; dinorbornyldiamidinomethane; diadamantyldiamidinomethane; ethylenebisdiamidinomethane; propylenebisdiamidinomethane; tetramethylenebisdiamidinomethane; pentamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; hexamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; heptamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; octamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; phenylenebisdiamidinomethane; piperazinebisdiamidinomethane; oxalylbisdiamidinomethane; malonylbisdiamidinomethane; succinylbisdiamidinomethane; glutarylbisdiamidinomethane; phthalylbisdiamidinomethane; 2-ainidinomethylthiazole; 2-amidinomethyloxazole; 2-amidinomethylimidazole; 3-amidinomethylpyrazole; 3-amidinomethyl-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-amidinomethyltetrazole.

[0167] N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of imidoylguanidines, amidinoguanidines, bis(imidoylguanidines), bis(amidinoguanidines), poly(imidoylguanidines), and poly(amidinoguanidines) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylguanidine; amidinoguanidine, benzimidoylguanidine; cyclohexylimidoylguanidine; pentafluorobenzimidoylguanidine; 2-N-imidoylaminothiazole; 2-N-imidoylaminooxazole; 2-N-imidoylaminoimidazole; 3-N-imidoylaminopyrazole; 3-N-imidoylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-N-imidoylaminotetrazole.

[0168] N Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diformamidine oxides (dicarbonimidic diamides), tricarbonimidic diamides, tetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine oxides), and poly(diformamidine oxides) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine oxide; methyldiformamidine oxide; ethyldiformamidine oxide; isopropyldiformamidine oxide; butyldiformamidine oxide; benzyldiformamidine oxide; phenyldiformamidine oxide; tolyldiformamidine oxide; naphthyldiformamidine oxide; cyclohexyldiformamidine oxide; norbornyldiformamidine oxide; adamantyldiformamidine oxide; dimethyldiformamidine oxide; diethyldiformamidine oxide; diisopropyldiformamidine oxide; dibutyldiformamidine oxide; dibenzyldiformamidine oxide; diphenyldiformamidine oxide; ditolyldiformamidine oxide; dinaphthyldiformamidine oxide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine oxide; dinorbornyldiformamidine oxide; diadamantyldiformamidine oxide; 2-O-amidinohydroxythiazole; 2-O-amidinohydroxyoxazole; 2-O-amidinohydroxyimidazole; 3-O-amidinohydroxypyrazole; 3-O-amidinohydroxy-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-amidinohydroxytetrazole.

[0169] N Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of diformamidine sulfides (thiodicarbonimidic diamides), thiotricarbonimidic diamides, thiotetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine sulfides), and poly(diformamidine sulfides) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine sulfide; methyldiformamidine sulfide; ethyldiformamidine sulfide; isopropyldiformamidine sulfide; butyldiformamidine sulfide; benzyldiformamidine sulfide; phenyldiformamidine sulfide; tolyldiformamidine sulfide; naphthyldiformamidine sulfide; cyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide; norbornyldiformamidine sulfide; adamantyldiformamidine sulfide; dimethyldiformamidine sulfide; diethyldiformamidine sulfide; diisopropyldiformamidine sulfide; dibutyldiformamidine sulfide; dibenzyldiformamidine sulfide; diphenyldiformamidine sulfide; ditolyldiformamidine sulfide; dinaphthyldiformamidine sulfide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide; dinorbornyldiformamidine sulfide; diadamantyldiformamidine sulfide; phenylthiobisformamidine; 2-S-amidinomercaptothiazole; 2-S-amidinomercaptooxazole; 2-S-amidinomercaptoimidazole; 3-S-amidinomercaptopyrazole; 3-S-amidinomercapto-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-amidinomercaptotetrazole.

[0170] N Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of imidodicarbonimidic acids, diimidodicarbonimidic acids, imidotricarbonimidic acids, imidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodicarbonimidic acid, diimidodicarbonimidic acid, imidotricarbonimidic acid, imidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-ethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-phenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-benzylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-naphthylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-norbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-adamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diisopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid; and O,O′-diadamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid.

[0171] N Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of thioimidodicarbonimidic acids, thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids, thioimidotricarbonimidic acids, thioimidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonimidic acid, thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acid, thioimidotricarbonimidic acid, thioimidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-ethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-phenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-benzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-naphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-adamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dimethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diisopropylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinorbornylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; and O,O′-diadamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid.

[0172] N Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of diimidoylimines, diimidoylhydrazides, bis(diimidoylimines), bis(diimidoylhydrazides), poly(diimidoylimines), and poly(diimidoylhydrazides) (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetimidoylimine; dibenzimidoylimine; and dicyclohexylimidoylimine.

[0173] N Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of imidosulfamides, diimidosulfamides, bis(imidosulfamides), bis(diimidosulfamides), poly(imidosulfamides), and poly(diimidosulfamides) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidosulfamidic acid, diimidosulfamidic acid; O-phenylimidosulfamide; O-benzylimidosulfamide; N-phenylimidosulfamide; N-benzylimidosulfamide; O-phenyldiimidosulfamide; O-benzyldiimidosulfamide; N-phenyldiimidosulfamide; and N-benzyldiimidosulfamide.

[0174] N Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of phosphoramidimidic triamides, bis(phosphoramidimidic triamides), and poly(phosphoramidimidic triamides) and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidic triamide; N-phenylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-benzylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-naphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-norbornylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphorainidimidic triamide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidic triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidic triamide.

[0175] N Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of phosphoramidimidic acid, phosphorodiamidimidic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), poly(phosphoramidimidic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidic acid, phosphorodiamidimidic acid, O-phenylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-benzylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-naphthylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphorainidimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidic acid.

[0176] N Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidodithioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), poly(phospboramidimidodithioic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphoramidimidodithoic acid; S-naphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-norbornylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; and S,S′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid.

[0177] N Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of azo compounds with amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions, bis[o-(H2N—) or alpha- or beta-(H2N—)azo compounds], or poly[o-(H2N—) or alpha- or beta-(H2N—)azo compounds) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: o-aminoazobenzene; o,o′-diaminoazobenzene; (2-pyridine)azobenzene; 1-phenylazo-2-naphthylamine; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN); pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR); o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene; Benzopurpurin 4B; Congo Red; Fat Brown RR; benzopurpurin; Congo Red; Direct Red 75; Mordant Brown 48; Nitro Red; 2-imidazolylazobenzene; 2-benzimidazolylazobenzene; 3-pyrazolylazobenzene; 3-(1,2,4-triazolyl)azobenzene; 2-pyridylazobenzene; 2-pyrazinylazobenzene; and 2-pyrimidinylazobenzene.

[0178] N Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazeneformimidamides (diazeneamidines), diazeneacetimidamides (diazene-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), bis(diazeneformimidamides), bis(diazeneacetimidamides), poly(diazeneformimidamides), and poly(diazeneacetimidamides) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidamide (diazeneamidine); diazeneacetimidamide (diazene-alpha-amidinomethane); phenyldiazeneformimidamide; triphenyldiazeneformimidamide; phenyldiazeneacetimidamide; and triphenyldiazeneacetimidamide.

[0179] N Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazeneformimidic acid, diazeneacetimidic acid, bis(diazeneformimidic acid), bis(diazeneacetimidic acid), poly(diazeneformimidic acid), poly(diazeneacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidic acid, diazeneacetimidic acid, phenyldiazeneformimidic acid, diphenyldiazeneformimidic acid, phenyldiazeneacetimidic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetimidic acid.

[0180] N Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazeneformimidothioic acid, diazeneacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazeneformimidothioic acid), bis(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazeneformimidothioic acid), poly(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidothioic acid, diazeneacetimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid, diphenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid.

[0181] N Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of imidoyldiazenes, bis(imidoyldiazenes), and poly(imidoyldiazenes), (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoyldiazene; benzimidoyldiazene; and cyclohexylimidoyldiazene.

[0182] N Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of diazenediformimidamides (1,2-diazenediamidines), diazenediacetimidamides (1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), bis(diazenediformimidamides), bis(diazenediacetimidamides), poly(diazenediformimidamides), and poly(diazenediacetimidamides) (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidamide (1,2-diazenediamidine), diazenediacetimidamide (1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinomethane); diphenyldiazenediformimidamide; tetraphenyldiazenediformimidamide; diphenyldiazenediacetimidamide; and tetraphenyldiazenediacetimidamide.

[0183] N Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of diazenediformimidic acid, diazenediacetimidic acid, bis(diazenediformimidic acid), bis(diazenediacetimidic acid), poly(diazenediformimidic acid), and poly(diazenediacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidic acid, diazenediacetimidic acid, diphenyldiazenediformimidic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetimidic acid.

[0184] N Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of diazenediformimidothioic acid, diazenediacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazenediformimidothioic acid), bis(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazenediformimidothioic acid), and poly(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidothioic acid, diazenediacetimidothioic acid, diphenyldiazenediformimidothioic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetimidothioic acid.

[0185] N Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of diimidoyldiazenes, bis(diimidoyldiazenes), and poly(diimidoyldiazenes), (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetimidoyldiazene; dibenzimidoyldiazene; and dicyclohexylimidoyldiazene.

[0186] N Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of ortho-amino (or -hydrazido) substituted formazans, bis(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans), and poly(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-aminophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; and 1,5-bis(2-aminophenyl)-3-phenylformazan.

[0187] N Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of ortho-amino (or -hydrazido) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-amino or hydrazido substituted azines), and poly(o-amino or hydrazido substituted azines) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-amino-1-benzalazine; 2-amino-1-naphthalazine; and 2-amino-1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0188] N Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aniline; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aniline; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aniline; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aminonorbornane; 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; 2-aminobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone (nitrin); and 2-aminobenzaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-N substitution.

[0189] N Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(Glyoxalo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)dianiline; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dianiline; N,N′-(Acetyl acetonato)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dianiline; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Acetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Acetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-cyclohexylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-propylenediamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)-o-phenylenediamine; and N,N′-(Glyoxalo)ethylenediamine. Also includes dihydrazones.

[0190] N Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dianiline; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; and N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-N substitution.

[0191] N Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C—N) Groups and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Benzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(Naphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(Acetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includes trihydrazones.

[0192] N Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Aminoacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine.

[0193] S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of macrocyclic, macrobicyclic, and macropolycyclic oligothioketones (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of thioketones (especially in the beta position) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathioketocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(═S)6); hexathioketocycloheneicosane ([21]ane(═S)6); hexathioketocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(═S)6); hexathioketocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(S)6); tetrathioketocycloeicosane ([20]ane(═S)4); tetrathioketocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(═S)4); tetrathioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(═S)4); tetrathioketocyclotetradecane ([14]ane(S)4); tetrathioketocyclododecane ([12]ane(═S)4); dithioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(═S)2); dithioketocyclotetraadecane ([14]ane(═S)2); dithioketocyclododecane ([12]ane(═S)2); dithioketocyclodecane ([1]ane(S)2); and dithioketocyclooctane ([8]ane(═S)2).

[0194] S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of macrocyclic, macrobicyclic, and macropolycyclic dithiolenes (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of alpha-, alpha-dithiolenes (meaning two thiol groups on a single carbon atom in the ring) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiolocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(—SH)6); hexathiolocycloheneicosane ([21]ane(—SH)6); hexathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(—SH)6); hexathiolocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(—SH)6); tetrathiolocycloeicosane ([20]ane(—SH)4); tetrathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(—SH)4); tetrathiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(—SH)4); tetrathiolocyclotetradecane ([14]ane(—SH)4); tetrathiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(—SH)4); dithiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(—SH)2); dithiolocyclotetraadecane ([14]ane(—SH)2); dithiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(—SH)2); dithiolocyclodecane ([11]ane(—SH)2); and dithiolocyclooctane ([8]ane(—SH)2).

[0195] S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioimidodialdehydes, dithiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl thiohydrazides), bis(dithioimidodialdehydes), bis(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes), poly(ditbioimidodialdehydes), and poly(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiacetamide, dithiodipropanamide, dithiodibutanamide, dithiodibenzamide, and dithiodicyclohexamide.

[0196] S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of dithioimidodicarbonic acids, dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodicarbonic acid, dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-pbenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-norbornyldithioimidodicarbonic acid.

[0197] S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,3-dithioketones (dithio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-trithioketones, bis(1,3-dithioketones), and poly(1,3-dithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanedithione; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedithione; thiobenzoylthiopinacolone; dithiocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetrithionate; tetramethylnonanetrithionate; bexafluoroheptanetrithionate; trifluoroheptanetrithionate; 1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedithione, 1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedithione, trifluorothioacetylthiocampbor; and 1,3-indandithione.

[0198] S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,2-dithioketones (dithiolenes, dithio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-trithioketones, dithiotropolonates, o-dithioquinones, bis(1,2-dithioketones), and poly(1,2-dithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiotropolone; 1,2-dithiobenzoquinone (o-dithioquinone)(o-benzenedithiolate)(bdt); di-tert-butyl-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone; 1,2-ditbionaphthoquinone; 9,10-dithiophenanthroquinone; ethylenedithiolene (edt); maleonitriledithiolene (mnt); trifluoromethyldithiolene (tfd); carbomethoxydithiolene (cmt); trithionedithiolene (dmit); toluenedithiolate (tdt); dithiomanaldehyde (propenethionethiolate)(ptt); dithioacetylacetonate (SacSac); dijulolidinedithiolene; 2,3-piperazinedithiolate; di(4-aminophenyl)dithiolene; dimercaptoisotrithione (dmit); (4-octylphenyl)dithiolene; benzenetetrathiol; tetrathiosquaric acid; trithiodeltic acid; pentathiocroconic acid; dithiocroconic acid; hexathiorhodizonic acid; dithiorhodizonic acid; ethylenetetrathiol; trans-butadienetetrathiolate; tetrathiooxalic acid; 1,2-indandithione; naphthothioquinone; acenapthenethioquinone; aceanthrenethioquinone; and indole-2,3-dithione (thioisatin).

[0199] S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiomalonamides (dithiomalonodiamides), bis(dithiomalonamides), and polydithiomalonamides (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiomalonamide, N-phenyldithiomalonamide, N-benzyldithiomalonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiomalonamide, N-norbornyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-diphenyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dibenzyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiomalonamide, and N,N′-norbornyldithiomalonamide.

[0200] S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 2-thioacylthioacetamides, bis(2-thioacylthioacetamides), and poly(2-thioacylthioacetamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-benzyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-thiobenzothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorothiobenzothioacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-thiocyclohexothioacetamide.

[0201] S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of dithioacyl sulfides, bis(dithioacyl sulfides), and poly(dithioacyl sulfides), (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetyl sulfide; dithiopropanoyl sulfide; dithiobenzoyl sulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyl sulfide.

[0202] S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of trithiodicarbonic diamides, bis(trithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltrithiodicarbonic diamide.

[0203] S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids, bis(pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids), poly(pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiodicarbonic acid, tetrathiodicarbonic acid, trithiodicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-benzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid.

[0204] S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of dithiohypophosphoric acids, bis(dithiohypophosphoric acids), poly(dithiohypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoric acid, methyldithiohypophosphoric acid, isopropyldithiohypophosphoric acid, tert-butyldithiohypophosphoric acid, phenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, benzyldithiohypophosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoric acid, norbornyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dimethyldithiohypophosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothiohypophosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoric acid, diphenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dipentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dibenzyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithiohypophosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithiohypophosphoric acid.

[0205] S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiohypophosphoramides, bis(dithiohypophosphoramides), and poly(dithiohypophosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoramide, N-methyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-phenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-benzyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-norbornyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiohypophosphoramide.

[0206] S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoric acids, dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoric acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphoric acid, methyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, phenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, benzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0207] S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoramides, dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoramide.

[0208] S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of dithiodiphosphoramides, bis(dithiodiphosphoramides), and poly(dithiodiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoramide, N-methyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphospboramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoramide.

[0209] S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of dithiodiphosphoric acids, bis(dithiodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithiodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoric acid, methyldithiodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, phenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, benzyldithiodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid.

[0210] S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of trithiophosphoric acids (phosphorotritbioic acids), bis(trithiophosphoric acids), poly(trithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-benzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-norbornyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-diphenyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-dibenzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphoric acid, and O,S-dinorbornyltrithiophosphoric acid.

[0211] S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of dithiophosphoric acids (phosphorodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphoric acids), poly(dithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyldithiophosphoric acid, O-benzyldithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphoric acid, O-norbornyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldithiophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithiophosphoric acid.

[0212] S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of tetrathiophosphoric acids (phosphorotetrathioic acids), bis(tetrathiophosphoric acids), poly(tetrathiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiophosphoric acid, S-phenyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-benzyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-cyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-norbornyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-diphenyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-dibenzyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-dicyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, and S,S-dinorbornyltetrathiophosphoric acid.

[0213] S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)ditbioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid.

[0214] S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(ditbioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid.

[0215] S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid.

[0216] S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of beta-mercaptothioketones, beta-mercaptothioaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptothioketones), bis(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptothioketones), and poly(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-mercaptopentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; o-mercaptothioacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-dithionaphthoquinone; 1-mercaptothioacridone; 1-mercaptodithioanthraquinone; 1,8-dimercaptodithioanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptothiobenzophenone.

[0217] S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas [N-(aminomercaptomethyl)thioureas], bis[N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas] (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminonercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea.

[0218] S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithiooxamides, bis(dithiooxamides), and poly(dithiooxamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid), N-methyldithiooxamide; N-ethyldithiooxamide; N-isopropyldithiooxamide; N-phenyldithiooxamide; N-benzyldithiooxamide; N-cyclohexyldithiooxamide; N-norbornyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dimethyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diethyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diisopropyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diphenylditbiooxamide; N,N′-dibenzyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiooxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiooxamide.

[0219] S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of 1,1-dithiolates, bis(1,1-dithiolates), and poly(1,1-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (i-mnt); 1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (DED); 1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylenedithiolate; 1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylenedithiolate; 1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene dithiolate; and 1-nitroethylene dithiolate.

[0220] S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiomonocarboxylic acids, tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic Acids, bis(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), poly(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetic acid; dithiopropionic acid; dithiobenzoic acid (dtb); dithiophenylacetic acid (dtpa); dithiocyclohexanoic acid; dithiofuroic acid; dithionaphthoic acid; phenyl dithioacetate; phenyl dithiopropionate; phenyl dithiobenzoate; phenyl dithiocyclohexanoate; phenyl dithiofuroate; phenyl dithionaphthoate; tetrathiooxalic acid; tetrathiomalonic acid; tetrathiosuccinic acid; trithiooxalic acid; trithiomalonic acid; trithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl tetrathiooxalate; diphenyl tetrathiomalonate; diphenyl tetrathiosuccinate; diphenyl trithiooxalate; diphenyl trithiomalonate; diphenyl trithiosuccinate; pyridine dithiocarboxylic acid; pyrrole dithiocarboxylic acid; thiophene dithiocarboxylic acid; dithionaphthoic acid; and tetrathiocamphonic acid.

[0221] S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of perthiomonocarboxylic acids, perthiodicarboxylic acids, bis(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(perthiodicarboxylic acids), poly(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(perthiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: perthioacetic acid; perthiopropionic acid; perthiobenzoic acid; perthiophenylacetic acid; perthiocyclohexanoic acid; perthiofuroic acid; perthionaphthoic acid; phenyl perthioacetate; phenyl perthiopropionate; phenyl perthiobenzoate; phenyl perthiocyclohexanoate; phenyl perthiofuroate; phenyl perthionaphthoate; perthiooxalic acid; perthiomalonic acid; perthiosuccinic acid; diphenyl perthiooxalate; diphenyl perthiomalonate; diphenyl perthiosuccinate; dithiole-3-thione (dithione-3-thione); and benzodithiole-3-thione (benzodithione-3-thione).

[0222] S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithiocarbonates, trithiocarbonates, perthiocarbonates, bis(dithiocarbonates), bis(trithiocarbonates), and bis(perthiocarbonates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S,S-diethyldithiocarbonate; S,S-diisopropyldithiocarbonate; S,S-diphenyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dibenzyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dinorbornyldithiocarbonate; diethyltrithiocarbonate; diisopropyltrithiocarbonate; diphenyltrithiocarbonate; dibenzyltrithiocarbonate; dicyclohexyltrithiocarbonate; and dinorbornyltrithiocarbonate.

[0223] S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiocarbamates, bis(dithiocarbamates), and poly(dithiocarbamates) (including N-hydroxydithiocarbamates and N-mercaptodithiocarbamates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmdtc); di(trifluorodimethyl)dithiocarbamate; diethyldithiocarbamate (dedtc); dipropyldithiocarbamate; diisopropyldithiocarbamate; dibutyldithiocarbamate; ditertbutyldithiocarbamate; dicyanamidodithiocarbamate; azidothioformates; diphenyldithiocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbamate; dibenzyldithiocarbamate; dinaphthyldithiocarbamate; dicyclohexyldithiocarbamate; dinorbornyldithiocarbamate; diadamantyldithiocarbamate; pyrrolidinodithiocarbamate (pyrdtc); piperidinodithiocarbamate (pipdtc); morpholinodithiocarbamate (mordtc); thiamorpholinodithiocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinodithiocarbamate; pyrrolodithiocarbamate; oxazolodithiocarbamate; isoxazolodithiocarbamate; thiazolodithiocarbamate; isothiazolodithiocarbamate; indolodithiocarbamate; carbazolodithiocarbamate; pyrazolinodithiocarbamate; imidazolinodithiocarbamate; pyrazolodithiocarbamate; imidazolodithiocarbamate; indazolodithiocarbamate; and triazolodithiocarbamate.

[0224] S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of dithiocarbazates (dithiocarbazides), bis(dithiocarbazates), and poly(dithiocarbazates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates; or possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)dithiocarbazate; N,N′-diethyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-diphenyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-dibenzyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiocarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiocarbazate.

[0225] S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of thiocyanate ligands (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn include, but are not limited to: thiocyanate (—SCN).

[0226] O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of biurets (imidodicarbonic diamides), isobiurets, biureas, triurets, triureas, bis(biurets), bis(isobiurets), bis(biureas), poly(biurets), poly(isobiurets), and poly(biureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: biuret, isobiuret, biurea, triuret, triurea, nitrobiuret, dinitrobiuret, aminobiuret, diaminobiuret, oxybiuret, dioxybiuret, cyanobiuret, methylbiuret, ethylbiuret, isopropylbiuret, phenylbiuret, benzylbiuret, cyclohexylbiuret, norbornylbiuret, adamantylbiuret, dimethylbiuret, diethylbiuret, diisopropylbiuret, diphenylbiuret, dibenzylbiuret, dicyclohexylbiuret, dinorbornylbiuret, and diadamantylbiuret.

[0227] O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acylureas, aroylureas, bis(acylureas), bis(aroylureas), poly(acylureas), and poly(aroylureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: formylurea, acetylurea, benzoylurea, cyclohexoylurea, pentafluorobenzoylurea, N-methylacetylurea, N-phenylbenzoylurea, and N-cyclohexylcyclohexoylurea.

[0228] O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of imidodialdehydes, hydrazidodialdehydes (acyl hydrazides), bis(imidodialdehydes), bis(hydrazidodialdehydes), poly(imidodialdehydes), and poly(hydrazidodialdehydes) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetamide, dipropanamide, dibutanamide, dibenzamide, and dicyclohexamide.

[0229] O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidodicarbonic acids, hydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(imidodicarbonic acids), bis(hydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(imidodicarbonic acids), poly(hydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodicarbonic acid, hydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenylimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzylimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, o-norbornylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonic acid.

[0230] O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of imidodisulfamic acid, imidodisulfuric acid, bis(imidodisulfamic acid), bis(imidodisulfuric acid), poly(imidodisulfamic acid), and poly(imidodisulfuric acid) and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodisulfamic acid, imidodisulfuric acid, N-phenylimidodisulfamic acid, N-benzylimidodisulfamic acid, N-cyclohexylimidodisulfamic acid, N-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-diphenylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-dibenzylimidodisulfainic acid, N,N′-dicyclohexylimidodisulfamic acid, and N,N′-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid.

[0231] O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,3-diketones (beta-diketonates), 1,3,5-triketones, bis(1,3-diketones), and poly(1,3-diketones), all with a molecular weight greater than 125 (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanedione; dibenzoylmethane (1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione); benzoylpinacolone; dicyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetrionate; dibenzoylacetone; benzoylacetylacetone; dibenzoylacetylacetone; tetramethylnonanetrionate; hexafluoroheptanetrionate; trifluoroheptanetrionate; trifluoroacetylcamphor (facam); and 1,3-indandione.

[0232] O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 1,2-diketones (alpha-diketonates), 1,2,3-triketones, tropolonates, o-quinones, bis(1,2-diketones), and poly(1,2-diketones), all with a molecular weight greater than 100 (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tropolone; 1,2-benzoquinone (o-quinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-benzoquinone; 1,2-naphthoquinone; 9,10-phenanthroquinone; and 1,2-indandione.

[0233] O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of malonamides (malonodiamides), bis(malonamides), and polymalonamides (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: malonamide, N-phenylmalonamide, N-benzylmalonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmalonamide, N-cyclohexylmalonamide, N-norbornylmalonamide, N,N′-diphenylmalonainide, N,N′-dibenzylnalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexylmalonamide, and N,N′-norbornylmalonamide.

[0234] O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 2-acylacetamides, bis(2-acylacetamides), and poly(2-acylacetamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-acetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-benzyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-benzoacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzoacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexoacetamide.

[0235] O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodicarbonic diamides, bis(monothiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(monothiodicarbonic diamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide.

[0236] O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiodicarbonic acids, bis(monothiodicarbonic acids), poly(monothiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic acid, O-phenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-benzylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid.

[0237] O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of trithionic acid, bis(trithionic acid), poly(trithionic acid), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenyl trithionate, dipentafluorodiphenyl trithionate, dicyclohexyl trithionate, and dinorbornyl trithionate.

[0238] O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of hypophosphoric acids, bis(hypophosphoric acids), and poly(hypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hypophosphoric acid, O-methylhypophosphoric acid, O-isopropylhypophosphoric acid, O-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O-phenylhypophosphoric acid, O-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoric acid, O-benzylhypophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexylhypophosphoric acid, O-norbornylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dimethylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-diisopropylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-di-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-diphenylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dibenzylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dicyclohexylhypophosphoric acid, and O,O″-dinorbornylhypophosphoric acid.

[0239] O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hypophosphoramides, bis(hypophosphoramides), and poly(hypophosphoramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hypophosphoramide, N-methylhypophosphoramide, N-isopropylhypophosphoramide, N-tert-butylhypophosphoramide, N-phenylhypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramide, N-benzylhypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexylhypophosphoramide, N-norbornylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylhypophosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylhypophosphoramide.

[0240] O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of imidodiphosphoric acids, hydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(imidodiphosphoric acids), bis(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(imidodiphosphoric acids), poly(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphoric acid, methylimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoric acid, benzylimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornylimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethylimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenylimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0241] O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of imidodiphosphoramides, hydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(imidodiphosphoramides), bis(hydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(imidodiphosphoramides), and poly(hydrazidodiphosphoramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphoramide, N-methylimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenylimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzylimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylimidodipbosphoramide.

[0242] O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of diphosphoramides, bis(diphosphoramides), and poly(diphospboramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphoramide, N-methyldphosphoramide, N-isopropyldiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldiphosphoramide, N-phenyldiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide, N-benzyldiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldiphosphoramide.

[0243] O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of beta-hydroxyketones, beta-hydroxyaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxyketones), bis(beta-hydroxyaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxyketones), and poly(beta-hydroxyaldehydes) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: 4-hydroxypentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanal; o-hydroxyacetophenone; juglone; alizarin; 1-hydroxyanthraquinone; 1,8-hydroxyanthraquinone; 1-hydroxyacridone; and beta-hydroxybenzophenone.

[0244] O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)ureas [N-(aminohydroxymethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)ureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylol)ureas] (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea.

[0245] O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of oxamides, bis(oxamides), and poly(oxamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: oxamide, N-methyloxamide; N-ethyloxamide; N-isopropyloxamide; N-phenyloxamide; N-benzyloxamide; N-cyclohexyloxamide; N-norbornyloxamide; N,N′-dimethyloxamide; N,N′-diethyloxamide; N,N′-diisopropyloxamide; N,N′-diphenyloxamide; N,N′-dibenzyloxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyloxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyloxamide.

[0246] O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of squaric acids and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: deltic acid; squaric acid; croconic acid; and rhodizonic acid.

[0247] O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of dicarboxylic acids, bis(dicarboxylic acids), poly(dicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: oxalic acid; malonic acid; succinic acid; diphenyl oxalate; diphenyl malonate; and diphenyl succinate.

[0248] O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of carbamates, bis(carbamates), and poly(carbamates) (including N-hydroxycarbamates and N-mercaptocarbamates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylcarbamate (dmc); di(trifluorodimethyl)carbamate; ethyl carbamate; diethylcarbamate (dec); dipropylcarbamate; diisopropylcarbamate; dibutylcarbamate; ditertbutylcarbamate; dicyanamidocarbamate; diphenylcarbainate; di(pentafluorophenyl)carbamate; dibenzylcarbamate; dinaphthylcaibamate; dicyclohexylcarbamate; dinorbornylcarbamate; diadamantylcarbamate; pyrrolidinocarbamate (pyrc); piperidinocarbamate (pipc); morpholinocarbamate (morc); thiamorpholinocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinocarbamate; pyrrolocarbamate; oxazolocarbamate; isoxazolocarbamate; thiazolocarbamate; isothiazolocarbamate; indolocarbamate; carbazolocarbamate; pyrazolinocarbamate; imidazolinocarbamate; pyrazolocarbamate; imidazolocarbamate; indazolocarbamate; and triazolocarbamate.

[0249] O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of carbimates, bis(carbimates), and poly(carbimates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methylcarbimate; trifluoromethylcarbimate; ethylcarbimate; propylcarbimate; isopropylcarbimate; butylcarbimate; tertbutylcarbimate; cyanocarbimate; cyanamidocarbimate; azidocarbimate; phenylcarbimate; pentafluorophenylcarbimate; benzylcarbimate; naphthylcarbimate; cyclohexylcarbimate; norbornylcarbimate; and adamantylcarbimate. [Note: Carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0250] O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of cyanate ligands (O monodentates) that meet the 5 requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyanate (—OCN).

[0251] N—S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diformamidine disulfides (thioperoxydicarbonimidic diamides), thioperoxytricarbonimidic diamides, thioperoxytetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine disulfides), and poly(diformamidine disulfides) (N—S bidentates, N—N—S tridentates, or N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine disulfide; methyldiformamidine disulfide; ethyldiformamidine disulfide; isopropyldiformamidine disulfide; butyldiformamidine disulfide; benzyldiformamidine disulfide; phenyldiformamidine disulfide; tolyldiformamidine disulfide; naphthyldiformamidine disulfide; cyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide; norbornyldiformamidine disulfide; adamantyldiformamidine disulfide; dimethyldiformamidine disulfide; diethyldiformamidine disulfide; diisopropyldiformamidine disulfide; dibutyldiformamidine disulfide; dibenzyldiformamidine disulfide; diphenyldiformamidine disulfide; ditolyldiformamidine disulfide; dinaphthyldiformamidine disulfide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide; dinorbornyldiformamidine disulfide; diadamantyldiformamidine disulfide; 2-S-amidinodisulfidothiazole; 2-S-amidinodisulfidooxazole; 2-S-amidinodisulfidoimidazole; 3-S-amidinodisulfidopyrazole; 3-S-amidinodisulfido-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-amidinodisulfidotetrazole.

[0252] N—S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of S-amidinodithiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinodithiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinodithiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dinapbthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; etbylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); phthalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); 2-S-dithiocarbamatothiazole; 2-S-dithiocarbamatooxazole; 2-S-dithiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-S-dithiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-S-dithiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-dithiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0253] N—S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of O-amidinothiocarbamates, bis(O-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinothiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-ethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-butyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-pbenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-O-amdinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-di cyclohexyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; ethylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); propylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); phenylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); piperazinebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); oxalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); succinylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); phthalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatothiazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0254] N—S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); and phthalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate).

[0255] N—S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphorimidothioic acid; phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotrithioic acid; bis(phosphorimidothioic acid); bis(phosphorimidodithioic acid); bis(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidothioic acid); poly(phosphorimidodithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorimidothioic acid; phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotritbioic acid; O-phenylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-norbornylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphorimidothioic acid.

[0256] N—S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphorothioic triamides, bis(phosphorothioic triamides), and poly(phosphorothioic triamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorothioic triamide; phosphorothioic trihydrazide; phosphoramidothioic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphorothioic triamide; N-benzylphosphorothioic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide; N-norbornylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphorothioic triamide.

[0257] N—S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of phosphoramidotrithioic acid, phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, bis(phosphoramidotritbioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), poly(phosphoramidotrithioic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidotrithioic acid, phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-benzylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-norbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidotritbioic acid, S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, and S,S′-dinorbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid.

[0258] N—S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphoramidothioic acid, phosphoramidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidothioic acid, bis(phosphoramidothioic acid), bis(phosphoramidodithioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidodithioic acid), and poly(phosphorodiamidothioic acid) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidothioic acid, phosphoramidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidothioic acid, phosphorohydrazidothioic acid, phosphorohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphorodihydrazidothioic acid, phosphoramidohydrazidothioic acid, O-phenylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-benzylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-cyclobexylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoramidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidodithioic acid, S-benzylphosphoramidodithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidodithioic acid, and S-norbornylphosphoramidodithioic acid.

[0259] N—S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of N-thioacyl 7-aminobenzylidenimines (N—S Bidentates or N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-thioacetyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-thioacetyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine; N-thiobenzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; and N-thiobenzoyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.

[0260] N—S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of thiohydroxamates (thiohydroxylamines), bis(thiohydroxamates), and poly(thiohydroxamates) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetothiohydroxamic acid; propianothiohydroxamic acid; butyrothiohydroxamic acid; crotonothiohydroxamic acid; sorbothiohydroxamic acid; benzothiohydroxamic acid; toluicthiohydroxamic acid; salicylthiohydroxamic acid; phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid; anthranilthiohydroxamic acid; nicotinethiohydroxamic acid; picolinethiohydroxamic acid; cyclohexanethiohydroxamic acid; quinoline 8-thiohydroxamic acid; cinnamylthiohydroxamic acid; oxaldithiohydroxamic acid; succinylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid; adipylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid; glyoxalthiohydroxamic acid; 2-thiophenethiocarbohydroxamic acid; thenoylthiohydroxamic acid; N-phenylbenzothiohydroxamic acid; N-tolylbenzothiohydroxamic acid; N-phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid; N-phenyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid; and N-tolyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid.

[0261] N—S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of alpha- or ortho-aminothiocarboxylic acids, and alpha- or ortho-aminothiodicarboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-pyridinethiocarboxylic acid (thiopicolinic acid); 2-pyrazinethiocarboxylic acid; o-aminothiobenzoic acid; o-aminothionaphthoic acid; and 3,6-diaminothiophthalic acid.

[0262] N—S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of thiosemicarbazones, bis(thiosemicarbazones), and poly(thiosemicarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; acetone thiosemicarbazone; pinacolone thiosemicarbazone; benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; norbornanone thiosemicarbazone; camphor thiosemicarbazone; nopinone thiosemicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; quinolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; isatin dithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinone dithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinone dithiosemicarbazone; picolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone; glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; acetophenone thiosemicarbazone; biacetyl monoxime thiosemicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; thymolaldothiosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde thiosemicarbazone; phthalaldehyde dithiosemicarbazone; phthalimide dithiosemicarbazone; furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; naphthoquinone thiosemicarbazone; phenanthrequinone thiosemicarbazone; cyclohexanedione dithiosemicarbazone; ionone thiosemicarbazone; bisthiosemicarbazone of diethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; pyridoxal alkylthiosemicarbazones; benzylidene phenylthiosemicarbazones; lawsone thiosemicarbazone; and 1-benzoin-4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (bps).

[0263] N—S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of thioacyl hydrazones, bis(thioacyl hydrazones), and poly(thioacyl hydrazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; acetaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; acetone N-thioformylhydrazone; acetone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; pinacolone N-thioformylhydrazone; pinacolone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; norbornanone N-thioformylhydrazone; norbornanone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; camphor N-thioformylhydrazone; camphor N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; nopinone N-thioformylhydrazone; nopinone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; naphthoqui none N-thioformylhydrazone; naphthoqui none N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; ionone N-thioformylhydrazone; ionone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde benzothiazolehydrazone; lawsone N-thioformylhydrazone; and lawsone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone.

[0264] N—S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of thiocarbazones (diazenecarbothioic hydrazides), bis(thiocarbazones), and poly(thiocarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone); 2-phenylthiocarbazone; dinaphthylthiocarbazone; 2-naphthylthiocarbazone; and ambazone.

[0265] N—S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of azo compounds with thiol or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HS—) or alpha- or beta-(HS—)azo compounds], or Poly[o-(HS—) or alpha- or beta-(HS—)azo compounds) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thiolazobenzene [1-(phenylazo)-2-thiophenol]; 2,2′-dithioazobenzene; (2-thiophene)azobenzene; 1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-thionaphthol; 2-thiazolylazobenzene; and 2-benzothiazolylazobenzene.

[0266] N—S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of diazeneformothioamides, diazeneacetothioamides, bis(diazeneformothioamides), bis(diazeneacetothioamides), poly(diazeneformothioamides), and poly(diazeneacetothioamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioamide, diazeneacetothioamide, phenyldiazeneformothioamide, diphenyldiazeneformothioamide, phenyldiazeneacetothioamide, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioamide.

[0267] N—S Valence Stabilizer #117: Examples of diazenecarbothioic acids, diazenecarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenecarbothioic acids), bis(diazenecarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenecarbothioic acids), poly(diazenecarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioic acid, diazeneacetothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformothioic acid, diphenyldiazeneformothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetothioic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioic acid.

[0268] N—S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diazeneformothioaldehydes, diazeneacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazeneformothioaldehydes), bis(diazeneacetothioaldehydes), poly(diazeneformothioaldehydes), and poly(diazeneacetothioaldehydes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioaldehyde, diazeneacetothioaldehyde, phenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde, phenyldiazeneacetothioaldehyde, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioaldehyde.

[0269] N—S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of diazenediformothioamides, diazenediacetothioamides, bis(diazenediformothioamides), bis(diazenediacetothioamides), poly(diazenediformothioamides), and poly(diazenediacetothioamides) (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformodithioamide, diazenediacetodithioamide, diphenydiazenediformodithioamide, tetraphenyldiazenediformodithioamide, diphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide, and tetraphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide.

[0270] N—S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diazenedicarbothioic acids, diazenedicarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenedicarbothioic acids), bis(diazenedicarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenedicarbothioic acids), poly(diazenedicarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformothioic acid, diazenediacetodithioic acid, phenyldiazenediformothioic acid, diphenyldiazenediformothioic acid, phenyldiazenediacetodithioic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetodithioic acid.

[0271] N—S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of diazenediformothioaldehydes, diazenediacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazenediformothioaldehydes), bis(diazenediacetothioaldehydes), poly(diazenediformothioaldehydes), and poly(diazenediacetothioaldehydes) (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformothioaldehyde, diazenediacetothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformothioaldehyde, and diphenyldiazenediacetothioaldehyde.

[0272] N—S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto) substituted formazans, bis(o-thio or -mercapto substituted formazans), and poly(o-thio or -mercapto substituted formazans) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-thiophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1-(2-methylmercaptophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-3-phenylformazan; and 5-bis(2-methylmercaptophenyl)-3-phenyl formazan.

[0273] N—S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-thio or mercapto substituted azines), and poly(o-thio or mercapto substituted azines) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1-benzalazine; 2-mercapto-1-naphthalazine; and 2-mercapto-1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0274] N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-thiophenecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)isopropylamine; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aniline; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aniline; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Thiocarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aminonorbornane; 4-aminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; 4-aminocinnamalidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (acpmt); 4-aminosalicylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (aspmt); 4-aminovanillidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; 4-aminodimethylaminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (adpmt); cinnamylideneaminophenylthiazole; N-(2-mercaptophenyl)salicylidenimine; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0275] N—S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)di-aininonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dicyclohexyl amine; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo 1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; and N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0276] N—S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Thioacetopbenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0277] N—S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of thioalkyl amines (aminothiols or aminodisulfides) and thioalkyl imines (iminothiols or iminodisulfides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1-aminoethane; 2-methylmercapto-1-aminoethane; 3-mercapto-1-aminopropane; 1-mercapto-2-amino-2-methylpropane; 2-mercaptocyclohexylamine; 3-mercapto-2-aminonorbornane; 1,3-dimercapto-2-aminopropane; 1,5-dimercapto-3-aminopentane; 2,2′-diaminodiethyl sulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl sulfide; 2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl sulfide; 1,6-dimercapto-3,4-diaminohexane; 1,7-dimercapto-3,5-diaminoheptane; 1,6-diamino-3,4-dimercaptohexane; 1,7-diamino-3,5-dimercaptoheptane; tri(mercaptomethyl)amine; tri(2-mercaptoethyl)amine; dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid); 2,2′-diaminodiethyl disulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl disulfide; 2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl disulfide; 3-amino-1,5-pentanedithiodialdehyde; 3,4-diamino-1,6-hexanedithiodialdehyde; 3,5-diamino-1,7-heptanedithiodialdehyde; iminobisacetic acid; iminobispropionic acid; and bis(hydroxyethyl)aminoalkyl sulfide.

[0278] N—S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of thioaryl amines and thioaryl imines (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiophenol (2-aminobenzenethiol); 2-aminothiobenzoic acid (thioanthranilic acid); 2-aminothioanisole; 2-(methanamine)benzyl mercaptan [(2-aminomethyl)-alpha-toluenethiol] [(2-mercaptomethyl)-alpha-aminotoluene]; 1-amino-2-naphthalenethiol; 2-amino-1-naphthalenethiol; 2-amino-1-(methyldisulfido)benzene; 2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylthioketone; di(2-amino)phenyl sulfide; di(2-amino)phenyl disulfide (di-ortho-aminophenyl disulfide (doapd)); 1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane; 1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane; 1,3-di(2-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 1,3-di(3-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminodibenzyl; 2,2′-iminodibenzothioic acid; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminostilbene; and poly(o-aminothiophenol).

[0279] N—S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptopyrrole; 2-(methylthio)methylpyrrole; 2,5-(thiomethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(methylthiomethyl)pyrrole; 2,6(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyrrole; imidazoline-2-thione (2-mercaptoimidazole); 2-mercaptothiazoline; 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercaptobenzoxazole; 2-thiohydantoin; di-2-pyridylthioglyoxal (2,2′-thiopyridil); bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)sulfide; bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)disulfide; bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)sulfide; bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)disulfide; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)sulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane)sulfide; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)disulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane)disulfide; tris(imidazolyl)methanethiol; tris(imidazolylmethane)methanethiol; N-thiomethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmetbane)amine; N-(2-thioethyl)-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)sulfide; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)disulfide; 2-aminobenzothiazole (abt); 2-phenylaminothiazole; thiohydantoin; thioxohydropyrazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (mbt); 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (bismuthiol); 2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (amt); 5-mercaptotetrazole; 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole (pmt)(5-mptt); 5-mercaptotriazole; 3-mercaptotriazole; (2-benzothiazolyl)thioacetic acid; (2-benzothiazolyl)thiopropionic acid; (alkylthio)benzotriazoles; (arylthio)benzotriazoles; 2-mercaptopyrimidine; bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl); bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes; 2-aminothiazolidine; thiazolidine-2-thione; 2-mercaptothiazolidine; 1-(2-mercaptoethyl)imidazoline; imidazolidine-2-thione; 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; 4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; (2-benzimidazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzoxazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzothiazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzimidazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; (2-benzoxazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; (2-benzothiazolylthio) hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; 2-(phenylmethylthio)benzothiazole; 2,5-bis(hydrocrarbyldithio 1,3,4-thiadiazoles; 2-(hydroarbyldithio)-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles; bis(dithiobi sthiadiazole); benzothi azolethione; 3-hydrazino-5-thio-1,2,4-triazole; imidazolidine-2,4-dithione; dimercaptobenzothi azole; 2-aminothiazole (atz); thiadiazole-2-thione; 5-mercaptothiadiazole-2-thione; 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole; phosphosphonomethylenethio-1,3-benzothiazole (pmtbt); 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; imidazolidine-2-thione; 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole; 2,2′-dithiobis(benzothiazole); and 5,5′-dithiobis(tetrazole).

[0280] N—S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanethiol (including thiopyridoxamine); 2-mercaptopyridine; 2-(methylthio)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(thiomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylthiomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyridine; 2-mercaptopyrimidine; 2-dithiomethylpyrimidine; 2-mercaptoquinoline; 8-mercaptoquinoline (thioxine); 8-methylthioquinoline; 2-mercaptoquinazoline; thioorotic acid (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dithiono-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) (6-thiouracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-thione; 2-thiouracil; 2,4-dithiouracil; 6-mercaptopurine; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)sulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)disulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)sulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)disulfide; 1,3,5-triazine-6-thione; 2-benzylmercapto-1,3,5-triazine; triazine dithiols [i.e. 6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (ptd); 6-aniline-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (atd); and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol]; 2-thioquinazoline; 2-thioquinazolin-4-one; thiomorpholin-3-thione; [2-(aminomethyl)thio]pyridine; 6-mercaptopurine; dithiouracil; and 2,2′-dithiodipyridine (2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide).

[0281] N—S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiophene; 2,5-diaminothiophene; 2-aminomethylthiophene; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)thiophene; 2-aminobenzothiophene; and 2-iminothiolane.

[0282] N—S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiopyran; 2,6-diaminothiopyran; 2-aminomethylthiopyran; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)thiopyran; and 2-aminobenzothiopyran.

[0283] N—S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thiophene)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiophene)pyrrole; 2-(2-thiopyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiopyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrole)thiophene; 2,6-di(2-pyrrole)thiopyran; and 3,5-bis(2-thienyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-tat).

[0284] N—S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thiadiazolyl)benzimidazole; 2-(2-thiophene)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-thiophene)pyridine; 2-(2-thiopyran)pyridine; 2,6di(2-thiopyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)thiophene; 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)thiopyran; and 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole.

[0285] N—S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiacyclobutane ([4]aneNS); azathiacyclopentane ([5]aneNS); azathiacyclohexane ([6]aneNS); azathiacycloheptane ([7]aneNS); azathiacyclooctane ([8]aneNS); azathiacyclobutene ([4]eneNS); azathiacyclopentene ([5]eneNS); azathiacyclohexene ([6]eneNS); azathiacycloheptene ([7]eneNS); azathiacyclooctene ([8]eneNS); azathiacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneNS); azathiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNS); azathiacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneNS); azathiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneN S); azathiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneNS); diazathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSN2); diazathiacycloheptane ([7]aneSN2); diazathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSN2); diazathiacyclononane ([9]aneSN2); diazathiacyclodecane ([10]aneSN2); diazathiacycloundecane ([11]aneSN2); diazathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSN2); diazathiacyclohexene ([6]eneSN2); diazathiacycloheptene ([7]eneSN2); diazathiacyclooctene ([8]eneSN2); diazathiacyclononene ([9]eneSN2); diazathiacyclodecene ([10]eneSN2); diazathiacycloundecene ([11]eneSN2); diazathiacyclododecene ([12]eneSN2); diazadithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneS2N2); and tetramethyldithiahexaazacyclobidecanehexaene (mtab).

[0286] N—S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiopyrandipyridines; dithiophenedipyrroles; trithiopyrantripyridines; trithiophenetripyrroles; tetrathiopyrantetrapyridines; and tetrathiophenetetrapyrroles.

[0287] N—S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiatetraphyrins; diazadithiatetraphyrins; azathiahexaphyrins; diazadithiahexaphyrins; and triazatrithiahexaphyrins.

[0288] N—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of N-hydroxy (or N,N′-dihydroxy)amidines and N-hydroxy (or N,N′-dihydroxy)diamidines (N—O bidentates, N—O tridentates, or N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylfonmamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylfonmamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dianthraquinonylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; N,N-dihydroxyoxalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxymalonic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuccinic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyglutaric diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyadipic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxypimelic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuberic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyphthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyterephthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyisophthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxypiperazine diamidine.

[0289] N—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of guanylureas, guanidinoureas, bis(guanylureas), bis(guanidinoureas) poly(guanylureas), and poly(guanidinoureas) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: guanylurea (amidinourea)(dicyandiamidine); guanidinourea; methylguanylurea; ethylguanylurea; isopropylguanylurea; butylguanylurea; benzylguanylurea; phenylguanylurea; tolylguanybrea; naphthylguanylurea; cyclohexylguanylurea; norbornylguanylurea; adamantylguanylurea; dimethylguanylurea; diethylguanylurea; diisopropylguanylurea; dibutylguanylurea; dibenzylguanylurea; diphenylguanylurea; ditolylguanylurea; dinaphthylguanylurea; dicyclohexylguanylurea; dinorbornylguanylurea; diadamantylguanylurea; ethylenebis(guanylurea); propylenebis(guanylurea); phenylenebis(guanylurea); piperazinebis(guanylurea); oxalylbis(guanylurea); malonylbis(guanylurea); succinylbis(guanylurea); phthalylbis(guanylurea); 2-ureidothiazole; 2-ureidooxazole; 2-ureidoimidazole; 3-ureidopyrazole; 3-ureido-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-ureidotetrazole.

[0290] N—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinoamides, guanidinoamides, bis(amidinoamides), bis(guanidinoamides), poly(amidinoamides), and poly(guanidinoamides) (including both N-amidinoamides and 2-amidinoacetamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: amidinoacetamide (1-acetylguanidine); guanidinoacetamide; amidinopropanamide; amidinobutanamide; amidinobenzamide; amidinotoluamide; amidinocyclohexamide; N-methylamidinoacetamide; N-ethylamidinopropanamide; N-propylamidinobutanamide; N-phenylamidinobenzamide; N-tolylamidinotoluamide; N-cyclohexylamidinocyclohexamide; bis(amidinooxamide); bis(amidinomalonamide); bis(amidinosuccinamide); bis(amidinophthalamide); 2-amidinoacetamide (malonamamidine); N-methyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-phenyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide; 2-N-acylaminothiazole; 2-N-acylaminooxazole; 2-N-acylaminoimidazole; 3-N-acylaminopyrazole; 3-N-acylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-N-acyl aminotetrazole.

[0291] N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylamides, bis(imidoylamides), and poly(imidoylamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylacetamide; acetimidoylpropanamide; acetimidoylbutanamide; acetimidoylbenzamide; acetimidolytoluamide; acetimidoylcyclohexamide; propimidoylpropanamide; butimidoylbutanamide; benzimidoylbenzamide; ethylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide); propylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide); and phenylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide).

[0292] N—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of O-amidinocarbamates, bis(O-amidinocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinocarbamates) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: O-amidinocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-ethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-butyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-phenyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-naphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-norbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate; ethylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); propylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); phenylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); piperazinebis(O-amidinocarbamate); oxalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); malonylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); succinylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); phthalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); 2-O-carbamatothiazole; 2-O-carbamatooxazole; 2-O-carbamatoimidazole; 3-O-carbamatopyrazole; 3-O-carbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-carbamatotetrazole.

[0293] N—O Valence Stabilizer #6; Examples of S-amidinothiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinothiocarbamates) (N-O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); phthalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatothiazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0294] N—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of diimidosulfuric acid, bis(diimidosulfuric acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diimidosulfuric acid; O-phenyldiimidosulfuric acid; O-benzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O-cyclohexyldiimidosulfuric acid, O-norbornyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-diphenyldiimidosulfuric acid; O,O′-dibenzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldiimidosulfuric acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyldiimidosulfuric acid.

[0295] N—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphorimidic acid, bis(phosphorimidic acid); and poly(phosphorimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorimidic acid; O-phenylphosphorimidic acid; O-benzylphosphorimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphorimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphorimidic acid.

[0296] N—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphoric triamides, bis(phosphoric triamides), and poly(phosphoric triamides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoric triamide; phosphoramidic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphoric triamide, N-benzylphosphoric triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoric triamide; N-norbornylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphoric triamide, N,N′-dibenzylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphoric triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphoric triamide.

[0297] N—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphoramidic acid, phosphorodiamidic acid, bis(phosphoramidic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidic acid), poly(phosphoramidic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidic acid, phosphorodiamidic acid, phosphoramidohydrazidic acid; phosphorohydrazidic acid; phosphorodihydrazidic acid; O-phenylphosphoramidic acid; O-benzylphosphoramidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphoramidic acid; O-norbornylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphoramidic acid.

[0298] N—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of N-acyl 7-aminobenzylidenimines (N—O Bidentates or N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-acetyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-acetyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine; N-benzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; and N-benzoyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.

[0299] N—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of oximes, dioximes, and poly(oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldoxime (Hado); acetoxime (acetone oxime)(Hato); butanone oxime; pentanone oxime; hexanone oxime; pinacolone oxime; heptanone oxime; octanone oxime; cyclopentanone oxime; cyclohexanone oxime; cycloheptanone oxime; cyclooctanone oxime; cyclopentanedione dioxime; cyclohexanedione dioxime; cycloheptanedione dioxime; cyclooctanedione dioxime; isatin dioxime; benzaldehyde oxime; naphthaldehyde oxime; norbornanone oxime; camphor oxime; dimethylglyoxime (H2DMG); diethylglyoxime; diisopropylglyoxime; ditertbutylglyoxime; dicyanoglyoxime; dicyanamidoglyoxime; diphenylglyoxime (Hdfg); dibenzylglyoxime; dicyclohexylglyoxime; dinorbornylglyoxime; camphorquinone dioxime (Hcqd); nopinoquinone dioxime (Hnqd); butyraldoxime; propionaldoxime; furildioxime; and thienyldioxime.

[0300] N—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of carbonyl oximes, bis(carbonyl oximes), and poly(carbonyl oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetyl monoxime (2,3-butanedione monoxime); benzil monoxime (1,2-diphenylethanedione monoxime); 1,2-dicyclohexylethanedione monoxime; 1,2-(trifluoromethyl)ethanedione monoxime; 1,2-dinorbornylethanedione monoxime; cyclopentanedione monoxime; cyclohexanedione monoxime; cycloheptanedione monoxime; cyclooctanedione monoxime; camphorquinone oxime; 3-hydroxyiminopentane-2,4-dione; and 4-isonitrosopyralozone.

[0301] N—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of imine oximes, bis(imine oximes), and poly(imine oximes) (including 2-nitrogen heterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-(methylimino)butan-2-one oxime; 4-(methylimino)hexan-3-one oxime; 1,2-dipbenyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; N,N′-methylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); diacetylazine oxime (Hazio); 2-pyridinaldoxime (Hpao); methyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime (Hppk); benzyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; di(2-pyridyl) ketone oxime; methyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; phenyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; di(2-pyrrolyl) ketone oxime; and tris(2-aldoximo-6-pyridyl)phosphine.

[0302] N—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydroxy oximes, bis(hydroxy oximes), and poly(hydroxy oximes) (including 2-oxygen heterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-hydroxybutan-2-one oxime; 4-hydroxyhexan-3-one oxime; benzoin oxime (bo)(1,2-diphenyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime); 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; salicylaldoxime (so)(saldox); 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; 2-furanaldoxime; furildioxime; methyl 2-furanyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-furanyl ketone oxime; benzyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; di(2-furanyl) ketone oxime; and 2,5-(oximinomethyl)phenol.

[0303] N—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of amino oximes, bis(amino oximes), and poly(amino oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-(methylamino)butan-2-one oxime (HMeabo); 4-(methylamino)hexan-3-one oxime (HEtabo); 1,2-diphenyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HPhabo); 1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HcyHxabo); 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HNorbabo); N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Haboen); N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Habopn); N,N′-propylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); 2,2′-iminobis(acetamidoxime); 1-diethylamino-3-butanoxime; and di-2-pyridyl ketone oxime.

[0304] N—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of amido oximes, bis(amido oximes), and poly(amido oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: formamide oxime; acetamide oxime; propanamide oxime; butanamide oxime; benzamide oxime (Hbamox); naphthamide oxime; diformamide dioxime; salicylamide oxime; and 4-imidazolamide oxime.

[0305] N—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of azo oximes, bis(azo oximes), and poly(azo oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime; propionaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime; and benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime. Also includes hydrazone oximes.

[0306] N—O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrosophenols (o-quinone monoximes) (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrosophenol; 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (Honn); 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (Htnn); 3-nitrosopyrocatechol; 3,6-dinitrosopyrocatechol; 2-nitrosoresorcinol; 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol; 2,4,6-trinitrosoresorcinol; 2-nitrosohydroquinone; 2,6-dinitrosohydroquinone; 2,3,5,6-tetranitrosohydroquinone; 4-nitrosopyrogallol; 4,6-dinitrosopyrogallol; 2-nitrosophloroglucinol; 2,4,6-trinitrosophloroglucinol; 7-nitroso-6-hydroxyindazole; Pigment Green 12 (C.I. 10020); Naphthol Green; and nitroso-R-salt.

[0307] N—O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of 2-nitrophenols (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrophenol; 2,3-dinitrophenol; 2,4-dinitrophenol; 2,5-dinitrophenol; 2,6-dinitrophenol; 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid); 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid); 1-nitro-2-naphthol; 2-nitro-1-naphthol; 3-nitropyrocatechol; 3,6-dinitropyrocatechol; 2-nitroresorcinol; 2,4-dinitroresorcinol; 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid); 2-nitrohydroquinone; 2,6-dinitrohydroquinone; 2,3,5,6-tetranitrohydroquinone; 4-nitropyrogallol; 4,6-dinitropyrogallol; 2-nitrophloroglucinol; 2,4,6-trinitrophloroglucinol; dinitrocresol; 7-nitro-6-hydroxyindazole; Dinoseb; Eosin; Naphthol Yellow; and Martius Yellow.

[0308] N—O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of hydroxamates (hydroxylamines), bis(hydroxamates), and poly(hydroxamates) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetohydroxamic acid; propianohydroxamic acid; butyrohydroxamic acid; crotonohydroxamic acid; sorbohydroxamic acid; benzohydroxamic acid (BH2); toluichydroxamic acid; salicylhydroxamic acid (SH2); phenylacetohydroxamic acid (PhH2); anthranilhydroxamic acid (AnH2); nicotinehydroxamic acid (NiCH2); picolinehydroxamic acid; cyclohexanehydroxamic acid (CH2); quinoline 8-hydroxamic acid (QH2); cinnamylhydroxamic acid (CnH2); oxaldihydroxamic acid (OxalH2); succinylbis-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (SuH2); adipylbis-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (AdH2); glyoxalhydroxamic acid (GH2); 2-tbiophenecarbohydroxamic acid; thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid; N-tolylbenzohydroxamic acid; N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid; N-phenyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-tolyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; and polyhydroxamic acids.

[0309] N—O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of N-nitrosohydroxylamines, bis(N-nitrosohydroxylamines), and poly(N-nitrosohydroxylamines) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine (cupferron); N-nitrosonaphthylhydroxylamine (neocupferron); N-nitrosoanthracylhydroxylamine; N-nitroso(2-pyridyl)hydroxylamine; and N-nitroso(2-thiophenyl)hydroxylamine.

[0310] N—O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of amino acids, ortho-aminocarboxylic acids, peptides, polypeptides, and proteins [N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates; possibly S—O dentates for sulfur-contg. examples such as penicillamine and cystine] that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: alanine (Ala); arginine (Arg); asparagine (Asn); aspartic acid (Asp); cysteine (Cys); cystine (Cys or Cys.Cys); dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa); glutamic acid (Glu); glutamine (Gin); glycine (Gly); histidine (His); isoleucine (Ile); leucine (Leu); lysine (Lys); methionine (Met); penicillamine (Pen); phenylalanine (Phe); tolylalanine (tala); proline (Pro); sarcosine; serine (Ser); threonine (Thr); tryptophan (Trp); tyrosine (Tyr); and valine (Val) as amino acid examples; 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picolinic acid), 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, 2,3-dicarboxypyrazine, and anthranilic acid as ortho-aminocarboxylic acid examples; Gly-GluO; Hgly-Gly; Gly-MetO; Met-GlyO; Gly-TyrO; Ala-H is O; Gly-His-GlyO; Gly-Gly-His; Gly-Leu-TyrO; penta-GlyO; His-His; triaminoisobutyrate; tetra-GlyO; Pro-Gly; and Gly-Met as peptide examples; and azurin, carbonic anhydrase C; carboxypeptidase; concanavalin A; cytochrome b; cytochrome c; erythrocruorin; ferredoxin; haemerythrin; haemoglobin; myoglobin; parvalbumin; albumin; plastocyanin; rubredoxin; superoxide dismutase; thermolysin; and trysin as protein examples; N-acylamino acids; aminocaproic acid; and 3,5-diiodotyrosine.

[0311] N—O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of amides, bis(amides), and poly(amides), including lactams (N—O bidentates, N—O tridentates, and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetamide; propionamide; butanamide; benzamide (benzoylamide)(1-phenylformamide); 1-naphthylformamide; toluamide; 1-cyclohexylformamide); 1-norbornylformamide; 1-adamantylform amide; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)(DMFA); N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC); N,N-dimethylbenzamide; N,N-diethylformamide; N,N-diethylacetamide; decanamide; dodecanamide; tetradecanamide; hexadecanamide; octadecanamide; lactobionic acid amide; (hydroxyalkylthio)succinamides; (mercaptoalkoxy)succinamides; polycaproamides; glycinamide; aminoalkylanilides; amidopolyamines (apa); bis(1-phenylethylamide); oxalic semiamide; malonic semiamide; succinic semiamide; bis(1,1′-benzotriazolyl)dicarboxamide; nicotinamide; acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide); formanilide (N-phenylformamide); benzanilide (N-phenylbenzamide); N-methylformanilide; acetanilide; nicotinanilide; 4′-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen); 2-pyrrolidone; methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP); 2-piperidone (valerolactam); caprolactam; polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamide; polyacrylamides; polypyrrolidones [including polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)(PVP)]; pyrazolidinones; pyrazolones; diazepinones; N-alkylazaalkene lactams; and N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)azaalkene lactams.

[0312] N—O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of semicarbazones, bis(semicarbazones), and poly(semicarbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde semicarbazone; acetone semicarbazone; pinacolone semicarbazone; benzaldehyde semicarbazone; naphthaldehyde semicarbazone; norbornanone semicarbazone; camphor semicarbazone; nopinone semicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde semicarbazone; salicylaldehyde semicarbazone; quinolinaldehyde semicarbazone; isatin disemicarbazone; camphorquinone disemicarbazone; camphorquinone disemicarbazone; picolinaldehyde semicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal disemicarbazone; di-2-pyridyl ketone semicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketone semicarbazone; glyoxal disemicarbazone; acetophenone semicarbazone; biacetyl monoxime semicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde semicarbazone; thymolaldosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde semicarbazone; phthalaldehyde disemicarbazone; phthalimide disemicarbazone; furaldehyde semicarbazone; naphthoquinone semicarbazone; phenanthrequinone semicarbazone; cyclohexanedione disemicarbazone; ionone semicarbazone; bissemicarbazone of diethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; and lawsone semicarbazone.

[0313] N—O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of acyl hydrazones, bis(acyl hydrazones), and poly(acyl hydrazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; acetaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; acetone N-formylhydrazone; acetone N-benzoylhydrazone; pinacolone N-formylhydrazone; pinacolone N-benzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; norbornanone N-formylhydrazone; norbornanone N-benzoylhydrazone; camphor N-formylhydrazone; camphor N-benzoylhydrazone; nopinone N-formylhydrazone; nopinone N-benzoylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; 2-pyridinalde hyde N-benzoylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehyde N-formylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-formylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-benzoylhydrazone; ionone N-formylhydrazone; ionone N-benzoylhydrazone; lawsone N-formylhydrazone; and lawsone N-benzoylhydrazone.

[0314] N—O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of carbazones (diazenecarboxylic hydrazides), bis(carbazones), and poly(carbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenylcarbazone; 2-phenylcarbazone; dinaphthylcarbazone; and 2-naphthylcarbazone.

[0315] N—O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of azo compounds with hydroxyl or carboxy or carbonyl substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HO—) or alpha- or beta-(HO—)azo compounds], or Poly[o-(HO—) or alpha- or beta-(HO—)azo compounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxyazobenzene [1-(phenylazo)-2-phenol]; 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (o,o′-dihydroxyazobenzene); (2-furan)azobenzene; Direct Blue 2B; 1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-naphthol; 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol; 1-(2-methoxyphenyl azo)-2-naphthol; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN); pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR); 1-phenyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-5-pyrazolone; 1-phenyl-4-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-5-pyrazolone; o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene; 2-hydroxy-2′-methoxymethyleneoxyazobenzene; methyl red; turquoise blue (reactive blue); sunset yellow; amaranth; tartrazine; Eriochrome Black T; tropeolins; Allura Red; amaranth; Acid Alizarin Violet N; Acid Blue 29; Acid Orange 8, 63, and 74; Acid Red 1, 4, 8, 37, 88, 97, 114, 151, and 183; Acid Violet 7; Acid Yellow 25, 29, 34, 42, 76, and 99; Brilliant Black BN; Brilliant Crocein; Bordeaux R; Calcion; Chicago Sky Blue; Chromotrope; Cibacron Brilliant Red; Cibacron Brilliant Yellow; Crocein Orange; Crystal Scarlet; Calmagite; Direct Blue 71; Direct Red 23, 80, and 81; Direct Violet 51; Direct Yellow 8 and 27; Fast Black; Flavazin; Mordant Blue 9; Mordant Brown 1 and 33; Napthol Blue Black; New Coccine; Nitrazine Yellow; Nitrosulfonazo III; Orange II; Orange G, OT, and B; Ponceau 3R and SX; Polar Yellow; 2-oxazolylazobenzene; and 2-benzoxazolylazobenzene.

[0316] N—O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of diazeneformamides, diazeneacetamides, bis(diazenefonmamides), bis(diazeneacetamides), poly(diazeneformamides), and poly(diazeneacetamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformamide, diazeneacetamide, phenyldiazeneformamide, diphenyldiazeneformamide, phenyldiazeneacetamide, and diphenyldiazeneacetamide.

[0317] N—O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of diazeneformic acids, diazeneacetic acids, bis(diazeneformic acids), bis(diazeneacetic acids), poly(diazeneformic acids), poly(diazeneacetic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformic acid, diazeneacetic acid, phenyldiazeneformic acid, diphenyldiazeneformic acid, phenyldiazeneacetic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetic acid.

[0318] N—O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of diazenefonmaldehydes, diazeneacetaldehydes, bis(diazeneformaldehydes), bis(diazeneacetaldehydes), poly(diazenefonmaldehydes), and poly(diazeneacctaldehydes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenefonmaldehyde, diazeneacetaldehyde, phenyldiazeneformaldehyde, diphenyldiazeneformaldehyde, phenyldiazeneacetaldehyde, and diphenyldiazeneacetaldehyde.

[0319] N—O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazenediformamides, diazenediacetamides, bis(diazenediformamides), bis(diazenediacetamides), poly(diazenedifonmamides), and poly(diazenediacetamides) (N—O Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenedifonmamide, diazenediacetamide, diphenydiazenediformamide, tetraphenyldiazenediformamide, diphenyldiazenediacetamide, and tetraphenyldiazenediacetamide.

[0320] N—O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazenediformic acids, diazenediacetic acids, bis(diazenediformic acids), bis(diazenediacetic acids), poly(diazenediformic acids), poly(diazenediacetic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—O Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformic acid, diazenediacetic acid, phenyldiazenediformic acid, diphenyldiazenediformic acid, phenyldiazenediacetic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetic acid.

[0321] N—O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazenedifonmaldehydes, diazenediacetaldehydes, bis(diazenediformaldehydes), bis(diazenediacetaldehydes), poly(diazenedifonmaldehydes), and poly(diazenediacetaldehydes) (N—O Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: diazenedifonmaldehyde, diazenediacetaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformaldehyde, and diphenyldiazenediacetaldehyde.

[0322] N—O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) substituted formazans, bis(o-hydroxy or -carboxy substituted formazans), and poly(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted formazans) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan; and 5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan.

[0323] N—O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines), and poly(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy-1-benzalazine; 2-hydroxy-1-naphthalazine; and 2-hydroxy-1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0324] N—O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha-or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Salicylaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Furfuralo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylfurano)isopropylamine; N-(2-H ydroxyacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)isopropylamine; N-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Furfuralo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetyl furano)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Salicylaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Furfuralo)aniline (Stenhauz salt); N-(2-Acetylfurano)aniline; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aniline; N-(Pyridoxalo)aniline; N-(Salicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Furfuralo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylfurano)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Pyridoxalo)aminonorbornane; (Salicylaldehydo)anisidine; 2-salicylideneiminobenzothiazole; (Salicylaldehydo)sulfamethazine; and N′-histidine-3-methoxysalicylidenimine (V-his); N-(o-carboxybenzaldehydo)-2-aminophenol; N-(salicylaldehydo)isatin; N-(2-furfuralo)isatin; N-(2-acetylfurano)isatin; N-(pyridoxalo)isatin; N-(2-hydroxyacetophenono)isatin; hydrofuramide; 2-furancarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-furancarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and salicylaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0325] N—O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetyl furano)diisopropyl amine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynapbthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo) 1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-bis(salicylaldehydo)-1,12-diaminododecane (Saldn); N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylaldehydo)-o-phenyldiamine; N,N′-bis(3,4-difluorobenzaldehydo)-4,4′-benzidine; and N,N′-phenylenebis(3-methoxysalicylidenimine) (V-ph-V). Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0326] N—O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Salicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)tris(2=aminoethyl)amine. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0327] N—O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of silylaminoalcohols (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: silatranes.

[0328] N—O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of hydroxyalkyl imines (imino alcohols) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxycyclohexylimine; 3-hydroxy-2-iminonorbornane; 2,2′-diiminodicyclohexyl ether; oxamide; 3-imino-1,5-pentanedialdehyde; iminodiacetic acid; and iminodipropionic acid.

[0329] N—O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of hydroxyaryl amines and hydroxyaryl imines (NO Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminophenol; 2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid); 2-aminoanisole; o-phenetidine; o-anisidine; 2-hydroxymethyl)-alpha-aminotoluene; 1-amino-2-naphthol; 2-amino-1-naphthol; 2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylketone; isophoronediamine; tris-2,4,6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol; di(2-amino)phenyl ether; 1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane; 1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane; 1,3-di(2-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 1,3-di(3-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminodibenzyl; 2,2′-iminodibenzoic acid; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminostilbene; poly(o-phenetidine); poly(o-aminophenol); poly(o-anisidine); and 3-(anilino)propionamide.

[0330] N—O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxypyrrole; 2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyrrole; 2,5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyrrol; imidazoline-2-one (2-hydroxyimidazole); 2-hydroxythiazoline; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole; 2-hydroxybenzothiazole; 2-hydroxybenzoxazole; 2-hydantoin; di-2-pyridylglyoxal (2,2′-pyridil); bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)ether; bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)ether; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)ether; bis(benzimidazolylethane)ether; tris(imidazolyl)methanol; tris(imidazolylmethane)methanol; N-hydroxymethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)ether; 4-carboxybenzotriazole; antipyrine; 4-aminoantipyrine (aap); hydantoin; aminoalkylhydantoins; 2,5-oxazolidinedione; benzyldibenzoyltriazole (bdbt); 5-hydroxymethylimidazole; dicarboxyalkylbenzotriazoles; bis(hydroxyphenyl)aminotriazoles; pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde; (oxopyrrolidinylalkyl)triazoles; alkoxybenzotriazoles; aryloxybenzotriazoles; 3-salicylamido-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole; 5-(alkoxy)benzotriazole; (polyoxyalkylene)oxazolidines; 1-(dialkylaminomethyl)-5-carboxyalkylbenzotriazole; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazoline; 1-acetoxyimidazole; 1-acetylimidazole; benzotriazolecarboxylic acid; poly(oxyalkylated)pyrazoles; poly(oxyalkylated)thiadiazoles; 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid; 5-hydroxypyrazole; 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ptr); 1-acetylbenzimidazole; 1-[(acetoxy)ethyl]benzimidazole; creatinine; indole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid; imidazole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid; and 1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole.

[0331] N—O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanol (including pyridoxamine); 2-hydroxypyridine; 2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylhydroxy)ethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2-hydroxypyrimidine; 2-dihydroxymethylpyrimidine; 2-hydroxyquinoline; 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine); 8-methylhydroxyquinoline; 2-hydroxyquinazoline; orotic acid (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) (6-uracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-one; uracil; 6-hydroxypurine; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)ether; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoetbane)ether; quinazol-4-one; quinazol-2-one; 5-azathymine; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole (2-hbz); guanine; 1,3,5-triazin-6-one; 6-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; 4,6-dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; triazine carboxylic acids; 2,3-dihydroxypyridine; thiomorpholin-3-one; hydroxytetrahydropyrimidines; 2-piperazinones; 2-piperidinones; dilituric acid; actinoquinol; caffeine; citrazinic acid; picolinic acid; 2-quinolol; 2,6-dimethoxypyridine; quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid; flucytosine; hypoxanthine; hexamethylolmelamine; hydroorotic acid; isoorotic acid; xantbine; leucopterin; nitroorotic acid; 8-azaguanine; and cyanuric acid.

[0332] N—O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminofuran; 2,5-diaminofuran; 2-aminomethylfuran; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)furan; 2-aminobenzofuran; and 2-amino-1,3-dioxolane.

[0333] N—O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyran; 2,6-diaminopyran; 2-aminomethylpyran; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)pyran; and 2-aminobenzopyran.

[0334] N—O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furan)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-furan)pyrrole; 2-(2-pyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrole)furan; and 2,6-di(2-pyrrole)pyran.

[0335] N—O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furan)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-furan)pyridine; 2-(2-pyran)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-pyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)furan; 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyran; and drometrizole.

[0336] N—O Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxacyclobutane ([4]aneNO); azaoxacyclopentane ([5]aneNO); azaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneNO); azaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneNO); azaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneNO); azaoxacyclobutene ([4]eneNO); azaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneNO); azaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneNO); azaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneNO); azaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneNO); azaoxacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneNO); azaoxacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNO); azaoxacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneNO); azaoxacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneNO); azaoxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneNO); diazaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneON2); diazaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneON2); diazaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneON2); diazaoxacyclononane ([9]aneON2); diazaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneON2); diazaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneON2); diazaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneON2); diazaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneON2); diazaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneON2); diazaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneON2); diazaoxacyclononene ([9]eneON2); diazaoxacyclodecene ([10]eneON2); diazaoxacycloundecene ([11]eneON2); diazaoxacyclododecene ([12]eneON2); diazadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2N2); diazadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2N2); diazadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneON2); diazadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO2N2); and diazadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO2N2).

[0337] N—O Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dipyrandipyridines; difurandipyrroles; tripyrantripyridines; trifurantripyrroles; tetrapyrantetrapyridines; and tetrafurantetrapyrroles.

[0338] N—O Valence Stabilizer #51: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxatetraphyrins; diazadioxatetraphyrins; azaoxahexaphyrins; diazadioxahexaphyrins; and triazatrioxahexaphyrins.

[0339] S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of 1,3-monothioketones (monothio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-monothioketones, 1,3,5-dithioketones, bis(1,3-monothioketones), and poly(1,3-monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropenta-2-thione-4-ketone; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propana-1-thione-3-ketone; benzoylthiopinacolone; cyclohexoylthiocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanedithionate; tetramethylnonanedithionate; hexafluoroheptanedithionate; trifluoroheptanedithionate; 1-(2-thienyl)-butan-1-thione-3-ketone, 1-(2-naphthyl)-butan-1-thione-3-ketone, and trifluoroacetylthiocamphor.

[0340] S—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thiomalonamides (thiomalonodiamides), bis(thiomalonamides), and polythiomalonamides (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiomalonamide, N-phenylthiomalonamide, N-benzylthiomalonamide, N-pentafluorophenylthiomalonamide, N-cyclohexylthiomalonamide, N-norbornylthiomalonamide, N,N′-diphenylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dibenzylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexylthiomalonamide, and N,N′-norbornylthiomalonamide.

[0341] S—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-thioacylacetamides, 2-acylthioacetamides, bis(2-thioacylacetamides), bis(2acylthioacetamides), poly(2-thioacylacetamides), and poly(2-Acylthioacetamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-acetothioacetamide, 2-thioacetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-benzyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-benzothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzothioacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexothioacetamide.

[0342] S—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of dithiodicarbonic diamides, bis(dithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(dithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide.

[0343] S—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of monothiohypophosphoric acids, bis(monothiohypophosphoric acids), poly(monothiohypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiohypophosphoric acid, methylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, isopropylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, phenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, benzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, norbornylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dimethylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, diphenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothiohypophosphoric acid.

[0344] S—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of monothiohypophosphoramides, bis(monothiohypophosphoramides), and poly(monothiohypophosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiohypophosphoramide, N-methylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-phenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-benzylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide, and N,N″-dinorbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide.

[0345] S—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoric acids, monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoric acids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothioimidodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphoric acid, methylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylnonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0346] S—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoramides, monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), and poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide.

[0347] S—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothiodiphosphoramides, bis(monothiodiphosphoramides), and poly(monothiodiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothiodipbosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonotbiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide.

[0348] S—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodiphosphoric acids, bis(monotbiodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothiodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoric acid, methylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiodiphospboric acid, and dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoric acid.

[0349] S—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiocarbamates, bis(monothiocarbamates), and poly(monothiocarbamates) (including N-hydroxymonothiocarbamates and N-mercaptomonothiocarbamates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates) that rmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylmonothiocarbamate (dmmtc); di(trifluorodimethyl)monothiocarbamate; diethylmonothiocarbamate (demtc); dipropylmonothiocarbamate; diisopropylmonothiocarbamate; dibutylmonothiocarbamate; ditertbutylmonothiocarbamate; dicyanamidomonothiocarbamate; diphenylmonothiocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbamate; dibenzylmonothiocarbamate; dinaphthylmonothiocarbamate; dicyclohexylmonothiocarbamate; dinorbornylmonothiocarbamate; diadamantylmonothiocarbamate; pyrrolidinomonothiocarbamate (pyrmtc); piperidinomonothiocarbamate (pipmtc); morpholinomonothiocarbamate (mormtc); thiamorpholinomonothiocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinomonothiocarbamate; pyrrolomonothiocarbamate; oxazolomonothiocarbamate; isoxazolomonothiocarbamate; thiazolomonothiocarbamate; isothiazolomonothiocarbamate; indolomonothiocarbamate; carbazolomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolinomonothiocarbamate; imidazolinomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolomonothiocarbamate; imidazolomonothiocarbamate; indazolomonothiocarbamate; and triazolomonothiocarbamate.

[0350] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of hydroxo and oxo functionalities that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: water (H2O); dioxygen (O2); oxide (O2−); hydroxide (OH−); peroxo groups (O22−); and superoxo groups (O2−).

[0351] As with the inorganic valence stabilizers, crosses between two or more organic stabilizers can be used. For example, in some instances it may be desirable to form a valence stabilizer out of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic and an amine ligand. During the synthesis process, both of these materials will complex with the MnIII or MnIV ion to produce a mixed nitrogen heterocyclic/amine valence stabilizer compound from the pigment solution.

[0352] 3c) Narrow Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers

[0353] Additional valence stabilizers can be used in conjunction with the MnIII and MnIV ions for corrosion protection. However, these less typical stabilizers suffer from disadvantages that make their selection over the previously mentioned wide band valence stabilizers less desirable. For this reason, we term them “narrow band” valence stabilizers because of their limited applications. Narrow band stabilizers exhibit some limitation in their use when compared to wide band stabilizers. Narrow band inorganic stabilizers may be toxic or may complex MnII or MnIV only with difficulty. These narrow band stabilizers include, but are not limited to, bismuthates, gennanates, arsenates, and carbonates. For example, valence stabilizers using arsenate are less desirable because their inherent toxicity is very large (greater than PbIV or CrVI), although they may be very effective at inhibiting corrosion when used with MnII. Arsenates could be used as MnIII valence stabilizers in situations where the toxicity of the pigment is not a factor in its use.

[0354] Modifications of wide band inorganic valence stabilizers can result in a complex with reduced corrosion inhibition. The central cavity of the heteropolymetallates can contain ions in addition to the desired MnIII or MnIV ion. For example, the use of silicomolybdates, phosphomolybdates, silicotungstates, and phosphotungstates is possible. In these MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer complexes, Si+4 or P+5 ions also occupy the central cavity of the complex with the MnIII or MnIV ion. The inclusion of additional ions in the central cavity reduces the stability of the complex, and thereby leads to lower corrosion protection. Nonetheless, these complexes also demonstrate some corrosion inhibiting activity. The additional ions that can be included within the central cavity of the heteropolymetallates described above depend upon the size of the central cavity, which in turn depends upon the specific chemistry exhibited by an inorganic valence stabilizer (e.g., molybdate, tungstate, periodate, etc.) In general, these additional ions must also be small so as to ensure the stability of the formed MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilized complex. Examples of small additional ions include, but are not limited to: B+3, Al+3, Si+4, P+5, Ti+4, V+5, V+4, Cr+6, Cr+3, Mn+2, Fe+3, Fe+2, CO+3, CO+2, Ni+2, N+3, Ni+4, CU+2, Cu+3, Zn+2, Ga+3, Ge+4, AS+5, As+3, Zr+4, and Ce+4.

[0355] Water-soluble precursors for these materials are desirable. Typically, the free acids (e.g., silicomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid, borotungstic acid, etc.) offer the most water-soluble precursors for these materials.

[0356] 3d) Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers

[0357] Narrow band organic valence:stabilizers include those general classes of chemical compounds that result in MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer compounds that are either less stable, more soluble in water, or more toxic than the wide band organic stabilizers.

6TABLE 5Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for the Mn+3 and Mn+4 IonsGeneral Structural Name(Type of Organic)Structural RepresentationN Valence Stabilizer #1:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine nitrogen binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingand are not contained in Componenthydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveHeterocyclic Rings (N—N Tridentates, N—Nhalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #2:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicscontaining nitrogen binding sites. Can include(including Catapinands, Cryptands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogenwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 5-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.N Valence Stabilizer #3:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is five, seven,Combination of 5-Membered Heterocyclicor nine. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #4:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive- or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicscontaining nitrogen binding sites. Can include(including Catapinands, Cryptands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogenwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 6-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.N Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is five, seven,Combination of 6-Membered Heterocyclicor nine. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #6:N(SiR3)3, R′N(SiR3)2, or R′R″N(SiR3) forSilylamines and Silazanes, includingsilylamines; and [RR″Si—NR′]x (x = 1-10) forMacrocyclic Derivatives, wherein at leastsilazanes where R, R′, and R″ represents H orone Nitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (Nany organic functional group wherein theMonodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—Nnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Noptionally having halogen or polarizing orHexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—C(═NH)NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andGuanidines, Diguanidines, andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupPolyguanidines (N—N Bidentates, N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orHexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—P(═N)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andPhosphonitrile Amides, andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(phosphonitrile amides) (N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBidentates, N—N Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #9:(NH═)PR″″(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′), where R, R′,Phosphonimidic Diamides,R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicBis(Phosphonimidic Diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(Phosphonimidic Diamides) (N—Natoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, N—N Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #10:(NH═)PR″′(—NRR′)(—OR″) forPhosphonamidimidic Acid,phosphonamidimidic acid and (NH═)PR″′(—Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid,NRR′)(—SR″) for phosphonamidimidothioicBis(Phosphonamidimidic Acid),acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H orBis(Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(Phosphonamidimidic Acid),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, and N—water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #11:C5H5N—CR═NR′, where C5H5N is a pyridinePyridinaldimines, Bis(pyridinaldimines),derivative, R is typically an aromatic constituentand Poly(pyridinaldimines) (N—N(i.e. —C6H5), and R′ represents H or any organicBidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—Nfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #12:R—NH—N═R′, where R and R′ represent H orHydrazones, Bis(hydrazones), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(hydrazones) (N Monodentates, N—Nnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—Noptionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Either R or R′ is typically an arylgroup.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #13:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′Azo compounds including triazenes withoutfor triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H orchelate substitution at the ortho- (for aryl)any organic functional group wherein theor alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(azo compounds), or Poly(azooptionally having halogen or polarizing orcompounds) (N Monodentates, N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsBidentates, or N—N—N Tridentates)attached. (Not including ortho- chelatesubstituted aryl azo compounds, and alpha- orbeta-substituted alkyl azo compounds.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.N Valence Stabilizer #14:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andFormazans, Bis(formazans), andR″′ represent H, or any organic-functionalPoly(formazans) without ortho- hydroxy,group wherein the number of carbon atomscarboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, orranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—or polarizing or water-N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Notincluding ortho- hydroxy, carboxy, thiol,mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #15:R—CH═N—CHR′—N═CHR″, where R, R′, and R″Hydramides (N—N Bidentates)represent H, or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. (R, R′, and R″ are typicallyaryl derivatives.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #16:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (forAzines (including ketazines), Bis(azines),ketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representand Poly(azines) without ortho- hydroxy,H, or any organic functional group wherein thecarboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—optionally having halogen or polarizing orN Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Not including ortho- hydroxy,carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazidosubstitution.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Groupor any organic functional group wherein theand without ortho- (for aryl constituents) ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents)optionally having halogen or polarizing orhydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsmercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino,attached. (Not including ortho-, alpha-, or beta-oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitutionhydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,(N Monodentates)thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, orhydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #18:Isocyanides, cyanamides, and related ligandsIsocyanide and Cyanamide and relatedwhere the nitrogen atom is directly complexedligands (N Monodentates)to the high valence metal ion.N Valence Stabilizer #19:Nitrosyl, nitrite, and related ligands where theNitrosyl and Nitrite and related ligands (Nnitrogen atom is bound directly to the highMonodentates)valence metal ion.N Valence Stabilizer #20:R—CN, R—(CN)2, R—(CN)x, etc. where RNitriles, Dinitriles, and Polynitriles (Nrepresents H or any organic functional groupMonodentates, N—N Bidentates, and N—N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTridentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #21:Azide (—N3) ligands bound directly to the highAzide ligands (N Monodentates, or N—Nvalence metal ion. Also includes organoazideBidentates)derivatives (R—N3), triazenido compounds (R—N3—R′), phosphonyl azides (R—PO2H—N3),phosphoryl azides (O—PO2H—N3), and sulfonylazides (R—SO2—N3) where R and R′ represent Hor any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattachedS Valence Stabilizer #1:SH2, SHR, SR2, where R represents H or anyMonothioethers (S Monodentates) whereinorganic functional group wherein the number ofat least one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitecarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #2:R—S—S—R′, where R and R′ represents H or anyDisulfides (S Monodentates) wherein atorganic functional group wherein the number ofleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitecarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #3:R—S—R′—S—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represents HDithioethers (S—S Bidentates) wherein ator any organic functional group wherein theleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Trithioethers (S—S Bidentates or S—Srepresents H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein at least one Sulfurwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAtom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #5:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′—S—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetrathioethers (S—S Bidentates, S—SR″′, and R″″ represents H or any organicTridentates, or S—S Bidentates) wherein atfunctional group wherein the number of carbonleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Siteatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′—S—R″″—S—R″″′—S—R″″″,Hexathioethers (S—S Bidentates, S—Swhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Srepresents H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least one Sulfurwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAtom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two sulfur atoms, both of which may functioncontaining One or Two Sulfur Atomsas binding sites. Can include other ring systemswherein at least one Sulfur Atom is abound to this heterocyclic ring, but they do notBinding Site (S Monodentates or S—Scoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceBidentates)metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, orSe atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing justSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Sulfur Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Sulfur Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (S Monodentates or S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containingleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually thiols or thioethers) thatSite not in a Ring (S Monodentates, S—Sconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containingleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually thiols or thioethers) thatSite not in a Ring (S Monodentates, S—Sconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containing rings thatleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—ring systems bound to the S-containingS Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containing rings thatleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—ring systems bound to the S-containingS Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two to ten sulfurTwo-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,binding sites to valence stabilize the centralEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedmetal ion. Can include other hydrocarbon orMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andring systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand,Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands,but they do not coordinate with the stabilized,Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)high valence metal ion. This ligand and/orwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofattached, uncoordinating hydrocarbons/ringsSulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups)may or may not have halogen or polarizing orand are not contained in Componentwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Bidentates, S—Sattached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—SHexadentates)S Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten five-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur binding sites. Can include otherMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingare contained in Component 5-Memberedhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—Sor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates or S—S Hexadentates)attached.S Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, ormembered heterocyclic ring. TheseTen-Membered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide sulfur binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, thioether, or thioketo binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andlong as the total number of binding sites is fourare contained in a Combination of 5-to ten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butThioether, or Thioketo Groups (S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highTridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Svalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Hexadentates)uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten six-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur binding sites. Can include otherMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingare contained in Component 6-Memberedhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—Sor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)attached.S Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, ormembered heterocyclic ring. TheseTen-Membered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide sulfur binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, thioether, or thioketo binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andlong as the total number of binding sites is fourare contained in a Combination of 6-to ten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butThioether, or Thioketo Groups (S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highTridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Svalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Hexadentates)uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #18:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—NR″′R″″ forDithiobiurets (Dithioimidodicarbonicdithiobiurets, and RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—Diamides), Dithioisobiurets, Dithiobiureas,C(═S)—NR″′R″″ for dithiobiureas, where R, R′,Trithiotriurets, Trithiotriureas,R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyBis(dithiobiurets), Bis(dithioisobiurets),organic functional group wherein the number ofBis(dithiobiureas), Poly(dithiobiurets),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(dithioisobiurets), andhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(dithiobiureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,Thioacylthioureas, Thioaroylthioureas,and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(thioacylthioureas),functional group wherein the number of carbonBis(thioaroylthioureas),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thioacylthioureas), andhalogen or polarizing or water-Poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—C(═S)—S—S—C—(═S)—R′ where R, and R′Dithioacyl disulfides, Bis(dithioacylrepresent H or any organic functional groupdisulfides), and Poly(dithioacyl disulfides)wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges(S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—N—R″R″′ where R, R′,Tetrathioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,R″, R″′ represent H or any organic functionalBis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsand poly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonicranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogendiamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates,or polarizing or water-S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #22:R—S—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forHexathio-, Pentathio-, andhexathioperoxydicarbonic acids, R—O—C(═S)—S—Tetrathioperoxydicarbonic Acids,S—C(═S)—S—R′ for pentathioperoxydicarbonicBis(hexathio-, pentathio-, andacids, and R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—O—R′ fortetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids),tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, where R and R′poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionaltetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #23:(RR′—N—)(RR″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—N—Dithioperoxydiphosphoramide,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoramide), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—Sany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #24:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—Dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoric Acids),R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids), andS—R″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sand R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #25:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Dithioimidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); or (R—Dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′) forBis(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids),dithioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—NH—Bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),derivatives for dithiohydrazidodiphosphonicPoly(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids),acids, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTridentates, and S—S Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #26:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithioimidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for dithioimidophosphonamides, andDithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—NH—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides),R″″R″″′) forBis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides),dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R, R′,Poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), andR″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)organic functional group wherein the number of(S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Scarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #27:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithiodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″—)p(═S)—O—P—(═S)(—Bis(dithiophosphonamides), andR″′)(—N—R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—Sand R″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #28:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—O—)Dithiodiphosphonic Acids,(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—S—)(R′—)Bis(dithioiphosphonic Acids),P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—)Poly(dithiodiphosphonic Acids), andP(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′); where R, R′, R″,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sand R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #29:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithioperoxydiphosphonamide,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonamide), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamide) (S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #30:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); orDithioperoxydiphosphonic Acids,(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′),Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonic Acids),where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphonic Acids), andany organic functional group wherein thederivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #31: Dithiophosphonic(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—Acids (Phosphonodithioic Acids),R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis(dithiophosphonic Acids),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(dithiophosphonic Acids), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #32:(S═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Trithiophosphonic Acidsrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functional(Phosphonotrithioic Acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(trithiophosphonic Acids),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(trithiophosphonic Acids), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #33:(O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—Phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids),O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids],any organic functional group wherein thePoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioicnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #34:(S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAcids],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioicor polarizing or water-Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—SLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTetradentates)P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #35:R—S—R′CSOH or R—S—R′CSSH for S—S—(Alkylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, S—(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic and S—(Arylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S—(arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and HSOCR—S—thiobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S BidentatesR′COSH or HSSCR—S—R′CSSH for S,S—and S—S Tridentates)thiobisthiocarboxylic acids, where R and R′represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #36:R—S—S—R′CSOH or R—S—S—R′CSSH for S—S—(Alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic Acids, S—(alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic and S—(Aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic Acids, and(aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, andS,S′—Disulfidobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—SHSOCR—S—S—R′COSH or HSSCR—S—S—R′CSSHBidentates and S—S Tridentates)for S,S′—disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids, whereR and R′ represent H or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #37:R—CH(—SR″)—CH(—SR″′)—R′, and R—C(—1,2-Dithiolates, Bis(1,2-dithiolates), andSR″)═C(—SR″′)—R′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Poly(1,2-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates, S—Srepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #38:RN—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S) for rhodanines, andRhodanines and Bis(rhodanines) (S—SR—[N—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S)]2 forBidentates and S—S Tetradentates)bis(rhodanines), where R and R′ represent H,NH2 or any organic functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #39:RN═C(SH)(SH), where R represents H, NH2 orDithiocarbimates, Bis(dithiocarbimates),any organic functional group wherein theand Poly(dithiocarbimates) (S—S Bidentates,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #40:RS+═C(SH)(SH) or RS—C(═S)(SH), where RThioxanthates, Bis(thioxanthates), andrepresents H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(thioxanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #41:RO+═C(SH)(SH) or RO—C(═S)(SH), where RXanthates, Bis(xanthates), andrepresents H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(xanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #42:Typically RR′R″P═C(SH)(SH) [pentavalent P],Phosphinodithioformates (S—S Bidentates)although RR′P—C(═S)(SH) [trivalent P] may beacceptable in some situations, where R, R′, andR″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #43:R—S—C(—S—R″)—O—R′ for dithioborates, R—S—C(—S—Alkyl- and Aryl- Dithioborates,R″)—S—R′ for trithioborates, and R—S—S—C(—S—Trithioborates, Perthioborates,R″)—S—R′ for perthioborates, where R, R′, andBis(dithioborates), Bis(trithioborates), andR″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(perthioborates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #44:R—C(—S—R″)—S—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Dithioboronates, andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithioboronates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #45:(O═)As(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)As(—S—R)(—Trithioarsonic Acids (ArsonotrithioicS—R′)(—O—R″) for trithioarsonic acid; (O═)As(—Acids), Dithioarsonic AcidsO—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—(Arsonodithioic Acids), TetrathioarsonicO—R″) for dithioarsonic acid, or (S═)As(—S—R)(—Acids (Arsonotetrathioic Acids), andS—R′)(—S—R″) for tetrathioarsonic acid, where R,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—SR′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #46:(O═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—Trithioantimonic Acids (StibonotrithioicS—R′)(—O—R″) for trithioantimonic acid;Acids), Dithioantimonic Acids(O═)Sb(—O—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—(Stibonodithioic Acids), TetrathioantimonicO—R′)(—O—R″) for dithioantimonic acid, orAcids (Stibonotetrathioic Acids), and(S═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) forderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Stetrathioantimonic acid, where R, R′, and R″Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #47:RR′R″P═S for phosphine P—sulfides, andPhosphine P—sulfides and Amino-(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)P═S for amino—substituted Phosphine sulfides (Ssubstituted phosphine sulfides, where R, R′, R″,Monodentates)R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for phosphine P-sulfides.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.S Valence Stabilizer #48:RR′R″As═S for arsine As-sulfides, andArsine As-sulfides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)As═S for amino-Arsine sulfides (S Monodentates)substituted arsine sulfides, where R, R′, R″,R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for arsine As-sulfides.) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #49:Thiols (HS—R, HS—R—SH, etc.), where R and R′Thiolates (S Monodentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #50:Sulfide (—S2−) ligands bound directly to the highSulfide ligands (S Monodentates)valence metal ion.P Valence Stabilizer #1:PH3, PH2R, PHR2, and PR3 where R representsMonophosphines (P Monodentates)H or any organic functional group wherein thewherein at least one Phosphorus Atom is anumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Binding Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—P—R—P—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent HDiphosphines (a P—P Bidentate) wherein ator any organic functional group wherein theleast one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #3:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Triphosphines (either P—P Bidentates or P-represent H or any organic functional groupP—P Tridentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPhosphorus Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #4:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetraphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—PR″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicTridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) whereinfunctional group wherein the number of carbonat least one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally havingSitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #5:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″—P—R″″′, where R, R′,Pentaphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—PR″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H or anyTridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) whereinorganic functional group wherein the number ofat least one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallySitehaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #6:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″—P—R″″′—P—R″″″,Hexaphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—Pwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Prepresent H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPhosphorus Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms, all ofcontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphoruswhich may or may not function as binding sites.Atoms wherein at least one PhosphorusCan include other ring systems bound to thisAtom is a Binding Site (P Monodentates orheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateP—P Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, N, As, or Se atoms.This 5-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing one,Six-Membered Heterocyclic Ringstwo, or three phosphorus atoms, all of whichcontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusmay or may not function as binding sites. CanAtoms wherein at least one Phosphorusinclude other ring systems bound to thisAtom is a Binding Site (P Monodentates orheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateP—P Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, N, As, or Se atoms.This 6-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining substituents (usually phosphines)Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (Pthat constitute P binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pring or to the P-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, S, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining substituents (usually phosphines)Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (Pthat constitute P binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pring or to the P-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, S, As or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining rings that constitute P binding sites.Atom Binding Site in a separate Ring (PCan include other ring systems bound to the P-Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pcontaining heterocyclic rings, but they do notTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, As,or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining rings that constitute P binding sites.Atom Binding Site in a separate Ring (PCan include other ring systems bound to the P-Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pcontaining heterocyclic rings, but they do notTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, As,or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, and Eight-five, six, or eight phosphorus binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,valence stabilize the central metal ion. Canand Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arenot coordinate with the stabilized, high valencecomposed of Phosphorus and are notmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,contained in Component Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, six-, or Eight-Memberedsix, or eight five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andcontaining phosphorus binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencePhosphorus and are contained inmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 5-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-or P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, six-, or Eight-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide phosphorus bindingMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)Other phosphine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asPhosphorus and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six, orCombination of 5-Membered Heterocycliceight. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Phosphine Groups (P—Psystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, six-, or Eight-Memberedsix, or eight six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andcontaining phosphorus binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencePhosphorus and are contained inmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 6-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-or P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, six-, or Eight-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide phosphorus bindingMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)Other phosphine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asPhosphorus and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six, orCombination of 6-Membered Heterocycliceight. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Phosphine Groups (P—Psystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #1:R—O—C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Dithioperoxydicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #2:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′) forImidodiphosphonic Acids,imidodiphosphonic acids, and (R—O—)(R′—)Hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′) forBis(imidodiphosphonic Acids),hydrazidodiphosphonic acids; where R, R′, R″,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids),and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(imidodiphosphonic Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids), andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #3:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Imidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for imidodiphosphonamides, and —Hydrazidodiphosphonamides,NH—NH—derivatives forBis(imidodiphosphonamides),hydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R, R′, R″,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides),R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(imidodiphosphonamides), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #4:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—O—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Diphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(diphosphonamides), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(diphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates,group wherein the number of carbon atomsO—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #5:R—O—C(═O)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H,Carbonates and Bis(carbonates) (O—ONH2 or any organic functional group whereinBidentates and O—O Tetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(OH), where R and R′Carbazates (carbazides), Bis(carbazates),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionaland Poly(carbazates) (O—O Bidentates, O—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, and O—O Tetradentates; orranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenpossibly N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,or polarizing or water-and N—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #7:(O═)As(—O—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, andArsonic Acids, Bis(arsonic acids),R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereofgroup wherein the number of carbon atoms(O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #8:R—O—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Borates and Bis(borates)represent H, NH2 or any organic functional(O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #9:R—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Boronates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(boronates) (O—O Bidentates and O—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′R″P═O for phosphine P-oxides, andPhosphine P-oxides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)P═O for amino-Phosphine oxides (O Monodentates)substituted phosphine oxides, where R, R′, R″,R″′,R″″, and R″″′, represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for phosphine P-oxides.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.O Valence Stabilizer #11:RR′R″As═O for arsine As-oxides, andArsine As-oxides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)As═O for amino-Arsine oxides (O Monodentates)substituted arsine oxides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 or anyorganic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Rsare typically aromatic or heterocyclic for arsineAs-oxides.) Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #12:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two oxygen atoms, both of which may orcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atomsmay not function as binding sites. Can includewherein at least one Oxygen Atom is aother ring systems bound to this heterocyclicBinding Site (O Monodentates or O—Oring, but they do not coordinate with theBidentates)stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #13:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing oneSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two oxygen atoms, both of which may orcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atomsmay not function as binding sites. Can includewherein at least one Oxygen Atom is aother ring systems bound to this heterocyclicBinding Site (O Monodentates or O—Oring, but they do not coordinate with theBidentates)stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #14:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containinghaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomsubstituents (usually hydroxyl or ester groups)Binding Site not in a Ring (Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Oring or to the O-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #15:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containinghaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomsubstituents (usually hydroxyl or ester groups)Binding Site not in a Ring (Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Oring or to the O-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #16:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containing rings thathaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a Separate Ring (Oring systems bound to the O-containingMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Owith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #17:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containing rings thathaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a Separate Ring (Oring systems bound to the O-containingMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Owith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This6-membered ring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #18:Macrocyclic ligands containing four, five, six,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-seven, eight, or ten oxygen binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,valence stabilize the central metal ion. Canand Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arenot coordinate with the stabilized, high valencecomposed of Oxygen (usually ester ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,hydroxyl groups) and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (O—Onot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)O Valence Stabilizer #19:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-five, six, seven, eight, or ten five-memberedMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,heterocyclic rings containing oxygen bindingand Macropolycyclics (includingsites. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highcomposed of Oxygen and are contained invalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 5-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #20:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-five, six, seven, eight, or ten six-memberedMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,heterocyclic rings containing oxygen bindingand Macropolycyclics (includingsites. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highcomposed of Oxygen and are contained invalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 6-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #1:RC(═NH)SR′, where R and R′ represent H orThioimidates, Dithioimidates,any organic functional group wherein thePolythioimidates, and Derivatives ofnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Thioimidic Acid (N—S Bidentates and N—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—NR″′R″″ forThioguanylureas, Guanidinothioureas,thioguanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—Bis(thioguanylureas),CS—NR″′R″″ for guanidinothioureas, where R,Bis(guanidinothioureas),R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(thioguanylureas), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(guanidinothioureas) (N—S Bidentatescarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand N—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—R″′ for N—Amidinothioamides, Guanidinothioamides,amidinothioamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—Bis(amidinothioamides),CR″R″′—CS—N—R″″R″″′ for 2—Bis(guanidinothioamides),amidinothioacetamides, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—Poly(amidinothioamides), andNR″—NH—CS—R″′ for guanidinothioamides,Poly(guanidinothioamides) (including bothwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representN-amidinothioamides and 2-H, NH2 , or any organic functional groupamidinothioacetamides) (N—S Bidentateswherein the number of carbon atoms rangesand N—S Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—C(═NH)—NR′—CS—R″, where R, R′, and R″,Imidoylthioamides,represent H or any organic functional groupBis(imidoylthioamides), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(imidoylthioamides) (N—S Bidentatesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orand N—S Tetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′NCSNR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Thioureas, Bis(thioureas), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thioureas), including Thiourylenegroup wherein the number of carbon atomsComplexes (N—S Bidentates, N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #6:RCSNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Thiocarboxamides, Bis(thiocarboxamides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinand Poly(thiocarboxamides) (N—Sthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toBidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—S(═NH)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andImidosulfurous Diamides andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N—Swherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #8:R—N═S═N—R′, where R and R′ represent H orSulfurdiimines, Bis(sulfurdiimines), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(sulfurdiimines) (N—S Bidentates, N—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #9:(NH═)PR(OR′)(SR″) for phosphonimidothioicPhosphonimidothioic Acid,acid and (NH═)PR(SR′)(SR″) forPhosphonimidodithioic Acid,phosphonimidodithioic acid, where R, R′, andBis(Phosphonimidothioic acid);R″ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(Phosphonimidodithioic acid), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #10:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR″′R″″), where R, R′, R″,Phosphonothioic Diamides,R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicBis(phosphonothioic diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(phosphonothioic diamides) (N—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates and N—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #11:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—OR″′) or (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—Phosphonamidothioic Acid,SR″′) for phosphonamidothioic acid, (S═)PR(—Phosphonamidimidodithioic Acid,NR′R″)(—SR″′) for phosphonamidimidodithioicBis(phosphonamidothioic acid),acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H orBis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid),any organic functional group wherein thepoly(phosphonamidothioic acid), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,poly(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #12:R—C(═S)—CR′═CR″—NHR″′, where R, R′, R″,Beta-Aminothiones (N-Substituted 3-and R″′ represent H, or any organic functionalamino-2-propenethioaldehydes), Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomsaminothiones), and Poly(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenaminothiones) (N—S Bidentates and N—Sor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #13:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″═C(—NHR″′)R″″ for 3-3-Aminothioacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminothioacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—thiopropenamides), 3,3-CR″═C(—NHR″′)(—NR″″R″″′) for 3,3-Diaminothioacrylamides, Bis(3-diaminothioacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,aminothioacrylamides), Bis(3,3-R″″, R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicdiaminoacrylamides), Poly(3-functional group wherein the number of carbonaminothioacrylamides), and Poly(3,3-atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingdiaminothioacrylamides) (N—S Bidentateshalogen or polarizing or water-and N—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #14:R—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ or R—S—C(═S)—3-Aminothioacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2-CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ for 3-aminothioacrylicthiopropenoic acids), 3-Mercapto-3-acids, and R—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R″′)aminothioacrylic acids, Bis(3-or R—S—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R″′) for 3-aminothioacrylic acids), Bis(3-Hydroxy-3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids, where R,aminothioacrylic acids), Poly(3-R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyaminothioacrylic acids), and Poly(3-organic functional group wherein the number ofHydroxy-3-aminothioacrylic acids), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—Shaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #15:R—C(═S)—N═CHR′, where R′ represents anN-Thioacyl Benzylidenimines, Bis(N-aromatic derivative (i.e. —C6H5), and R representthioacyl benzylidenimines), and Poly(N-H, NH2, or any organic functional groupthioacyl benzylidenimines) (N—S Bidentateswherein the number of carbon atoms rangesand N—S Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #16:R—C(═S)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R and R′Thiocarbonyl oximes, Bis(thiocarbonylrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionaloximes), and Poly(thiocarbonyl oximes)group wherein the number of carbon atoms(N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #17:R—CH(—SH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, and R″Mercapto oximes, Bis(mercapto oximes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionaland Poly(mercapto oximes) (including 2-group wherein the number of carbon atomssulfur heterocyclic oximes) (N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sor polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #18:o—(O2N—)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrothiophenols (2-nitrobenzenethiols)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the(N—S Bidentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #19:o—(NC—(CH2)0-1)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents2-Nitrilothiophenols (N—S Bidentates)an aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—C(═S)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″Thiohydrazides, Bis(thiohydrazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(thiohydrazides) (N—S Bidentates andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—S Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═S)—NHNR″R″′, where R, R′, and R″Thiosemicarbazides,represent H or any organic functional groupBis(thiosemicarbazides), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(thiosemicarbazides) (N—S Bidentates,from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orN—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #22:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine binding sites composed of nitrogen andMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andsulfur to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands,Can include other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they dowherein all Binding Sites are composed ofnot coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, oruncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or maythiocarbonyls) and are not contained innot have halogen or polarizing or water-Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—SHexadentates)N—S Valence Stabilizer #23:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen orMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssulfur binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSulfur and are contained in Componentligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (N—S Tridentates, N—Shydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #24:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or sulfur binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Sulfur and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is five, seven, or nine. CanAmine, Imine, Thiol, Mercapto, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundThiocarbonyl Groups (N—S Tridentates, N—Sto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #1:RC(═NH)OR′, where R and R′ represent H orImidates, Diimidates, Polyimidates, andany organic functional group wherein theDerivatives of Imidic Acid (N—O Bidentatesnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,and N—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′NC(═NH)OR″, where R, R′, and R″Pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalpoly(pseudoureas) (N—O Bidentates and N—group wherein the number of carbon atomsO Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′NC(═NH)CR″R″′(CO)OR″″, where R, R′,2-Amidinoacetates, Bis(2-amidinoacetates),R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyand Poly(2-amidinoacetates) (N—Oorganic functional group wherein the number ofBidentates and N—O Tetradentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #4:RR′NCONR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Ureas, Bis(ureas), and Poly(ureas),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalincluding Urylene Complexes (N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #5:(NH═)PR(OR′)(OR″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphonimidic Acid, Bis(phosphonimidicrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalacid), Poly(phosphonimidic acid), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenO Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms N—O Valence Stabilizer #6:(O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—OR″′) for phosphonamidicPhosphonamidic Acid, Phosphonicacid and (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR″′R″″) forDiamide, Bis(Phosphonamidic Acid),phosphonic diamide, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBis(Phosphonic Diamide),R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(phosphonamidic acid),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(phosphonic diamide), and derivativesranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenthereof (N—O Bidentates and N—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′, where R, R′, R″,Beta-Ketoamines (N-Substituted 3-amino-and R″′ represent H, or any organic functional2-propenals), Bis(beta-ketoamines), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(beta-ketoamines) (N—O Bidentates andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenN—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′ —N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—NHR″′)R″″ for 3-3-Aminoacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—propenamides), 3,3-Diaminoacrylamides,NHR″′)(—NR″″R″″′) for 3,3-Bis(3-aminoacrylamides), Bis(3,3-diaminoacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,diaminoacrylamides), Poly(3-and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicaminoacrylamides), and Poly(3,3-functional group wherein the number of carbondiaminoacrylamides) (N—O Bidentates andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #9:R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ for 3-3-Aminoacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylic acids, and R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—propenoic acids), 3-Hydroxy-3-NHR″)(—O—R″′) for 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylicaminoacrylic acids, Bis(3-aminoacrylicacids, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,acids), Bis(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylicNH2, or any organic functional group whereinacids), Poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #10:R—C(═O)—N═CHR′, where R′ represents anN-Acyl Benzylidenimines, Bis(N-acylaromatic derivative (i.e. —C6H5), and R representbenzylidenimines), and Poly(N-acylH, NH2, or any organic functional groupbenzylidenimines) (N—O Bidentates and N—wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesO Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #11:o—(O2N—)(RR′N—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitroanilines (N—O Bidentates)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,and R and R′ represent H, NH2, or alkyl or arylhydrocarbon groups wherein the number ofcarbon atoms range from 0 to 25, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #12:o—(NC—(CH2)0-1)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents2-Nitrilophenols (N—O Bidentates). Alsoan aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein theincludes acylcyanamides.number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #13:Het N+—O−for amine N—oxides, and R—N═N+(—O−)—Amine N—Oxides and Diazine N—OxidesR′ for diazine N—oxides (azoxy compounds),(Azoxy componds) (N—O Bidentates, N—Owhere Het represents a nitrogen-containingTridentates, and N—O Tetradentates)heterocyclic derivative wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 4 to 40, and R and R′represent separate or the same aromaticfunctionalities, both Het and R,R′ optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #14:R—C(═O)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″Hydrazides, Bis(hydrazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(hydrazides) (N—O Bidentates and N—Owherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #15:RR′—N—C(═O)—NHNR″R″′, where R, R′, and R″Semicarbazides, Bis(semicarbazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(semicarbazides) (N—O Bidentates, N—Owherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine binding sites composed of nitrogen andMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andoxygen to valence stabilize the central metalMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,ion. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, oruncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or maycarbonyl groups) and are not contained innot have halogen or polarizing or water-Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—OHexadentates)N—O Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen orMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsoxygen binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisOxygen and are contained in Componentligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (N—O Tridentates, N—Ohydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #18:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or oxygen binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Oxygen and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is five, seven, or nine. CanAmine, Imine, Hydroxy, Carboxy, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCarbonyl Groups (N—O Tridentates, N—Oto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″ forThiobiurets (Thioimidodicarbonicthiobiurets, and RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—Diamides), Thioisobiurets, Thiobiureas,NR″′R″″ for thiobiureas, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Thiotriurets, Thiotriureas, Bis(thiobiurets),and R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(thioisobiurets), Bis(thiobiureas),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(thiobiurets), Poly(thioisobiurets),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thiobiureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates), and (3-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.formamidino thiocarbamides)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—R″′ for acyl—andAcylthioureas, Aroylthioureas,aroylthioureas, and RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═S)—Thioacylureas, Thioaroylureas,R″′for thioacyl—and thioaroylureas, where R,Bis(acylthioureas), Bis(aroylthioureas),R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyBis(thioacylureas), Bis(thioaroylureas),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(thioacylthioureas),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(thioaroylthioureas),having halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(thioacylureas), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Poly(thioaroylureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ forThioimidodialdehydes,thioimidodialdehydes, and RC(═S)—NR′—NH—Thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacylC(═O)—R″ for thiohydrazidodialdehydeshydrazides), Bis(thioimidodialdehydes),(thioacyl hydrazides), where R, R′, and R″Bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thioimidodialdehydes), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″or R—S—C(═S)—Thioimidodicarbonic acids,NR′—C(═O)—S—R″ for thioimidodicarbonic acids,Thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids,and R—O—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—O—R″ or R—S—Bis(thioimidodicarbonic acids),C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—S—R″ forBis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids),thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, where R, R′, andPoly(thioimidodicarbonic acids),R″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #5:R—C(═S)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′ represent H,1,2-Monothioketones (Monothiolenes,NH2, or any organic functional group whereinMonothio—alpha—ketonates), 1,2,3-the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toMonothioketones, 1,2,3-Dithioketones,40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orMonothiotropolonates, ortho-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsMonothioquinones, Bis(1,2-attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,Monothioketones), and Poly(1,2-O, S, or P atoms.Monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ forTrithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, and RR′—N—Dithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ forBis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides),dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, where R, R′,Bis(dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides),R″, R″′ represent H or any organic functionalpoly(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Diithiodicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithiodicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiodicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #8:R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Trithioperoxydicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—N—Monothioperoxydiphosphoramide,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoramide), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—Oany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #10:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—Monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoric Acids),O—R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids),R″)(—S—R″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′,and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—OR″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2or anyTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #11:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Monothioimidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); or (R—Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′) forBis(monothioimidodiphosphonic Acids),monothioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonicNH—derivatives forAcids), Poly(monothioimidodiphosphonicmonothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, whereAcid),R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2or anyPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonicorganic functional group wherein the number ofAcids), and derivatives thereof (S—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #12:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothioimidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for monothioimidodiphosphonamides,Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,and —NH—NH—derivatives forBis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides),monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R,Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamidcs)R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′, represent H, NH2orPoly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides),any organic functional group wherein theandnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #13:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothiodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—Bis(monothioiphosphonarnides), andR″′)(—N—R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(monothiodiphosphonamides) (S—Oand R″″′ represent H, NH2or any organicBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ofunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #14:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Monothiodiphosphonic Acids,O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—S—)Bis(monothioiphosphonic Acids),(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′); or (R—S—)Poly(monothiodiphosphonic Acids), and(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′), where R,derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—OR′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2or any organicTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothioperoxydiphosphonamide,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonamide), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamide) (S—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #16:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); orMonothioperoxydiphosphonic Acids,(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′),Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonic Acids),where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic Acids),any organic functional group wherein theand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #17:(O═)P(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)P(—O—R)(—O—Monothiophosphoric AcidsR′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H,(Phosphorothioic Acids),NH2or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiophosphoric acids),the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(monothiophosphoric acids), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #18:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′,Phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) Acids,and R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids],functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)PR(—O—R′)(—O—Monothiophosphonic AcidsR″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or(Phosphonothioic Acids),any organic functional group wherein theBis(monothiophosphonic Acids),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiophosphonic Acids), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids],group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #21:R—CR′(—OH)—CH2—C(═S)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Hydroxythioketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalHydroxythioaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomshydroxythioketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydroxythioaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-hydroxythioketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.hydroxythioaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #22:R—CR′(—SH)—CH2—C(═O)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Mercaptoketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalMercaptoaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomsmercaptoketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenmercaptoaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-mereaptoketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.mercaptoaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═S)—NR″′R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylol)thioureas [N-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], Bis[N-organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylol)thioureas], and Poly[N-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylol)thioureas](S—O Bidentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #24:RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylthiol)ureas [N-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], Bis[N-organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylthiol)ureas], and Poly[N-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylthiol)ureas](S—O Bidentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═O)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′,Monothiooxamides,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis(monothiooxamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(monothiooxamides) (S—O Bidentates,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingS—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #26:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—O—R″″), where R,Beta-Mercapto Carboxylic Acids, Bis(Beta-R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyMercapto Carboxylic Acids), Poly(Beta-organic functional group wherein the number ofMercapto Carboxylic Acids), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #27:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—S—R″″), where R,Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids,R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #28:R—CR′(—OH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—S—R″″), where R,Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids,R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #29:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—NH—R″″), whereBeta-Mercapto Carboxamides, Bis(Beta-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyMercapto Carboxamides), Poly(Beta-organic functional group wherein the number ofMercapto Carboxamides), and derivativescarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—R′COOH for S-alkylthiocarboxylic and S-S-Alkylthiocarboxylic Acids, S-arylthiocarboxylic acids, and HOOCR—S—Arylthiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-R′COOH for S,S-thiobiscarboxylic acids, wherethiobiscarboxylic Acids (S—O BidentatesR and R′ represent H or any organic functionaland S—O Tridentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #31:R—S—S—R′COOH for S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylicS-Alkyldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, S-and S-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, andAryldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, and S,S′—HOOCR—S—S—R′COOH for S,S′-Disulfidobiscarboxylic Acids (S—Odisulfidobiscarboxylic acids, where R and R′Bidentates and S—O Tridentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #32:R—C(═O)(—S—R′) for monothiomonocarboxylicMonothiomonocarboxylic Acids,acids, and (R—S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—S—R″) or (R—Dithiodicarboxylic Acids,S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″) forBis(monothiomonocarboxylic Acids),dithiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates and S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #33:R—O—C(═S)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H,Monothiocarbonates andNH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiocarbonates) (S—O Bidentatesthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toand S—O Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #34:RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(SH), where R and R′Monothiocarbazates (Monothiocarbazides),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothiocarbazates), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(monothiocarbazates) (S—O Bidentates,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenS—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates; oror polarizing or water-possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.and N—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #35:R—CH(—SH)—CH(—OH)—R′ for alpha-mercaptoMercapto Alcohols andalcohols, R—CH(—SH)—Si(—OR′)x—R″3-x for alpha-Silylmercaptoalcohols, Bis(mercaptosilylmercaptoalcohols, R—CH(—SH)—R′—CH(—alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols), andOH)—R″ for beta-mercapto alcohols, and R—CH(—Poly(mercapto alcohols andSH)—R′—Si(—OR″)x—R″′3-x for beta-silylmercaptoalcohols) (S—O Bidentates, S—Osilylmercaptoalcohols, etc., where R, R′, R″,Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. x = 1-3.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #36:RN═C(OH)(SH), where R represents H, NH2 orMonothiocarbimates,any organic functional group wherein theBis(monothiocarbimates), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiocarbimates) (S—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orS—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #37:R—O—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl-and Aryl-Monothioborates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothioborates) (S—O Bidentates andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsS—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #38:R—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl-and Aryl-Monothioboronates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothioboronates) (S—O Bidentatesgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsand S—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #39:(O═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)As(—O—Monothioarsonic Acids (ArsonothioicR)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Acids), Bis(monothioarsonic acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothioarsonic acids), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #40:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional oxygen-containing substituentsOxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ring(usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups)(S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicring or to the O-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #41:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional sulfur-containing substituentsSulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (S—O(usually thio, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups)Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Othat constitute S binding sites. Can includeTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicring or to the S-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #42:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional oxygen-containing rings thatOxygen Atom Binding Site in a separateconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherRing (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oring systems bound to the O-containingTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #43:Macrocyclic ligands containing two to ten sulfurTwo-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,or oxygen binding sites to valence stabilize theEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcentral metal ion. Can include otherMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thiswherein all Binding Sites are composed ofligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingSulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, orhydrocarbons/rings may or may not havethiocarbonyl groups) or Oxygen (hydroxy,halogen or polarizing or water-carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are notinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.contained in Component HeterocyclicRings (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—OTetradentates, and S—O Hexadentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #44:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten five-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur or oxygen binding sites. Can includeMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingOxygen and are contained in Component 5-hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenMembered Heterocyclic Rings (S—Oor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates or S—Oattached.Hexadentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #45:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide sulfur or oxygen binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, carboxy,Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allor carbonyl binding sites can also be included inBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orthe macrocyclic ligand, so long as the totalOxygen and are contained in a Combinationnumber of binding sites is four to ten. Canof Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol, Mercapto,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundThiocarbonyl, Hydroxy, Carboxy, andto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notCarbonyl Groups (S—O Tridentates, S—Ocoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #46:Sulfoxides (R—SO—R′), where R and R′Sulfoxides (S—O Bidentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #47:Sulfones (R—SO2—R′), where R and R′ representSulfones (S—O Bidentates)H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #48:Sulfur dioxide ligands (—SO2) bound directly toSulfur dioxide (SO2) ligands (S—Othe high valence metal ion.Bidentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—NR′R″)(—PR″′R″″)], [R(—NR′R″)x]1-3P, [RAminoaryl Phosphines and Iminoaryl(—NR′R″)x]1-3PX, or [R(—PR′R″)x]1-3N, where X = OPhosphines (N—P Bidentates, N—Por S and R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ representsTridentates, and N—P Tetradentates)H, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.N—P Valence Stabilizer #2:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. InThree, or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least oneaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-additional Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitecontaining substituents that constitute P bindingnot in a Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—Psites. Can include other ring systems bound toTridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—Pthe heterocyclic ring or to the P-containingHexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #3:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,one, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Inor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least oneaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-additional Nitrogen Atom Binding Site notcontaining substituents (usually amines, imines,in a Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates,or hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites.N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)Can include other ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, three,Heterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,or four nitrogen atoms. In addition, ligandThree, or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least onecontains additional phosphorus-containing ringsadditional Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitethat constitute P binding sites. Can includein a Separate Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—Pother ring systems bound to the N- or P-Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates)containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This ring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of nitrogen and phosphorus toMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andvalence stabilize the central metal ion. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they dowherein all Binding Sites are composed ofnot coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—P Hexadentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing nitrogen or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide nitrogen or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,amine, imine, or phosphine binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orlong as the total number of binding sites is four,Phosphorus and are contained in afive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten. Can includeCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisAmine, Imine, and Phosphine Groups (N—Pmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisTetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—SR′)x]1-3P, [R(—SR′)x]1-3PX, [R(—PR′R″)Thioaryl Phosphines (S—P Bidentates, S—P(—SR″′)], [R(—PR′R″)(—S—S—R″′)], [R(—PR′R″)Tridentates, and S—P Tetradentates)(—C(═S)R″′], [R(—PR′R″)x]2S, [R(—PR′R″)x]2-3R″′(—SR″′)y, [R(—SR′)x]2-3R″(—PR″′R″″)y, [R(—PR′R″)x]2S2, and [R(—PR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═S))yR″″,where X = O or S, and R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, andx = 1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—P Valence Stabilizer #2:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing substituentsPhosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can includeRing (P—S Bidentates, P—S Tridentates, P—Sother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—S Hexadentates)ring or to the P-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #3:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, orHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least onecontains additional sulfur-containingadditional Sulfur Atom Binding Site not insubstituents (usually thiol, mercapto, ora Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pthiocarbonyl groups) that constitute S bindingP Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates)sites. Can include other ring systems bound tothe heterocyclic ring or to the S-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing rings thatPhosphorus Atom Binding Site in aconstitute P binding sites. Can include otherSeparate Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—Pring systems bound to the S- or P-containingTridentates, S—P Tetradentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of sulfur and phosphorus to valenceMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andstabilize the central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingthiocarbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and arehydrocarbons/rings may or may not havenot contained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates)S—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing sulfur or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (S—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates)S—P Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide sulfur or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl, or phosphineCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur ormacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberPhosphorus and are contained in aof binding sites is four, five, six, seven, eight,Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include otherThiol, Mercapto, Thiocarbonyl orhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisPhosphine Groups (S—P Bidentates, S—Pmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—Pwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisHexadentates)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—OR′)x]1-3P, [R(—OR′)x]1-3PX, [R(—PR′R″(—Hydroxyaryl Phosphines (P—O Bidentates,OR″′)], [R(—PR′R″)(—C(═O)R″′], [R(—P—O Tridentates, and P—O Tetradentates)PR′R″)x]2O, [R(—PR′R″)x]2-3R″′(—OR″″)y, [R(—OR′)x]2-3R″(—PR″′R″″)y, and [R(—PR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═O))yR″″, where X = O or S,and R, R′, R″,and R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2,or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached, and x = 1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.P—O Valence Stabilizer #2:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing substituentsPhosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can includeRing (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)ring or to the P-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #3:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, orHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least onecontains additional oxygen-containingadditional Oxygen Atom Binding Site notsubstituents (usually hydroxy, carboxy, orin a Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates,carbonyl groups) that constitute O binding sites.P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)Can include other ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the O-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing rings thatPhosphorus Atom Binding Site in aconstitute P binding sites. Can include otherSeparate Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—Oring systems bound to the O- or P-containingTridentates, P—O Tetradentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of oxygen and phosphorus to valenceMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andstabilize the central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisOxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingcarbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and are nothydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates)P—O Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing oxygen or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Oxygen orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (P—Onot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)P—O Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide oxygen or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, or phosphineCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Oxygen ormacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberPhosphorus and are contained in aof binding sites is four, five, six, seven, eight,Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include otherHydroxy, Carboxy, Carbonyl or Phosphinehydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateP—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #1:AsH3, AsH2R, AsHR2, where R represents H orMonoarsines (As Monodentates) wherein atany organic functional group wherein theleast one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—As—R—As—R″, where R, R′, and R″ representDiarsines (an As—As Bidentate) wherein atH or any organic functional group wherein theleast one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #3:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′, where R, R′, R″, andTriarsines (either As—As Bidentates or As—R″′ represent H or any organic functional groupAs Tridentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesArsenic Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 25, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #4:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″, where R, R′,Tetraarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—AsR″, R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicTridentates, or As—As Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonwherein at least one Arsenic Atom is aatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally havingBinding Sitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #5:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″—As—R″″′,Pentaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—Aswhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent HTridentates, or As—As Tetradentates)or any organic functional group wherein thewherein at least one Arsenic Atom is anumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,Binding Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #6:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″—As—R″″′—As—Hexaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—AsR″″″, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, andTridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—AsR″″″ represent H or any organic functionalHexadentates) wherein at least one Arsenicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAtom is a Binding Siteranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing justFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic binding site. Can include other ringcontaining One Arsenic Atom wherein thesystems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but theyArsenic Atom is the Binding Site (Asdo not coordinate with the stabilized, highMonodentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S,N, P, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing justSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic binding site. Can include other ringcontaining One Arsenic Atom wherein thesystems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but theyArsenic Atom is the Binding Site (Asdo not coordinate with the stabilized, highMonodentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S,N, P, or Se atoms. This 6-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing substituentsleast one additional Arsenic Atom Binding(usually arsines) that constitute As binding sites.Site not in a Ring (As Monodentates, As—AsCan include other ring systems bound to theBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Asheterocyclic ring or to the As-containingTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, N, S, P or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or As-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing substituentsleast one additional Arsenic Atom Binding(usually arsines) that constitute As binding sites.Site not in a Ring (As Monodentates, As—AsCan include other ring systems bound to theBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Asheterocyclic ring or to the As-containingTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, N, S, P or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or As-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing rings thatleast one additional Arsenic Atom Bindingconstitute As binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (As Monodentates,ring systems bound to the As-containingAs—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional As-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing rings thatleast one additional Arsenic Atom Bindingconstitute As binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (As Monodentates,ring systems bound to the As-containingAs—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, or Seatoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional As-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, and Six-Memberedor six arsenic binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisArsenic and are not contained inligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingComponent Heterocyclic Rings (As—Ashydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Ashalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six five-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsarsenic binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisare contained in Component 5-Memberedligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates, As—hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide arsenic binding sites(including Catapinands, Cryptands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allarsine binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andmacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberare contained in a Combination of 5-of binding sites is four or eight. Can includeMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Arsineother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (As—As Tridentates, As—Asmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six six-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsarsenic binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisare contained in Component 6-Memberedligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates, As—hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide arsenic binding sites(including Catapinands, Cryptands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allarsine binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andmacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberare contained in a Combination of 6-of binding sites is four or six. Can include otherMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Arsinehydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (As—As Tridentates, As—Asmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.Se Valence Stabilizer #1:SeH2, SeHR, SeR2, where R represents H or anyMonoselenoethers (Se Monodentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofwherein at least one Selenium Atom is acarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionallyBinding Sitehaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #2:R—Se—R′—Se—R″, where R, R′, and R″ representsDiselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates) whereinH or any organic functional group wherein theat least one Selenium Atom is a Bindingnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #3:R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R″′, where R, R′, R″, andTriselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates or Se—SeR″′ represents H or any organic functionalTridentates) wherein at least one Seleniumgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAtom is a Binding Siteranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #4:R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R″′—Se—R″″, where R,R′,Tetraselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—SeR″, R″′, and R″″ represents H or any organicTridentates, or Se—Se Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally havingBinding Sitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #5:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two selenium atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Selenium Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (Se Monodentates or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or S atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #6:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing oneSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two selenium atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Selenium Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (Se Monodentates or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or S atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing substituentsat least one additional Selenium Atom(usually selenols or selenoethers) that constituteBinding Site not in a Ring (SeSe binding sites. Can include other ringMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Sesystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to theTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—SeSe-containing substituent, but they do notHexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor S atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or Se-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing substituentsat least one additional Selenium Atom(usually selenols or selenoethers) that constituteBinding Site not in a Ring (SeSe binding sites. Can include other ringMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Sesystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to theTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—SeSe-containing substituent, but they do notHexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor S atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or Se-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing rings thatat least one additional Selenium Atomconstitute Se binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a separate Ring (Sering systems bound to the Se-containingMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional Se-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing rings thatat least one additional Selenium Atomconstitute Se binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a separate Ring (Sering systems bound to the Se-containingMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional Se-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #11:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, or Six-Memberedor six selenium binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSelenium (usually selenol or selenoetherligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinggroups) and are not contained inhydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveComponent Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehalogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Seinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates)Se Valence Stabilizer #12:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six five-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsselenium binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 5-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates or Se—Seor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide selenium binding(including Catapinands, Cryptands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allOther selenol or selenoether binding sites canBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soand are contained in a Combination of 5-long as the total number of binding sites is fourMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Selenolor six. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringor Selenoether Groups (Se—Se Tridentates,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSe—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six six-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsselenium binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 6-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Seor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide selenium binding(including Catapinands, Cryptands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allOther selenol or selenoether binding sites canBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soand are contained in a Combination of 6-long as the total number of binding sites is fourMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Selenolor six. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringor Selenoether Groups (Se—Se Tridentates,systems bound to this macrocylic ligand, butSe—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #16:R—C(═Se)—CR′R′—C(═Se)—R″′where R, R′, R″,1,3-Diselenoketones (Diseleno-beta-and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicketonates), 1,3,5-Triselenoketones, Bis(1,3-functional group wherein the number of carbonDiselenoketones), and Poly( 1,3-atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingDiselenoketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′—C═C(—Se)(—Se), where R and R′represent1,1-Diselenolates, Bis(1,1-diselenolates),H, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand Poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se—Sethe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toBidentates and Se—Se Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #18:RR′N+═C(SeH)(SeH), where R and R′Diselenocarbamates,represent H, OH, SH, OR″(R″═C1—C30 alkyl orBis(diselenocarbamates), andaryl), SR″ (R″═C1—C30 alkyl or aryl), NH2 orPoly(diselenocarbamates) (including N-any organic functional group wherein thehydroxydiselenocarbamates and N—number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se—Seoptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, and Se—Sewater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—Triselenophosphoric AcidsR)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″(Phosphorotriselenoic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(triselenophosphoric acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(triselenophosphoric acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seor polarizing or water-Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—Diselenophosphoric AcidsR)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″(Phosphorodiselenoic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(diselenophosphoric acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diselenophosphoric acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seor polarizing or water-Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #21:(Se═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″), where R, R′,Tetraselenophosphoric Acidsand R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic(Phosphorotetraselenoic Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonBis(tetraselenophosphoric acids),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), andhalogen or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #22:R—Se—C(═Se)—O—R′ or R—Se—C(═O)—Se—R′ forDiselenocarbonates, Triselenocarbonates,diselenocarbonates, and R—Se—C(═Se)—Se—R′ forBis(diselenocarbonates), andtriselenocarbonates, where R, and R′ representBis(triselenocarbonates), (Se—Se BidentatesH, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand Se—Se Tetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #23:Selenocyanates bound directly to the highSelenocyanates (Se Monodentates)valence metal ion.Se Valence Stabilizer #24:Selenolates (HSe—R, HSe—R—SeH, etc.), where RSelenolates (Se Monodentates)and R′represent H or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1:Dialkenes or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbonsDiene or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbonbound directly to the high valence metal ion.ligandsMiscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2:Cyanide and cyanate and related ligands boundCyanide and related ligandsdirectly to the high valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #3:Carbonyl (—CO) ligands bound directly to theCarbonyl ligandshigh valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4:Halogen (X) atoms bound directly to the highHalogen ligandsvalence metal ion.

[0358] N Valence Stabilizer #1a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentaazacyclodecane ([10]aneN5); pentaazacycloundecane ([11]aneN5); pentaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN5); pentaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN5); pentazaacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN5); pentaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN5); pentaazacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneN5); pentaazacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneN5); pentaazacyclododecatriene ([12 trieneN5); pentaazacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneN5); pentazaacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN5); and pentaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN5).

[0359] N Valence Stabilizer #1b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: heptaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN7); heptaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN7); heptaazacyclohexadecanc ([16]aneN7); heptaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN7); heptaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN7); heptaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN7); heptaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN7); heptaazacycloheneicosane ([21] aneN7); heptaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN7); heptaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN7); heptaazacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneN7); heptaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN7); heptaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN7); heptaazacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneN7); heptaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN7); and heptaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN7).

[0360] N Valence Stabilizer #1c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for include, but are not limited to: nonaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN9); nonaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN9); nonaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN9); nonaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN9); nonaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN9); nonaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN9); nonaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN9); nonaazacyclopentacosane ([25]aneN9); nonaazacyclohexacosane ([26]aneN9); nonaazacycloheptacosane ([27]aneN9); nonaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN9); nonaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN9); nonaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneN9); and nonaazacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneN9).

[0361] N Valence Stabilizer #2a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentaphyrins (pentapyrroles); sapphyrins; smaragdyrins; pentaoxazoles; pentaisooxazoles; pentathiazoles; pentaisothiazoles; pentaazaphospholes; pentaimidazoles; pentapyrazoles; pentaoxadiazoles; pentathiadiazoles; pentadiazaphospholes; pentatriazoles; pentaoxatriazoles; and pentathiatriazoles.

[0362] N Valence Stabilizer #2b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: heptaphyrins (heptapyrroles); heptaoxazoles; heptaisooxazoles; heptathiazoles; heptaisothiazoles; heptaazaphospholes; heptaimidazoles; heptapyrazoles; heptaoxadiazoles; heptathiadiazoles; heptadiazaphospholes; heptatriazoles; heptaoxatriazoles; and heptathiatriazoles.

[0363] N Valence Stabilizer #3a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: superphthalocyanine; supernaphthalocyanine; diazapentaphyrins; tetraazapentaphyrins; pentaazapentaphyrins; diazapentapyrazoles; tetraazapentapyrazoles; pentaazapentapyrazoles; diazapentaimidazoles; tetraazapentaimidazoles; and pentaazapentaimidazoles.

[0364] N Valence Stabilizer #3b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazabeptaphyrins; tetraazaheptaphyrins; hexaazaheptaphyrins; diazaheptapyrazoles; tetraazaheptapyrazoles; hexaazaheptapyrazoles; diazaheptaimidazoles; tetraazaheptaimidazoles; and hexaazaheptaimidazoles.

[0365] N Valence Stabilizer #3c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include,-but are not limited to: diazanonaphyrins; tetraazanonaphyrins; hexaazanonaphyrins; diazanonapyrazoles; tetraazanonapyrazoles; hexaazanonapyrazoles; diazanonaimidazoles; tetraazanonaimidazoles; and hexaazanonaimidazoles.

[0366] N Valence Stabilizer #4a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclopentapyridines; cyclopentaoxazines; cyclopentathiazines; cyclopentaphosphorins; cyclopentaquinolines; cyclopentapyrazines; cyclopentapyridazines; cyclopentapyrimidines; cyclopentaoxadiazines; cyclopentathiadiazines; cyclopentadiazaphosphorins cyclopentaquinoxalines; cyclopentatriazines; cyclopentathiatriazines; and cyclopentaoxatriazines.

[0367] N Valence Stabilizer #4b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cycloheptapyridines; cycloheptaoxazines; cycloheptathiazines; cycloheptaphosphorins; cycloheptaquinolines; cycloheptapyrazines; cycloheptapyridazines; cycloheptapyrimidines; cycloheptaoxadiazines; cycloheptathiadiazines; cycloheptadiazaphosphorins cycloheptaquinoxalines; cycloheptatriazines; cycloheptathiatriazines; and cycloheptaoxatriazines.

[0368] N Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclopentapyridines; tetraazacyclopentapyridines; diazacyclopentaquinolines; tetraazacyclopentaquinolines; diazacyclopentapyrazines; tetraazacyclopentapyrazines; diazacyclopentapyridazines; tetraazacyclopentapyridazines; diazacyclopentapyrimidines; tetraazacyclopentapyrimidines; diazacyclopentatriazines; and tetraazacyclopentatriazines.

[0369] N Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacycloheptapyridines; tetraazacycloheptapyridines; diazacycloheptaquinolines; tetraazacycloheptaquinolines; diazacycloheptapyrazines; tetraazacycloheptapyrazines; diazacycloheptapyridazines; tetraazacycloheptapyridazines; diazacycloheptapyrimidines; tetraazacycloheptapyrimidines; diazacycloheptatriazines; and tetraazacycloheptatriazines.

[0370] N Valence Stabilizer #5c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclononapyridines; tetraazacyclononapyridines; diazacyclononaquinolines; tetraazacyclononaquinolines; diazacyclononapyrazines; tetraazacyclononapyrazines; diazacyclononapyridazines; tetraazacyclononapyridazines; diazacyclononapyrimidines; tetraazacyclononapyrimidines; diazacyclononatriazines; and tetraazacyclononatriazines.

[0371] N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of silylamines and silazanes (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trisilylamine; N-methyldisilazane (disilylmethylamine); N,N-dimethylsilylamine; (silyldimethylamine); tris(trimethylsilyl)amine; triethylsilylamine (triethylaminosilane) (triethylsilazane); N-ethyltriethylsilylamine (triethyl-N-ethylaminosilane); di-tert-butylsilanediamine (di-tert-butyldiaminosilane); bis(methylamino)diethylsilane; tris(dimethylamino)ethylsilane; hexamethyldisilazane; N-methylhexaphenyldisilazane; hexamethylcyclotrisilazane; and octaphenylcyclotetrasilazane. [Note: Silylamines and silazanes are notably weaker ligands than their carbonaceous derivatives, although replacement of one or two SiR3 groups with CR3 will enhance the donor power of the ligand. Thus, N(CR3)2(SiR3) is a better ligand than N(CR3)(SiR3)2, etc.]

[0372] N Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of guanidines, diguanidines, and polyguanidines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: guanidine; methylguanidine; ethylguanidine; isopropylguanidine; butylguanidine; benzylguanidine; phenylguanidine; tolylguanidine; naphthylguanidine; cyclohexylguanidine; norbornylguanidine; adamantylguanidine; dimethylguanidine; diethylguanidine; diisopropylguanidine; dibutylguanidine; dibenzylguanidine; diphenylguanidine; ditolylguanidine; dinaphthylguanidine; dicyclohexylguanidine; dinorbornylguanidine; diadamantylguanidine; ethylenediguanidine; propylenediguanidine; tetramethylenediguanidine; pentamethylenediguanidine; hexamethylenediguanidine; heptamethylenediguanidine; octamethylenediguanidine; phenylenediguanidine; piperazinediguanidine; oxalyldiguanidine; malonyldiguanidine; succinyldiguanidine; glutaryldiguanidine; adipyldiguanidine; pimelyldiguanidine; suberyldiguanidine; phthalyldiguanidine; benzimidazoleguanidine; aminoguanidine; nitroaminoguanidine; dicyandiamide (cyanoguanidine); dodecylguanidine; and nitrovin.

[0373] N Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphonitrile amides and bis(phosphonitrile amides) (N—N Bidentates and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphononitrile amide; N-phenylphosphonitrile amide; N-benzylphosphonitrile amide; N-cyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; N-norbornylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-diphenylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphonitrile amide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0374] N Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidic diamides, bis(phosphonimidic diamides), and poly(phosphonimidic diamides) (N—N bidentates and N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidic diamide; N-benzylphosphonimidic diamide; N-phenylphosphonimidic diamide; N-cyclohexylphosphonimidic diamide; N-norbornylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-dibenzylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-diphenylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-dicyclohexylphosphonimidic diamide; and N,N-dinorbornylphosphonimidic diamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0375] N Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonamidimidic acid, phosphonamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphonamidimidic acid), bis(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), poly(phosphonamidimidic acid), poly(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidimidic acid, phosphonamidimidothioic acid; O-phenylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-benzylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-orbornylphosphonamidimidic acid; S-phenylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; S-enzylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; and S-orbornylphosphonamidimidothioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0376] Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pyridinaldimines, bis(pyridinaldimines), and poly(pyridinaldimines) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridylideneaniline [N-(pyridylmethylene)benzenamine]; and (2-pyridyl)benzylideneaniline.

[0377] N Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of hydrazones, bis(hydrazones), and poly(hydrazones) (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde hydrazone; acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone; acetone hydrazone; acetone phenylhydrazone; pinacolone hydrazone; pinacolone phenylhydrazone; benzaldehyde hydrazone; benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde hydrazone; naphthaldehyde phenylhydrazone; norbornanone hydrazone; norbornanone phenylhydrazone; camphor hydrazone; camphor phenylhydrazone; nopinone hydrazone; nopinone phenylhydrazine; 2-pyridinaldehyde hydrazone; 2-pyridinealdehyde phenylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde hydrazone; salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde hydrazone; quinolinaldehyde phenylhydrazone; isatin dihydrazone; isatin di(phenylhydrazone); camphorquinone dihydrazone; camphorquinone di(phenylhydrazone); and 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole hydrazone.

[0378] N Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of azo compounds without chelate substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions, bis(azo compounds), or poly(azo compounds) (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, or N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azobenzene (diphenyldiazene); p-diaminoazobenzene; p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (butter yellow); methyl orange; Fast Garnet GBC (4′-amino-2,3′-dimethylazobenzene)[Note: non-bonding methyl group in the o-position.]; and Alizarin Yellow R. [Note: Azo compounds without chelate substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or beta- (for alkyl) positions tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0379] N Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of formazans, bis(formazans), and poly(formazans) without ortho- hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triphenylformazan; and 1,3,5-naphthylformazan.

[0380] N Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydramides (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrobenzamide; hydronaphthamide; and hydrosalicylamide.

[0381] N Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of azines (including ketazines), bis(azines), and poly(azines) without ortho-hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: benzalazine; napbthalazine; cyclohexanonazine; and norbornonazine.

[0382] N Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Benzaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(Acetophenono)isopropyl amine; N-(Propiophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Acetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Propiophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Benzaldehydo)aniline (BAAN); N-(Naphthaldehydo)aniline; N-(Acetophenono)aniline; N-(Propiophenono)aniline; N-(Benzaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(Naphthaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(Acetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Propiophenono)aminonorbornane; (Vanillino)anisidine; (Cinnamaldehydo)anisidine; N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)aniline; N-(cinnamaldehydo)aniline; N-(cinnamaldehydo)m- or p-anisidine; and N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)m- or p-anisidine.

[0383] N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of isocyanide and cyanamide and related ligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: isocyanate (—NCO); isothiocyanate (—NCS); isoselenocyanate (—NCSe); and cyanamide (—NCN). [Note: the nitrogen atom is directly complexed to the high valence metal ion.]

[0384] N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of nitrosyls and nitrites and related ligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: nitrosyl (—NO); thionitrosyl (—NS); nitrite (—NO2); thionitrite (sulfinylamide)(thiazate)(—NSO); nitrosamine (═NN═O); thionitrosamine (NN═S); nitramine (═NNO2); and thionitramine (═NNS2) ligands.

[0385] N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of nitriles, dinitriles, and polynitriles (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: benzonitrile; naphthonitrile; cyanonaphthalene; cyclohexyl nitrile; cyanopyridine; cyanopurine; cyanophenol; cyanothiophenol; adamantane nitrile; norbornyl nitrile; cinnamonitrile; dicyanobenzene; dicyanobutene; dicyanoimidazole; dicyanopyridine; cyanotolunitrile; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE); tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ); diethylaminopropionitrile (deapn), and polyacrylonitriles.

[0386] N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of azide ligands (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azide (—N3) ions; methyl azide; ethyl azide; phenyl azide; diphenyltriazene; and phenyl sulfonyl azide.

[0387] S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monothioethers (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, dioctyl sulfide, diphenyl sulfide, dicyclohexyl sulfide, tetramethylene sulfide (tetrahydrothiophene, tht), trimethylene sulfide, dimethylene sulfide (ethylene sulfide), pentamethylene sulfide, 1,4-thioxane, oxathiolane, cyclohexene sulfide, cyclooctene sulfide, benzotetrahydrothiophene, dibenzothiophene, naphthotetrahydrothiophene, and thiabicycloheptane.

[0388] S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of disulfides (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl disulfide, ethyl disulfide, phenyl disulfide, nitrophenide, and 1,2-dithiacyclohexane.

[0389] S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioethers (S monodentates or S—S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, benzodithiane, dibenzodithiane, naphthodithiane, 2,5-dithiahexane (dth); 3,6-dithiaoctane (dto); 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane; 3,7-dithianonane; 2,6-dithiaheptane; 1,6-diphenyl-2,5-dithiahexane; 1,4-dipbenyl-1,4-dithiabutane; 1,3-dithiolane; 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dithiacyclohexane); 1,4-dithiacycloheptane (dtch); 1,5-dithiacyclooctane (dtco); o-phenylenebis(2-thiapropane); o-phenylenebis(2-thiabutane); 2,2′-(thiamethyl)biphenyl, and 2,2′-(thiaethyl)biphenyl.

[0390] S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of trithioethers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, or S—S tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-trithiane; 1,3,5-tris(methylthia)cyclohexane; 1,3,5-tris(ethylthia)cyclohexane; 1,3,5-tris(phenylthia)cyclohexane; 2,5,8-trithianonane; 3,6,9-trithiaundecane; and 2,6,10-trithiaundecane.

[0391] S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of tetrathioetbers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, S—S tridentates, or S—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,4,10,13-tetrathiatridecane; 2,6,10,14-tetrathiapentadecane; 2,5,8,11-tetrathiadodecane; 2,5,9,12-ttetrathiatridecane; 2,6,9,13-tetrathiatetradecane; 1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,4-dithiabutane; 1,5-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,5-dithiapentane; 1,6-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,6-dithiahexane; 1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,4-dithiabut-2-ene; and polythioethers.

[0392] S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexathioethers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, S—S tridentates, S—S tetradentates, or S—S hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)ethyl)amine; and tri((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)methylamine.

[0393] S Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrothiophene, thiophene, thiazole, thiapyrroline, thiaphospholene, thiaphosphole, oxathiole, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, benzodihydrothiophene, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzothiaphosphole, dibenzothiophene, and naphthothiophene.

[0394] S Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S—S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiole, benzodithiole, and naphthodithiole.

[0395] S Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrothiopyran, thiopyran, thiazine, thiadiazine, thiaphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, oxathiin, benzothiopyran, dibenzothiopyran, and naphthothiopyran.

[0396] S Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S—S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodithiin, dithiin, benzodithiin, dibenzodithiin (thianthrene), and naphthodithiin.

[0397] S Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-dimercaptothiophene; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiophene; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiophene; 2,5-dimercatothiazole; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiazole; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole [bismuththiol]; 2-mercaptothianaphthene; 7-(thiomethyl)thianaphthene; 1,8-dimercaptodibenzothiophene; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercapro-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 7-(thiomethyl)benzothiazole.

[0398] S Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,3-dithiole; 2-(dimercaptomethyl)-1,3-dithiole; 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole; 4,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,3-dithiole; 2-mercaptobenzodithiole; and 7-mercaptobenzodithiole.

[0399] S Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-dimercaptothiopyran; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiopyran; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiopyran; 2,6-dimercaptothiazine; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiazine; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazine; 2,6-dimercapto-1,3,5-thiadiazine; 2-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; 8-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; and 1,9-dimercaptodibenzothiopyran.

[0400] S Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,4-dithiin; 2,6-dimercapto-1,4-dithiin; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin; 2,3-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin; 5,8-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin; 1,8-dimercaptothianthrene; and 1,4,5,8-tetramercaptothianthrene.

[0401] S Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,2′-bithiophene; 2,2′,2″-trithiophene; 2,2′-bithiazole; 5,5′-bithiazole; 2,2′-bioxathiole; 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,2′-bithianaphthene; 2,2′-bibenzothiazole; 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiophene); and polythiophenes.

[0402] S Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiole; 4,4′-bi-1,3-dithiole; 7,7′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; 3,3′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; and tetrathiofulvalene.

[0403] S Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,2′-bithiopyran; 2,2′,2″-trithiopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-thiazine; 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-thiadiazine; 2,2′-bi-1-benzothiopyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiopyran)

[0404] S Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,4-dithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiin; 5,5′-bi-1,4-benzodithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-benzodithiin; and 1,1′-bithianthrene.

[0405] S Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiacyclobutane ([4]aneS2); dithiacyclopentane ([5]aneS2); dithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS2); dithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS2); dithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2); dithiacyclobutene ([4]cneS2); dithiacyclopentene ([5]eneS2); dithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS2); dithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS2); dithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS2); dithiacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneS2); dithiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneS2); dithiacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneS2); dithiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneS2); and dithiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS2).

[0406] S Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS3); trithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS3); trithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS3); trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3); trithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS3); trithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS3); trithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS3); trithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS3); trithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS3); trithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS3); trithiacyclononene ([9]eneS3); trithiacyclodecene ([10]eneS3); trithiacycloundecene ([11]eneS3); trithiacyclododecene ([12]eneS3); trithiacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneS3); trithiacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneS3); trithiacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneS3); trithiacyclononatriene ([9]trieneS3); trithiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS3); trithiacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneS3); and trithiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS3).

[0407] S Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiacyclooctane ([8]aneS4); tetrathiacyclononane ([9]aneS4); tetrathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS4); tetrathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS4); tetrathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS4); tetrathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS4); and tetrathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS4).

[0408] S Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS5); pentathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS5); pentathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS5); pentathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS5); pentathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS5); pentathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS5); pentathiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS5); pentathiacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneS5); pentathiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS5); pentathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS5); pentathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS5); and pentathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS5).

[0409] S Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,-macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS6); hexathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS6); hexathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS6); hexathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS6); hexathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS6); hexathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS6); hexathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS6); hexathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS6); hexathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS6); hexathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS6); hexathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS6); hexathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS6); hexathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS6); hexathiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS6); hexathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS6); hexathiacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneS6); hexathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS6); hexathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS6); hexathiacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneS6); hexathiacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneS6); hexathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS6); hexathiacyclodocosatriene ([22]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneS6); and hexathiacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneS6).

[0410] S Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS7); heptathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS7); heptathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS7); heptathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS7); heptathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS7); heptathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS7); heptathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS7); heptathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS7); heptathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS7); heptathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS7); heptathiacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneS7); heptathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS7); heptathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS7); heptathiacyclononadecatri ene ([19]trieneS7); heptathiacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneS7); and heptathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS7).

[0411] S Valence Stabilizer #13g: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS8); octathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS8); octathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS8); octathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS8); octathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS8); octathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS8); octathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS8); octathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS8); octathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS8); octathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS8); and octathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS8).

[0412] S Valence Stabilizer #13h: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: nonathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS9); nonathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS9); nonathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS9); nonathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS9); nonathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS9); nonathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS9); nonathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS9); nonathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS9); nonathiacyclohexacosane ([26]aneS9); nonathiacycloheptacosane ([27]aneS9); nonathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS9); nonathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS9); nonathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneS9); and nonathiacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneS9).

[0413] S Valence Stabilizer #13i: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: decathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS10); decathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS10); decathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS10); decathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS10); decathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS10); decathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS10); decathiacyclohexacosane ([26]aneS10); decathiacycloheptacosane ([27]aneS10); decathiacyclooctacosane ([28]aneS10); decathiacyclononacosane ([29]aneS10); decathiacyclotriacontane ([30]aneS10); decathiacycloeicosapentadiene ([20]pentadieneS10); decathiacycloheneicosapentadiene ([21]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneS10); decathiacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneS10); and decathiacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneS10).

[0414] S Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiophenes; tetrathiazoles; tetrathiaphospholes; tetraoxathioles; tetrathiadiazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; and tetradithioles.

[0415] S Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiophenes; pentathiazoles; pentathiaphospholes; pentaoxathioles; pentathiadiazoles; pentathiatriazoles; and pentadithioles.

[0416] S Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiophenes; hexathiazoles; hexathiaphospholes; hexaoxathioles; hexathiadiazoles; hexathiatriazol es; and hexadithioles.

[0417] S Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiophenes; heptathiazoles; heptathiaphospholes; heptaoxathioles; heptathiadiazoles; heptathiatriazoles; and heptadithioles.

[0418] S Valence Stabilizer #14e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiophenes; octathiazoles; octathiaphospholes; octaoxathioles; octathiadiazoles; octathiatriazoles; and octadithioles.

[0419] S Valence Stabilizer #14f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: nonathiophenes; nonathiazoles; nonathiaphospholes; nonaoxathioles; nonathiadiazoles; nonathiatriazoles; and nonadithioles.

[0420] S Valence Stabilizer #14g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn include, but are not limited to: decathiophenes; decathiazoles; decathiaphospholes; decaoxathioles; decathiadiazoles; decathiatriazoles; and decadithioles.

[0421] S Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiatetrathiophenes; tetrathiatetrathiophenes; dithiatetradithioles; and tetrathiatetradithioles.

[0422] S Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiapentathiophenes; tetrathiapentathiophenes; dithiapentadithioles; and tetrathiapentadithioles.

[0423] S Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiahexaathiophenes; trithiahexathiophenes; dithiahexadithioles; and trithiahexadithioles.

[0424] S Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiophenes; tetrathiaheptathiophenes; dithiaheptadithioles; and tetrathiaheptadithioles.

[0425] S Valence Stabilizer #15e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiophenes; tetrathiaoctathiophenes; dithiaoctadithioles; and tetrathiaoctadithioles.

[0426] S Valence Stabilizer #15f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiophenes; hexathianonathiophenes; trithianonadithioles; and hexathianonadithioles.

[0427] S Valence Stabilizer #15g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadecathiophenes; pentathiadecathiophenes; dithiadecadithioles; and pentathiadecadithioles.

[0428] S Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiopyrans; tetrathiazines; tetrathiaphosphorins; tetrathiadiphosphorins; tetraoxathiins; and tetradithiins.

[0429] S Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiopyrans; pentathiazines; pentathiaphosphorins; pentathiadiphosphorins; pentaoxathiins; and pentadithins.

[0430] S Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiopyrans; hexathiazines; hexathiaphosphorins; hexathiadiphosphorins; hexaoxathiins; and hexadithiins.

[0431] S Valence Stabilizer #16d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiopyrans; heptathiazines; heptathiaphosphorins; heptathiadiphosphorins; heptaoxathiins; and heptadithiins.

[0432] S Valence Stabilizer #16e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiopyrans; octathiazines; octathiaphosphorins; octathiadiphosphorins; octaoxathiins; and octadithiins.

[0433] S Valence Stabilizer #16f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: nonathiopyrans; nonathiazines; nonathiaphosphorins; nonathiadiphosphorins; nonaoxathiins; and nonadithiins.

[0434] S Valence Stabilizer #16g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: decathiopyrans; decathiazines; decatbiaphosphorins; decathiadiphosphorins; decaoxathiins; and decadithiins.

[0435] S Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiatetrathiopyrans; tetrathiatetrathiopyrans; dithiatetrathiazines; tetrathiatetrathiazines; dithiatetrathiaphosphorins; tetrathiatetrathiaphosphorins; dithiatetraoxathiins; tetrathiatetraoxathiins; dithiatetradithiins; and tetrathiatetradithiins.

[0436] S Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiapentathiopyrans; tetrathiapentathiopyrans; dithiapentathiazines; tetrathiapentathiazines; dithiapentathiaphosphorins; tetrathiapentathiaphosphorins; dithiapentaoxathiins; tetrathiapentaoxathiins; dithiapentadithiins; and tetrathiapentadithiins.

[0437] S Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiahexathiopyrans; trithiahexathiopyrans; dithiahexathiazines; trithiahexathiazines; dithiahexathiaphosphorins; trithiahexathiaphosphorins; dithiahexaoxathiins; trithiahexaoxathiins; dithiahexadithiins; and trithiahexadithiins.

[0438] S Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiopyrans; tetrathiaheptathiopyrans; dithiaheptathiazines; tetrathiaheptathiazines; dithiaheptathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaheptathiaphosphorins; dithiaheptaoxathiins; tetrathiaheptaoxathiins; dithiaheptadithiins; and tetrathiaheptadithiins.

[0439] S Valence Stabilizer #17e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiopyrans; tetrathiaoctathiopyrans; dithiaoctathiazines; tetrathiaoctathiazines; dithiaoctathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaoctathiaphosphorins; dithiaoctaoxathiins; tetrathiaoctaoxathiins; dithiaoctadithiins; and tetrathiaoctadithiins.

[0440] S Valence Stabilizer #17f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiopyrans; hexathianonathiopyrans; trithianonathiazines; hexathianonathiazines; trithianonathiaphosphorins; hexathianonathiaphosphorins; trithianonaoxathiins; hexathianonaoxathiins; trithianonadithiins; and hexathianonadithiins.

[0441] S Valence Stabilizer #17g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadecathiopyrans; pentathiadecathiopyrans; dithiadecathiazines; pentathiadecathiazines; dithiadecathiaphosphorins; pentathiadecathiaphosphorins; dithiadecaoxathiins; pentathiadecaoxathiins; dithiadecadithins; and pentathiadecadithiins.

[0442] S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of dithiobiurets (dithioimidodicarbonic diamides), dithioisobiurets, dithiobiureas, trithiotriurets, trithiotriureas, bis(dithiobiurets), bis(dithioisobiurets), bis(dithiobiureas), poly(dithiobiurets), poly(dithioisobiurets), and poly(dithiobiureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiobiuret, dithioisobiuret, dithiobiurea, trithiotriuret, trithiotriurea, nitrodithiobiuret, dinitrodithiobiuret, aminodithiobiuret, diaminodithiobiuret, oxydithiobiuret, dioxydithiobiuret, cyanodithiobiuret, methyldithiobiuret, ethyldithiobiuret, isopropyldithiobiuret, phenyldithiobiuret, benzyldithiobiuret, cyclohexyldithiobiuret, norbornyldithiobiuret, adamantyldithiobiuret, dimethyldithiobiuret, diethyldithiobiuret, diisopropyldithiobiuret, diphenyldithiobiuret, dibenzyldithiobiuret, dicyclohexyldithiobiuret, dinorbornyldithiobiuret, and diadamantyldithiobiuret.

[0443] S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of thioacylthioureas, thioaroylthioureas, bis(thioacylthioureas), bis(thioaroylthioureas), poly(thioacylthioureas), and poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformylthiourea, thioacetylthiourea, thiobenzoylthiourea, thiocyclohexoylthiourea, pentafluorothiobenzoylthiourea, N-methylthioacetylthiourea, N-phenylthiobenzoylthiourea, and N-cyclohexylthiocyclohexoylthiourea.

[0444] S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of dithioacyl disulfides, bis(dithioacyl disulfides), and poly(dithioacyl disulfides), (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetyl disulfide; dithiopropanoyl disulfide; dithiobenzoyl disulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyl disulfide.

[0445] S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides, bis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides), and poly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

[0446] S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathioperoxydicarbonic acid, pentathioperoxydicarbonic acid, tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acid, S-phenylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-benzylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-cyclohexylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-norbornylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′-diphenylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′dibenzylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′-dicyclohexylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; and S,S′-dinorbornylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0447] S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoramides, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides), and poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide.

[0448] S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, methyldithioperoxydiphospboric acid, isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluoropbenyldithioperoxydiphosphori c acid, dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

[0449] S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonic acids, dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodipbosphonic acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphonic acid, methyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphospbonic acid, phenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithioimidodipbosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0450] S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonamides, dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyl dithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (p+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0451] S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides, bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamidc, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0452] S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid, methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dib,enzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0453] S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonamides, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides), and poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0454] S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, methyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0455] S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiophosphonic acids (phosphonodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphonic acids), poly(dithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiophosphonic acid, O-phenyldithiophosphonic acid, O-benzyldithiophosphonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphonic acid, O-norbornyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-dibenzyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexyldithiophosphonic acid, and O,P-dinorbornyldithiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0456] S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of trithiophosphonic acids (phosphonotrithioic acids), bis(trithiophosphonic acids), poly(trithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiophosphonic acid, S-phenyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-benzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-cyclohexyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-norbornyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-diphenyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-dibenzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphonic acid, and S,P-dinorbornyltrithiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.] S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, and O,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0457] S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, and S,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0458] S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of S-(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, S-(arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and S,S-thiobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: (methylthio)thioacetic acid; (methylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (methylthio)thionicotinic acid; (methylthio)thionapthoic acid; (phenylthio)thioacetic acid; (phenylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (phenylthio)thionaphthoic acid; (norbornylthio)thioacetic acid; (norbornylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (norbornylthio)thionapthoic acid; thiobisthioacetic acid; thiobisthiobenzoic acid; and thiobisthionapthoic acid.

[0459] S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of S-(alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, S-(aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, and S,S′-disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: (methyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (methyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (methyldisulfido)thionicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)thionapthoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thionaphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thionapthoic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisthioacetic pacid; S,S′-disulfidobisthiobenzoic acid; and S,S′-disulfidobisthionapthoic acid.

[0460] S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of 1,2-dithiolates, bis(1,2-dithiolates), and poly(1,2-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,3-butanedithiol; 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 1,2-di(pentafluorophenyl)-1,2-ethanedithio; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 1,2-dinorbornyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 2,3-dimercaptopropanol; 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid; poly[bis(arylthio)acetylene]s; and poly[bis(alkylylthio)acetylene]s.

[0461] S Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of rhodanines and bis(rhodanines) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylrhodanine; 3-ethylrhodanine; 3-isopropylrhodanine; 3-phenylrhodanine; 3-benzylrhodanine; 3-cyclohexylrhodanine; 3-norbornylrhodanine; 5-methylrhodanine; 5-ethylrhodanine; 5-isopropylrhodanine; 5-phenylrhodanine; 5-benzylrhodanine; 5-cyclohexylrhodanine; 5-norbornylrhodanine; 3,3′-ethylenebisrhodanine; 3,3′-propylenerhodanine; 3,3′-butylenerhodanine; 5,5′-ethylenebisrhodanine; 5,5′-propylenerhodanine; and 5,5′-butylenerhodanine. [Note: rhodanines and bis(rhodanines) tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0462] S Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of dithiocarbimates, bis(dithiocarbimates), and poly(dithiocarbimates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyldithiocarbimate; trifluoromethyldithiocarbimate; ethyldithiocarbimate; propyldithiocarbimate; isopropyldithiocarbimate; butyldithiocarbimate; tertbutyldithiocarbimate; cyanodithiocarbimate (CDC); cyanamidodithiocarbimate; azidodithiocarbimate; phenyldithiocarbimate; pentafluorophenyldithiocarbimate; benzyldithiocarbimate; naphthyldithiocarbimate; cyclohexyldithiocarbimate; norbornyldithiocarbimate; and adamantyldithiocarbimate. [Note: Carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0463] S Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of thioxanthates, bis(thioxanthates), and poly(thioxanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl thioxanthate (MeSxan); ethyl thioxanthate (EtSxan); isopropyl thioxanthate (iPrSxan); trifluoromethyl thioxanthate (CF3Sxan); cyanothioxanthate; cyanamidothioxanthate; phenyl thioxanthate (PhSxan); benzyl thioxanthate (BzSxan); pentafluorophenyl thioxanthate; cyclohexyl thioxanthate (cHxSxan); and norbornyl thioxanthate. [Note: Thioxanthates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0464] S Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of xanthates, bis(xanthates), and poly(xanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl xanthate (Mexan); ethyl xanthate (Etxan); isopropyl xanthate (iPrxan); trifluoromethyl xanthate (CF3xan); cyanoxanthate; cyanamidoxanthate; phenyl xanthate (Phxan); benzyl xanthate (Bzxan); pentafluorophenyl xanthate; cyclohexyl xanthate (cHxxan); and norbornyl xanthate. [Note: Xanthates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0465] S Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of phosphinodithioformates (S—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphinodithioformate; triethylphosphinodithioformate; triphenylphosphinodithioformate; tricyclohexylphosphinodithioformate; dimethylphosphinodithioformate; diethylphosphinodithioformate; diphenylphosphinodithioformate; and dicyclohexylphosphinodithioformate.

[0466] S Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-dithioborates, trithioborates, perthioborates, bis(dithioborates), bis(trithioborates), and bis(perthioborates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyl dithioborate; S,O-diisopropyl dithioborate; S,O-diphenyl dithioborate; S,O-dibenzyl dithioborate; S,O-dicyclohexyl dithioborate; S,O-dinorbornyl dithioborate; diethyl trithioborate; diisopropyl trithioborate; diphenyl trithioborate; dibenzyl trithioborate; dicyclohexyl trithioborate; and dinorbornyl trithioborate.

[0467] S Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-dithioboronates and bis(dithioboronates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl dithioboronate; diisopropyl dithioboronate; diphenyl dithioboronate; dibenzyl dithioboronate; dicyclohexyl dithioboronate; and dinorbornyl dithioboronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0468] S Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of trithioarsonic acids (arsonotrithioic acids), dithioarsonic acids (arsonodithioic acids), tetrathioarsonic acids (arsonotetrathioic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithioarsonic acid, O-phenyltrithioarsonic acid, O-benzyltrithioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-diphenyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dibenzyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dicyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dinorbornyltrithioarsonic acid; dithioarsonic acid, O-phenyldithioarsonic acid, O-benzyldithioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-diphenyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithioarsonic acid.

[0469] S Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of trithioantimonic acids (stibonotrithioic acids), dithioantimonic acids (stibonodithioic acids), tetrathioantimonic acids (stibonotetrathioic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: trimethyltrithioantimonate; triethyltrithioantimonate; and triphenyltrithioantimonate.

[0470] S Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of phosphine P-sulfides and amino-substituted phosphine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphine sulfide (TMPS); triethylphosphine sulfide (TEPS); triphenylphosphine sulfide (TPhPS); tribenzylphosphine sulfide (TBzPS); tricyclohexylphosphine sulfide (TcHxPS); and trinorbornylphosphine sulfide for phosphine P-sulfides; and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine sulfide; trimorpholinophosphine sulfide; tripiperidinophosphine sulfide; tripyrrolidinophosphine sulfide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine sulfide for amino-substituted phosphine sulfides.

[0471] S Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of arsine As-sulfides and amino-substituted arsine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine sulfide; triethylarsine sulfide; triphenylarsine sulfide; tribenzylarsine sulfide; tricyclohexylarsine sulfide; and trinorbornylarsine sulfide for arsine As-sulfides; and tris(dimethylamino)arsine sulfide; trimorpholinoarsine sulfide; tripiperidinoarsine sulfide; tripyrrolidinoarsine sulfide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)arsine sulfide for amino-substituted arsine sulfides.

[0472] S Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of thiolates that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiophenol; naphthalenethiol; 1-dodecanethion; hexadecyl mercaptan; benzenethiol (bt); polybenzenethiols; and polythioarylenes.

[0473] S Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of sulfide that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: sulfides (—S2−); disulfides (—S22−); and polysulfides (—Sx2−).

[0474] P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monophosphines (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphine, phenylphosphine, diphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, phenyldimethylphosphine, phenyldiethylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphine, phosphirane, phosphetane, phospholane, phosphorinane, benzophospholane, benzophosphorinane, dibenzophospholane, dibenzophosphorinane, naphthophospholane, naphthophosphorinane, phosphinonorbornane, and phosphinoadamantane.

[0475] P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diphosphines (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholane, benzodiphospholane, naphthodiphospholane, diphosphorinane, benzodiphosphorinane, dibenzodiphosphorinane, naphthodiphosphorinane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane, 1,2-bis(dipbenylphosphino)ethylene, and o-phenylenebis(diphenylphosphine). (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0476] P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, or P—P tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triphosphorinane, P,P′-tetraphenyl-2-methyl-2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl-1,3-propanediphosphine; P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]diethyl-P-phenylphosphine; P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphino]diphenyl-P-phenylphosphine; and hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triphosphazine. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0477] P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, and P—P tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P′-tetraphenyl-2,2-[(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl]-1,3-propanediphosphine; tri[o-(P-diphenyl)phosphinophenyl]phosphine; and 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0478] P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, and P—P tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0479] P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaphosphines (P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, P—P tetradentates, and P—P hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1,10,10-tetraphenyl-4,7-[2-(P,P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0480] P Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-phospholene, 2-phospholene, 3-phospholene, phosphole, oxaphosphole, thiaphosphole, benzophospholene, benzophosphole, benzoxaphosphole, benzothiaphosphole, dibenzophospholene, dibenzophosphole, naphthophospholene, naphthophosphole, naphthoxaphosphole, naphthothiaphosphole.

[0481] P Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholene, diphosphole, oxadiphospholene, thiadiphospholene, benzodiphospholene, benzodiphosphole, naphthodiphospholene, and naphthodiphosphole.

[0482] P Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triphosphole.

[0483] P Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorin, oxaphosphorin, thiaphosphorin, benzophosphorin, benzoxaphosphorin, benzothiaphosphorin, acridophosphine, phosphanthridine, dibenzoxaphosphorin, dibenzothiaphosphorin, naphthophosphorin, naphthoxaphosphorin, and naphthothiaphosphorin.

[0484] P Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: o-diphosphorin, m-diphosphorin, p-diphosphorin, oxadiphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, benzodiphosphorin, benzoxadiphosphorin, benzothiadiphosphorin, dibenzodiphosphorin, dibenzoxadiphosphorin, dibenzothiadiphosphorin, naphthodiphosphorin, naphthoxadiphosphorin, and naphthothiadiphosphorin.

[0485] P Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triphosphorin, 1,2,3-triphosphorin, benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin, and naphtho-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0486] P Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1-phospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-phospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole; 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole; and 1,8-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzophosphole.

[0487] P Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole; and 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole.

[0488] P Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole; and 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole.

[0489] P Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin; 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin; and 1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)acridophosphine.

[0490] P Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2,3,5,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,3-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,3,5,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin; and 1,4,6,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin.

[0491] P Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 4-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and 8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0492] P Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1-phospholene; 2,2′,2″-tri-1-phospholene; 2,2′-bi-3-phospholene; 2,2′, 2″-tri-3-phospholene; 2,2′-biphosphole; 2,2′,2″-triphosphole; and 2,2′-bibenzophosphole.

[0493] P Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-diphospholene; 2,2′-bi-1,3-diphosphole; and 2,2′-bibenzo-1,3-diphosphole.

[0494] P Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-triphosphole; and 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,4-triphosphole.

[0495] P Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-triphosphorin; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraphosphorin; 2,2′-bibenzophosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzophosphorin.

[0496] P Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3′-bi-1,2-diphosphorin; 3,3′,3″-tri-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bi-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,4-diphosphorin; 3,3′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin; 8,8′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin.

[0497] P Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triphosphorin; 4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0498] P Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutane ([4]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentane ([5]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutene ([4]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentene ([5]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexene ([6]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptene ([7]eneP2); and P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctene ([8]eneP2).

[0499] P Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononatriene ([9]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneP3); and P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneP3).

[0500] P Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP4); and P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP4).

[0501] P Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP5); and P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP5).

[0502] P Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P—P Tridentates, P—P—P—P Tetradentates, or P—P—P—P—P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotricosane ([23]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetracosane ([24]aneP6).

[0503] P Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotricosane ([23]aneP8); and P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotetracosane ([24]aneP8).

[0504] P Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraphospholenes; tetraphospholes; tetraoxaphospholes; tetradiphospholenes; tetradiphospholes; and tetraoxadiphospholes.

[0505] P Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaphospholenes; hexaphospholes; hexaoxaphospholes; hexadiphospholenes; hexadiphospholes; and hexaoxadiphospholes.

[0506] P Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates; P—P Tetradentates; or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: octaphospholenes; octaphospholes; octaoxaphospholes; octadiphospholenes; octadiphospholes; and octaoxadiphospholes.

[0507] P Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphatetraphospholenes; tetraphosphatetraphospholenes; dipbosphatetraphospholes; tetraphosphatetraphospholes; diphoshatetradiphospholes; and tetraphosphatetradiphospholes.

[0508] P Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphahexaphospholenes; triaphosphahexaphospholenes; diphosphahexaphospholes; triphosphahexaphospholes; diphoshahexadiphospholes; and triphosphahexadiphospholes.

[0509] P Valence Stabilizer #15c:—Examples of eight membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphaoctaphospholenes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholenes; diphosphaoctaphospholes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholes; diphoshaoctadiphospholes; and tetraphosphaoctadiphospholes.

[0510] P Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraaoxaphosphorins; cyclotetradiphosphorins; and cyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

[0511] P Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaphosphorins; cyclohexaoxaphosphorins; cyclohexadiphosphorins; and cyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

[0512] P Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaoxaphosphorins; cyclooctadiphosphorins; and cyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

[0513] P Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclotetraphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetraphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins; and tetraphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

[0514] P Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclohexaphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins; and triphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

[0515] P Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins; -tetraphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins; and tetraphospbacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

[0516] O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of dithioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-benzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-cyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-norbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-diphenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dibenzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0517] O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of imidodiphosphonic acids, hydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(imidodiphosphonic acids), bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(imidodiphosphonic acids), poly(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphonic acid, methylimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, phenylimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, benzylimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornylimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethylimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenylimidodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0518] O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of imidodiphosphonamides, hydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(imidodiphosphonamides), bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(imidodiphosphonamides), and poly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4include, but are not limited to imidodiphosphonamide, N-methylimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropylimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenylimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzylimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide, N-norbornylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (p+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0519] O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of diphosphonamides, bis(diphosphonamides), and poly(diphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphonamide, N-methyldiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldiphosphonamide, N-phenyldiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide, N-benzyldiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphonamide, and N,N″-dinorbornyldiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0520] O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of carbonates and bis(carbonates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: carbonate; bicarbonate; O,O-diethylcarbonate; diisopropylcarbonate; diphenylcarbonate; dibenzylcarbonate; dicyclohexylcarbonate; and dinorbornylcarbonate.

[0521] O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of carbazates (carbazides), bis(carbazates), and poly(carbazates) (O—OBidentates, O-O-Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates; or possibly N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylcarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)carbazate; N,N′-diethylcarbazate; N,N′-diphenylcarbazate; N,N′-dibenzylcarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)carbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornylcarbazate.

[0522] O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of arsonic acids, bis(arsonic acids), poly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: arsonic acid, O-phenylarsonic acid, O-benzylarsonic acid, O-cyclohexylarsonic acid, O-norbornylarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzylarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylarsonic acid, O,O-dinorbornylarsonic acid; and aminophenylarsonic acids.

[0523] O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-borates and bis(borates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triethyl borate; diisopropyl borate; diphenyl borate; dibenzyl borate; dicyclohexyl borate; and dinorbornyl borate.

[0524] O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-boronates and bis(boronates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl boronate; diisopropyl boronate; diphenyl boronate; dibenzyl boronate; dicyclohexyl boronate; and dinorbornyl boronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0525] O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphine P-oxides and amino-substituted phosphine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO); triethylphosphine oxide (TEPO); triphenylphosphine oxide (TPhPO); tribenzylphosphine oxide (TBzPO); tricyclohexylphosphine oxide (TcHxPO); and trinorbornylphosphine oxide for phosphine P-oxides; and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA); trimorpholinophosphine oxide (TMrPO); tripiperidinophosphine oxide; tripyrrolidinophosphine oxide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine oxide for amino-substituted phosphine oxides.

[0526] O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of arsine As-oxides and amino-substituted arsine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine oxide (TMAsO); triethylarsine oxide (TEAsO); triphenylarsine oxide (TPhAsO); tribenzylarsine oxide (TBzAsO); tricyclohexylarsine oxide (TcHxAsO); and trinorbornylarsine oxide for arsine As-oxides; and hexamethylarsonamide; trimorpholinoarsine oxide; tripiperidinoarsine oxide; tripyrrolidinoarsine oxide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)arsine oxide for amino-substituted arsine oxides.

[0527] O Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom (O monodentate) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: furan, dihydrofuran, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, oxathiole, benzofuran, benzodihydrofuran, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzoxadiazole (benzofurazan), dibenzofuran, dibenzoxazole, dibenzisoxazole, naphthofuran, naphthoxazole, naphthisoxazole, and naphthoxadiazole.

[0528] O Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms (O monodentate or O—O bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dioxolane, benzodioxolane, and naphthodioxolane.

[0529] O Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom (O monodentate) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydropyran, pyran, oxazine, oxadiazine, oxatriazine, oxathiin, benzopyran, benzoxazine, benzoxadiazine, dibenzopyran, naphthopyran, naphthoxazine, and naphthoxadiazine.

[0530] O Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms (O monodentate or O—O bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodioxane, dioxane, benzodioxane, dibenzodioxane, and naphthodioxane.

[0531] O Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-dihydroxyfuran; 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan; and 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)furan.

[0532] O Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy-1,3-dioxolane; 2-hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolane; 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-dioxolane; 4,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane; 2-hydroxybenzodioxolane; and 7-hydroxybenzodioxolane.

[0533] O Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-dihydroxypyran; 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyran; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyran; 2-hydroxy-1-benzopyran; 8-hydroxy-1-benzopyran; and 1,9-dihydroxydibenzopyran.

[0534] O Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”.valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy-1,4-dioxane; 2,6-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxane; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxane; 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane; 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane; 1,8-dihydroxydibenzodioxane; and 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxydibenzodioxane.

[0535] O Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,2′-bifuran; 2,2′,2″-trifuran; 1,1′-bis(dibenzofuran); and polyfurans.

[0536] O Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-dioxolane; 4,4′-bi-1,3-dioxolane; 7,7′-bi-1,2-benzodioxolane; and 3,3′-bi-1,2-benzodioxolane.

[0537] O Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,2′-bipyran; 2,2′,2″-tripyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzopyran).

[0538] O Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,4-dioxane; 2,2′-bi-1,3-dioxane; 5,5′-bi-1,4-benzodioxane; and 2,2′-bi-1,3-benzodioxane.

[0539] O Valence Stabilizer #18a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 8-crown-4; 10-crown-4; 12-crown-4; 14-crown-4; 16-crown-4; 18-crown-4; 20-crown-4; dibenzo-8-crown-4; dibenzo-10-crown-4; dibenzo-12-crown-4; dibenzo-14-crown-4; dibenzo-16-crown-4; dibenzo-18-crown-4; dibenzo-20-crown-4; tetrabenzo-8-crown-4; tetrabenzo-10-crown-4; tetrabenzo-12-crown-4; tetrabenzo-14-crown-4; tetrabenzo-16-crown-4; tetrabenzo-18-crown-4; and tetrabenzo-20-crown-4.

[0540] O Valence Stabilizer #18b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 10-crown-5; 15-crown-5; 20-crown-5; 25-crown-5; pentabenzo-10-crown-5; pentabenzo-15-crown-5; pentabenzo-20-crown-5; and pentabenzo-25-crown-5.

[0541] O Valence Stabilizer #18c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 12-crown-6; 18-crown-6; 24-crown-6; 30-crown-6; 36-crown-6; tribenzo-12-crown-6; tribenzo-18-crown-6; tribenzo-24-crown-6; tribenzo-30-crown-6; tribenzo-36-crown-6; hexabenzo-12-crown-6; hexabenzo-18-crown-6; hexabenzo-24-crown-6; hexabenzo-30-crown-6; and hexabenzo-36-crown-6.

[0542] O Valence Stabilizer #18d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 14-crown-7; 21-crown-7; 28-crown-7; 35-crown-7; heptabenzo-14-crown-7; heptabenzo-21-crown-7; heptabenzo-28-crown-7; and heptabenzo-35-crown-7.

[0543] O Valence Stabilizer #18e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 16-crown-8; 24-crown-8; 32-crown-8; 40-crown-8; 48-crown-8; tetrabenzo-16-crown-8; tetrabenzo-24-crown-8; tetrabenzo-32-crown-8; tetrabenzo-40-crown-8; tetrabenzo-48-crown-8; octabenzo-16-crown-8; octabenzo-24-crown-8; octabenzo-32-crown-8; octabenzo-40-crown-8; and octabenzo-48-crown-8.

[0544] O Valence Stabilizer #18f: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 20-crown-10; 30-crown-10; 40-crown-10; 50-crown-10; pentabenzo-20-crown-10; pentabenzo-30-crown-10; pentabenzo-40-crown-10; and pentabenzo-50-crown-10.

[0545] O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrafurans, tetrabenzofurans; pentafurans; pentabenzofurans; hexafurans; hexabenzofurans; heptafurans; heptabenzofurans; octafurans; octabenzofurans; decafurans; and decabenzofurans.

[0546] O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrapyrans, tetrabenzopyrans; pentapyrans; pentabenzopyans; hexapyans; hexabenzopyans; heptapyans; heptabenzopyans; octapyans; octabenzopyans; decapyans; and decabenzopyans.

[0547] N—S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioimidates, dithioimidates, polythioimidates, and derivatives of thioimidic acid (N—S bidentates and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S-methyl formathioimidate; S-ethyl formathioimidate; S-methyl acetathioimidate; S-ethyl acetathioimidate; S-methyl benzthioimidate; S-ethyl benzthioimidate; S-methyl cyclohexylthioimidate; S-ethyl cyclohexylthioimidate; S-methyl pentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-ethyl pentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-methyl 2-pyridylthioimidate; S-ethyl 2-pyridylthioimidate; S,S′-dimethyl benzdithioimidate; S,S′-dimethyl tetrafluorobenzdithioimidate; 2-iminothiolane; and 2-iminotetrahydrothiopyran. [Note: Many thioimidate complexes are decomposed by water, but their stability can be enhanced through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions (e.g. PF6−).]

[0548] N—S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thioguanylureas, guanidinothioureas, bis(thioguanylureas), bis(guanidinothioureas, pQly(thioguanylureas), and poly(guanidinothioureas) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioguanylurea (amidinothiourea); guanidinothiourea; methylthioguanylurea; ethylthioguanylurea; isopropylthioguanylurea; butylthioguanylurea; benzylthioguanylurea; phenylthioguanylurea; tolylthioguanylurea; naphthylthioguanylurea; cyclohexylthioguanylurea; norbornylthioguanylurea; adamantylthioguanylurea; dimethylthioguanylurea; diethylthioguanylurea; diisopropylthioguanylurea; dibutylthioguanylurea; dibenzylthioguanylurea; diphenylthioguanylurea; ditolylthioguanylurea; dinaphthylthioguanylurea; dicyclohexylthioguanylurea; dinorbornylthioguanylurea; diadamantylthioguanylurea; ethylenebis(thioguanylurea); propylenebis(thioguanylurea); phenylenebis(thioguanylurea); piperazinebis(thioguanylurea); oxalylbis(thioguanylurea); malonylbis(thioguanylurea); succinylbis(thioguanylurea); and phthalylbis(thioguanylurea). [Note: thioguanylureas generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0549] N—S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinothioamides, guanidinothioamides, bis(amidinothioamides), bis(guanidinothioamides), poly(amidinothioamides), and poly(guanidinothioamides) (including both N-amidinothioamides and 2-amidinothioacetamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: amidinothioacetamide; guanidinothioamide, amidinothiopropanamide; amidinothiobutanamide; amidinothiobenzamide; amidinothiotoluamide; amidinothiocyclohexamide; N-methylamidinothioacetamide; N-ethylamidinothiopropanamide; N-propylamidinothiobutanamide; N-phenylamidinothiobenzamide; N-tolylamidinothiotoluamide; N-cyclohexylamidinothiocyclohexamide; bis(amidinothiooxamide); bis(amidinothiomalonamide); bis(amidinothiosuccinamide); bis(amidinothiophthalamide); 2-amidinothioacetamide (thiomalonamamidine); N-methyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-phenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; and N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide. [Note: amidinothioamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0550] N—S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylthioamides, bis(imidoylthioamides), and poly(imidoylthioamides); (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylthioacetamide; acetimidoylthiopropanamide; acetimidoylthiobutanamide; acetimidoylthiobenzamide; acetimidolylthiotoluamide; acetimidoylthiocyclohexamide; propimidoylthiopropanamide; butimidoylthiobutanamide; benzimidoylthiobenzamide; ethylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide); propylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide); and phenylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide). [Note: imidoylthioamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0551] N—S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of thioureas, bis(thioureas), and poly(thioureas), including thiourylene complexes (N—S bidentates and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiourea; methylthiourea; ethylthiourea; isopropylthiourea; benzylthiourea; phenylthiourea; cyclohexylthiourea; naphthylthiourea (ntu); biphenylthiourea; norbornylthiourea; adamantylthiourea; N,N′-dimethylthiourea; N,N′-diethylthiourea; N,N′-diisopropylthiourea; N,N′-dibenzylthiourea; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiourea; N,N′-dinapthylthiourea; N,N′-dibiphenylthiourea; N,N′-dinorbornylthiourea; N,N′-diadamantylthiourea; tetramethylthiourea; ethylenethiourea (2-imidazolidinethione)(etu); 4,5-dihydroxy-2-imidazolinethione (dhetu); propylenethiourea; N-(thiazol-2-yl)thiourea; diphenylphosphinothioyl thioureas; allylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-pyridylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-anisylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-naphthylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-phenylthiourea; thioglycoluril (acetylenethiourea); and bis(pyridylmethyl)thiourea. [Note: thioureas generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0552] N—S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of thiocarboxamides, bis(thiocarboxamides), and poly(thiocarboxamides), (N—S bidentates, N—S tridentates, and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiocarbamide (tu); thioacetamide (taa); thiopropionamide; thiobutanamide; thiobenzamide (1-pbenylthioformamide)(tba); 1-naphthylthioformamide; 1-cyclohexylthioformamide); 1-norbornylthioformamide; 1-adamantylthioformamide; N,N-dimethylthioformamide; N,N-dimethylthioacetamide; pyridine-2-thiocarboxamide (thiopicolinamide); pyrazine-2,3-dithiocarboxamide; thionicotinamide; 2-thiophenethiocarhoxamide; N N-dimethylthiobenzamide; N-ethylthiocarbamide (N-etu); tetramethylthiocarbamide (tmtu); 2-thioacetamidothiazole (tatz); and polythioacrylamides. [Note: thiocarboxamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0553] N—S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of imidosulfurous diamides and bis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-diphenylimidosulfurous diamide; N,N′-dibenzylimidosulfurous diamide; and phenylenebis(imidosulfurous diamide). [Note: These complexes tend to hydrolyze unless stabilized with a fluorinated anionic solubility control agent. The sulfite (S+4) valence of the sulfur atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0554] N—S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of sulfurdiimines, bis(sulfurdiimines), and poly(sulfurdiimines) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-diphenylsulfurdiimine; N,N′-dibenzylsulfurdiimine; and phenylenebis(sulfurdiimine). [Note: These complexes tend to hydrolyze unless stabilized with a fluorinated anionic solubility control agent. The sulfite (S+4) valence of the sulfur atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0555] N—S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidothioic acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonimidothioic acid); bis(phosphonimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidothioic acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid; O-phenylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-norbornylphosphonimidothioic acid; S-phenylphosphonimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphonimidodithioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphonimidodithioic acid; and S-norbornylphosphonimidodithioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0556] N—S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonothioic diamides, bis(phosphonothioic diamides), and poly(phosphonothioic diamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonothioic diamide, phosphonothioic dihydrazide, phosphonamidothioic hydrazide, N-phenylphosphonothioic diamide, N-benzylphosphonothioic diamide, N-cyclohexylphosphonothioic diamide, and N-norbornylphosphonothioic diamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0557] N—S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of phosphonamidothioic acid, phosphonamidiinidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonamidothioic acid), bis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), poly(phosphonamidothioic acid), and poly(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidothioic acid, phosphonamidimidodithioic acid, phosphonohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphonohydrazidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, S-benzylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, and S-norbornylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0558] N—S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of beta-aminothiones (N-substituted 3-amino-2-propenethioaldehydes), bis(beta-aminothiones), and poly(beta-aminothiones) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-isopropyl amino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-thione; 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehydel; 3-ethylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-naphthylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenethioaldehyde; 3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenethioaldehyde; and 3-norbornylamino-1,3-dinorbornyl-2-propenethioaldehyde.

[0559] N—S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylamides (3-amino-2-thiopropenamides), 3,3-diaminothioacrylamides, bis(3-aminothioacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides), poly(3-aminothioacrylamides), and poly(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylaminothioacryl amide; 3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, 3-i sopropyl aminothioacryl amide, 3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; 3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; 3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide; N—ethyl-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, N-phenyl-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; N-naphthyl-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, 3-amino-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, 3-amino-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; and 3-amino-3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide.

[0560] N—S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylic acids (3-amino-2-thiopropenoic acids), 3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids, bis(3-aminothioacrylic acids), bis(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids), poly(3-aminothioacrylic acids), and poly(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-aminothioacrylic acid; 3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acid; 3-methylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-ethylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-phenylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-hydroxyaminothioacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminothioacrylate; ethyl 3-ethylaminothioacrylate; isopropyl 3-isopropylaminothioacrylate; benzyl 3-phenylaminothioacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminothioacrylate; cyclohexyl 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylate; and norbornyl 3-norbornylaminothioacryl ate.

[0561] N—S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of N-thioacyl benzylidenimines, bis(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-thioformyl benzylidenimine, N-thioacetyl benzylidenimine; N-thiobenzoyl benzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorothiobenzoyl benzylidenimine.

[0562] N—S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of thiocarbonyl oximes, bis(thiocarbonyl oximes), and poly(thiocarbonyl oximes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: butane-3-thione-2-one monoxime); and diphenylethane-2-thione-1-one monoxime.

[0563] N—S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of mercapto oximes, bis(mercapto oximes), and poly(mercapto oximes) (including 2-sulfur heterocyclic oximes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-mercaptobutan-2-one oxime; 4-mercaptohexan-3-one oxime; (1,2-diphenyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime); 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde oxime; 2-mercapto-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; thiophene-2-aldoxime; methyl 2-thiophenyl ketoxime; and phenyl 2-thiophenyl ketoxime.

[0564] N—S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of 2-nitrothiophenols (2-nitrobenzenethiols) (N—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrothiophenol; 2,3-dinitrothiophenol; 2,4-dinitrothiophenol; 2,5-dinitrothiophenol; 2,6-dinitrothiophenol; 1-nitro-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-nitro-1-naphthalenethiol.

[0565] N—S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrilothiophenols (2-nitrilobenzenethiols) (N—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-cyanothiophenol; 2,3-dicyanothiophenol; 2,4-dicyanothiophenol; 2,5-dicyanothiophenol; 2,6-dicyanothiophenol; 1-cyano-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthalenethiol.

[0566] N—S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of thiohydrazides, bis(thiohydrazides), and poly(thiohydrazides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformic hydrazide; thioacetic hydrazide; thiopropionic hydrazide; thiobenzoic hydrazide; thiophthalhydrazide; thiosalicylic hydrazide; thionaphthoic hydrazides; thionorbornaneacetic hydrazide; thionicotinic hydrazide; and thioisonicotinic hydrazide. [Note: Thiohydrazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0567] N—S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of thiosemicarbazides, bis(thiosemicarbazides), and poly(thiosemicarbazides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiosemicarbazide (tsc); thiosemicarbazide diacetic acid (tsda); 1-methylthiosemicarbazide (1 mts); 1-ethylthiosemicarbazide; 1-isopropylthiosemicarbazide; 1-phenylthiosemicarbazide (1 pts)(cryogenine); 1-benzylthiosemicarbazide; 1-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazide; 1-norbornylthiosemicarbazide; 4-methylthiosemicarbazide (4mts); 4-ethylthiosemicarbazide; 4-isopropylthiosemicarbazide; 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (4-pts); 4-benzylthiosemicarbazide; 4-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazide; 4-norbornylthiosemicarbazide; nicotinic thiosemicarbazide; isonicotinic thiosemicarbazide; and 4-phenyl-1-benzenesulfonyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (pbst). [Note: Thiosemicarbazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0568] N—S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: triazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS2N3); triazadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2N3); thiomorpholine; and thiazolidine.

[0569] N—S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of five- or seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiopyrantripyridines; dithiophenetripyrroles; trithiopyrantetrapyridines; and trithiophenetetrapyrroles.

[0570] N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiapentaphyrins; diazadithiapentaphyrins; azathiapentaphyrins; and diazadithiapentaphyrins.

[0571] N—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of imidates, diimidates, polyimidates, and derivatives of imidic acid (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: O-methyl formimidate; O-ethyl formimidate; O-methyl acetimidate; O-ethyl acetimidate; O-methyl benzimidate; O-ethyl benzimidate; O-methyl cyclohexylimidate; O-ethyl cyclohexylimidate; O-methyl pentafluorobenzimidate; O-ethyl pentafluorobenzimidate; O-methyl 2-pyridylimidate; O-ethyl 2-pyridylimidate; O,O′-dimethyl benzdiimidate; O,O′-dimethyl tetrafluorobenzdiimidate; 2-iminotetrahydrofuran; and 2-iminotetrahydropyran. [Note: Most imidate complexes are decomposed by water, but their stability can be enhanced through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions (e.g. PF6−).]

[0572] N—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas), and poly(pseudoureas) (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: O-methyl pseudourea; O-ethyl pseudourea; O-isopropyl pseudourea; O-benzyl pseudourea; O-cyclohexyl pseudourea; O-norbornyl pseudourea; O-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea; N-methyl pseudourea; N-ethyl pseudourea; N-isopropyl pseudourea; N-benzyl pseudourea; N-cyclohexyl pseudourea; N-norbornyl pseudourea; and N-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea.

[0573] N—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-amidinoacetates, bis(2-amidinoacetates), and poly(2-amidinoacetates) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-methyl-2-amidinoacetate; O-methyl-2-amidinoacetate; N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate; and O-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate. [Note: many 2-amidinoacetates tend to hydrolyze in water. This can be minimized through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions such as PF6−.]

[0574] N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of ureas, bis(ureas), and poly(ureas), including urylene complexes (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: urea; methylurea; ethylurea; isopropylurea; benzylurea; cyclohexylurea; naphthylurea; biphenylurea; norbornylurea; adamantylurea; N,N′-dimethylurea; N,N′-diethylurea; N,N′-diisopropylurea; N,N′-dibenzylurea; N,N′-dicyclohexylurea; N,N′-dinapthylurea; N,N′-dibipbenylurea; N,N′-dinorbornylurea; N,N′-diadamantylurea; ethyleneurea (2-imidazolidone); propyleneurea; glycoluril (acetyleneurea); and N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea.

[0575] N—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphonimidic-acid, bis(phosphonimidic acid), poly(phosphonimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidic acid; O-phenylphosphonimidic acid; O-benzylphosphonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonimidic acid; and O-norbornylphosphonimidic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0576] N—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphonamidic acid, phosphonic diamide, bis(phosphonamidic acid), bis(phosphonic diamide), poly(phosphonamidic acid), poly(phosphonic diamide), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidic acid, phosphonic diamide, phosphonamidic hydrazide, phosphonic dihydrazide, O-phenylphosphonamidic acid, O-benzylphosphonamidic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphonamidic acid, O-norbornylphosphonamidic acid, N-benzylphosphonic diamide, N-phenylphosphonic diamide, N-cyclohexylphosphonic diamide, and N-norbornylphosphonic diamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0577] N—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of beta-ketoamines (N-substituted 3-amino-2-propenals), bis(beta-ketoamines), and poly(beta-ketoamines) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-isopropylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-one; 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-ethylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-naphthylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenal; 3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenal; 3-norbornylamino-1,3-dinorbornyl-2-propenal; 2,2′-pyridil; alpha-pyridoin; 4-aminoantipyrine (aap); beta-phenylaminopropiophenone; and polyaminoquinones (PAQs).

[0578] N—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 3-aminoacrylamides (3-amino-2-propenamides), 3,3-diaminoacrylamides, bis(3-aminoacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminoacrylamides), poly(3-aminoacrylamides), and poly(3,3-diaminoacrylamides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylaminoacrylamide; 3-ethylaminoacrylamide, 3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-phenylaminoacrylamide; 3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; 3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide; N-methyl-3-methylaminoacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminoacrylamide, N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, N-phenyl-3-phenylaminoacrylamide; N-naphthyl-3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-methylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminoacrylamide, 3-amino-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-amino-3-phenylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; and 3-amino-3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide.

[0579] N—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 3-aminoacrylic acids (3-amino-2-propenoic acids), 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids, bis(3-aminoacrylic acids), bis(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), and poly(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-aminoacrylic acid; 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acid; 3-methylaminoacrylic acid; 3-ethylaminoacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminoacrylic acid; 3-phenylaininoacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminoacrylic acid; 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminoacrylic acid; 3-hydroxyaminoacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminoacrylate; ethyl 3-ethylaminoacrylate; isopropyl 3-isopropylaminoacrylate; benzyl 3-phenylaminoacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminoacrylate; cyclohexyl 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylate; and norbornyl 3-norbornyl aminoacryl ate.

[0580] N—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of N-acyl benzylidenimines, bis(N-acyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-acyl benzylidenimines) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-formyl benzylidenimine, N-acetyl benzylidenimine; N-benzoyl benzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorobenzoyl benzylidenimine.

[0581] N—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 2-nitroanilines (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: 2-nitroaniline; 2,6-dintroaniline; 2-nitrophenylenediamine; 2-nitrophenylenetriamine; 2-nitro-1-aminonaphthalene; 1-nitro-2-aminonaphthalene; nitrodiaminonaphthalene; and dipicrylamine.

[0582] N—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 2-nitrilophenols (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-cyanophenol; 2,3-dicyanophenol; 2,4-dicyanophenol; 2,5-dicyanophenol; 2,6-dicyanophenol; 1-cyano-2-naphthol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthol. Also includes acylcyanamides.

[0583] N—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of amine N-oxides and N-diazine oxides (azoxy compounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridine N-oxide (pyNO or PNO); picoline N-oxide (picNO); lutidine N-oxide (lutNO or LNO); collidine N-oxide (collNO or CNO); quinoline N-oxide (QuinNO or QNO); isoquinoline N-oxide (isoQuinNO or IQNO); acridine N-oxide (AcrNO or ANO); picolinic acid N-oxide (PicANO); pyridinethiolate N-oxide (PTNO); adenine N-oxide; adenosine N-oxide; 1,10-phenanthroline mono-N-oxide (phenNO); 1,10-phenanthroline N,N-dioxide (phen2NO); bipyridyl mono-N-oxide (bipyNO); bipyridyl N,N-dioxide (bipy2NO); pyrazine mono-N-oxide (pyzNO); pyrazine N,N-dioxide (pyz2NO); pyrimidine mono-N-oxide (pymNO); pyrimidine N,N-dioxide (pym2NO); pyridazine mono-N-oxide (pdzNO); pyridazine N,N-dioxide (pdz2NO); quinoxaline mono-N-oxide (qxNO); quinoxaline N,N-dioxide (qx2NO); phenazine mono-N-oxide (phzNO); phenazine N,N-dioxide (phz2NO); 2,3-di(pyridine N-oxide)quinoxaline (dpoq); inosine N-oxide; 4,4′-bipyridine N,N-dioxide; 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxide; 1-hydroxyimidazole 3-oxide; 2,2′-diimidazyl 3,-3′-dioxide; imidazole N-oxides; lIhydroxyimidazole-3-N-oxides; N-benzylidine aniline N-oxide; N-(naphthylidene) aniline N-oxide; N-(hydroxybenzylidene) aniline N-oxide; and 2,2′-dibenzimidazyl 3,3′-dioxide (indigo N,N-dioxide) for amine N-oxides; and azoxybenzene; phthalazine N-oxide; benzocinnoline N-oxide; and bipyrazinyl N-oxide as N-diazine oxide examples.

[0584] N—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hydrazides, bis(hydrazides), and poly(hydrazides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: formic hydrazide; acetic hydrazide; propionic hydrazide; benzoic hydrazide; phthalhydrazide; salicylic hydrazide; naphthoic hydrazides; norbornaneacetic hydrazide; nicotinic hydrazide; and isonicotinic hydrazide (isoniazid). [Note: Hydrazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0585] N—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of semicarbazides, bis(semicarbazides), and poly(semicarbazides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: semicarbazide (sc); semicarbazide diacetic acid (sda); 1-methylsemicarbazide; 1-ethylsemicarbazide; 1-isopropylsemicarbazide; 1-phenylsemicarbazide; 1-benzylsemicarbazide; 1-cyclohexylsemicarbazide; 1-norbornylsemicarbazide; 4-methylsemicarbazide; 4-ethylsemicarbazide; 4-isopropylsemicarbazide; 4-phenylsemicarbazide; 4-benzylsemicarbazide; 4-cyclohexylsemicarbazide; 4-norbornylsemicarbazide; nicotinic semicarbazide; and isonicotinic semicarbazide. [Note: Semicarbazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0586] N—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+ include, but are not limited to: triazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2N3); triazadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2N3); and triazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2N3).

[0587] N—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of five- or seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dipyrantripyridines; difurantripyrroles; tripyrantetrapyridines; and trifurantetrapyrroles.

[0588] N—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxapentaphyrins; diazadioxapentaphyrins; azaoxapentaphyrins; and diazadioxapentaphyrins.

[0589] S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thiobiurets (thioimidodicarbonic diamides), thioisobiurets, thiobiureas, thiotriurets, thiotriureas, bis(thiobiurets), bis(thioisobiurets), bis(thiobiureas), poly(thiobiurets), poly(thioisobiurets), poly(thiobiureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates), and (3-formamidino thiocarbamides) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiobiuret, thioisobiuret, thiobiurca, thiotriuret, thiotriurea, nitrothiobiuret, dinitrothiobiuret, aminothiobiuret, diaminothiobiuret, oxythiobiuret, dioxythiobiuret, cyanothiobiuret, methylthiobiuret, ethylthiobiuret, isopropylthiobiuret, phenylthiobiuret, benzylthiobiuret, cyclohexylthiobiuret, norbornylthiobiuret, adamantylthiobiuret, dimethylthiobiuret, diethylthiobiuret, dicyclohexylthiobiuret, dinorbornylthiobiuret, and diadamantylthiobiuret.

[0590] S—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acylthioureas, aroylthioureas, thioacylureas, thioaroylureas, bis(acylthioureas), bis(aroylthioureas), bis(thioacylureas) bis(thioaroylureas), poly(thioacylthioureas), poly(thioaroylthioureas), poly(thioacylureas), and poly(thioaroylureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformylurea, thioacetylurea, thiobenzoylurea, thiocyclohexoylurea, pentafluorothiobenzoylurea, acetylthiourea, benzoylthiourea, and cyclohexoylthiourea.

[0591] S—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of thioimidodialdehydes, thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl hydrazides), bis(thioimidodialdehydes), bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes), poly(thioimidodialdehydes), and poly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiodiacetamide, thiodipropanamide, thiodibutanamide, thiodibenzamide, and thiodicyclohexamide.

[0592] S—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of thioimidodicarbonic acids, thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(thioimidodicarbonic acids), bis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(thioimidodicarbonic acids), poly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonic acid, thiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dinorbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid.

[0593] S—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,2-monothioketones (monothiolenes, monothio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-monothioketones, 1,2,3-dithioketones, monothiotropolonates, ortho-monothioquinones, bis(1,2-monothioketones), and poly(1,2-monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiotropolone; 1,2-monothiobenzoquinone (o-monothioquinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone; 1,2-monothionaphthoquinone; 9,10-monothiophenanthroquinone; monothiosquaric acid; monothiodeltic acid; monothiocroconic acid; and monothiorhodizonic acid.

[0594] S—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: trithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

[0595] S—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiodicarbonic acids, bis(dithiodicarbonic acids), poly(dithiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-benzyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic acid.

[0596] S—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: -trithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0597] S—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoramides, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides), and poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide.

[0598] S—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids), poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

[0599] S—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonic acids, monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonic acids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(monothioimidodiphosphonic acids), poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphonic acid, methylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0600] S—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonamides, monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), and poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodipbosphonamide, N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0601] S—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides, bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonami de, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0602] S—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid, methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldthiodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0603] S—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonamides, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides), and poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (p+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0604] S—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids), poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, isopropylmonothiopcroxydiphosphonic acid, tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0605] S—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of monothiophosphoric acids (phosphorothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphoric acids), poly(monothiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiophosphoric acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-benzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-norbornylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenylmonothophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornylmonothiophosphoric acid.

[0606] S—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, and O,O-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid.

[0607] S—O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of monothiophosphonic Acids (phosphonothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphonic acids), poly(monothiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiophosphonic acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-benzylmonothiophosphonic acid, β-cyclohexylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-norbornylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-dibenzylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphonic acid, and O,P-dinorbornylmonothiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0608] S—O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids], and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, and O,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid. [Note: The phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0609] S—O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of beta-hydroxythioketones, beta-hydroxythioaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxythioketones), bis(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxythioketones), and poly(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-hydroxypentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1-hydroxythioacetophenone; and beta-hydroxythiobenzophenone.

[0610] S—O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of beta-mercaptoketones, beta-mercaptoaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptoketones), bis(beta-mercaptoaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptoketones), and poly(beta-mercaptoaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-mercaptopentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanal; 3-mercapto-1,5-pentanedialdehyde; o-mercaptoacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-naphthoquinone; 1-mercaptoacridone; 1-mercaptoanthraquinone; 1,8-dimercaptoanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptobenzophenone.

[0611] S—O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)thioureas [N-(aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas] (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea.

[0612] S—O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas [N-(aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas] (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N′-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea.

[0613] S—O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of monotbiooxamides, bis(monothiooxamides), and poly(monothiooxamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiooxamide, N-methylthiooxamide; N-ethylthiooxamide; N-isopropylthiooxamide; N-phenylthiooxamide; N-benzylthiooxamide; N-cyclohexylthiooxamide; N-norbornylthiooxamide; N,N′-dimethylthiooxamide; N,N′-diethylthiooxamide; N,N′-diisopropylthiooxamide; N,N′-diphenylthiooxamide; N,N′-dibenzylthiooxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiooxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylthiooxamide.

[0614] S—O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxylic acids, bis(beta-mercapto carboxylic acids), poly(beta-mcrcapto carboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate; methyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; ethyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; phenyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; methyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; ethyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; phenyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; methyl o-mercaptobenzoate; ethyl o-mercaptobenzoate; phenyl o-mercaptobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-mercaptobenzoate; (2-benzothiazolylthio) succinic acid (mtbs); norbornyl o-mercaptobenzoate; and 3-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)thio]propionic acid.

[0615] S—O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids, bis(beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; ethyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; phenyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; norbornyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; methyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; ethyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; phenyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; methyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; ethyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; phenyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; norbornyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; and (alkylthio)oxoethyl alkyl(aryl) disulfides.

[0616] S—O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids, bis(beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; ethyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; phenyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; norbornyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; methyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; ethyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; phenyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; methyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; ethyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; phenyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; and norbornyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate.

[0617] S—O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxamides, bis(beta-mercapto carboxamides), poly(beta-mercapto carboxamides), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N-methyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-ethyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-phenyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-cyclohexyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-methyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-ethyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-phenyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-cyclohexyl o-mercaptobenzamide; and N-norbornyl o-mercaptobenzamide.

[0618] S—O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of S-alkylthiocarboxylic Acids, S-arylthiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-thiobiscarboxylic Acids (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: (methylthio)acetic acid; (methylthio)benzoic acid; (methylthio)nicotinic acid; (methylthio)napthoic acid; (phenylthio)acetic acid; (phenylthio)benzoic acid; (phenylthio)naphthoic acid; (norbornylthio)acetic acid; (norbornylthio)benzoic acid; (norbornylthio)napthoic acid; thiobisacetic acid; thiobisbenzoic acid; and thiobisnapthoic acid.

[0619] S—O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylic acids, S-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, and S,S′-disulfidobiscarboxylic acids (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: (methyldisulfido)acetic acid; (methyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (methyldisulfido)nicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)napthoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)acetic acid; (phenyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)naphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)acetic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)napthoic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisacetic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisbenzoic acid; and S,S′-disulfidobisnapthoic acid.

[0620] S—O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of monothiomonocarboxylic acids, dithiodicarboxylic acids, bis(monothiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids), poly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thioacetic acid; thiopropionic acid; thiobenzoic acid; thiophenylacetic acid; thiocyclohexanoic acid; thiofuroic acid; thionaphthoic acid; phenyl thioacetate; phenyl thiopropionate; phenyl thiobenzoate; phenyl thiocyclohexanoate; phenyl thiofuroate; phenyl thionaphthoate; dithiooxalic acid (dto); monothiooxalic acid (mtox); dithiomalonic acid; dithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl dithiooxalate; diphenyl dithiomalonate; and diphenyl dithiosuccinate.

[0621] S—O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of monothiocarbonates and bis(monothiocarbonates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyldithiocarbonate; S,O-diisopropyldithiocarbonate; S,O-diphenyldithiocarbonate; S,O-dibenzyldithiocarbon ate; S,O-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; and S,O-dinorbornyldithiocarbonate.

[0622] S—O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of monothiocarbazates (monothiocarbazides), bis(monothiocarbazates), and poly(monothiocarbazates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates; or possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)monothiocarbazate; N,N′-diethylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-diphenylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-dibenzylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexylmonothiocarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornylmonothiocarbazate.

[0623] S—O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols, bis(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols), and poly(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptoethanol (mel); 3-mercaptopropanol (mpl); 2-mercaptophenol; 2-mercaptocyclohexanol; 3-mercapto-2-norborneol; 2-mercaptopyridine]-oxide; 1,4-thioxane; thiodialkanols; 2-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-ethanethiol (tmset); 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (tmspt); o-hydroxythiophenols; o-(O-hydroxyalkyl(aryl))thiophenols; and o-(S-thioalkyl(aryl))phenols.

[0624] S—O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of monothiocarbimates, bis(monothiocarbimates), and poly(monothiocarbimates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: methylmonothiocarbimate; trifluoromethylmonothiocarbimate; ethylmonothiocarbimate; propylmonothiocarbimate; isopropylmonothiocarbimate; butylmonothiocarbimate; tertbutylmonothiocarbimate; cyanomonothiocarbimate; cyanamidomonothiocarbimate; azidomonothiocarbimate; phenylmonothiocarbimate; pentafluorophenylmonothiocarbimate; benzylmonothiocarbimate; naphthylmonothiocarbimate; cyclohexylmonothiocarbimate; norbornylmonothiocarbimate; and adamantylmonothiocarbimate. [Note: Carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0625] S—O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-monothioborates and bis(monothioborates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: O,O′-diethyl monothioborate; O,O′-diisopropyl monothioborate; O,O′-diphenyl monothioborate; O,O′-dibenzyl monothioborate; O,O′-dicyclohexyl monothioborate; and O,O′-dinorbornyl monothioborate.

[0626] S—O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-monothioboronates and bis(monothioboronates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl monothioboronate; diisopropyl monothioboronate; diphenyl monothioboronate; dibenzyl monothioboronate; dicyclohexyl monothioboronate; and dinorbornyl monothioboronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0627] S—O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of monothioarsonic acids (arsonothioic acids), bis(monothioarsonic acids), poly(monothioarsonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioarsonic acid, O-phenylmonothioarsonic acid, O-benzylmonothioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid, O-norbornylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid, and O,O-dinorbornylmonothioarsonic acid.

[0628] S—O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thiopheneethanol (2-(2-thienyl)ethanol); 2-propionylthiophene (1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanone); N,N′-thiobisphthalimide; 1,1′-thiocarbonyldi-2-pyridone; 2-thiopheneacetic acid; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde; 2-thiophenecarboxamide; 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid; 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde; 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid; 2-thiophenemethanol; 2-thiophenone; thiotetronic acid; alkyl(aryl) 2-thienyl ketones; dithienyl ketone; 1,3-dithiane-2-carboxylic acid; and 1,3-dithiolane-2-carboxylic acid.

[0629] S—O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one-additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-furanethanethiol (2-(2-furyl)thanethiol); 1-(2-furyl)-1-propanethione); 2-furanthioacetic acid; 2-furanthiocarboxaldehyde; 2-furanthiocarboxamide; 2-furanthiocarboxylic acid; 2,5-furandithiocarboxaldehyde; 2,5-furandithiocarboxylic acid; 2-furanmethanethiol; 2-furanthione; furfuryl disulfide; furfuryl mercaptan; furfuryl sulfide; and furfuryl methyl disulfide.

[0630] S—O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furyl)thiophene; 2,5-(2-furyl)thiophene; 2-(2-furyl)thiopyran; and 2,5-(2-furyl)thiopyran.

[0631] S—O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or oxygen (hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, and S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiaoxacyclobutane ([4]aneOS); thiaoxacyclopentane ([5]aneOS); thiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS); thiaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOS); thiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS); thiaoxacyclobutene ([4]eneOS); thiaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneOS); thiaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneOS); thiaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneOS); thiaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneOS); dithiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS2); dithiaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclononane ([9]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneOS2); dithiaoxacycloundecane ([1]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneOS2); dithiaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclooctene ([8]encOS2); dithiaoxacyclononene ([9]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclodecene ([10]eneOS2); dithiaoxacycloundecene ([11]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclododecene ([12]eneOS2); dithiadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO2S2); and dithiadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO2S2).

[0632] S—O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: difurandithiophenes; difurantrithiophenes; trifurantritbiophenes; and tetrafurantetratbiophenes.

[0633] S—O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, carboxy, and carbonyl groups (S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadifurandithiophenes; tetrathiadifurandithiophenes; trithiatrifurantrithiophenes; trithiatrifurantrithiophenes; tetrathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes; and octathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes.

[0634] S—O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of sulfoxides that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); diethylsulfoxide; diphenylsulfoxide; and tetrahydrothiophene oxide.

[0635] S—O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of sulfones that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyl sulfone; diethyl sulfone; and diphenyl sulfone.

[0636] S—O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of sulfur dioxide ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: sulfur dioxide (—SO2) ligands. [Note: Sulfur dioxide is a reducing agent, and complexed metal ions therefore tend to prefer lower oxidation states.]

[0637] N—P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of aminoaryl phosphines and iminoaryl phosphines (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, and N—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-aminopbenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0638] N—P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine; tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine; tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine sulfide; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0639] N—P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminophosphole; 2,5-diaminophosphole; 2-(aminomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)phosphole; 2-aminophosphorin; 2,6-diaminophosphorin; 2-(aminomethyl)phosphorin; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)phosphorin; triaminocyclotriphosphazenes; and hexaminocyclotriphosphazenes.

[0640] N—P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole; 2-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin.

[0641] N—P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, and N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclobiphosphazenes; cyclotriphosphazenes; cyclotetraphosphazenes; cyclopentaphosphazenes; cyclohexaphosphazenes; diphosphatetraazacyclooctatetraenes; diphospha-s-triazines; and phospha-s-triazines.

[0642] N—P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedipyrroles; diphosphorindipyridines; triphospholetripyrroles; triphosphorintripyridines; tetraphospholetetrapyrroles; and tetraphosphorintetrapyridines.

[0643] N—P V alence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, and phosphine groups (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: azaphosphatetraphyrins; diazadiphosphatetraphyrins; azaphosphahexaphyrins; diazadiphosphahexaphyrins; triazatriphosphahexaphyrins; and apholate.

[0644] S—P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioaryl phosphines (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-inercaptophenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0645] S—P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-thiophene)phosphine; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine; tri(2-thiophene)phosphine oxide; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine oxide; tri(2-thiophene)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine sulfide.

[0646] S—P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptophosphole; 2,5-dimercaptophosphole; 2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphole; 2-mercaptophosphorin; 2,6-dimercaptophosphorin; 2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin.

[0647] S—P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thienyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-thienyl)phosphole; 2-(2-thienyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-thienyl)phosphorin.

[0648] S—P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphathiacyclobutane ([4]anePS); phosphathiacyclopentane ([5]anePS); phosphathiacyclohexane ([6]anePS); phosphathiacycloheptane ([7]anePS); phosphathiacyclooctane ([8]anePS); diphospbathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSP2); diphosphathiacycloheptane ([7]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclononane ([9]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclodecane ([10]aneSP2); diphosphathiacycloundecane ([11]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSP2); diphosphadithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclodecane ([10] aneS2P2); diphospbadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS2P2).

[0649] S—P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedithiophenes; diphosphorindithiopyrans; triphospholetrithiophenes; triphosphorintrithiopyrans; tetraphospholetetrathiophenes; and tetraphosphorintetrathiopyrans.

[0650] S—P Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, and phosphine groups (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: thiaphosphatetraphyrins; dithiadiphosphatetraphyrins; thiaphosphahexaphyrins; dithiadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trithiatriphosphahexaphyrins.

[0651] P—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of hydroxyaryl phosphines (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine; tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0652] P—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-furan)phosphine; tri(2-pyran)phosphine; tri(2-furan)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyran)phosphine oxide; tri(2-furan)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyran)phosphine sulfide.

[0653] P—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxyphosphole; 2,5-dihydroxyphosphole; 2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphole; 2-hydroxyphosphorin; 2,6-dihydroxyphosphorin; 2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin.

[0654] P—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-furyl)phosphole; 2-(2-furyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-furyl)phosphorin.

[0655] P—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphaoxacyclobutane ([4]anePO); phosphaoxacyclopentane ([5]anePO); phosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]anePO); phosphaoxacycloheptane ([7]anePO); phosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]anePO); diphosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclononane ([9]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOP2); diphosphadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloundecane ([1]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2P2); and dioxaphospholane.

[0656] P—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedifurans; diphosphorindipyrans; triphospholetrifurans; triphosphorintripyrans; tetraphospholetetrafurans; and tetraphosphorintetrapyrans.

[0657] P—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and hydroxy, carboxy, caibonyl, and phosphine groups (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: oxaphosphatetraphyrins; dioxadiphosphatetraphyrins; oxaphosphahexaphyrins; dioxadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trioxatriphosphahexaphyrins.

[0658] As Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoarsines (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: arsine, triphenylarsine, ticyclohexylarsine, methyldiphenylarsine, ethyldiphenylarsine, arsinonorbornane, and arsinoadamantane.

[0659] As Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diarsines (As Monodentates or As—As Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: bis(diphenylarsino)methane, bis(diphenylarsino)ethane, bis(diphenylarsino)propane, bis(diphenylarsino)butane, bis(diphenylarsino)pentane, 1,2-diarsinobenzene, cyclohexane-1,2-diarsine, 1,2-bis(phenylbutylarsino)ethane, o-phenylenebis(methylphenylarsine) and o-phenylenebis(dimethylarsine) (diars). (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0660] As Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triarsines (As—As Bidentates, or As—As Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1,5,9,9-pentaphenyl-1,5,9-triarsanonane, 3-methyl-3-(As,As-dimethyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane, As,As-[o-(As-dimethyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine, As,As-[o-(As-diphenyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine, hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triarsinazine. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0661] As Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3-(As-diphenyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0662] As Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-[2-(As-diphenyl)arsinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraarsadecane. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0663] As Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: o-phenylenebis[di-3-(As-diphenyl)arsinopropylarsine]. (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

[0664] As Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: arsole, azarsole, diazarsole, benzarsole, benzazarsole, dibenzarsole, naphtharsole, naphthazarsole.

[0665] As Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: arsenin, azarsenin, diazarsenin, benzarsenin, benzazarsenin, dibenzarsenin, naphtharsenin, and naphthazarsenin.

[0666] As Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(As-phenylarsino)arsole; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsole; 2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; and 1,8-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsole.

[0667] As Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin; 2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; and 1,9-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsenin.

[0668] As Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biarsole; 2,2′,2″-triarsole; and 2,2′-bibenzarsole.

[0669] As Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biarsenin; 2,2′,2″-triarsenin; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraarsenin; 2,2′-bibenzarsenin; and 8,8′-bibenzarsenin.

[0670] As Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutane ([4]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentane ([5]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutene ([4]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentene ([5]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexene ([6]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptene ([7]eneAs2); and As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclooctene ([8]eneAs2).

[0671] As Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclononatriene ([9]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneAs3); and As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneAs3).

[0672] As Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotridecane ([13]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs4); As,As,As,As,As-etraphenyltetraarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-etraphenyltetraarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-etraphenyltetraarsacyclononadecane ([19]aneAs4); and As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs4).

[0673] As Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs6); As—As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotridecane ([13]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclononadecane ([19]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheneicosane ([21]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclodocosane ([22]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotricosane ([23]aneAs6); and As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetracosane ([24]aneAs6).

[0674] As Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraarsoles.

[0675] As Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaarsoles.

[0676] As Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsatetraarsoles; and tetraarsatetraarsoles.

[0677] As Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsahexaarsoles; and triarsahexaarsoles.

[0678] As Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetraarsenins.

[0679] As Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaarsenins.

[0680] As Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsacyclotetraarsenins; and tetraarsacyclotetraarsenins.

[0681] As Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsacyclohexaarsenins; and triarsacyclohexaarsenins.

[0682] Se Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoselenoethers (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrogen selenide, dimethyl selenide, diethyl selenide, dioctyl selenide, diphenyl selenide, dicyclohexyl selenide, tetramethylene selenide, trimethylene selenide, dimethylene selenide, and selenobicycloheptane.

[0683] Se Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diselenoethers (Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diselenaoctane; 2,5-diselenahexane; 2,6-diselenaheptane; 3,7-diselenanonane; 3,6-diselenaoctane; 3-butenyl butyl selenoether (bbs); 4-pentenyl butyl selenoether (pbs); 3-butenyl phenyl selenoether (bps); and 4-pentenyl phenyl selenoether (pps).

[0684] Se Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triselenoethers (Se Bidentates or Se Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triselenane; 2,5,8-triselenanonane; 3,6,9-triselenaundecane; and 2,6,10-triselenaundecane.

[0685] Se Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraselenoethers (Se Bidentates, Se Tridentates, or Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6,10,14-tetraselenapentadecane and 2,5,8,11-tetraselenadodecane.

[0686] Se Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenophene, selenophene, selenazole, selenapyrroline, selenaphospholene, selenaphosphole, oxaselenole, selenadiazole, selenatriazole, benzodihydroselenophene, benzoselenophene, benzoselenazole, benzoselenaphosphole, dibenzoselenophene, and naphthoselenophene.

[0687] Se Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenole, benzodiselenole, and naphthodiselenole.

[0688] Se Valence Stabilizer #6a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenopyran, selenopyran, selenazine, selenadiazine, selenaphosphorin, selenadiphosphorin, oxaselenin, benzoselenopyran, dibenzoselenopyran, and naphthoselenopyran.

[0689] Se Valence Stabilizer #6b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodiselenin, diselenin, benzodiselenin, dibenzodiselenin, and naphthodiselenin.

[0690] Se Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-diseleno(selenophene); 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenophene; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenophene; 2,5-diseleno(selenazole); 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenazole; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazole; and 2,5-diseleno-1,3,4-selenadiazole [bismuthselenol].

[0691] Se Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-diseleno(selenopyran); 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenopyran; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenopyran; 2,6-diseleno(selenazine); 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenazine; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazine; 2,6-diseleno-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran; 8-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran; and 1,9-diselenodibenzoselenopyran.

[0692] Se Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,2′-biselenophene; 2,2′,2″-triselenophene; 2,2′-biselenazole; 5,5′-biselenazole; 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-selenadiazole; 2,2′-biselenanaphthene; 2,2′-bibenzoselenazole; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenophene).

[0693] Se Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,2′-biselenopyran; 2,2′,2″-triselenopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-selenazine; 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2,2′-bi-1-benzoselenopyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenopyran).

[0694] Se Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenacyclobutane ([4]aneSe2); diselenacyclopentane ([5]aneSe2); diselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe2); diselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe2); diselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe2); diselenacyclobutene ([4]eneSe2); diselenacyclopentene ([5]eneSe2); diselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe2); diselenacycloheptene ([7]eneSe2); diselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe2); diselenacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneSe2); diselenacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneSe2); diselenacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneSe2); diselenacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneSe2); and diselenacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneSe2).

[0695] Se Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe3); triselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe3); triselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe3); triselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe3); triselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe3); triselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe3); triselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe3); triselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe3); triselenacycloheptene ([7]eneSe3); triselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe3); triselenacyclononene ([9]eneSe3); triselenacyclodecene ([10]eneSe3); triselenacycloundecene ([11]eneSe3); triselenacyclododecene ([12]eneSe3); triselenacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneSe3); triselenacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneSe3); triselenacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneSe3); triselenacyclononatriene ([9]trieneSe3); triselenacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneSe3); triselenacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneSe3); and triselenacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneSe3).

[0696] Se Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclotridecane ([13]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclopentadecane ([15]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclohexadecane ([16]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadecane ([18]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadecane ([19]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadiene ([9]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneSe4); and tetraselenacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneSe4).

[0697] Se Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotadecane ([13]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclopentadecane ([15]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclohexadecane ([16]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclooctadecane ([18]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclononadecane ([19]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloheneicosane ([21]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclodocosane ([22]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotricosane ([23]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetracosane ([24]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneSe6); hexaselenacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneSe6); and hexaselenacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneSe6).

[0698] Se Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenophenes; tetraselenaphospholes; tetraoxaselenoles; and tetradiselenoles.

[0699] Se Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenophenes; hexaselenaphospholes; hexaoxaselenoles; and hexadiselenoles.

[0700] Se Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol and selenoether groups (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenatetraselenophenes; tetraselenatetraselenophenes; diselenatetradiselenoles; and tetraselenatetradiselenoles.

[0701] Se Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenahexaselenophenes; and triselenahexaselenophenes.

[0702] Se Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenopyrans; tetraselenaphosphorins; tetraselenadiphosphorins; tetraoxaselenins; and tetradiselenins.

[0703] Se Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenopyrans; hexaselenaphosphorins; hexaselenadiphosphorins; hexaoxaselenins; and hexadiselenins.

[0704] Se Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenatetraselenopyrans; tetraselenatetraselenopyrans; diselenatetraselenaphosphorins; tetraselenatetraselenaphospborins; diselenatetraoxaselenins; tetraselenatetraoxaselenins; diselenatetradiselenins; and tetraselenatetradiselenins.

[0705] Se Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenahexaselenopyrans; triselenahexaselenopyrans; diselenahexaselenaphosphorins; triselenahexaselenaphosphorins; diselenahexaoxaselenins; triselenahexaoxaselenins; diselenahexadiselenins; and triselenahexadiselenins.

[0706] Se Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of 1,3-diselenoketones (diseleno-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-triselenoketones, bis(1,3-diselenoketones), and poly(1,3-diselenoketones) (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanediselenone; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanediselenone; selenobenzoylselenopinacolone; diselenocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetriselenoate; tetramethylnonanetriselenoate; hexafluoroheptanetriselenoate; trifluoroheptanetriselenoate; 1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanediselenone, 1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanediselenone, and trifluoroselenoacetylselenocamphor.

[0707] Se Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of 1,1-diselenolates, bis(1,1-diselenolates), and poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se—Se Bidentates and Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylenediselenolate; 1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylenediselenolate; 1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; and 1-nitroethylene diselenolate.

[0708] Se Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diselenocarbamates, bis(diselenocarbamates), and pqly(diselenocarbamates) (including N-hydroxydiselenocarbamates and N-mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, and Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyldiselenocarbamate; di(trifluorodimethyl)diselenocarbamate; diethyldiselenocarbamate; dipropyldiselenocarbamate; diisopropyldiselenocarbamate; dibutyldiselenocarbamate; ditertbutyldiselenocarbamate; dicyanamidodiselenocarbamate; azidoselenoformates; diphenyldiselenocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)diselenocarbamate; dibenzyldiselenocarbamate; dinaphthyldiselenocarbamate; dicyclohexyldiselenocarbamate; dinorbornyldiselenocarbamate; diadamantyldiselenocarbamate; pyrrolidinodiselenocarbamate; piperidinodiselenocarbamate; morpholinodiselenocarbamate; thiamorpholinodiselenocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinodiselenocarbamate; pyrrolodiselenocarbamate; oxazolodiselenocarbamate; isoxazolodiselenocarbamate; thiazolodiselenocarbamate; isothiazolodiselenocarbamate; indolodiselenocarbamate; carbazolodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolinodiselenocarbamate; imidazolinodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolodiselenocarbamate; imidazolodiselenocarbamate; indazolodiselenocarbamate; and triazolodiselenocarbamate.

[0709] Se Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of triselenophosphoric acids (phosphorotriselenoic acids), bis(triselenophosphoric acids), poly(triselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: triselenophosphoric acid, O-phenyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-norbornyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-diphenyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-dibenzyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-dicyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, and O,Se-dinorbornyltriselenophosphoric acid.

[0710] Se Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diselenophosphoric acids (phosphorodiselenoic acids), bis(diselenophosphoric acids), poly(diselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenophosphoric acid, O-phenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyldiselenophospboric acid, O-norbornyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,)-diphenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldiselenophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldiselenophosphoric acid.

[0711] Se Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetraselenophosphoric acids (phosphorotetraselenoic acids), bis(tetraselenophosphoric acids), poly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-phenyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-benzyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-cyclohexyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-norbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-diphenyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-dibenzyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-dicyclohexyltetraselenopbosphoric acid, and Se,Se-dinorbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid.

[0712] Se Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diselenocarbonates, triselenocarbonates, bis(diselenocarbonates), and bis(triselenocarbonates), (Se—Se Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: Se,Se-diethyldiselenocarbonate; Se Se-diisopropyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-diphenyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dibenzyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dicyclohexyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dinorbornyldiselenocarbonate; diethyltriselenocarbonate; diisopropyltriselenocarbonate; diphenyltriselenocarbonate; dibenzyltriselenocarbonate; dicyclohexyltriselenocarbonate; and dinorbornyltriselenocarbonate.

[0713] Se Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of selenocyanate ligands (Se monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn include, but are not limited to: selenocyanate (—SeCN).

[0714] Se Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of selenolates (Se monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: selenophenol; and naphthaleneselenol.

[0715] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diene, bicyclicand tricyclic hydrocarbon ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclopentadiene; azulene; carotene; norbornane; and adamantane.

[0716] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of cyanide and related ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: cyanide (—CN); and fulminate (—CNO).

[0717] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of carbonyl ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: carbonyl (—CO); and carbon dioxide (CO2) ligands.

[0718] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of halogens that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Mn+3 and/or Mn+4 include, but are not limited to: fluorine; chlorine; bromine; and iodine.

[0719] Water-soluble precursors for the organic valence stabilizers are typically used to ensure that sufficient material is available for pigment synthesis. However, in the case of organic valence stabilizers, it is also possible to synthesize the desired MnIII or MnIV/valence stabilizer compounds from organic solvent systems. Therefore, solubility in organic solvents (for the precursors) is also acceptable. Identification of suitable water soluble precursors can be difficult because many of these organics do not form a wide range of water-soluble compounds.

[0720] 3e) Mixed Inorganic/Organic Valence Stabilizers

[0721] Mixing organic and inorganic valence stabilizers in a pigment solution will often result in a pigment with poor corrosion inhibiting properties because of cross interference. Inorganic and organic stabilizers interact with MnIII and/or MnIV in different ways. For example, inorganic valence stabilizers perform their function by forming a shell of octahedrally or square pyramidally coordinated anionic species around a captured MnIII or MnIV ion. The net charge of these inorganic MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compounds is therefore always negative. Organic species stabilize by the formation of a hard or soft bond between the bonding atom in the stabilizer (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur) and the MnIII or MnIV ion. The net charge of these compounds is usually positive. If these two very different types of stabilization ligands are combined, then the magnitude of the charge on the stabilized compound can be significantly reduced. The performance of organic or inorganic stabilized corrosion inhibitor compounds has been found to be related to the ability of the compound to form and sustain a thick electrostatic barrier layer. Additionally, a mixed stabilizer will have a poorly developed electrostatic field and a non-optimal packing around the MnIII or MnIV ion, resulting in a compound with less resistance to aqueous attack. Mixed organic/inorganic stabilized MnIII or MnIV pigments can perform more poorly than pigments that have exclusively inorganic or organic valence stabilizers for this reason.

[0722] 4) Additional Solubility Control Agents

[0723] The use of additional solubility control agents is optional. For example, the anions or cations present in the pigment synthesis bath useful for preparation of “sparingly soluble” pigments may be sufficient to form compounds with the desired solubility and saturated pH characteristics. However, pigment synthesis may produce compounds with greater than optimal solubilities, and the use of additional solubility control agents may be desirable. In situations where fine tuning of solubility or saturated pH is desired, cationic species are typical for MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer combinations when an inorganic valence stabilizer is used, and anionic species are typical for MnIII or MnIV/organic valence stabilizer combinations.

[0724] Additional solubility and saturated pH control can be achieved through the use of nontoxic inorganic cations, which include, but are not limited to: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Y+3, La+3, Ce+3, Ce+4, Nd+3, Pr+3, Sc+3, Sm+3, Eu+3, EU+2, Gd+3, Tb+3, Dy+3, Ho+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Yb+3, Lu+3, Ti+4, Zr+4, Ti+3, Hf+4, Nb+5 Ta+5, Nb+4, Ta+4, Mo+6, W+6, Mo+5, W+5, Mo+4, W+4, Mn+2, Mn+3, Mn+4, Fe+2, Fe+3, Co+2, Co+3, Ru+2, Ru+3, Ru+4, Rh+3, Ir+3, Rh+2, Ir+2, PD+4, Pt+4, Pd+2, Pt+2, Cu+2, Cu+2, Cu+3, Ag+, Ag+2, Ag+3, Au+, Au2, Au+3, Zn+2, Al+3, Ga+3, Ga+, In+3, In+, Ge+4, Ge+2, Sn+2, Sn+4, Sb+3, Sb+5, Bi+3, and Bi+5. Any water-soluble compound containings these cations can be used for this purpose. The nitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of these cations offer inexpensive water-soluble precursors, although many other water-soluble precursors exist. The use of alkaline ions such as Mg+2, Ca+2, and Sr+2 for solubility control has been demonstrated successfully, with acceptable saturated pH values.

[0725] Cationic solubility control may also be achieved through the use of nontoxic organic cations that include, but are not limited to: quaternary ammonium compounds (NR4+, where R can be any combination of alkyl, aromatic, or acyclic organic substituents, such as the methyltriethylammonium ion); organic compounds containings at least one N+ site (such as pyridinium or thiazolium cations); organic compounds containing at least one phosphonium site (P+, such as the benzyltriphenylphosphonium ion); organic compounds containing at least one stibonium site (Sb+, such as the tetraphenylstibonium ion); organic compounds containing at least one oxonium site (O+, such as pyrylium cations); organic compounds containing at least one sulfonium site (S+, such as the triphenylsulfonium ion); and organic compounds containing at least one iodonium site (I+, such as the diphenyliodonium ion).

[0726] The quaternary ammonium compounds, organic compounds containing at least one N+ site, and organic compounds containing at least one oxonium site are the most important of these classifications because of the very large number of stable cations that are available. Water-soluble precursors for these organic cations are desirable in order to maximize the amount of material available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. Most of these materials are also soluble in organic solvents and hydrocarbons. Fluorides, chlorides, and bromides offer the most water-soluble precursors for these organic cations, although nitrates and perchlorates of those cations with lower molecular weights (e.g., tetramethylammonium) are also acceptable water-soluble precursors. Nitrates and perchlorates of larger (greater molecular weight) organic cations are generally not acceptable as precursors because of their low water solubility.

[0727] Toxic inorganic or organic cations can be used as additional solubility control agents although this is less desirable. Examples of toxic inorganic cations that can be used include, but are not limited to: Be+2, Ba+2, V+5, V+4, V+3, Cr+3, Ni+2, Ni+4, Os+4, Cd+2, Hg+1, Hg+2, Tl+, Tl+3, As+3, As+5, Pb+2, and Pb+4. Examples of toxic organic cations include, but are not limited to: organic compounds containing at least one arsonium site (an example being the tetraphenylarsonium ion of As+) and organic compounds containing at least one selenonium site (an example being the triphenylselenonium ion of Se+). Use of these materials for additional solubility control may be necessary in some specific instances where the toxicity of the resulting pigment is of limited importance to the operator. Water-soluble precursors for these toxic cations are typical in order to maximize the amount of available cation for solubility control in aqueous-based synthesis solutions. The organic cations are frequently hydrocarbon-soluble. In general, the nitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of these cations offer the highest water solubility.

[0728] Additional solubility control can also be achieved by using nontoxic inorganic anions, especially for MnIII or MnIV/organic valence stabilizer combinations. Soluble precursors for these inorganic anions are desirable in order to maximize the amount of material available in the appropriate pigment formation solution. Inorganic examples include, but are not limited to: fluorotitanates, chlorotitanates, fluorozirconates, chlorozirconates, fluoroniobates, chloroniobates, fluorotantalates, chlorotantalates, molybdates, tungstates, permanganates, fluoromanganates, chloromanganates, fluoroferrates, chloroferrates, fluorocobaltates, chlorocobaltates, fluorozincates, chlorozincates, borates, fluoroborates, fluoroaluminates, chloroaluminates, carbonates, silicates, fluorosilicates, fluorostannates, nitrates, nitrites, azides, phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, phosphinites, thiophosphates, thiophosphites, thiophosphonates, thiophosphinites, fluorophosphates, fluoroantimonates, chloroantimonates, sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates, thiosulfates, dithionites, dithionates, fluorosulfates, tellurates, fluorides, chlorides, chlorates, perchlorates, bromides, bromates, iodides, iodates, periodates, and heteropolyanions (e.g., heteropolymolybdates or silicomolybdates).

[0729] Additional solubility control can also be achieved through the use of an almost unlimited number of nontoxic organic anions (e.g., organics with different carboxylate or acid groups). Examples include, but are not limited to: ferricyanides; ferrocyanides; cyanocobaltates; cyanocuprates; cyanomanganates; cyanates; cyanatoferrates; cyanatocobaltates; cyanatocuprates; cyanatomanganates; thiocyanates; thiocyanatoferrates; thiocyanatocobaltates; thiocyanatocuprates; thiocyanatomanganates; cyanamides; cyanamidoferrates; cyanamidocobaltates; cyanamidocuprates; cyanamidomanganates; nitritoferrates; nitritocobaltates; azides; (thio)carboxylates, di(thio)carboxylates, tri(thio)carboxylates, or tetra(thio)carboxylates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, acetic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, antimonyl tartrates, cinnamic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, stearic acid, gallic acid, naphthenic acid, camphoric acid, nitrosalicylic acid, aminosalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, nitrobenzoic acid, perfluoroC2-16 carboxylic acids, trinitrobenzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, anisic acid, iodobenzoic acid, anthranilic acid, mandelic acid, toluic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, pyrazolecarboxylic acid, picrolonic acid, quinaldic acid, diphenic acid, benzoquinaldic acid, quinolinecarboxylic acid, isoquinolinecarboxylic acid, triazinecarboxylic acid, (thio)carbonic acids, (thio)carbamic acids, trimethylhexylic acid, tetrafluorophthalic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, toluoylpropionic acid, lactobionic acid, octylthiopropionate, lipoic acid, methylbenzoylpropionic acid, anthracenesuccinic acid, benzothiazolecarboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid, glycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid, benzothiazolylthiopropionic acid, phenylanthranilic acid, furancarboxylic acid, nitrofuroic acid, phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid, N-phosphonomethylglycine, cresoxyacetic acid, aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, histidine, lysine, trihydroxyglutaric acid, phenoxyacetic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, phenylbutyric acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, tropic acid, aminophenylpropionic acid, dihydrocinnamic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, cinchomeronic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid, benzotriazolecarboxylic acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, cyanuric acid, barbituric acid, violuric acid, diphenylvioluric acid, dilituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, cresotic acid, trimethylhexylic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N′-terephthaloylbis(aminocaproic acid), ethyleneglycolbis(aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxysuccinyl)ethylenediamine, nicotinic acid, naptalam, nitrobenzoic acid, nonylphenoxyacetic acid, and olsalazine]; (thio)phenolates, di(thio)phenolates, tri(thio)phenolates, or tetra(thio)phenolates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, picric acid, styphnic acid, pyrogallol, purpurin, purpurogallin, benzopurpurin, gallein, thiophenol, rhodizonic acid, kojic acid, chromotropic acid, carminic acid, fluorescein, tannic acid, and humic acid]; (thio)phosphonates, di(thio)phosphonates, or tri(thio)phosphonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, diethylphosphonic acid, diphenylphosphonic acid, nitrophenylphosphonic acid, perfluoroC2-16 phosphonic acids, benzenephosphonic acid, phytic acid, hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonic acid, nitrilotrimethylenephospbonic acid, aminomethylenephosphonic acid, etidronic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, chloroethylphosphonic acid, ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid, laurylhydroxydiphosphonic acid, methylaminodimethylenephosphonic acid, alkyl(aryl)diphosphonic acids, N-cetylaininoethanediphosphonic acid, carboxyhydroxymethylphosphonic acid (hpa), oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, polycaproamidophosphonates, phenylethanetriphosphonic acid, oxidronic acid, and pamidronic acid]; (thio)phosphonamides, di(thio)phosphonamides, or tri(thio)phosphonamides [useful representatives including, but not limited to, phosphoramidic acid, phosphordiamidic acid (diamidophosphonic acid), and phosphoramidothioic acid]; amino(thio)phosphonates, diamino(thio)phosphonates, or triamino(thio)phosphonates; imino(thio)phosphonates or diimino(thio)phosphonates; (thio)sulfonates, di(thio)sulfonates, or tri(thio)sulfonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid), nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, phenylsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid, oxinesulfonic acid, alizarinsulfonic acid, benzidinesulfonic acid, flavianic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, diiodophenolsulfonic acid (sozoiodol), 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, 7-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid; benzotriazolesulfonic acid, bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonic acid, diiododihydroxybenzophenonesulfonic acid, p-amino-p′-ethoxydiphenylamine-o-sulfonic acid, 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid; 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dinitro-2-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, perfluoroC2-16 sulfonic acids, benzenedisulfonic acid, phenyldisulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,6-naphtholdisulfonic acid, indigodisulfonic acid, benzidinedisulfonic acid, carboxyiodobenzenesulfonic acids; N-benzeneaminomethanesulfonic acid (ams); amido-G-acid; amido-R-acid; naphthalene(di)sulfonic acid (Armstrong's acid); amsonic acid; Badische acid; camphorsulfonic acid; chrysophenine; Cassella's acid; chromotropic acid; Cleve's acid; croceic acid; anthracenesulfonic acid; hydroxyquinolinesulfonic acid; hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid; indigo cannine; indoxyl; isatinsulfonic acid; indican; lignosulfonic acid; metanil yellow; metanilic acid; naphthoquinonesulfonic acid; Nuclear Fast Red; naphthol(di)sulfonic acid; naphthylamine(di)sulfonic acid; Orange I; orthanilic acid; phenol(di)sulfonic acid; methylenedinapbthalenesulfonic acid; methyl orange; and piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (pipes)]; (thio)sulfonamides, di(thio)sulfonamides, or tri(thio)sulfonamides; amino(thio)sulfonates, diamino(thio)sulfonates, or triamino(thio)sulfonates; imino(thio)sulfonates (including sulfamates) or diimino(thio)sulfonates (including disulfamates) [useful representatives including, but not limited to, methylsulfamic acid and phenylsulfamic acid]; (thio)borates, di(thio)borates, or (thio)boronates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, phenylboric acid and borotartaric acid]; organic silicates; and stibonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, antimonyl tartrate and benzenestibonic acid]. Soluble precursors for these organic anions are desirable to maximize the amount available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. These organic anions are frequently soluble in organic solvents or hydrocarbons in addition to water-based systems.

[0730] Finally, toxic inorganic or organic anions can be used as additional solubility control agents, although they are less desirable. Examples of toxic inorganic anions include, but are not limited to: arsenates, arsenites, fluoroarsenates, chloroarsenates, selenates, selenites, fluorothallates, chlorothallates, iodomercury anions (e.g., Nessler's reagent), thiocyanatomercury anions (e.g., Behren's reagent), chloromercurates, bromomercurates, osmates, fluoronickelates, chromates, Reinecke's salt, and vanadates. Examples of toxic organic anions include cyanides; cyanochromates; cyanonickelates; cyanatochromates; cyanatonickelates; thiocyanatochromates; thiocyanatonickelates; cyanamidochromates; cyanamidonickelates; nitritonickelates; arsonates, diarsonates, or triarsonates [useful representatives being propylarsonic acid, phenylarsonic acid, hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, benzenearsonic acid, methylbenzenearsonic acid, hydroxybenzenearsonic acid, and nitrobenzenearsonic acid]; and organic selenates, diselenates, or triselenates. These materials may be necessary in some specific instances for additional solubility control where toxicity of the final pigment material is of limited importance. Soluble precursors for these organic anions are desirable to maximize the amount available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. The alkali or ammonium species of these anions typically offer the greatest water solubility.

[0731] Solubility control agents can also be used for “low solubility” and “insoluble” MnII and MnIV pigments for use as lead chromate and/or red lead replacements. However, the choice of solubility control agents is limited due to the chemistry and preparation methods for these pigments. These pigments are typically prepared by calcining, firing, or otherwise heating powder mixtures, so organic solubility control agents are not acceptable because of thermal degradation. In addition, because these calcined or fired manganese-containing mixtures result in complex oxide compounds, there is no need to add anionic solubility control agents. The only solubility control agents suitable for use with the “low solubility” or “insoluble” MnII or MnIV pigments will overwhelmingly be inorganic cations.

[0732] Solubility control agents for calcined, fired, or otherwise heated MnIII and/or MnIV-containing pigments include, but are not limited to: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Y+3, La+3, Ce+3, Ce+4, Ti+4, Zr+4, V+5, Nb+5, Ta+5, Mo+6, W+6, Cr+3, Mn+2, Fe+3, Fe+2, Co+2, Co+3, Ni+2, Cu+2, Ag+, Ag+2, Zn+2, Al+3, In+3, Sn+4, Sb+3, Sb+5, Bi+3, and Bi+5. Table 6 shows example compositions of low solubility or insoluble MnIII or MnIV compounds suitable as pigments that can be produced for many of these solubility control cations. It is interesting to note the similarity between these compositions and those shown in Table I for naturally-occurring MnIII or MnIV minerals, further validating their longterm stability. As the solubility control cation is changed, dramatic differences in solubility can be observed. For example, Mg-containing MnIII or MnIV pigments (i.e., MgMn2O4) exhibit higher solubilities (i.e., 10−4 moles/liter MnIII or MnIV) whereas Ba-containing MnIII or MnIV pigments (i.e., BaMnO3) exhibit much lower (i.e., 10−8 or 10−9 moles/liter MnIII or MnIV) solubilities. In this way, even the performance of calcined or fired MnIII or MnIV ceramic powders can be tailored for specific applications. Combinations of these ions can also be used to modify performance.

[0733] It has been noted that one of the primary functionalities of lead chromate and especially red lead pigments is the ability to insolubilize corrosive anions (especially sulfate) via the divalent lead ion. Similar functionality can be achieved using proper choice of the solubility control agents described above. For example, barium (Ba+2) is notorious for its ability to insolubilize sulfate ions. Bismuth (Bi+3) can produce insoluble chlorides under the proper conditions. Therefore, of the cationic solubility control agents listed above for “low solubility” or “insoluble” MnIII and MnIV pigments, those containing Ba+2, Bi+3, and Bi+5 are typical.

[0734] Similarly, compositions containing cations that are themselves corrosive towards structural metals are less desirable. Hence, compositions containing potassium (K+) and especially sodium (Na+) are less desirable.

7TABLE 6Representative Examples of Low Solubility or Insoluble MnIII or MnIV PigmentsSuitable For Lead Chromate or Red Lead ReplacementsSolubility Control CationExample Composition(s)CommentsNoneMnO2, Mn3O4, Mn2O3,No compositional modification ofMnO(OH), Mn(O,OH)2propertiesLithium (Li+)LiMn2O4Magnesium (Mg+2)MgMn2O4Highest solubility ofMgMnO3calcined pigmentsMgMnO3 is unstableSolid solutions withMgAl2O4 or MgFe2O4 alsopossibleCalcium (Ca+2)CaMnO3, CaMn2O4,CaMnO3 most stableCa2MnO4Solid solutions with Co,Fe, Ni, Bi, Ba, Zn, Sr, La,Ce, and Y formulas alsopossibleStrontium (Sr+2)SrMnO3Solid solutions with Ca,Zn, Ba, Bi, La, Ce, and Yformulas also possibleBarium (Ba+2)BaMnO3, BaMn8O16Solid solutions with Sr,Ca, Zn, Bi, La, Y, and Ceformulas also possibleZinc (Zn+2)ZnMn2O4, ZnMn3O7Solid solutions with Co,Cu, Ni, Fe, Ca, Sr, Ba, La,Ce, Y, and Bi formulas alsopossibleBismuth (Bi+3)BiMnO3, BiMn2O5Solid solutions with Ca,Sr, Ba, Zn, La, Ce, and Yformulas also possibleLanthanum (La+3)LaMnO3Solid solutions with Sr,Ca, Zn, Ba, Ce, Bi, and Yformulas also possibleCerium (Ce+3)CeMnO3Solid solutions with Sr,Ca, Zn, Ba, Bi, La, and Yformulas also possibleYttrium (Y+3)YMnO3Solid solutions with Sr,Ca, Zn, Ba, Bi, La, and Ceformulas also possibleAluminum (Al+3)AlMn2O4Exhibits higher solubilitySomewhat unstableCobalt (Co+2)CoMn2O4, CoMn3O7Solid solutions with Ni,Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca formulasalso possibleNickel (Ni+2)NiMn2O4, NiMn3O7Solid solutions with Co,Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca formulasalso possibleIron (Fe+2)FeMn2O4, FeMn3O7Solid solutions with Co,Ni, Zn, Cu, and Ca formulasalso possibleCopper (Cu+2)CuMn2O5, CuMn3O7Solid solutions with Zn,Co, Fe, Ni formulas alsopossible

[0735] 5) Valence Stabilizers for “Indicator Pigments”

[0736] Some heteropolymetallate valence stabilizers for trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigments have been observed to result in pigments that change color as the MnIII- or MnIV-stabilizer compound was exhausted during corrosion. For example, molybdate-stabilized MnIV pigments are typically moroon in color after being prepared and combined with a suitable binder system. These pigments were observed to gradually change from maroon to royal blue after extended exposure to ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85 accelerated corrosion testing environments. The rate of color change was gradual with time and scaled with initiation and continued corrosion of the substrate. The color change from maroon to blue is well-documented in the inorganic chemistry literature for heteropolymolybdates. Numerous studies have shown that the color change associated with molybdenum blues is due to reduction of the molybdenum (VI) ion (the valence stabilizer for MnIV in this example), to the more reduced molybdenum (IV) ion. Other manganese-containing compounds can exhibit differences in color with the change in valence of the manganese ion in the pigment compound. Organometallic literature has many examples of manganese compounds where an organic trivalent or tetravalent manganese compound is one color and the divalent compound is a different color.

[0737] Color changes in the paint can be used as a metric to determine when the corrosion-inhibiting ability of the pigment has begun to fail. Alternatively, changes in pigment color hue may suggest remaining corrosion-inhibiting service life. The color change behavior is not observed for all MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer combinations. Those compositions that do exhibit a significant color change between fully oxidized and reduced valence states are typical for applications where an indication of the amount of remaining unreacted pigment is desired. This represents an advantage over conventional chromate or plumbate pigments which do not demonstrate a significant color change during reduction.

[0738] B) Pigment Synthesis

[0739] The manganese compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by many different formation routes, and the synthesis of specific trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds is often found in the general manganese coordination chemistry literature. The syntheses of several trivalent or tetravalent manganese compounds suitable for use as pigments are outlined in the Examples section of this specification.

[0740] The pigments can be synthesized via precipitation routes (including onto inorganic or organic substrates), by firing of constituents, by evaporative routes, etc. In general, “sparingly soluble” MnIII and MnIV pigments are best prepared by precipitation or evaporation routes, whereas “low solubility” or “insoluble” MnIII and MnIV pigments are best prepared by firing of constitutents. Precipitation is a typical synthesis route, for “sparingly soluble” pigments because: a) it is easiest to control, b) it allows inorganic valence stabilizers to polymerize, and c) many organic valence stabilizer precursors are degraded by high temperatures. Precipitation from aqueous (water-based) solutions is typical, because the formed trivalent or tetravalent manganese pigment materials are required to be sparingly soluble in water in order to function adequately as corrosion-inhibitors. For the more soluble pigments (i.e., with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles/liter of trivalent or tetravalent manganese, for specialized applications), precipitation can be aided by traditional salting-out methodologies, such as adding salt or alcohols to further facilitate precipitation. If desired, precipitation onto or in combination with inert materials such as oxides, hydroxides, silicates, borates, aluminates, phosphates, carbonates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, polymers, etc., can be initiated. An almost infinite variety of colors, hues, tints, solubilities, saturated pHs, decomposition temperatures, melting points, and corrosion-inhibiting action can be produced in pigments based solely on the MnIII or MnIV ions.

[0741] Organic solvents can also be used for the synthesis of these pigments, especially for many of the organic valence-stabilized manganese compounds. Conventional organic solvents include, but are not limited to: methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cresol, cycldhexanol, butyl carbitol, cellosolve, methyl cellosolve, ethyl lactate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), cyclohexanone, acetophenone, diethyl ether, isopropyl ether, furan, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, tetrahydropyran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, propylene oxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, benzaldehyde, propyl amine, diethyl amine, ethanolamine, aniline, pyridine, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), propionitrile, nitrobenzene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, Freon 1113, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT). These solvents can be used in instances where the specific MnIII or MnIV/valence stabilizer is insoluble in that specific solvent and sparingly soluble in water, or in instances where evaporative formation of fine particle sizes is desired.

[0742] A typical MnIV compound with-inorganic valence stabilization was prepared as follows:

[0743] 1) the stabilizer was dissolved in a minimum of water with added acetic acid or sodium acetate to buffer the solution to the proper pH;

[0744] 2) manganese nitrate was dissolved in a separate buffered water solution;

[0745] 3) the stabilizer solution was heated to near boiling and the manganese solution added all at once;

[0746] 4) this stabilizer-manganese solution was heated for 15 to 60 minutes with a potassium acetate buffer to initiate inorganic polymerization of the valence stabilizer in the presence of a persulfate oxidizer to form tetravalent manganese;

[0747] 5) this solution (mother liquor) was cooled and any precipitate filtered;

[0748] 6) the mother liquor was separated into five fractions and an additional solubility control agent was added; and

[0749] 7) each solution from step 6 was ice chilled and precipitates filtered and dried.

[0750] Solubility control agents Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, and Ba were used to obtain a broad spectrum of solubilities with a single MnIV-valence stabilizer combination. Occasionally a precipitate would not form with the addition of a “solubility control agent” or a day of evaporation. This would imply that the target compound was extremely water soluble and unsuited for use as a pigment. Conversely, a precipitate would occasionally form immediately on addition of the last pH buffer or even the oxidizing agent. This would imply that the target MnIV compound was extremely insoluble and unsuited for use as a corrosion inhibiting pigment when incorporating the buffer or oxidizer's cations.

[0751] MnIII and MnIV pigments with organic valence stabilizers were synthesized in a similar fashion. Water-soluble organic ligands (i.e., the azo dye examples) allowed the entire synthesis to be performed in aqueous solution. Valence stabilizers of low water solubility (i.e., 8-hydroxyquinoline) were complexed in an isopropanol/water mixture. It was not necessary to carefully control pH of the organic syntheses because polymerization like that needed for the heteropolymetallate inorganic stabilizers was not necessary. Anionic “solubility control agents” such as sulfate, phosphate, molybdate, tungstate, and phosphomolybdate were used for the organic examples to form progressively larger compounds with less solubility.

[0752] The color of MnIII or MnIV pigments depends on the specific MnIII or MnIV-valence stabilizer combination. Inorganically valence stabilized MnIII or MnIV compounds ranged from maroon to black. The color of MnIII and MnIV-pigments incorporating organic valence stabilizers often matched the color of the valence stabilizer. This was particularly true of the azo dyes. The colors of the organically stabilized pigments were orange-yellow ranging to green or brown.

[0753] Oxidation of divalent manganese to the trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state can be performed prior to, or after, compound formation. If trivalent or tetravalent manganese salts are to be used for synthesis, then additional oxidation may or may not be necessary, depending upon the synthesis conditions. For example, a MnIII or MnIV/valence stabilizer coordination compound could be prepared, or a MnII/valence stabilizer compound could be prepared and subsequently oxidized to a MnIII or MnIV/valence stabilizer compound. Oxidation prior to compound formation is typical, however, to ensure that the stability of the formed compound is maintained.

[0754] The stability of compounds using the same valence stabilizer ligand differs significantly because of the difference in size between the MnII, MnIII, and MnIV ions (67 pm versus 61 pm versus 54 pm). This has to do with the size requirements of the coordinating ligand. Therefore, one ligand geometry may result in a very stable MnIII compound, but the same compound containing MnIII or MnIV can, in many instances, exhibit lower stabilities because of the difference in size of the ions. Oxidation to the trivalent or tetravalent state prior to precipitation (or other preparative methodology) ensures that once recovered, the compound is for the most part in a usable form.

[0755] Preparation of a divalent manganese compound, with subsequent oxidation treatment (e.g., via steam, gaseous oxygen, concentrated liquid oxidizer, etc.) to convert the compound to a trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state, can degrade the ligand or the entire compound, or can alter substituent groups on that ligand. Trivalent or tetravalent manganese/valence stabilizer complexes having a melting temperature lower than approximately 50° C. can be produced as a low melting solid, or a liquid-phase inhibitor. They can also be combined with inert materials in order to provide a solid material. If combination with inert materials is desired, then the trivalent or tetravalent corrosion inhibiting compound can be absorbed into, or adsorbed onto, the surfaces of the inert particles. The particles can be inorganic (e.g., oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, silicates, carbonates, aluminates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, polymers, or combinations thereof) or organic (e.g., polymeric) in nature.

[0756] If low solubility or insoluble MnIII or MnIV compounds are desired, then calcining, heating, or firing of mixtures of compounds in an oxidizing environment represents the simplest route to formation. Firing temperatures of between about 200 and about 1200° C. typically can be used depending upon the specific composition. MnII, MnIII, MnIV, or even MnVII precursors can be used for this preparation.

[0757] Once synthesized, the pigments can then be incorporated into a wide range of binder systems to afford corrosion protection. Examples of organic binder systems that can incorporate MnIII or MnIV corrosion-inhibiting pigments include, but are not limited to: alkyd-type primers, acrylic primers, polyester primers, epoxy primers, conductive primers, organic sol-gels, ketimine coatings, polyvinyl coatings, acrylic thermoplastics, asphaltic and coal tar thermoplastics, polyamide thermoplastics, polyethylene dispersion thermoplastics, fluorocarbon thermoplastics, chlorocarbon thermoplastics, silicone thermosets, polyurethane thermosets, polyester thermosets, epoxy-amine thermosets, epoxy-amide thermosets, epoxy-ester thermosets, epoxy-coal tar thermosets, furane thermosets, phenolic thermosets, butadiene styrene elastomers, chlorinated rubber elastomers, polysulfonated elastomers, neoprene elastomers, sulfur-containing rubbers, or combinations thereof. Examples of inorganic binder systems that can incorporate MnIII or MnIV pigments include, but are not limited to: low temperature enamels, low temperature glass frits, carbonaceous coatings, zeolites, inorganic sol-gels, or combinations thereof.

EXAMPLES

[0758] In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the following examples, which are intended to illustrate the invention, but not limit the scope thereof

[0759] 1) Wash Primer Preparation

[0760] The corrosion inhibiting performance of MnIII and MnIV pigments was evaluated by incorporating them into primer paint formulations. The acid wash primer paint formulation called out in DoD-P-15328 [Primer (Wash), Pretreatment (Formulation No. 117 for Metals)] was used to test the synthesized pigments. The wash primer is composed of a resin, an acid, a corrosion inhibiting pigment, powdered talc, and carbon lampblack. The acid content of this wash primer provides a rigorous initial test of the stability and performance of the pigments. Other, more benign, polymer-based binder and resin systems might not separate the compounds based on their performance as effectively or as rapidly.

[0761] The base solution for the wash primer in this specification was prepared by mixing 88.3 grams of isopropanol, 31.3 grams of n-butanol, and 3.8 grams of deionized water with 14 grams of poly(vinyl butyral) resin (PVB) (Monsanto Butvar B-90™). PVB was used exclusively throughout testing to avoid preparation and compositional complications during analysis of pigment performance. However, the invention is not limited to the use of PVB.

[0762] Acid diluent was prepared by mixing 70 grams of 85% phosphoric acid, 63 grams of deionized water, and 247 grams of isopropanol. Finely-ground pigment powder was measured out and added to 13.74 grams of the base solution for each paint to be tested. A small amount (0.2 g) of powdered talc (magnesium silicate) “filler” was added. Lampblack was not added to these samples. These components were mixed thoroughly by hand and 3.8 g of phosphoric acid diluent added with further mixing. This rough processing allowed direct comparisons of pigment performance to be made without complications due to powder treatments, modifications, and additives.

[0763] For each pigment to be tested, the primer paint was applied onto 10 metal substrates −5 precleaned 7075-T6 and 5 precleaned 2024-T3 aluminum substrates. This is not the conventional paint application procedure for aluminum alloys. Under normal service conditions, aluminum alloys are first subjected to a hexavalent chromium-containing conversion coating prior to primer application. However, the conversion coating was omitted so that the performance of the pigment alone could be evaluated and not the synergistic effects of hexavalent chromium (in the conversion coating) or even of barrier films (in the phosphate or anodized coatings).

[0764] Multiple samples of specific pigment compositions were prepared and tested. Samples treated with zinc and strontium chromate were used as comparison standards. The chromate pigments were prepared identically to those used to test MnIII and MnIV composition variations.

[0765] 2) Corrosion Testing

[0766] PVB wash primers containing various pigment formulations were evaluated by exposing them to static salt fog (ASTM B-117) and cyclic Prohesion™ (ASTM G-85.5) accelerated corrosion tests. ASTM B-117 is a traditional corrosion “proof” test that has little relation to a real working environment. This accelerated corrosion test exposes samples to a constant salt-water fog and is a de facto test of solubility for corrosion inhibitors. B-117 does not necessarily test the ability of a corrosion inhibitor to actually inhibit corrosion. This is particularly true of inhibitors and compounds that have not been fully optimized with respect to solubility. ASTM G-85.5 (Prohesion™) is a cyclic corrosion test that more closely resembles real working environments. This accelerated corrosion test exposes samples to a cycle of fog of dilute salt and ammonium sulfate at room temperature followed by forced-air drying at an elevated temperature. This is a more realistic test of the ability of a compound to inhibit corrosion. Results of these tests can be combined to gain insight into how a particular coating or compound will perform relative to a standard as well as helping identify strengths and weaknesses in the performance of the material.

[0767] 3) Rating Method

[0768] ASTM D-1654 evaluation standard for painted or coated specimens subjected to corrosive environments was used to evaluate the performance of the coatings. After the paint dried for 24 hours, each plate was scribed with an X and the plate edges were sealed with PVC tape to eliminate corrosion edge effects.

[0769] Two visual observations are associated with this rating test. Procedure A involves a rating of the failure at the scribe—the representative creepage of corrosion away from the scribe. Procedure B involves a rating of the failure in the unscribed areas in terms of the percentage which shows corrosion coming through the film. In this way, not only the bulk corrosion-inhibiting action of a pigment through the binder can be rated, but also its “throwing power”.

[0770] 4) Comparison Examples

[0771] Zinc and strontium chromates are commercial CrVI-based pigments used extensively to provide corrosion protection to metal surfaces. These pigments were used as performance baselines to determine the effectiveness of permanganate-based pigment compositions developed using the methodology described in this specification.

[0772] Chromate pigments were precipitated from aqueous solutions and incorporated into PVB wash primer formulations so that each primer sample had the same molar quantity of hexavalent chromium. These primers were then applied to 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy samples. After the-samples had dried for 24 hours, they were scribed and the-edges of each sample taped to eliminate edge effects. These samples were then exposed to 168 hours of both ASTM B-117 and G-85.5. Magnesium chromate is so soluble in aqueous solution that the resin began to cross-link immediately, even before the phosphoric acid diluent was added to the PVB pigment mixture. PVB based paints containing magnesium chromate pigments performed well initially (the first 4 days of the test) but began to degrade rapidly as the chromate was depleted. Insoluble bismuth chromate appeared to enhance the effects of corrosion and performed worse than PVB samples that contained no pigment. Zinc and strontium species with intermediate aqueous solubility provided the greatest corrosion inhibition of the chromate pigments when used in the PVB wash primer.

[0773] Table 7 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated with PVB combined with zinc and strontium chromate corrosion inhibiting pigments. For each pigment, the first row shows the results on 2024-T3, and the second row shows the results on 7075-T6. The zinc and strontium chromate treated samples performed well during their period of exposure as is expected from the current state-of-the-art. Minor differences in performance as a function of substrate composition were noted.

8TABLE 7Zinc and Strontium Chromate Pigment Accelerated Corrosion Test Results2024-T37075-T62024-T37075-T6B-117B-117G-85G-85HoursStabilizerProc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BProc. AProc. B168Zn as 1.35 g1099910999168zincchromate1099910999168Sr as 1.51 g99999999168strontiumchromate99989999168Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

[0774] 5) MnIII and MnIV Pigments in PVB Resin

[0775] MnIII- and MnIV-valence stabilizer compounds were synthesized using either published literature procedures, or standard organometallic synthesis techniques because optimized MnIII and MnIV corrosion-inhibiting pigment materials are not commercially available. The pigment syntheses were mainly aqueous-based precipitation techniques, although some pigments (i.e., those using some selected organic valence stabilizers) needed alcohol/water mixtures for the synthesis due to the low solubility of the valence stabilizer compound in pure water. Table 8 shows the MnIII- and MnIV-valence stabilizer combinations used for these optimized manganese-containing paints. As can be seen in Table 8, MnIII and MnIV pigments containing both inorganic and organic valence stabilizers were formed.

9TABLE 8Optimized Trivalent and Tetravalent Manganese Pigments PreparedSynthesisAddendumPigmentSolventIonsSynthesis NotesMn+3/phosphotungstateH2OSr, CaOther salts (Mg, Ba, &[11-tungstophospho-Zn) not formedmanganate(III)]Mn+3/molybdate [9-H2OMg, Ca, Zn, Sr, BaAll salts readily formed.molybdo-manganate(III)]Mn+3/iodate [Hexaiodato-H2OH, Ca, Zn, Sr, BaH (acid) salt precip. frommanganate(III)]mother liq.; precip. of Ca,Zn, Sr, and Ba salts; Mgsalt not formedMn+3/vanadate [3-H2ONa, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr,Na salt precip. fromvanado-manganate(III)]Bamother liq.Mn+3/Diethyldithio-H2OSO4−2, PO4−3, WO4−2,MoO4−2,phoshomolybdateMn+3/2-Mercapto-i-PrOH/H2OSO4−2SO4−2 fm. from mother liq.benzimidazoleMn+3/8-Hydroxy-i-PrOH/H2OSO4−2, PO4−3SO4−2 fm. from motherguinolineliq.; PO4−3 on anion addn.

[0776] Table 9 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated with inorganically stabilized MnIII and MnIV pigments in PVB, while Table 10 shows some organically stabilized manganese pigments. Table 9 shows the samples that were produced, as well as the pigment contained within them. Note that the molar concentration of MnIII or MnIV in these paints is much less than that in the zinc chromate primers (7.44×10−3 M). This was done because the molecular weight of the MnIII or MnIV compounds exceeds that of zinc chromate, implying that a much larger mass would be necessary to achieve equal molar concentrations of MnIII or MnIV and CrVI. As can be seen in the corrosion exposure results, even with these much lower molar concentrations of MnIII or MnIV, the “optimized” pigments provided comparable or substantial corrosion protection compared to chromium. These pigments also outperformed by a significant margin those pigments (i.e., molybdates, tungstates, phosphates, borates, cyanamides) containing no inheremt oxidizer properties. For each pigment, the first row shows the performance of one sample under the specified conditions, and the second shows the performance of a duplicate sample under the same conditions. It is also interesting to note the change in performance for the MnIII/MnIV pigments just by altering the solubility control agents.

10TABLE 9Inorganically Stabilized MnIII and Mn IV Wash Primers FormulationsStabilizerInhibitorB-117B-117G-85G-85Solubility Control AgentConc. (M)Proc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BHoursCa as 1.42 g calcium7.44 × 10−4635465761179-molybdomanganate(10% of Cr)63546576117Zn as 1.48 g zinc7.44 × 10−4535477771179-molybdomanganate(10% of Cr)53537687117Sr as 1.53 g strontium7.44 × 10−45—4—65651179-molybdomanganate(10% of Cr)5—5—6565117Ba as 1.64 g barium1.64 × 10−44—3—76871179-molybdomanganate(10% of Cr)4—3—7676117Ba as 2.06 g barium1.49 × 10−353537788144hexaiodatomanganate(20% of Cr)53538877144Mg as 1.28 g7.44 × 10−497787665139magnesium(10% of Cr)13-vanadatomanganate97787676139Ca as 1.32 g calcium7.44 × 10−48776767613913-vanadatomanganate(10% of Cr)87767676139Zn as 1.37 g zinc7.44 × 10−48978767613913-vanadatomanganate(10% of Cr)89787565139Sr as 1.42 g strontium7.44 × 10−47676656513913-vanadatomanganate(10% of Cr)76766666139Ba as 1.53 g barium7.44 × 10−47876666513913-vanadatomanganate(10% of Cr)77767665139Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

[0777]

11

TABLE 10

Organically Stabilized MnIII and Mn IV Wash Primers Formulations

Stabilizer/
Inhibitor
B-117
B-117
G-85
G-85

Solubility Control Agent
Conc. (M)
Proc. A
Proc. B
Proc. A
Proc. B
Hours

Mn+4/DEDT/
1.49 × 10−3
6
5
7
6
168

sulfate
(20% of Cr)

6
5
7
5
168

Mn+4/DEDT/
1.49 × 10−3
7
5
8
7
168

phosphate
(20% of Cr)

7
5
8
7
168

Mn+4/DEDT/
1.49 × 10−3
7
6
7
5
168

molybdate
(20% of Cr)

7
6
7
5
168

Mn+4/DEDT/
1.49 × 10−3
7
5
7
5
168

tungstate
(20% of Cr)

7
5
7
5
168

Mn+3/MBI/
1.49 × 10−3
7
7
6
6
168

sulfate
(20% of Cr)

8
7
6
6
168

Mn+3/HQ/
1.49 × 10−3
6
5
6
5
168

sulfate
(20% of Cr)

6
5
6
5
168

Mn+3/HQ/
1.49 × 10−3
7
6
8
7
168

phosphate
(20% of Cr)

7
6
8
7
168

Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

DEDT = diethyldithiocarbamate,

MBI = mercaptobenzimidazole,

HQ = hydroxyquinoline

[0778] Table 10 shows the results for a few of the organic valence stabilizers evaluated. Due to low substrate supplies, these pigments were only tested on duplicate 2024-T3 aluminum alloy under both ASTM B-117 and G-85 conditions. The molar concentration of MnIII and MnIV in these pigments were also much less than in the standard chromate pigments. Clear progressions in the performance of these pigments as a function of anionic solubility control agents were also observed.

[0779] 6) Calcined MnIII and MnIV Pigments

[0780] Calcined MnIII and MnIV pigments were prepared by mixing oxides, hydroxides, or peroxides of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Bi, Co, Ni, or Fe with manganese oxides such as Mn2O3 or MnO2 and firing in air for up to four hours between 400 and 715° C.±10° C. The ceramic oxide pigments were mixed 1:1 by weight with boiled linseed oil. This mixture was painted on to bare 1008 carbon steel sheet that had been prepared with an alkaline cleaning treatment. An identical steel specimen was painted with red-lead (Pb3O4) and boiled linseed for use as a comparison standard. The painted test panels were allowed to dry for 48 hours, X scribed completely through the coating, and then exposed to ASTM B 117 for 41 hours.

[0781] The Ca-, Zn-, and Sr-containing pigments demonstrated corrosion inhibition performance equal to that of the of the red lead pigments in a side by side comparison. The Ba-containing pigment performed nearly as well as Ca, Zn, and Sr formulations by providing a high degree of surface protection but not quite as good as the red lead standard.

[0782] Chromium- or lead-free pigments based on MnIII and/or MnIV which can be used as replacements for the current CrVI or PbIV pigments can be made. Many synthesis methodologies and procedures are available for those skilled in the art of coordination compound synthesis to produce a multitude of MnIII and/or MnIV corrosion inhibiting pigments. One or two synthesis procedures or solvents are likely to be typical for specific MnIII- or MnIV-valence stabilizer combinations. The methodology described in this specification encompasses the entire range of valence stabilized MnIII or MnIV pigment formulations.

[0783] Pigments formed in accordance with the prior art are not competitive with the present invention. Prior art embodiments require the use of application processes and chemical compounds that do not form pigments containing valence stabilized MnIII- or MnIV-based active corrosion inhibitors that perform equivalent to current effective commercial hexavalent chromium- or tetravalent lead-based pigment systems.

[0784] While the invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes could be made within the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts described. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but that it have the full scope permitted by the language of the following claims.

Non-toxic corrosion-protection pigments based on manganese

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