Non-toxic corrosion-protection pigments based on rare earth elements

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates generally to compositions and methods for the formation of protective, corrosion-inhibiting pigments without the use of chromium in the hexavalent oxidation state. More particularly, this invention relates to non-toxic, corrosion-inhibiting pigments based on tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium and methods of making and using the same.

[0003] Inhibiting the initiation, growth, and extent of corrosion is a significant part of component and systems design for the successful long-term use of metal objects. Uniform physical performance and safety margins of a part, a component, or an entire system can be compromised by corrosion. Magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, titanium and their alloys tend to corrode rapidly in the presence of water due to their low oxidation-reduction (redox) potentials. The high strength 2000 and 7000 series of aluminum alloys are used extensively in aircraft and are very sensitive to corrosive attack. Materials such as steels and carbon fibers with higher redox potentials will form a galvanic couple in water and promote corrosive attack when located near light metal alloys such as aluminum.

[0004] A bare metal surface or one that has been conversion coated, phosphated, sealed, rinsed, or otherwise treated will be protected by the application of a primer paint with a corrosion-inhibiting pigment. As used herein, the term “pigment” means chemically active compounds with the ability to inhibit corrosion at a distance, rather than simple colorants or opacifiers. Oxidative compounds that are effective as corrosion inhibitors tend to be highly colored and/or opaque. An effective corrosion-inhibiting pigment has throwing power and can protect exposed base metal in a scratch or flaw by oxidizing and passivating it at a distance during aqueous corrosion when dispersed in a suitable carrier phase. These compounds are usually solids or liquids that are typically dispersed in a liquid carrier or binder system such as a paint or wash. These compounds may also be used to help inhibit corrosion without a significant liquid carrier using an integral binder and/or a low-volatile application method. Barrier layer formers such as sol-gel coatings or polymeric films are also used, but they tend to have no inherent oxidizing character and no appreciable throwing power, and fail to protect the metal surface when the film is breached.

[0005] Pigments that contain hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are the de facto standard for high-performance corrosion-inhibiting paints and coatings for metal protection and are a typical corrosion inhibitor used to protect aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper and their alloys. Zinc (C.I. Pigment Yellow 36) and strontium (C.I. Pigment Yellow 32) chromate pigments are typically used, although higher-solubility calcium and magnesium chromates have also seen some limited use as pigments. The coating vehicles of these pigments include alkyd-type primers, acrylic primers, and elastomeric sealants, among others. Some transition metal chromate pigments (e.g., complexed with copper, iron, manganese, or cobalt) and organic chromate pigments (e.g., bound with nitrogenous compounds such as guanidinium) have been used in protective coating systems. Barium or lead chromates have also been used as corrosion inhibitors, as well as colorants. Variations in chromate speciation (i.e., what the chromate ions are bound to) will result in significant differences in protection when used as corrosion-inhibiting pigments, due to differences in chromate solubility.

[0006] A clear correlation between performance and solubility of chromate pigments has been shown. However, oxidizing chromates can be dangerous to use as corrosion inhibitors if they are not delivered in sufficient quantity in a timely manner to the location of a coating breach. The chromate composition was far more important to the corrosion-inhibiting performance of the primer film than the organic coating composition.

[0007] A principle use of zinc and strontium chromate pigments is in wash- or etch-primer formulations for aluminum protection. Wash- or etch-primers, which have been used since the 1940s, represent one of the harshest application conditions for chromate pigments. Wash-primers are applied to metal surfaces under acidic conditions where the primer is cured as a corrosion-inhibiting film. Chromate pigment powders dispersed in an alcohol/resin base mixture are combined with an aqueous phosphoric acid diluent solution. The acid roughens the metal surface and initiates cross-linking of the resin to form a pigment-filled polymeric film. The chromate pigment may also be dispersed in other carriers that are not as harsh as the wash primer. However, if a corrosion-inhibiting pigment can survive the harsh conditions of acid diluent, then it can usually be successfully incorporated within other paint, polymeric, or barrier film systems for corrosion inhibition.

[0008] An important use of chromate pigments is in coil coating formulations for steel, zinc-coated steel, or aluminum sheet stock. Coil coatings can represent a challenging application environment for pigments in that cure temperatures for these paints can exceed 100° C. Corrosion-inhibiting pigments for these applications must exhibit both throwing power to inhibit corrosion and be thermally stable at elevated temperatures when incorporated into the paint.

[0009] The use of hexavalent chromium pigments allows a broad range of service conditions to be addressed by tailoring the solubility of the pigment to the application needs. Significant efforts have been made in government and industry to replace CrVI with other metals for corrosion-inhibiting applications due to toxicity, environmental, and regulatory considerations. An effective replacement for hexavalent chromate pigment needs to have throwing power for self-healing coating breeches. “Throwing power” is the ability of a highly oxidized ion, such as hexavalent chromium, to oxidize and passivate the exposed bare metal in a small scratch or flaw.

[0010] A number of materials have been introduced as corrosion-inhibiting replacement pigments for hexavalent chromium-based compounds. Commercially available corrosion-inhibiting pigments including compounds such as molybdates, phosphates, silicates, cyanamides, and borates, which have no inherent oxidizing character, have been used as alternatives to chromate pigments. Coatings that contain these materials can effectively inhibit corrosion as barrier films until the coating is breached, as by a scratch or other flaw. Films or coatings that do not contain oxidizing species can actually enhance corrosion on a surface after failure due to the effects of crevice corrosion.

[0011] Cerium is one non-toxic, non-regulated metal that has been considered as a chromium replacement. Cerium (like chromium) exhibits more than one oxidation state (Ce+3 and Ce+4). In addition, the oxidation-reduction potential is comparable to that of CrVI in acidic solutions. For example, in acid solution:

Ce+4+e−

Ce+3+1.72 V

Cr+6+3e−

Cr+3+1.36 V

[0012] The CeIV ion is a very good oxidizing species with an oxidation-reduction potential of +1.72 V (at pH 0). The hydroxyl and oxygen liberated from water when CeIV is reduced will oxidize nearby bare metal. This results in a passivated metal surface if sufficient oxygen is released. The potential required to reduce tetravalent cerium to trivalent cerium is only 0.36 volts greater than that needed to add three electrons to reduce CrVI to trivalent chromium (CrIII). CeIII is formed during corrosion inhibition by the oxidation of base metal in the presence of CeIV and water. CeIII is similar to CrIII in that neither is particularly effective as a redox-based corrosion inhibitor.

[0013] Praseodymium and terbium also exhibit more than one oxidation state (Pr+3 and Pr+4; Th+3 and Th+4). Tetravalent praseodymium and terbium are even stronger oxidizing agents than cerium (with calculated redox potentials of +3.2 V in acidic solution (Nugent, L. J., et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33: 2503-2530, 1971):

Pr+4+e−

Pr+3+3.2 V

Tb+4+e−

Tb+3+3.2 V

Cr+6+3e−

Cr+3+1.36 V

[0014] The potential required to reduce PrIV to PrIII or TbIV to TbIII is over 1.8 volts greater than that to add three electrons to reduce CrVI to trivalent chromium (CrIII). PrIII or TbIII are formed during corrosion inhibition by the oxidation of base metal in the presence of PrIV or TbIV and water. PrIII and TbIII are similar to CrIII in that neither is particularly effective as a redox-based corrosion inhibitor.

[0015] A number of pigments using cerium, terbium, and/or praseodymium have been reported in the literature, but none approach the general performance or utility of CrVI-based pigments. Tetravalent cerium oxide (CeO2) and hydrated oxide pigments have been disclosed for corrosion protective coatings. However, the coatings formed provide only limited protection and do not approach the benefit derived from the use of hexavalent chromium.

[0016] A number of compounds have been described as cerium-, terbium-, or praseodymium-containing colorants or corrosion-inhibiting agents, including azo dyes, amidosulfonic acid derivatives, triazinedithiols, and triazinetrithiols. However, the rare earth is always described as being in the trivalent charge state. The pigments formed from these compounds provide only limited corrosion protection and do not approach the benefit derived from the use of hexavalent chromium.

[0017] Examples of the use of tetravalent cerium oxide pigments include Netherlands Application No. 6,601,070 to Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd. (see Chemical Abstracts, vol. 65, col. 18303 (1966) (Abstract)) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,763,569 to Bradstreet et al. In addition, combinations of cerium oxides with transition or alkaline earth metal oxides are described as pigments in U.S. Pat. No. 2,661,336 to Lederer and U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,402 Speer et al., European Application No. EP 0 803 471 A2 to Degussa Aktiengesellschaft, and U.S. application Publication Ser. No. 2002/0,034,644 A1 by Swiler et al. The pigments are described as being colorants or polishing additives.

[0018] Rare earth sulfides have also been described as colorant pigments. Examples include European Patent No. EP 0 680 930 B1 to Rhodia Chimie; U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,473 B1 to Aubert et al.; and PCT International Application Nos. WO 00/00431 and WO 00/73210 A1 to Rhodia Chimie, and WO 01/42371 A1 and WO 01/74714 A1 to Rhodia Terres Rares.

[0019] Cerium and alkali- or alkaline-earth molybdates have been described as colorant pigments in PCT International Application No. WO 98/00367 to Rhone Poulenc Chimie. Cerium and alkali- or alkaline-earth titanates have also been described as colorants in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,011 B1 to Hedouin et al. French Patent No. 2 785 896 to Rhodia Chimie describes the use of cerium (both trivalent and tetravalent) stannate as colorant pigments. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,678 to Huguenin et al. describes the use of rare earth borates as luminophoric pigments.

[0020] Examples of trivalent cerium complexed with organic reagents include U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,709 to Shinohara, et al. British Patent No. 1,131,104 to Cooper et al., and British Patent No. 565,951 to Kvalnes et al. These pigments are described as colorants. Japanese Patent No. 9-188827 to Oshiumi et al. describes the formation of a colorant pigment formed by the action of cerium oxide or tetravalent cerium sulfate with organic dyes.

[0021] Japanese Patent No. 2-49075 to Yoneda, et al. describes the use of heteropoly acids containing cerium (among other metals) as being useful for antistatic coatings. PCT International Application No. WO 00/49098 to Rhodia Chimie describes the use of cerium oxide with organic liquids and ampophilic compounds to produce a sol which can be used as diesel fuel additives or for cosmetics.

[0022] Japanese Patent No. 6-101075 to Okuda et al. describes the use of trivalent cerium phosphate compound (among other phosphates) as an anticorrosive compound. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,588 to Miller describes the use of cerous (trivalent cerium) molybdate as a corrosion and crack growth inhibitor for use in coating and sealing compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,560 to DePue et al. describes the use of trivalent cerium acetate or molybdate as an anticorrosive agent for aluminum flake. The commonality between all three of these patent references is the use of trivalent cerium compounds. Trivalent cerium compounds utilized as pigments offer minimal corrosion protection due to lack of throwing power.

[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,139 to Shimakura et al. describes the use of triazinethiol derivatives in combination with metal ions as chrome-free anticorrosive coatings. The use of cerium is described (among other metals), but not the use of tetravalent cerium.

[0024] The use of colloidal suspensions of tetravalent cerium oxide (CeO2) in anticorrosive coatings is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,330 and 5,733,361 to Chane-Ching et al.; and PCT International Application Nos. WO 96/26255 to Rhone Poulenc Chimie, and WO 01/36331 A1 and WO 01/38225 A1 to Rhodia Terres Rares. CeO2 exhibits a solubility that is too low for effective release of corrosion-inhibiting tetravalent cerium ions, implying that the anticorrosive effects of these colloidal suspensions is inferior to that described in the current art. Pigments are not typically used as aqueous colloidal suspensions.

[0025] U.S. application Ser. No. 432,610 filed Oct. 4, 1982 (see Nonferrous Metals, vol. 99, No. 56, p. 297 (1983) (Abstract)) describes the use of sodium dichromate, sodium tetraborate, sodium nitrite, sodium molybdate, ammonium hexanitratocerate, potassium hexachloropalladate, and lanthanum nitrate as crack-arresting compounds for high-strength alloys. These compounds are used in conjunction with methyl trialkyl (C8-C10) ammonium chloride and tricapryl (C6) methyl ammonium chloride as phase transfer catalysts for the organic phase. These compositions are not applied as pigments, but rather as hydrocarbon-washes.

[0026] U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,652 to Hager et al. describes the use of polymeric or sol-gel films in conjunction with mixtures of rare earth esters (such as acetates or oxalates), vanadates of alkali or alkaline earths, and alkali borates to provide corrosion protection. In other embodiments, the use of a rare earth chloride is described. However, Hager er al. do not describe cerium in the tetravalent oxidation state as being necessary to impart corrosion protection.

[0027] An aqueous dispersion of a cerium compound with other rare earth elements, transition metals, aluminum, gallium, or zirconium is described for anticorrosive agents in PCT International Application No. WO 01/55029 A1 to Rhodia Terres Rares. Similarly, an aqueous dispersion of cerium oxide in combination with additives such as beta-diketones, alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids, beta-hydroxycarboxylic acids, or diols is described for anticorrosive agents in U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,677 to Cabane et al. Neither of these references define the need for cerium to be in the tetravalent oxidation state to achieve anticorrosive effects. Pigments are not typically used as aqueous colloidal suspensions.

[0028] U.S. application Publication Ser. No. 2003/0,024,432 A1 by Chung et al. describes an anti-corrosive surface treatment comprising, inter alia, an organometallic compound that can include cerium (i.e., cerium acetate hydrate, cerium acetylacetonate hydrate, cerium 2-ethylhexanolate, i-propoxycerium, cerium stearate, and cerium nitrate). The disclosed coating is an anti-corrosive sol-gel that produces an adhesive film interface between a metal surface and an organic matrix resin or adhesive. In addition, U.S. application Publication Ser. No. 2003/0,019,391 A1 by Kendig describes a corrosion inhibitor comprising an oxo-anion and a cation that is capable of inhibiting the propagation of pit corrosion on the surface of coated metal substrates, which coating can comprise a pigment. The cation can be a rare earth metal including cerium and praseodymium, inter alia. However, neither Kendig nor Chung et al. describe the need for cerium to be in the tetravalent oxidation state for corrosion inhibition.

[0029] U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,876 B1 to Ishii et al. discloses a process for hydrophilic treatment of an aluminum material comprising a primary step, wherein the primer contains the nitrate or related compound of a metal selected from aluminum, zirconium, cerium, chromium, and iron. The nitrate or related compound of a metal forms primer films that are corrosion-resistant, colorless, and transparent.

[0030] Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,846 B1 to Kaupp et al. discloses a process for producing a corrosion-stable aluminum-based metal pigment. In accordance with this process, a passivating protective layer is applied on the free metal surfaces of the pigment, which protective layer can comprise at least one of the following elements Al, Sn, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Zn and Ce. However, tetravalent cerium is not described.

[0031] To date, no truly effective replacements have been developed for pigments based on CrVI. Accordingly, the need remains for improved corrosion-protective pigments composed of currently unregulated and/or nontoxic materials which have an effectiveness, ease of application, and performance comparable to current CrVI pigment formulations, and for methods of making and using the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0032] This need is met by the present invention which represents a significant improvement in the formulation of non-toxic pigments through the use of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium. Although the present invention is not limited to specific advantages or functionality, it is noted that the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments of the present invention have been demonstrated with accelerated corrosion testing to retard corrosion to a higher degree than other known cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments and other alternatives to CrVI-based corrosion-inhibiting pigments. These pigments have been tested to inhibit corrosion to the same degree as zinc and strontium chromate-based CrVI pigments. The raw materials are not exotic, are relatively inexpensive, and do not require complicated synthesis methods.

[0033] The present invention utilizes “valency stabilization” of the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ions in the as-formed pigments to achieve corrosion resistance comparable to chromate-based CrVI pigments. More specifically, in order to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance, the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-based pigment exhibits the following characteristics:

[0034] 1) The corrosion-inhibiting pigment contains a suitable source of oxidizing species. These species quickly oxidize bare metal and form a protective surface if bare metal is exposed in a coating breach.

[0035] 2) A valence stabilizer for the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ion is employed to ensure that the ion will not be reduced too quickly to the trivalent state when released into solution or in the coating. Stabilizing the cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ion in its tetravalent charge state was not previously recognized as important to the corrosion-inhibiting function of a pigment.

[0036] 3) The CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV pigment powder is a “sparingly soluble” compound in water when dispersed in its binder-carrier system. If the pigment is too insoluble in a selected coating system that requires inhibitor release, an insufficient amount of corrosion inhibitor will be delivered to a flaw. A poorly formed, incomplete oxide layer produced by a pigment of too low solubility for a given binder-carrier system will not only fail to inhibit corrosion, but can promote crevice corrosion and result in locally enhanced corrosion rates.

[0037] The reservoir of oxidizing ions can be quickly flushed away if the pigment is too soluble, and typical corrosion will begin. Highly soluble pigments are also known to result in osmotic blistering of paint films and coatings. Tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments that are too soluble can also be responsible for osmotic blistering depending on the aqueous permeability of the carrier film.

[0038] It is difficult to place specific solubility values to these optimum “sparingly soluble” pigment materials because there appear to be several variables associated with what makes an optimum anticorrosive pigment material (e.g., specific resin/binder system in which it is placed). If the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigment exhibits solubilities in water of between about 1×10−4 and about 1×10−1 moles per liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium, then appreciable corrosion inhibition will be observed in the binder systems that typically incorporate zinc or strontium chromates. Pigments that incorporate stabilized tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds that fall outside of this particular range may also exhibit some corrosion inhibition. For example, pigments with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−5 moles per liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium at standard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) will exhibit some corrosion resistance in certain binder systems, although not as great as those compounds which fall within the optimum solubility range. The solubility characteristics of the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium in the pigment can be controlled through the use of valence stabilizer materials that form compounds that fall within the desired solubility range. A “controlled release” of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium can thus be achieved similar to the “timed release” of hexavalent chromium in the “state-of-the-art” systems.

[0039] 4) The “valence stabilizer” optionally helps establish an electrostatic barrier layer around the cation-stabilizer compound in aqueous solutions. The nature and character of the electrostatic double-layer surrounding the cation-stabilizer compound may be controlled and modified by careful selection of stabilizer species. In general, the electrostatic double layer formed acts to protect the cation from premature reaction with hydronium, hydroxide, and other ions in solution. The formation of electrostatic barrier layers also helps to impede the passage of corrosive ions through the binder phase to the metallic surface.

[0040] 5) The tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigment material may also exhibit ion exchange behavior towards corrosion promoting ions, particularly alkali species. This optional consideration can be important because alkali ions are aggressive aqueous corrosion enhancers in alloys that contain metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or zinc.

[0041] 6) The cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complex can optionally exhibit a color change between the tetravalent and trivalent oxidation states. This color change can act as a metric to determine when the “throwing power” associated with the pigments is no longer available, and when the paint system in which it is contained needs to be replaced. For this reason, it is also optionally important that the color of these pigments that exhibit a color change between trivalent and tetravalent oxidation states is light-fast (i.e., not changed by exposure to strong light).

[0042] The effectiveness of an oxidizing species is a function of its individual oxidation-reduction potential, and more highly oxidized species exhibit greater corrosion protection, although lower stability. A stabilizer is necessary to provide a timed release of the inhibitor ion, as well as being needed to ensure that the oxidative strength will not be reduced too rapidly. Thus, a valence stabilizer is needed for the tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ion because of its reactivity and to produce controlled tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium solubilities. The corrosion resistance of a number of aluminum alloys as tested using both ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85 has been enhanced through the use of stabilized tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments. Not only do these optimized pigments retard corrosion to a higher degree than other prior art cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments, but their corrosion resistance is comparable to that of hexavalent chromium systems.

[0043] In one aspect, the invention comprises a mechanistic and chemical approach to the production of corrosion-inhibiting pigments using tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium. This approach uses stabilizer materials which form compounds with tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium that are sparingly soluble in aqueous solution typically in a range of approximately 1×10−1 to 1×10−4 moles/liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium. This solubility range provides a release of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium at a rate slow enough that most binder systems will provide protection for an extended period of time and fast enough to inhibit corrosion during conventional accelerated corrosion testing methods such as ASTM B-117 and G-85. Compounds that fall slightly outside of this solubility range (as high as 1×100 to as low as 5×10−5 moles/liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium) may also provide some corrosion-inhibiting activity under certain conditions and binder systems. However, pigment compounds with aqueous solubilities far outside of the target range are likely to be inefficient corrosion inhibitors. Solubility control can be achieved using organic or inorganic stabilizer materials.

[0044] In an optional aspect, the invention is the achievement of corrosion-resistant pigments using tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium by the use of stabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit electrostatic dipoles to form electrostatic barrier layers composed of ions such as hydronium (H3O30 ) or hydroxide (OH−) in the presence of water. The formation of these electrostatic barrier layers through the use of stabilizer materials can be achieved using organic or inorganic materials.

[0045] In another optional aspect, the invention is the achievement of corrosion-resistant pigments using tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium by the use of stabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit ion exchange behavior towards alkali ions. The formation of this ion exchange behavior can be achieved through the use of organic or inorganic materials.

[0046] In yet another optional aspect, the decomposition temperature of the tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complex upon which the pigment is based should be above about 100° C. In addition, the melting temperature of the complex is typically above about 50° C., although lower-melting complexes may have some applications.

[0047] In still another optional aspect, the cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complex upon which the pigment is based should exhibit a color change between the tetravalent and trivalent oxidation states. This allows for a visual metric of when the pigment has lost its “throwing power”, and the binder system within which it is contained must be replaced. Therefore, it is desirable that the color of these pigments be light-fast.

[0048] These CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV compounds represent a substantial performance improvement over prior art related to pigment alternatives (including those based on cerium) used to replace CrVI-based corrosion-inhibiting pigments. They also provide a capability to tailor the corrosion-inhibiting pigment to the carrier system. This allows current binder/resin systems used for chromates to be used for CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-based systems without modification. Likewise, new binder/carrier/resin systems with improved physical properties can be developed without the restriction of compatibility with zinc or strontium chromate pigments.

[0049] The raw materials needed for the solutions used to form these coatings are relatively inexpensive. The pigments do not use exotic materials or require complicated synthesis methods.

[0050] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide non-toxic, corrosion-protective pigments based on tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium and methods of making and using the same. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the invention. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0051] A. Starting Materials

[0052] Four general starting materials are used for the preparation of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium corrosion-inhibiting pigments. These include a cerium, praseodymium, or terbium source, an oxidation source (if the precursor is a trivalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium salt), a valence stabilizer source, and optional additional solubility control agents.

[0053] 1) Cerium, Praseodymium, or Terbium Source

[0054] Cerium, praseodymium, and terbium are nontoxic, non-regulated replacement metals for chromium that exhibit more than one oxidation state (CeIII and CeIV, as well as PrIII and PrIV, or TbIII and TbIV). The oxidation-reduction potential for CeIV-CeIII is comparable to that of the CrVI-CrIII couple, and the oxidation-reduction potentials for PrIV-PrIII or TbIV-TbIII are much higher than the CrVI-CrIII couple. The ionic radii of CeIV (87 pm), PrIV (85 pm), and TbIV (76pm) are larger than the CrVI ion (44 pm), and they will have a correspondingly lower charge density (electrostatic field) per ion as compared to hexavalent chromium. These factors are important in the selection and design of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds that match or exceed the performance of hexavalent chromium pigments. Forming a compound with the aqueous solubility required of a corrosion-inhibiting pigment is problematic because of the need to retain its oxidation state on drying and later during exposure to the corrosive environment.

[0055] a) Cerium Sources for Anticorrosive Pigments

[0056] Cerium precursors can be nearly any water, alcohol, or hydrocarbon soluble cerium compound in which the cerium has either a trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state. Water-soluble precursors are typically used. Inorganic trivalent cerium (“cerous”) precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, cerous nitrate, cerous sulfate, cerous perchlorate, cerous chloride, cerous fluoride, cerous bromide, cerous iodide, cerous bromate, and complex fluorides such as cerous fluosilicate, cerous fluotitanate, cerous fluozirconate, cerous fluoborate, and cerous fluoaluminate. Organometallic trivalent cerium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, cerous formate, cerous acetate, cerous propionate, cerous butyrate, cerous glycolate, cerous lactate, cerous sulfonate, cerous alkylsulfonate, cerous alkoxysulfonate, cerous aromatic sulfonate, cerous aromatoxysulfonate, cerous sulfamate, cerous alkylphosphates, and cerous acetylacetonate. Complex trivalent cerium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, ammonium cerous sulfate, ammonium cerous nitrate, ammonium cerous oxalate, magnesium cerous nitrate, magnesium cerous sulfate, alkali cerous nitrate, and alkali cerous sulfate.

[0057] The cerium precursor may also be a compound with cerium already in the tetravalent oxidation state (“ceric”). These compounds include, but are not restricted to, ceric chloride, ceric fluoride, ceric perchlorate, ceric sulfate, ceric nitrate, ceric acetate, ceric propionate, ceric butyrate, ammonium ceric nitrate, ammonium ceric sulfate, magnesium ceric nitrate, magnesium ceric sulfate, alkali ceric nitrate, and alkali ceric sulfate.

[0058] Insoluble trivalent or tetravalent cerium compounds may be acceptable in some syntheses. Examples of insoluble trivalent cerium compounds include cerous carbonate, cerous phosphate, cerous sulfide, cerous fluorocarbonate, cerous benzoate, cerous oxalate, cerous malonate, cerous tartrate, cerous malate, cerous citrate, cerous thiocyanate, cerous salicylate, cerous oxide, and cerous hydroxide. Examples of insoluble tetravalent cerium precursors are ceric oxide, ceric hydroxide, and ceric sulfide.

[0059] b) Praseodymium Sources for Anticorrosive Pigments

[0060] Praseodymium precursors can be nearly any water, alcohol, or hydrocarbon soluble praseodymium compound in which the praseodymium has a trivalent oxidation state. Water-soluble precursors are typically used. Inorganic praseodymium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, praseodymium nitrate, praseodymium sulfate, praseodymium perchlorate, praseodymium chloride, praseodymium fluoride, praseodymium bromide, praseodymium iodide, praseodymium bromate, and complex fluorides such as praseodymium fluosilicate, praseodymium fluotitanate, praseodymium fluozirconate, praseodymium fluoborate, and praseodymium fluoaluminate. Organometallic praseodymium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, praseodymium formate, praseodymium acetate, praseodymium propionate, praseodymium lactate, praseodymium benzenesulfonate, and praseodymium acetylacetonate. Complex praseodymium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, ammonium praseodymium sulfate, ammonium praseodymium nitrate, magnesium praseodymium nitrate, magnesium praseodymium sulfate, alkali praseodymium nitrate, and alkali praseodymium sulfate.

[0061] Insoluble trivalent praseodymium compounds may be acceptable in some syntheses. Examples of insoluble trivalent praseodymium compounds include praseodymium carbonate, praseodymium phosphate, praseodymium sulfide, praseodymium benzoate, praseodymium tartrate, praseodymium oxalate, praseodymium malonate, praseodymium malate, praseodymium citrate, praseodymium thiocyanate, praseodymium salicylate, praseodymium hydroxide, and praseodymium III oxide (Pr2O3). Examples of insoluble tetravalent praseodymium precursors are praseodymium IV oxide, including both PrO2 and Pr6O11.

[0062] c) Terbium Sources for Anticorrosive Pigments

[0063] Terbium precursors can be nearly any water, alcohol, or hydrocarbon soluble terbium compound in which the terbium has a trivalent oxidation state. Water-soluble precursors are typically used. Inorganic terbium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, terbium nitrate, terbium sulfate, terbium perchlorate, terbium chloride, terbium fluoride, terbium bromide, terbium iodide, terbium bromate, and complex fluorides such as terbium fluosilicate, terbium fluotitanate, terbium fluozirconate, terbium fluoborate, and terbium fluoaluminate. Organometallic terbium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, terbium formate, terbium acetate, terbium propionate, terbium lactate, terbium benzenesulfonate, and terbium acetylacetonate. Complex terbium precursor compounds include, but are not limited to, ammonium terbium sulfate, ammonium terbium nitrate, magnesium terbium nitrate, magnesium terbium sulfate, alkali terbium nitrate, and alkali terbium sulfate.

[0064] Insoluble trivalent terbium compounds may be acceptable in some syntheses. Examples of insoluble trivalent terbium compounds include terbium carbonate, terbium phosphate, terbium sulfide, terbium benzoate, terbium tartrate, terbium oxalate, terbium malonate, terbium malate, terbium citrate, terbium thiocyanate, terbium salicylate, terbium hydroxide, and terbium III oxide (Tb2O3). Examples of insoluble tetravalent terbium precursors are terbium IV oxide, including both TbO2 and Tb4O7.

[0065] d) Mixed Cerium, Praseodymium, and Terbium Sources

[0066] It is also possible to use mixtures of cerium, praseodymium, and/or terbium sources as feedstock for material preparation. Inclusion of other rare earths (such as yttrium, lanthanum, or neodymium) that cannot be oxidized to the tetravalent state is also permissible. Additionally, minerals that serve as ores for rare earths are ideal source materials for this application. For example, sulfuric acid is often applied to rare earth ores to separate the rare earth mixtures (REM) from native rock. If these sulfuric acid extracts were in turn to be supplied with oxidizers and valence stabilizers, source material for this application is achieved. Examples of rare earth-containing minerals suitable for this application are bastnaesite [(REM)CO3F], monazite [(REM)PO4], xenotime [(REM)PO4], loparite [(REM,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O3], lanthanite [(REM)2(CO3)3], rhabdophane [(REM)PO4], fergusonite [(REM)NbO4], cebaite [Ba3(REM)2(CO3)5F2], aeschynite [(Ca,REM)(Ti,Nb)(O,OH)6], lucasite [(REM)Ti2(O,OH)6], stillwellite [(REM,Ca)BSiO5], samarskite [(REM,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16], parisite [Ca(REM)2(CO3)3F2], gadolinite [Be2Fe(REM)2Si2O10], fluocerite [(REM)F3], cerianite [(REM)O2-3), churchite [(REM)PO4], or combinations thereof.

[0067] e) Throwing Power of Tetravalent Cerium, Praseodymium and Terbium Compounds

[0068] CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV are capable of providing corrosion protection at a distance to a metal surface in the presence of coating flaws such as scrapes, scratches, and holes because of their throwing power. The solubility of the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV compound can be tailored to suit the needs of the protection system and should be neither too high, nor too low in that system. The protective system includes the binder phase, assorted modifiers, and under- and over-coatings. The system can be performance matched to its intended usage environment. Timely release and throwing power of the inhibitor are basic to protective performance, but controlled tailoring of these characteristics has not been taught in the prior art. Likewise, the body of systematic chemistry data needed to control these properties has not been readily available in a form useful to help design coatings. The present invention outlines how to stabilize CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV with a variety of materials so the CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV may be adapted to a multitude of pigment applications with specific compatibility requirements.

[0069]

2
) Oxidation Source

[0070] If CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV pigment compounds are produced via precipitation, an oxidizing species will typically be included in the synthesis solution if trivalent compounds are used as precursors for CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV. Otherwise, a post-precipitation oxidation step will be necessary. Additional amounts of oxidizer may be added to help control and maintain a desired amount of CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV in the pigment solution by reoxidizing CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV that has become reduced. The tetravalent cerium ion is an exceptionally good oxidizing species with an oxidation-reduction potential of +1.72 V at a pH of 0 for the CeIV-CeIII couple in water, and the tetravalent praseodymium and terbium ions are even stronger oxidizing species, with redox potentials of approximately +3.2 V under similar conditions. Strong oxidizers are utilized because of the high potential of their redox reaction. The oxidizers may be gases, liquids, or solids. Solid oxidizers are typically used for this application due to ease of handling and reagent measurement. Other starting materials (cerium, praseodymium or terbium source and stabilizer source) will also frequently be solids. Liquid oxidizers may be used, but handling and accurate process metering have proven difficult. Gaseous oxidizers may be the most cost effective and chemically efficient on a large scale, but are also the most problematic due to handling and venting concerns.

[0071] Oxidizers suited for the purpose of producing and maintaining the cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ions in the tetravalent charge state include, but are not restricted to, peroxides and peroxo compounds (including superoxides, persulfates, perborates, pernitrates, perphosphates, percarbonates, persilicates, peraluminates, pertitanates, perzirconates, permolybdates, pertungstates, pervanadates, and organic peroxyacid derivatives), ozone, hypochlorites, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, nitrites, vanadates, iodates, hypobromites, chlorites, bromates, permanganates, periodates, and dissolved gases such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine. Inorganic and organic derivatives of these compounds may be used. Typical oxidizers for this use are peroxides, persulfates, perbenzoates, periodates, bromates, hypochlorites, gaseous dissolved oxygen, and even the oxygen content of air. In general, any inorganic, organic, or combination species with an oxidation potential of+1.6 V or greater (at a pH of 1) will be capable of oxidizing trivalent cerium to the tetravalent oxidation state. To prepare tetravalent praseodymium or terbium, extremely strong oxidizers, preferably with an oxidation potential greater than +2.0 V (at a pH of 1) will be adequate.

[0072] Oxidized cerium, praseodymium, or terbium may also be produced in solution by electrolytic oxidation. However, this approach may not be economically feasible due to the energy costs associated with electrolytic oxidation. Chemical oxidation, such as that described above, currently offers the best-value approach for oxidizing cerium, praseodymium, or terbium to the tetravalent state.

[0073] It is also possible to produce a trivalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complex, and then apply an oxidizer to oxidize to tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium. This, however, is less typical because the percentage of tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium will decrease from the outside to the interior of the pigment particle.

[0074] 3) Valence Stabilizers

[0075] Cerium, praseodymium, or terbium are effective as oxidative corrosion inhibitors if they can be supplied in sufficient quantities in the tetravalent charge-state when brought into contact with unprotected bare metal. Corrosion resistance comparable to that of CrVI can be achieved by the use of CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV oxidizer ions in pigment compounds. Valence stabilizers are materials that, when assembled, modify the rate of reduction and the solubility of the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions. Valence stabilization has not been previously recognized as an important consideration in the development of effective corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Stabilization helps avoid reduction and premature conversion of the ion to the trivalent charge-state during compound formation, carrier incorporation, application, and exposure to a corrosive environment. Stabilizers control solubility, mobility, ion exchange, binder compatibility, and the degree of surface wetting. The exact solubility of this compound may be modified by species released into solution by the dissolving metal surface or by the subsequent addition of solubility control agents. A variety of inorganic and organic stabilizers are available that can serve to control solubility. The stabilizer may also act as an ion-exchange host and/or trap for alkali or halide ions in solution.

[0076] Valence stabilization is necessary for CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV due to the reactivity of these ions with water. Unlike CeIII, PrIII, or TbIII, which can readily be solubilized in water, CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV ions rapidly react with water, producing elemental oxygen. Valence stabilization is particularly useful for the more soluble CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV compounds (i.e., >1×10−5 moles/liter of inhibitor ion) where more rapid release rates of these ions are necessary. For example, ceric oxide (CeO2) is so insoluble that its solubility has never been accurately determined. The more soluble “hydrated” ceric oxide (ceric hydroxide—Ce(OH)4) is reported to exhibit a solubility product in water between 4.2×10−51 and 1.5×10−51, resulting in a cerium solubility of approximately 5×10−12 moles/liter Ce+4 (see Tarayan, V. M. and Eliazyan, L. A., Izvest. Akad. Nauk Armyan. S. S. R., Ser. Khim. Nauk 10: 189-93 (1957) in General and Physical Chemistry, vol. 2, col. 9722 (1958) (Abstract)). Similarly, tetravalent praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) is reported to exhibit solubility in water of 6.5×10−7 moles/liter Pr+4 (see Busch, W., Z. anorg. allgem. Chem. 161: 161-79 (1927) in Chemical Abstracts, vol. 21, p. 2412 (Abstract)). For these low solubility compounds, oxygen (O) alone is a satisfactory “valence stabilizer”, but the release rates of Ce+4 or Pr+4 are too low to compare adequately to Cr+6 from zinc or strontium chromate. Specialized valence stabilizers are necessary for CeIV and PrIV compounds of solubilities higher than 1×10−5 moles/liter Ce+4 or Pr+4.

[0077] The solution to providing a useful source of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium at a metal surface is the creation of a compound in which the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion is shielded from premature reduction during and after pigment formation. The formation of pigments with the proper release rate of CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions is problematic because of the instability of CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV in solution. A valence stabilizer must assemble around CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV to form a compound in order to produce the active corrosion-inhibiting component in a pigment. It is difficult to place specific solubility values to these optimum sparingly soluble pigments because of the wide range of binder systems in which corrosion-inhibiting pigments are used.

[0078] In order to replace the zinc chromates or strontium chromate pigments, a CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-stabilized compound with a solubility in water of between about 1×10=31 1 and about 1×10−4 moles per liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium should exhibit appreciable corrosion inhibition when used as a primer pigment. This solubility range provides a release of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium at a rate slow enough that protection will be provided for an extended period of time and fast enough to inhibit corrosion during conventional accelerated corrosion testing methods such as ASTM B-117 and G-85 for coatings that contain these pigments. Cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds that fall outside of this particular solubility range may exhibit a small degree of corrosion inhibition in the binder systems that currently use the zinc or strontium chromate pigments. For example, compositions with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles per liter or as low as 1×10−5 moles per liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium will exhibit some corrosion resistance, although they will not be as effective as those compounds within the optimum solubility range. The common CeIV compounds, such as the perchlorate, ammonium ceric nitrate, and ammonium ceric sulfate are too soluble to provide effective corrosion inhibition if incorporated into a binder system such as a paint. Other compounds, such as CeO2 as described in the prior art, will not serve as effective corrosion-inhibiting pigments in the binder systems that currently use the zinc or strontium chromate pigments because they are too insoluble.

[0079] The needed solubility will be strongly dependent on the net aqueous solubility of overlying paints and coatings and their usage environment. For example, solubility tailoring would be useful in a situation where a protected substrate is suddenly immersed in seawater, or where a rubber sealant allows only limited water penetration. Adequate corrosion protection could be achieved through the formation of a tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigment compound that exhibits a higher solubility in water (e.g., 1×100 to 1×10−3 moles per liter CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV). A rapid release of protective tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ions would happen at the expense of depleting the tetravalent ion quickly from the coating. Tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments of lower solubilities (e.g., 5×10−5 to 1×10−3 moles per liter CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV) may also be useful in some situations (e.g., as paints in nearly pure deoxygenated water). The number and range of compound solubilities offered by valence stabilized CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV compounds allows the development of protective coating systems with broad performance and application ranges. This feature is not presently available even for CrVI-based corrosion-inhibiting pigments.

[0080] Any material in the synthesis bath which complexes with tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium (whether inorganic or organic) and which results in the formation of a CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-containing compound that exhibits solubilities within or near this solubility range can serve as a valence stabilizer for tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium. The assembly of a protective shell around the highly charged CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV and its associated oxygen and hydroxyl species can help control the rate at which the cerium, praseodymium, or terbium is reduced and its oxygen is released. Proper selection of materials for forming the protective shell will allow solubility tailoring of the entire assembly to its intended application environment. Valence stabilizers described above may need some type of additional solubility control to optimize the performance of the tetravalent cerium-, praseodymium-, or terbium-valence stabilizer compound. Additional solubility control agents may be in the form of inorganic or organic compounds. Their use is optional rather than a requirement for effective valence stabilization and solubility control.

[0081] Several variables are associated with making optimized pigments. If the pigment is too insoluble for the specific application, then insufficient tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium is available to inhibit corrosion. Low solubility compounds that do not provide a sufficient amount of oxidation quickly enough to a coating breach may produce an incomplete oxide layer and thus an ineffective barrier film. If the cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigment is too soluble, it will be washed away quickly, and an incomplete thin oxide film will form that will not provide long-term corrosion protection, or osmotic blistering of the paint system may result. The formation of spotty or patchy oxides can promote localized crevice corrosion and can result in enhanced corrosion rates at the breach.

[0082] The traditional chromate pigments are used not only in alkyd resin systems (e.g., DoD-P-15328D Wash Primers), but also in acrylic systems (e.g., MIL-P-28577B Water-Borne Acrylic Primers), and even in sulfonated rubber sealants (e.g., MIL-PRF-81733D Sealing and Coating Compound). Fortunately, it is possible to tailor the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV valence stabilizer compound pigment systems themselves to specific binder/solvent systems using solubility (cohesion) parameters. Solubility parameters define how well an inorganic or organometallic complex will disperse in a given resin/binder system. This represents a radical departure from traditional paint systems, in which the paint systems are configured to specific pigments.

[0083] The formation of an electrostatic double layer can be important for the effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor once it is released into solution during corrosion. There are differences in anodic and cathodic polarization, solubility, and the saturated pH of aqueous solutions of various chromate pigments. The formation of an electrostatic double layer around the pigment while in its carrier film will not be as important as when the species is in solution. For this reason, the development of an electrostatic double layer around the pigment is an optional consideration. For example, zinc chromate pigment-filled paint does not exhibit electrochemical-inhibiting behavior. The carrier film typically behaves as a water impermeable barrier and will muffle the polar character of the pigment. The hexavalent chromium pigments SrCrO4 and ZnCrO4 have very small barrier layers associated with them, but they are effective as corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Optimized solubility for CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compounds alone can result in corrosion resistance comparable to the state-of-the-art chromium pigments. The degree of polarization exhibited by the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions will be less than the CrVI ion because of their larger ionic radius and lower charge-state, and they will not be as efficient in forming electrostatic double layers in aqueous solution. The valence stabilization of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium should be optimized to achieve the highest degree of efficiency in both solubility control and polar character, in order to further enhance the corrosion resistance.

[0084] The nature and character of the “electrostatic double layer” surrounding the tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer compound may be controlled and modified by careful selection of organic or inorganic stabilizers. Characteristics such as the electrical dipole moment and the shape/conformation (for steric effects) of the stabilizer were found to influence the performance of the corrosion-inhibiting pigment. These stabilizer ions establish a protective electrostatic shell around the cation-stabilizer compound and gather additional layers of ions such as hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH−) about them. The size of the electrostatic double layer is a function of the electrostatic potential at the compound surface and is inversely proportional to the ionic strength of the surrounding solution. An electrostatic double layer will likely form in aqueous solution for compounds that can carry a charge, have a natural electrostatic dipole, or can have an induced dipole. However, these compounds do not normally act as corrosion inhibitors because they have not been optimized for that purpose.

[0085] These facts are relevant when tetravalent cerium's propensity for attracting hydroxide species such as OH− in solution is considered. While a tetravalent cerium ion surrounded solely by OH− [i.e., Ce(OH)4] may have a slight degree of aqueous solubility, the much lower charge density (electrostatic field) that is exhibited by Ce+4 (coupled with the muting effect of the surrounding OH− ions) implies that the electrostatic double layer formed around this assemblage will be small. If fewer hydroxide species surround the tetravalent cerium ion (i.e., Ce(OH)22+ or Ce(OH)3+), the electrostatic double layer around these ionic assemblages is increased, which will result in increased corrosion protection. Tetravalent cerium surrounded by no hydroxide species offers the highest degree of corrosion protection.

[0086] A simple laboratory experiment confirms this effect. If tetravalent cerium hydroxide [Ce(OH)4] is placed into deionized water of pH 7, only a minor pH change will be observed, implying that the ionic attraction of this species for hydronium or hydroxide species is minimal. However, if icosahedral Ce(NO3)62− (note that this ion contains no hydroxide) is placed into deionized water of pH 7, a quite remarkable pH drop to −1 can be observed. The released tetravalent cerium ions will scavenge virtually all of the available OH− ions in solution (possibly even degrading H2O itself to obtain OH−), resulting in this dramatic pH drop.

[0087] These factors account for the lower corrosion performance of the hydrous oxides and hydroxides formed in many of the prior art references. Because the electrostatic double layers of hydrated cerium oxides and hydroxides are so small, their ability to impede the progress of corroding species is very low, even in the event that a minor concentration of these complexes become soluble. In fact, any oxo- or hydroxo-coordination greater than 50% on the tetravalent cerium ions (i.e., greater than Ce(OH)22+ or CeO2+) is objectionable. It is also for this reason that this invention does not promote the use of solely hydroxide- or oxide-containing cerium compounds as corrosion-inhibiting pigments.

[0088] The melting point and decomposition temperature of the pigment material are important. Tetravalent cerium-, praseodymium-, or terbium-valence stabilizer compounds that decompose below about 100° C. limit both their useful lifetimes and range of use, although such compounds can be used in some situations. The melting temperature is desirably above about 50° C. to ensure that the liquid phase does not form during normal handling procedures. An additive may be needed for pigments with melting temperatures below about 50° C. Inert solid addendum materials need not have any inherent corrosion-inhibiting capability and are used to provide a base (support) that the pigment can absorb on or into. Oxides, phosphates, borates, silicates, and polymers are examples of support compounds that can be used. Low melting temperature pigments (below about 50° C.) can be used, but they require handling and processing different from higher melting temperature pigments. Liquid-phase corrosion inhibitors based on CeIV, PrIV, TbIV, and CrVI pigments have been demonstrated to provide excellent performance as corrosion inhibitors in primer paint systems.

[0089] The corrosion-inhibiting pigments of the present invention can optionally exhibit a color change between tetravalent species and trivalent species. The implications of these color changes from an applications standpoint are significant. Color changes in the pigment material in use can be used as a metric to determine when the pigment no longer exhibits corrosion-inhibiting action as a result of depleting the oxidized ion. Changes in hue of the pigment can be used to determine how much service life remains for that pigment in terms of corrosion-inhibiting capacity. Valence based color change is an attribute that conventional chromate pigments do not exhibit. The color change associated with the redox reaction of chromate pigments is insignificant as the pigments are reduced and “depleted” of their corrosion-inhibitive capability. Thus, tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer combinations that exhibit these color changes are superior to chromium in terms of providing an easily measured and observed metric to gauge remaining service life of the pigment. However, this color change should not be initiated by exposure to strong light. Light-fast pigments are therefore desirable for these indicator pigments.

[0090] The incorporation of the valence stabilizer (inorganic or organic) may optionally result in the formation of a CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound that also exhibits ion exchange behavior towards alkali ions. This is not a requirement of the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound, and pigments that do not exhibit this phenomenon have been successfully demonstrated to inhibit corrosive attack. However, it is a desirable characteristic for enhanced corrosion resistance. Existing CrVI-based pigment systems do not exhibit this behavior to any significant degree.

[0091] The design of suitable CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compounds allows typical and less typical stabilizers to be identified. The general classes of compounds described below represent only a first approximation of whether a specific coordination compound will provide favorable or unfavorable properties in a CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound. Property tailoring can also take place through selection of specific anions or cations bound to the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer coordination compound. The “physiology” of inorganic stabilizers is simple because of the limited number of atoms and structural arrangements involved in their formation. The “physiology” of organic stabilizers is not as simple. An organically stabilized cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compound may have one or more organic ligands that may have one or more bonding sites that can interact with the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion/oxide cluster. The bonding groups can be the same or different atoms or functional groups on an individual or a variety of ligands. An organic stabilizer ligand can be modified in an unlimited number of ways to tailor its physical behavior with respect to such properties as chemical reactivity, solubility, electrostatic and polar character, and functional behavior.

[0092] It is possible to fine-tune the electronic and structural characteristics of a CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound further via substituent groups on the coordinating ligand, and/or by the selection of cations or anions to complete the charge balance of the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound. For example, some substituent groups have large dipole moments associated with them, which will increase the electrostatic barrier layers associated with the cerium or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complexes. These include: ketones (═C═O), thioketones (═C═S), amides (—C[═O]—NR2), thioamides (—C[═S]—NR2), nitriles or cyano groups (—CN), isocyanides (—NC), nitroso groups (—N═O), thionitroso groups (—N═S), nitro groups (—NO2), azido groups (—N3), cyanamide or cyanonitrene groups (═N—CN), cyanate groups (—O—CN), isocyanate groups (—N═C═O), thiocyanate groups (—S—CN), isothiocyanate groups (—N═C═S), nitrosamine groups (═N—N═O), thionitrosamine groups (═N—N═S), nitramine groups (═N—NO2), thionitramine groups (═N—NS2), carbonylnitrene groups (—CO—N), thiocarbonylnitrene groups (—CS—N), sulfenyl halides (—S—X), sulfoxides (═S═O), sulfones (═S[═O]2), sulfinyl groups (—N═S═O), thiosulfinyl groups (—N═S═S), sulfenyl thiocyanato groups (—S—S—CN), sulfenyl cyanato groups (—S—O—CN), sulfodiimine groups (═S[═NH]2), sulfur dihaloimido groups (—N═SX2), sulfur oxide dihaloimido groups (—N═S[═O]X2), aminosulfur oxide trihalide groups (═N—S[═O]X3), sulfonyl azide groups (—S[═O]2N3), sulfonyl thiocyanate groups (—S[═O]2SCN), sulfonyl cyanate groups (—S[═O]2OCN), sulfonyl cyanide groups (—S[═O]2CN), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]2OX), phosphonyl thiocyanate groups (—P[═O]OHSCN), phosphonyl cyanate groups (—P[═O]OHOCN), and phosphonyl cyanide groups (—P[═O]OHCN). In this way, the characteristics of less typical coordinating ligands may be adjusted so that the resultant CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound does exhibit some degree of corrosion inhibition. Conversely, the physical characteristics of typical coordination compounds can be adjusted so that they are no longer suitable as a corrosion inhibitor.

[0093] Valence stabilizers can be either organic or inorganic compounds. Rare earth coordination chemistry, which has been the subject of numerous scientific studies for almost 100 years, identifies chemical binding preferences, structure stability, and the physical properties of the resulting compounds. Producing effective CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compounds requires understanding the electrostatic and structural influence of candidate species on the compound. The solubility of the valence stabilized CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-compound scales roughly with the inverse of its diameter. The CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV ions and their layer of negatively charged hydroxyl ions are somewhat large, which results in a low degree of aqueous solubility. The field strength of the complex also scales with the inverse of its physical diameter. Large compounds with an optimal degree of solubility will not necessarily be ideal with respect to the size of their electrostatic double layer. The size of the ligand is therefore balanced against the desired electrical properties. The CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV ions generally favor complexation either in the icosahedral (coordination number 12) or octahedral (coordination number 6) arrangements, although they will occasionally be found in a cubic, square antiprismatic, or complex arrangement. Valence stabilizers (and stabilizer combinations) should be selected with the goal of achieving these coordinations.

[0094] Stabilizers can be designed that result in cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds with the necessary physical, electrical, and chemical properties to perform as corrosion inhibitors with this information. The nature of a particular valence stabilizer shell surrounding the cerium, praseodymium, or terbium ion, or combination of valence stabilizers, can be further manipulated by the selection of appropriate “shaping groups” and heteroatoms at the binding site. Inorganic valence stabilizers are typically oxygen-containing coordinations. Therefore, manipulation of different sized octahedra, icosahedra, etc. around the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions can be controlled through adjustment of the heteroatoms (e.g., Mo, W, Te, etc.) within these “polymerized” oxygen-containing ionic complexes (ligands).

[0095] For organic compounds, the physical geometry of the binding sites is important to the stability of the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-stabilizer compound. The influence of site geometry becomes evident when the solvation shell of CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions is replaced by the ligand donor atoms, as when pigments are formed. The number of available ligand binding sites should be at least equal to the standard coordination number of the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion. The balance between solvation of the ligand and CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV and their complexation where CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV is solvated by a specific ligand is important in maintaining stability. CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-ligand attraction increases with the number of available binding sites on the ligand. However, with an increasing number of binding sites, site-site repulsions will also increase, resulting in lower stability.

[0096] The number of binding sites available on the complexing ligand is important to the resulting CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-stabilizer's properties. Several ligands are needed to effectively stabilize CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV if the chosen ligand has only one binding site. For example, six NO3− ligands are needed to icosahedrally coordinate CeIV in a hexanitratocerate(IV) compound because NO3− has only one binding site. Bulky ligands with only one binding site, like pyridine, can be sterically hindered from packing tightly around the ion and will result in decreased compound stability. Conversely, macrocyclic organic and polymeric inorganic ligands can have many suitable binding sites. However, instability will result if a CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion is not completely embraced by all of the multiple macromolecular bonding sites on the ligand. For example, if a macromolecule surrounding the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion has an insufficient number of binding sites available for charge balance, then the CeIV-, PrIV-, TbIV-stabilizer compound will be much less stable than a macromolecule that contains an adequate number of sites.

[0097] The stability of the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-organic compound is strongly influenced by the charge, charge sign, and degree of polarizability of specific binding sites. Factors influencing compound stability include: 1) ion-pair interactions for charged ligands and CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV; 2) ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole interactions for neutral ligands; 3) hydrogen bonding; and 4) the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) rules convention of coordination chemistry. HSAB rules help identify functional groups on ligands that might be effective as binding sites. Optimum binding for organic valence stabilizers to CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV will be with ligands with hard bonding species such as those that contain oxygen or nitrogen. Certain coordination complexes of the soft bases sulfur or phosphorus are also effective for binding with CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV. HSAB rules can also help identify groups that might provide a degree of polarization to the stabilizer because of their large dipole moments. The nature of bonding between the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ion/oxide cluster and the stabilizer ligand can be altered by using a substituent group to modify the stabilizer. Specific interactions between the ligand and CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV can be tailored by substituent group selection coupled with altering the size or geometry of the complexing ligand. Some substituent groups, such as carbonyls (ketones, amides, ureas), nitro groups, cyano groups, and azido groups have large dipole moments. The polarization of the CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-stabilizer can therefore be optimized via evaluation of the effect of ligand type and substituents.

[0098] Finally, the size of the valence stabilizer plays an important role in solubility control of the resultant CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer compound. As the ligand increases in size, it becomes more difficult to keep it in solution, therefore lowering the solubility. However, this is balanced against the fact that as ligands are increased in size, it also becomes more difficult to establish the necessary dipoles at the compound/water interface. The size of the ligand is therefore balanced against the desired electrical properties. The addition (or subtraction) of functional groups on organic valence stabilizers can be used to modify the solubility of the formed Ce+4, Th+4, or Pr+4/valence stabilizer species. For example, the addition of sulfonated groups (—SO3−) to organic valence stabilizers will significantly increase the solubility in water. Other substituent groups that will increase the solubility in water include: carboxyl groups (—CO2—), hydroxyl groups (—OH), ester groups (—CO3—), carbonyl groups (═C═O), amine groups (—NH2), nitrosamine groups (═N—N═O), carbonylnitrene groups (—CO—N), sulfoxide groups (═S═O), sulfone groups (═S[═O]2), sulfinyl groups (—N≡S≡O), sulfodiimines (≡S[≡NH]2), sulfonyl halide groups (—S[═O]2X), sulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2NH2), monohalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2NHX), dihalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]2MX2), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]2OX), halosulfonate amide groups (═N—S[═O]2X), aminosulfonate groups (═N—S[═O]2OH], iminodisulfonate groups (—N[SO3−]2), phosphonate groups (—PO3−2), phosphonamide groups (—PO2NH2−), phosphondiamide groups (—PO[NH2]2), aminophosphonate groups (═N—PO3−2), and iminodiphosphonate groups (—N[PO3−2]2). Conversely, the addition of nitro groups (—NO2), perfluoroalkyl groups (—CxF2x+1), perchloroalkyl groups (—CxCl2x+1), nitramine groups (═N—NO2), thioketone groups (═C═S), sulfenyl halide groups (—S—X), and sulfur dihaloimide groups (—N═SX2) to organic valence stabilizers will decrease the solubility in water. In this way, the solubility characteristics of valence stabilizers can be “tailored” to meet specific binder/resin needs.

[0099] Valence stabilizers and combinations of stabilizers can be manipulated by the selection of “shaping groups” and heteroatoms positioned at the binding site. Saturated organic chains can form flexible ligands that wrap around CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV- and can enhance their stability. Unsaturated organics typically have less freedom to bend and contort and are less likely to be a ligand that can wrap or fit around the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions. Addition of substituents onto an organic ligand may further restrict its freedom to flex. For example, the attachment of a phenyl group onto an organic valence stabilizer that contains two or more binding sites will likely restrict the ability of that ligand to flex around the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions so as to coordinate it as a icosahedral or octahedral complex.

[0100] The physical, chemical, and electrostatic requirements for the design of effective pigments based on CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-stabilizer compounds result in lists of stabilizers that may be divided into wide band or narrow band stabilizer classes for CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV. Wide band valence stabilizers can be used under a wide variety of service conditions (e.g., corroding specie, temperature, etc.) to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance. Wide band physical properties (stability, solubility, and polarization) can be achieved by both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers. The desirable physical property of ion exchange can also be achieved with both inorganic and organic coordination compounds. “Narrow band” valence stabilizers result in satisfactory pigments only under limited applications.

[0101] The compounds listed here are general guides for the initial selection of a coordination compound and do not represent a complete list. Tailoring substituent groups and the selection of cations or anions for charge balance can influence whether a particular CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV- stabilizer compound will have wide band or narrow band corrosion-inhibiting characteristics. Both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers may form compounds with the necessary physical properties of stability, solubility, and polarization to be effective corrosion-inhibiting pigments.

[0102] Because of the much higher oxidation-reduction potential associated with PrIV and TbIV, the choice of suitable valence stabilizers for these species is much more limited and will be dealt with in a separate section (3f). Sections 3a through 3e describe suitable stabilizers for CeIV.

[0103] 3a) Wide Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers for CeIV

[0104] Wide band inorganic valence stabilizers are formed around the CeIV ion by “polymerizing” in synthesis solution. Inorganic wide band valence stabilizers for CeIV for “sparingly soluble” pigments include molybdates (Mo+6, Mo+5, or Mo+4, for example [Ce+4Mo12O42]8−, [Ce+4Mo7O24]2−, and [Ce+42Mo14O48]4−]), tungstates *W+6, W+5, or W+4, for example [Ce+4W12O42]8−, [Ce+4W8O28]4−, and [Ce+4W10O35]6−), vanadates (V+5 or V+4, for example [Ce+4V18O51]8−), niobates (Nb+5 or Nb+4, for example [Ce′4Nb2O6(OH)4]2−), tantalates (Ta+5 or Ta+4, for example [Ce+4Ta2O6(OH)4]2−), tellurates (Te+6 or Te+4, for example Ce+4(TeO4)2), periodates (I+7, for example [Ce+4IO6]1−), iodates (I+5, for example Ce+4(IO3)4), carbonates (C+4, for example [Ce+4(CO3)5]6−), antimonates (Sb+5 or Sb+3), stannates (Sn+4), phosphates (P+5, for example Ce+43(PO4)4, Ce+4(HPO4)2, Ce+4P2O7, and [Ce+4P2O7, nitrates [N+5, for example [Ce+4(NO3)6]2−), bromates (Br+5, for example Ce+4(BrO3)4), and sulfates (S+6, for example [Ce+4(SO4)4]4−). Many of these inorganics form octahedral and icosahedral heteropolymetallate structures on precipitation from solution. For example, tellurate ions begin to polymerize near pH 5 in water and will complex with CeIV ions in basic solution pH's. Therefore, as the pH is raised in the pigment synthesis bath, the tellurate ion polymerizes to polymorphs, which then complex the CeIV ion.

[0105] The general structural aspects of heteropolymetallates are well understood, and the stability of heteropolymetallates as a function of composition and structure is also well-characterized. The relatively unstable CeIV ions are protected and stabilized within the surrounding octahedral and icosahedral groups, although specific configurations of the heteropolymetallate anions differ from stabilizer to stabilizer (i.e., from molybdate to periodate or iodate). The dimensions of the octahedra and icosahedra are controlled by the size of the heteroatom (e.g., Mo, W, or Te) around which they are assembled.

[0106] A CeIV ion trapped by the precipitation of these heteropolymetallates and its resulting “ion within a cage” structure can exhibit an even greater apparent volume due to the development of a large electrostatic double layer. This will influence both the valence stabilization of the CeIV, as well as the solubility of the assembled compound. These compounds are reported to be excellent ion exchange agents for alkali ions. This caging structure serves to lower the solubility of the CeIV because the chemical elements typically associated with these valence stabilizers (e.g., I, Te, Mo, or W) are often inherently less soluble in water than Ce. These materials can also establish oriented dipoles with the interior CeIV ion and form an electrostatic double layer during aqueous corrosion. Finally, the elements associated with these valence stabilizers themselves can contain high valence ions (i.e., V+5, Te+6, or Mo+6), which will also serve somewhat in corrosion protection, although not to the degree of CeIV (or CrVI), due to their lower redox potential.

[0107] Water-soluble precursors for these materials are generally used so that the synthesis can be carried out from aqueous solution. Many elements associated with these stabilizers (e.g., Mo, W, or Te) do not typically form water-soluble compounds so the identification of suitable precursors can be difficult.

[0108] Complex, partially-polymerized salts such as para- or meta-polymorphs for each compound may also be used as precursors. These polymorphs typically exhibit slightly lower solubilities in water than the simple salts. Peroxo-salts of these compounds, especially permolybdates, pertungstates, and pervanadates may also be used as precursors. Formation of the chosen heteropolymetallates from precursors such as the fluorides, chlorides, bromides, nitrates, and perchlorates (e.g., SnCl4 to form heterostannates and SbF5 to form heteroantimonates) can be difficult, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances. A valence stabilizer can be a cross between two or more of the wide-band inorganic valence stabilizers listed above. For example, a valence stabilizer composed of a periodate and a molybdate may be desirable in some situations. During the synthesis process, both of these materials will polymerize to form a mixed periodate/molybdate valence stabilizer out of the pigment solution.

[0109] 3b) Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for CeIV

[0110] A variety of organic compounds meet the criteria to be typical wide band valence stabilizers for CeIV. These coordination ligands produce CeIV valence stabilized compounds that fulfill the general requirements of a CeIV pigment material. Organic compounds can be very effective cerium stabilizers and provide the greatest degree of freedom in designing new cerium-stabilizer compounds with new functionalities. More possible organic valence stabilizer species exist than inorganic valence stabilizers because of the immense number of organic compounds and functionalities from which to choose. Water-soluble precursors for the organic valence stabilizers are generally used so that pigment synthesis can be carried out in aqueous solution. However, alcohol or hydrocarbon soluble species can also be used.

[0111] The number of wide band (and narrow band) organic compounds that are acceptable as valence stabilizers for tetravalent cerium is limited. Common organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, alkyl or aromatic halides, most carboxylic acids, anhydrides, phenols, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, carbohydrates, waxes, fats, sugars, and oils are not as effective as the structural types described in the Tables herein to stabilize the tetravalent cerium ion. At best, some of the organic types described in these Tables may presently be used for other industrial applications, but their incorporation into corrosion-inhibiting blends to stabilize tetravalent cerium has heretofore been unrecognized.

[0112] The choice of substituent functional groups on these general classes of valence stabilizers will affect the physicochemical properties of the CeIV-containing compound and the corrosion resistance achieved using that compound. For example, the addition of —NH2 or ═O substituents increases the net polarization of the overall net CeIV/valence stabilizer compound, but will also increase its water solubility. Careful molecular design of CeIV compounds is necessary in order to achieve desired performance characteristics.

[0113] In general, the bonding atoms in typical organic valence stabilizers are oxygen and nitrogen, with sulfur or phosphorus being acceptable in some circumstances. Sulfur or phosphorus is complexed with CeIV most frequently in combination with oxygen. Bonding atoms such as carbon, silicon, tin, arsenic, and antimony are much less desirable due to problems with valence stability, toxicity, or solubility. Other stable coordinations (like square, antiprismatic, or cubic) are known, even though these particular agents prefer octahedral or icosahedral coordination with Ce+4. These valence stabilizers all serve to stabilize the Ce+4 ions within a sparingly soluble complex that can exhibit a polar character in aqueous solution.

1TABLE 1Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for the Ce+4 IonGeneral Structural Name(Type of Organic)Structural RepresentationN Valence Stabilizer #1:NH3, NH2R, NHR2, and NR3 where RMonoamines (N Monodentates)represents H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—N—R—N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent HDiamines (N—N Bidentates)or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #3:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Triamines (either N—N Bidentates or N—Nrepresent H or any organic functional groupTridentates)wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #4:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetramines (N—N Bidentates, N—NR″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicTridentates, or N—N Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #5:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″—N—R″″′, where R,Pentamines (N—N Bidentates, N—NR′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H or anyTridentates, or N—N Tetradentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #6:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R″′—N—R″″—N—R″″′—N—R″″″,Hexamines (N—N Bidentates, N—Nwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nrepresent H or any organic functional groupHexadentates)wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms, all ofcontaining One, Two, Three, or Fourwhich may or may not function as binding sites.Nitrogen Atoms wherein at least oneCan include other ring systems bound to thisNitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (Nheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateMonodentates or N—N Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing one,Six-Membered Heterocyclic Ringstwo, three, or four nitrogen atoms, all of whichcontaining One, Two, Three, or Fourmay or may not function as binding sites. CanNitrogen Atoms wherein at least oneinclude other ring systems bound to thisNitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (Nheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateMonodentates or N—N Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Nitrogen Atoms and having at least onecontaining substituents (usually amines) thatadditional Nitrogen Atom Binding Site notconstitute N binding sites. Can include otherin a Ring (N Monodentates, N—Nring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toBidentates, N Tridentates, N—Nthe N-containing substituent, but they do notTetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually amines) thatNitrogen Atom Binding Site not in a Ringconstitute N binding sites. Can include other(N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—Nring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nthe N-containing substituent, but they do notHexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute N binding sites.Nitrogen Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notN Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional N-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute N binding sites.Nitrogen Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notN Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional N-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten-six, eight, or ten nitrogen binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,valence stabilize the central metal ion. Canand Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arenot coordinate with the stabilized, high valencecomposed of Nitrogen (usually amine ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,imine groups) and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedsix, eight, or ten five-membered heterocyclicMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andrings containing nitrogen binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen and are contained in Componentmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,5-Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Nnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six,Combination of 5-Membered Heterocycliceight, or ten. Can include otherRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Nmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedsix, eight, or ten six-membered heterocyclicMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andrings containing nitrogen binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen and are contained in Componentmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,6-Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Nnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six,Combination of 6-Membered Heterocycliceight, or ten. Can include otherRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Nmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N Valence Stabilizer #18:R′—NH—C(—R)═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″Amidines and Diamidines (N—N Bidentatesrepresent H or any organic functional groupand N—N Tetradentates)wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—NR″′R″″ forBiguanides (Imidodicarbonimidic Diamidesbiguanides, RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—C(═NH)—or Dihydrazides), Biguanidines,NR″′R″″ for biguanidines, where R, R′, R″,Imidotricarbonimidic Diamides orR″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicDihydrazides, Imidotetracarbonimidicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonDiamides or Dihydrazides, Dibiguanides,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, halogen orBis(biguanidines), Polybiguanides, andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingPoly(biguanidines) (N—N Bidentates, N—Ngroups attached. Ligand can also containTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #20:RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R″′—C(═NH)—NR″″R″″′,Diamidinomethanes,where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representBis(amidinomethanes), andH, NH2, or any organic functional groupPoly(amidinomethanes) (N—N Bidentates,wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orN Hexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—R″′ forImidoylguanidines, Amidinoguanidines,imidoylguanidines, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—Bis(imidoylguanidines),NH—C(═NH)—R″′ for amidinoguanidines, whereBis(amidinoguanidines),R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(imidoylguanidines), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(amidinoguanidines) (N—N Bidentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyN—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #22:RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—C(═NH)—NR″R″′, where R,Diformamidine oxides (DicarbonimidicR′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyDiamides or Dihydrazides),organic functional group wherein the number ofTricarbonimidic Diamides or Dihydrazides,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTetracarbonimidic Diamides orhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidine oxides),insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.and Poly(diformamidine oxides) (N—NLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—NP atoms.Tetradentates)N Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—C(═NH)—NR″R″′, where R,Diformamidine SulfidesR′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any(Thiodicarbonimidic Diamides ororganic functional group wherein the number ofDihydrazides), Thiotricarbonimidiccarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyDiamides or Dihydrazides,having halogen or polarizing or water-Thiotetracarbonimidic Diamides orinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidine sulfides),Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orand Poly(diformamidine sulfides) (N—NP atoms.Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—NTetradentates)N Valence Stabilizer #24:R—O—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—O—R″ forImidodicarbonimidic Acids,imidodicarbomimidic acids, and R—O—C(═NH)—Diimidodicarbonimidic Acids,NR′—NH—C(═NH)—O—R″ forImidotricarbonimidic Acids,diimidodicarbonimidic acids, where R, R′, andImidotetracarbonimidic Acids, andR″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalderivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Ngroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenHexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #25:R—S—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—S—R″ forThioimidodicarbonimidic Acids,thioimidodicarbonimidic acids, and R—S—Thiodiimidodicarbonimidic Acids,C(═NH)—NR′—NH—C(═NH)—S—R″ forThioimidotricarbonimidic Acids,thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids, where R, R′,Thioimidotetracarbonimidic Acids, andand R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicderivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Nfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Natoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingHexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #26:R—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—R″ forDiimidoylimines, Diimidoylhydrazides,diimidoylimines, and R—C(═NH)—NR′—NH—Bis(diimidoylimines),C(═NH)—R″ for diimidoylhydrazides, where R,Bis(diimidoylhydrazides),R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diimidoylimines), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diimidoylhydrazides) (N—Natoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTridentates and N—N Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #27:RR′—N—S(═NH)(═O)—OR″ or RR′—N—Imidosulfamides, Diimidosulfamides,S(═NH)(═O)—N—R″R″′ for imidosulfamides, andBis(imidosulfamides),RR′—N—S(═NH)(═NH)—OR″ or RR′—N—Bis(diimidosulfamides),S(═NH)(═NH)—N—R″R″′ for diimidosulfamides,Poly(imidosulfamides), andwhere R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, orPoly(diimidosulfamides) (N—N Bidentates,any organic functional group wherein theN—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,N Hexadentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #28:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′), wherePhosphoramidimidic Triamides,R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2,Bis(phosphoramidimidic triamides), andor any organic functional group wherein thePoly(phosphoramidimidic triamides) andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Noptionally having halogen or polarizing orTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #29:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(OH)2 for phosphoramidimidicPhosphoramidimidic Acid,acid, and (NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(OH) forPhosphorodiamidimidic Acid,phosphorodiamidimidic acid, where R, R′, R″,Bis(Phosphoramidimidic Acid),and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(Phosphorodiamidimidic Acid),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(Phosphoramidimidic Acid),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(Phosphorodiamidimidic Acid), andhalogen or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—NLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orHexadentates)P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #30:(NH═)P(—NRR′)(SH)2 forPhosphoramidimidodithioic Acid,phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, and (NH═)P(—Phosphorodiamidimidothioic Acid,NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(SH) forBis(Phosphoramidimidodithioic Acid),phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, where R, R′,Bis(Phosphorodiamidimidothioic Acid),R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(Phosphoramidimidodithioic Acid),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(Phosphorodiamidimidothioic Acid),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—halogen or polarizing or water-N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Hexadentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #31:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′Azo compounds including triazenes withfor triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H oramino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazidoany organic functional group wherein thesubstitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or alpha-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,or beta-(for alkyl) positions, Bis[o—(H2N—)optionally having halogen or polarizing oror alpha-or beta-(H2N—)azo compounds], orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly[o—(H2N—) or alpha- or beta-(H2N—)azoattached. (Must include ortho-amino, imino,compounds) (N—N Bidentates, N—Noximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substituted arylTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nazo compounds, and alpha-or beta-amino,Hexadentates)imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido alkyl azocompounds.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #32:R—N═N—C(═NH)—NR′R″ forDiazeneformimidamidesdiazeneformimidamides, and R—N═N—CR′R″—(Diazeneamidines), DiazeneacetimidamidesC(═NH)—NR″′R″″ for diazeneacetimidamides,(Diazene-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)),where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Bis(diazeneformimidamides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinBis(diazeneacetimidamides),the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(diazeneformimidamides), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(diazeneacetimidamides) (N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsBidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,Hexadentates)O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #33:R—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′ for diazeneformimidicDiazeneformimidic Acid,acid, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═NH)—OR″′ forDiazeneacetimidic Acid,diazeneacetimidic acid, where R, R′, R″, andBis(diazeneformimidic acid),R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(diazeneacetimidic acid),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diazeneformimidic acid),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(diazeneacetimidic acid), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #34:R—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ forDiazeneformimidothioic Acid,diazeneformimidothioic acid, and R—N═N—Diazeneacetimidothioic Acid,CR′R″—C(═NH)—SR″′ forBis(diazeneformimidothioic acid),diazeneacetimidothioic acid, where R, R′, R″,Bis(diazeneacetimidothioic acid),and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazeneformimidothioic acid),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Nhalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #35:R—N═N—C(═NH)—R′ or R—N═N—CR′R″—Imidoyldiazenes, Bis(imidoyldiazenes), andC(═NH)—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Poly(imidoyldiazenes), (N—N Bidentates, N—represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalN Tetradentates and N—N Hexadentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #36:RR′—N—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—NR″R″′ forDiazenediformimidamides (1,2-diazenediformimidamides, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—Diazenediamidines),CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″R″″′—C(═NH)—NR″″″R″″″′Diazenediacetimidamies (1,2-Diazene-di-for diazenediacetimidamides where R, R′, R″,alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)),R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H,Bis(diazenediformimidamides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinBis(diazenediacetimidamides),the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(diazenediformimidamides), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(diazenediacetimidamides) (N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates and N—N Hexadentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #37:RO—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′ forDiazenediformimidic Acid,diazenediformimidic acid, and RO—C(═NH)—Diazenediacetimidic Acid,CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═NH)—OR″″′ forBis(diazenediformimidic acid),diazenediacetimidic acid, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(diazenediacetimidic acid),R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazenediformimidic acid), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diazenediacetimidic acid), andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—halogen or polarizing or water-N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #38:RS—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ forDiazenediformimidothioic Acid,diazenediformimidothioic acid, and RS—Diazenediacetimidothioic Acid,C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═NH)—SR″″′Bis(diazenediformimidothioic acid),for diazenediacetimidothioic acid, where R, R′,Bis(diazenediacetimidothioic acid),R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(diazenediformimidothioic acid), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—Nhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #39:R—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—R″ or R—C(═NH)—Diimidoyldiazenes, Bis(diimidoyldiazenes),CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═NH)—R″″′, where R,and Poly(diimidoyldiazenes), (N—NR′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, orTridentates and N—N Hexadentates)any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #40:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andOrtho-amino (or -hydrazido) SubstitutedR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalFormazans, Bis(o-amino or -hydrazidogroup wherein the number of carbon atomssubstituted formazans), and Poly(o-aminoranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor -hydrazido substituted formazans) (N—Nor polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)(Must include ortho-amine or hydrazidesubstituted aryl R derivatives, beta-amine orhydrazide substituted alkyl R derivatives.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #41:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (forOrtho-amino (or -hydrazido) Substitutedketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representAzines (including ketazines), Bis(o-aminoH, or any organic functional group wherein theor hydrazido substituted azines), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(o-amino or hydrazido substitutedoptionally having halogen or polarizing orazines) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)attached. (Must include ortho-amine orhydrazide substituted aryl R derivatives, andbeta-amine or hydrazide substituted alkyl Rderivatives.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #42:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Groupor any organic functional group wherein theand with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazidooptionally having halogen or polarizing orsubstitution (N—N Bidentates, N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—Nattached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates). Alsoamino or imino or oximo or diazeno orincludes hydrazones with ortho-Nhydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsosubstitution.contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #43:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) GroupsR′or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″, R″′,and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) orand R″″ represent H, or any organic functionalalpha- or beta-(for alkyl constituents)group wherein the number of carbon atomshydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenmercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino,or polarizing or water-oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitutioninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Not(N—N Bidentates). Also includesincluding ortho-, alpha-, or beta-hydroxy,dihydrazones.carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, orhydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #44:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) GroupsR′ or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″, R″′,and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino orand R″″ represent H, or any organic functionalimino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazidogroup wherein the number of carbon atomssubstitution (N—N Tridentates, N—Nranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—Nor polarizing or water-Hexadentates). Also includes hydrazonesinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.with ortho-N substitution.(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino orimino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazidosubstitution.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #45:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N)represent H, or any organic functional groupGroups and without ortho- (for arylwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesconstituents) or alpha- or beta- (for alkylfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orconstituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingthiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino,groups attached. (Not including ortho-, alpha-,oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitutionor beta-hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,(N—N Tridentates). Also includesmercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo,trihydrazones.diazeno, or hydrazido substitution.) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #46:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N)represent H, or any organic functional groupGroups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesamino or imino or oximo or diazeno orfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orhydrazido substitution (N—N Tetradentates,polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingN—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates)groups attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha-or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno orhydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #1:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, four, or sixMacrocyclic, Macrobicyclic, andthioketone binding sites to valence stabilize theMacropolycyclic Oligothioketonescentral metal ion. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Thioketoneswith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. This(typically in the beta position) (S—Sligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingBidentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—Shydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveHexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #2:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, four, six,Macrocyclic, Macrobicyclic, andor eight 1,1-dithiolene binding sites to valenceMacropolycyclic Dithiolenes (includingstabilize the central metal ion. Can include otherCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites aremacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatecomposed of alpha, alpha dithiols (meaningwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thistwo thiol groups on a single carbon atom inligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingthe ring) (S—S Bidentates, S—Shydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveTetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—R″ forDithioimidodialdehydes,dithioimidodialdehydes, and RC(═S)—NR′—NH—Dithiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacylC(═S)—R″ for dithiohydrazidodialdehydesthiohydrazides),(thioacyl thiohydrazides), where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithioimidodialdehydes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithioimidodialdehydes), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—Sor polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—O—R″ or R—S—C(═S)—Dithioimidodicarbonic acids,NR′—C(═S)—S—R″ for dithioimidodicarbonicDithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids,acids, and R—O—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—O—R″ orBis(dithioimidodicarbonic acids),R—S—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—S—R″ forBis(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids),dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, where R, R′,Poly(dithioimidodicarbonic acids),and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #5:R—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═S)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,1,3-Dithioketones (Dithio-beta-ketonates),and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organic1,3,5-Trithioketones, Bis(1,3-functional group wherein the number of carbonDithioketones), and Poly(1,3-atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingDithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═S)—C(═S)—R′ where R and R′ represent H,1,2-Dithioketones (Dithiolenes, Dithio-NH2, or any organic functional group whereinalpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-Trithioketones,the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toDithiotropolonates, ortho-Dithioquinones,40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orBis(1,2-Dithioketones), and Poly(1,2-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsDithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—N—R″″R″″′ whereDithiomalonamidesR, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2,(Dithiomalonodiamides),or any organic functional group wherein theBis(dithiomalonamides), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Polydithiomalonamides (S—S Bidentates, S—optionally having halogen or polarizing orS Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—R″″ where R, R′,2-Thioacylthioacetamides, Bis(2-R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anythioacylthioacetamides), and Poly(2-organic functional group wherein the number ofthioacylthioacetamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyS Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #9:R—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—R′ where R and R′ representDithioacyl sulfides, Bis(dithioacyl sulfides),H or any organic functional group wherein theand Poly(dithioacyl sulfides) (S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—N—R″R″′ where R, R′,Trithiodicarbonic Diamides,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis(trithiodicarbonic diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(trithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #11:R—S—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forPentathio-, Tetrathio-, or Trithiodicarbonicpentathiodicarbonic acids, R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—Acids, Bis(pentathio-, tetrathio-, orS—R′ for tetrathiodicarbonic acids, and R—O—trithiodicarbonic acids), Poly(pentathio-,C(═S)—S—C(═S)—O—R′ for pentathiodicarbonictetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids), andacids, where R and R′ represent H, NH2or anyderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sorganic functional group wherein the number ofTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #12:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Dithiohypophosphoric Acids,O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′); or (R—Bis(dithiohypophosphoric acids), andS—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′), wherePoly(dithiohypophosphoric acids), andR, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or anyderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sorganic functional group wherein the number ofTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms. Note: these ligands are not to beconfused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S Valence Stabilizer #13:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—N—Dithiohypophosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(dithiohypophosphoramides), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(dithiohypophosphoramides) (S—Sany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S Valence Stabilizer #14:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—Dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—Dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids,R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—Bis(dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids),S—R″′) for dithioimidodiphosphoric acids, andBis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids),—NH—NH— derivatives forPoly(dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids),dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, where R,Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids),R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicand derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—N—Dithioimidodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′) forDithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides,dithioimidophosphoramides, and (RR′—N—)Bis(dithioimidodiphosphoramides),(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—NH—NH—P(═S)(—N—Bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides),R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′) forPoly(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), anddithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, where R, R′,Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S—R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representS Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—SH, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinTetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #16:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—N—Dithiodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″R″′—Bis(dithioiphosphoramides), andN—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—Poly(dithiodiphosphoramides) (S—SR″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′,Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—SR″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyTetradentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #17:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Dithiodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Bis(dithioiphosphoric Acids),(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′);Poly(dithiodiphosphoric Acids), and(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′); orderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′),Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andR″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #18:(O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)P(—S—R)(—S—Trithiophosphoric AcidsR′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H,(Phosphorotrithioic Acids),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(trithiophosphoric acids),the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(trithiophosphoric acids), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)P(—S—R)(—O—Dithiophosphoric Acids (PhosphorodithioicR′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Acids), Bis(dithiophosphoric acids),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinPoly(dithiophosphoric acids), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #20:(S═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Tetrathiophosphoric Acidsrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functional(Phosphorotetrathioic Acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(tetrathiophosphoric acids),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(tetrathiophosphoric acids), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #21:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)P(—S—S—Phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic Acids,R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioicrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalAcids],group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioicranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenAcids], and derivatives thereof (S—Sor polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #22:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)P(—S—S—Phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids,R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids],represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids],group wherein the number of carbon atomsand derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #23:(S═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, andPhosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic Acids,R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAcids],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioicor polarizing or water-Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—SLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTetradentates)P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #24:R—CR′(—SH)—CH2—C(═S)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Mercaptothioketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalMercaptothioaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomsmercaptothioketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenmercaptothioaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-mercaptothioketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.mercaptothioaldehydes) (S—S Bidentates, S—Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orS Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═S)—NR″′R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylthiol)thioureas [N—R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminomercaptomethyl)thioureas], Bis[N—organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylthiol)thioureas], and Poly[N—carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylthiol)thioureas] (S—Shaving halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #26:RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═S)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′,Dithiooxamides, Bis(dithiooxamides), andR″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(dithiooxamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #27:RR′—C═C(—S−)(—S−), where R and R′ represent H,1,1-Dithiolates, Bis(1,1-dithiolates), andNH2 or any organic functional group whereinPoly(1,1-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates and S—the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toS Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #28:R—C(═S)(—S—R′) for dithiomonocarboxylic acids,Dithiomonocarboxylic Acids, Tri- andand (R—S—)(S═)C—R′—C(═S)(—S—R″) for tri- andTetrathiodicarboxylic Acids,tetrathiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithiomonocarboxylic Acids), Bis(tri-represent H, NH2 or any organic functionaland tetrathiodicarboxylic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), Poly(tri-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenand tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #29:R—C(═S)(—S—S—R′) for perthiomonocarboxylicPerthiomonocarboxylic Acids,acids, and (R—S—S—)(S═)C—R′—C(═S)(—S—S—R″)Perthiodicarboxylic Acids,for perthiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, andBis(perthiomonocarboxylic acids),R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(perthiodicarboxylic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(perthiomonocarboxylic acids),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(perthiodicarboxylic acids), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—C(═S)—O—R′ or R—S—C(═O)—S—R′ forDithiocarbonates, Trithiocarbonates,dithiocarbonates, R—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forPerthiocarbonates, Bis(dithiocarbonates),trithiocarbonates, and R—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forBis(trithiocarbonates), andperthiocarbonates, where R, and R′ represent H,Bis(perthiocarbonates) (S—S Bidentates andNH2 or any organic functional group whereinS—S Tetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #31:RR′N+═C(SH)(SH), where R and R′ representDithiocarbamates, Bis(dithiocarbamates),H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl),and Poly(dithiocarbamates) (including N-SR″ (R″ ═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl), NH2 or anyhydroxydithiocarbamates and N-organic functional group wherein the number ofmercaptodithiocarbamates) (S—S Bidentates,carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyS—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #32:RR′N—NR″—C(═S)(SH), where R and R′Dithiocarbazates (Dithiocarbazides),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithiocarbazates), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiocarbazates) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, and S—S Tetradentates; oror polarizing or water-possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.and N—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #33:Thiocyanates bound directly to the high valenceThiocyanate ligands (S Monodentates)metal ion.O Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″ forBiurets (Imidodicarbonic Diamides),biurets, and RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—Isobiurets, Biureas, Triurets, Triureas,NR″′R″″ for biureas, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBis(biurets), Bis(isobiurets), Bis(biureas),R″″ represent H, NH2 , or any organic functionalPoly(biurets), Poly(isobiurets), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(biureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—R″′ where R, R′,Acylureas, Aroylureas, Bis(acylureas),R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(aroylureas), Poly(acylureas), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(aroylureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ for imidodialdehydes,Imidodialdehydes, Hydrazidodialdehydesand RC(═O)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—R″ for(Acyl hydrazides), Bis(imidodialdehydes),hydrazidodialdehydes (acyl hydrazides), whereBis(hydrazidodialdehydes),R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(imidodialdehydes), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(hydrazidodialdehydes) (O—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″ forImidodicarbonic acids,imidodicarbonic acids, and R—O—C(═O)—NR′—Hydrazidodicarbonic acids,NH—C(═O)—O—R″ for hydrazidodicarbonic acids,Bis(imidodicarbonic acids),where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 , or anyBis(hydrazidodicarbonic acids),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(imidodicarbonic acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(hydrazidodicarbonic acids) andhaving halogen or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′—N—S(═O)(═O)—NR″—S(═O)(═O)—NR″′R″′Imidodisulfamic Acid, Imidodisulfuricfor imidodisulfamic acid, and R—O—S(═O)(═O)—Acid, Bis(Imidodisulfamic Acid),NR′—S(═O)(═O)—OR″ for imidosulfuric acid,Bis(Imidodisulfuric Acid),where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(Imidodisulfamic Acid), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Imidodisulfuric Acid) and derivativescarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═O)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,1,3-Diketones (Beta-Diketonates), 1,3,5-and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicTriketones, Bis(1,3-Diketones), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(1,3-Diketones), all with a Molecularatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingWeight Greater than 125 (O—O Bidentates,halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms. If these ligands exhibit a molecularweight less than or equal to 125, the solubilityof the resultant Ce+4-diketonate complex will betoo high.O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′ represent1,2-Diketones (Alpha-Diketonates), 1,2,3-H, NH2,or any organic functional groupTriketones, Tropolonates, ortho-Quinones,wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBis(1,2-Diketones), and Poly(1,2-from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orDiketones), all with a Molecular Weightpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingGreater than 100 (O—O Bidentates, O—Ogroups attached. Ligand can also containTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. If these ligandsexhibit a molecular weight less than or equal to100, the solubility of the resultant Ce+4-diketonate complex will be too high.O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—N—R″″R″″′Malonamides (Malonodiamides),where R, R′, R″, R″′,R″″, and R″″′ represent H,Bis(malonamides), and PolymalonamidesNH2, or any organic functional group wherein(O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Othe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #9:RR'—N—C(═O)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—R″″ where R, R′,2-Acylacetamides, Bis(2-acylacetamides),R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyand Poly(2-acylacetamides) (O—Oorganic functional group wherein the number ofBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′—N—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ where R, R′,Monothiodicarbonic Diamides,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis(monothiodicarbonic diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(monothiodicarbonic diamides) (O—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #11:R—O—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Monothiodicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothiodicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(monothiodicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #12:R—O—S(═O)(═O)—S—S(═O)(═O)—O—R′, where RTrithionic acid, Bis(trithionic acid),and R′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(trithionic acid), and derivativesfunctional group wherein the number of carbonthereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingO—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #13:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′),Hypophosphoric Acids,where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orBis(hypophosphoric acids), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(hypophosphoric acids), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Ooptionally having halogen or polarizing orTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.O Valence Stabilizer #14:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═O)—P(═O)(—N—Hypophosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(hypophosphoramides), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(hypophosphoramides) (O—Oany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.O Valence Stabilizer #15:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—Imidodiphosphoric Acids,R″′) for imidodiphosphoric acids, and (R—O—)Hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids,(R′—O—)P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′)Bis(imidodiphosphoric Acids),for hydrazidodiphosphoric acids; where R, R′,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids),R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(imidodiphosphoric Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids), andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #16:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—N—Imidodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′) forHydrazidodiphosphoramides,imidodiphosphoramides, and —NH—NH-Bis(imidodiphosphoramides),derivatives for hydrazidodiphosphoramides,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphoramides),where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,333 andPoly(imidodiphosphoramides), andR″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(hydrazidodiphosphoramides) (O—Ofunctional group wherein the number of carbonBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #17:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═O)—O—P(═O)(—N—Diphosphoramides, Bis(diphosphoramides),R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,and Poly(diphosphoramides) (O—OR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oany organic functional group wherein theTetradentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #18:R—CR′(—OH)—CH2—C(═O)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Hydroxyketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalHydroxyaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomshydroxyketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydroxyaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-hydroxyketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.hydroxyaldehydes) (O—O Bidentates, O—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylol)ureas [N-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminohydroxymethyl)ureas], Bis[N-organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylol)ureas], and Poly[N-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylol)ureas] (O—O Bidentates, O—having halogen or polarizing or water-O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #20:RR′—N—C(═O)—C(═O)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′,Oxamides, Bis(oxamides), andR″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(oxamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—Ofunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, O—O Tetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #21:—C(—OH)═C(—OH)—, where the two carbon atomsSquaric Acids and derivatives thereof (O—Osupporting the hydroxy groups are includedBidentates)within a cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #22:(R—O—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″), where R, R′,Dicarboxylic Acids, Bis(dicarboxylicand R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicacids), Poly(dicarboxylic acids), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates and O—atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingO Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′N+═C(OH)(OH), where R and R′ representCarbamates, Bis(carbamates), andH, OH, SH, OR″(R″═C1-C30alkyl or aryl),Poly(carbamates) (including N—SR″(R″═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl), NH2 or anyhydroxycarbamates and N—organic functional group wherein the number ofmercaptocarbamates) (O—O Bidentates, O—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTridentates, and O—O Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #24:RN═C(OH)(OH), where R represents H, NH2 orCarbimates, Bis(carbimates), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(carbimates) (O—O Bidentates, O—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #25:R—O—C(═O)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H,Carbonates and Bis(carbonates) (O—ONH2 or any organic functional group whereinBidentates and O—O Tetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #26:Cyanates bound directly to the high valenceCyanate ligands (O Monodentates)metal ion.N—S Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—C(═NH)—NR″R″′, whereDiformamidine DisulfidesR, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any(Thioperoxydicarbonimidic Diamides ororganic functional group wherein the number ofDihydrazides), Thioperoxytricarbonimidiccarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyDiamides or Dihydrazides,having halogen or polarizing or water-Thioperoxytetracarbonimidic Diamides orinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidineLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, ordisulfides), and Poly(diformamidineP atoms.disulfides) (N—S Bidentates, N—STridentates, N—S Tetradentates)N—S Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CS—NR″R″′, where R, R′,S-Amidinodithiocarbamates, Bis(S-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicamidinodithiocarbamates), and Poly(S-functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinodithiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentatesatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand N—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CS—NR″R″′, where R, R′,O-Amidinothiocarbamates, Bis(O-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicamidinothiocarbamates), and Poly(O-functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinothiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentatesatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand N—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #4:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—CS—NR″R″′, where R, R′,S-Amidinoperoxythiocarbamates, Bis(S-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicamidinoperoxythiocarbamates), and Poly(S-functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinoperoxythiocarbamates) (N—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates and N—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #5:(NH═)P(—SR)(—OR′)(—OR″) forPhosphorimidothioic Acid;phosphorimidothioic acid, (NH═)P(—SR)(—SR′)(—Phosphorimidodithioic Acid;OR″) for phosphorimidodithioic acid, (NH═)P(—Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid;SR)(—SR′)(—SR″) for phosphorimidotrithioicBis(Phosphorimidothioic Acid);acid, where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis(Phosphorimidodithioic Acid);any organic functional group wherein theBis(Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid);number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphorimidothioic Acid);optionally having halogen or polarizing orPoly(Phosphorimidodithioic Acid);water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly(Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid); andattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—SO, S, or P atoms.Tetradentates)N—S Valence Stabilizer #6:(S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′), where R,Phosphorothioic Triamides,R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2 orBis(phosphorothioic triamides), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(phosphorothioic triamides) (N—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #7:(S═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR″′) forPhosphoramidotrithioic Acid,phosphoramidotrithioic acid, and (S═)P(—Phosphorodiamidodithioic Acid,NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—SR″″) forBis(phosphoramidotrithioic acid),phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, where R, R′,Bis(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid),R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anypoly(phosphoramidotrithioic acid),organic functional group wherein the number ofpoly(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—Shaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #8:(O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR″′) or (S═)P(—Phosphoramidothioic Acid,NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR″′) for phosphoramidothioicPhosphoramidodithioic Acid,acid; (O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR″′) or (S═)P(—Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid,NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR″′) forBis(Phosphoramidothioic Acid),phosphoramidodithioic acid; (O═)P(—NRR′)(—Bis(Phosphoramidodithioic Acid),NR″R″′)(—SR″″) or (S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—Bis(Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid),OR″″) for phosphorodiamidothioic acid, wherePoly(Phosphoramidothioic Acid),R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(Phosphoramidodithioic Acid), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid) (N—Scarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates and N—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #9:R′—C(═S)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), where R is anN-Thioacyl 7-Aminobenzylidenimines (N—Saromatic derivative (i.e., —C6H5), and R′ and R″Bidentates or N—S Tetradentates)represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #10:R—C(═S)—NR′—OH or R—C(—SH)═N—OH, whereThiohydroxamates (Thiohydroxylamines),R and R′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(thiohydroxamates), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(thiohydroxamates) (N—S Bidentates,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #11:R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═S)(—OH) or R—CH(—NHR′)—Alpha- or ortho-AminothiocarboxylicC(═S)(—SH) for aminothiocarboxylic acids, andAcids, and alpha- or ortho-(HO—)(S═)C—CH(—NHR)—R′—CH(—NHR″)—Aminothiodicarboxylic Acids, andC(═S)(—OH) or (HS—)(S═)C—CH(—NHR)—R′—derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—SCH(—NHR″)—C(═S)(—SH) forTridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)aminothiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, andR″ represent any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 1 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #12:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—N═CR″′R″″, where R, R′,Thiosemicarbazones,R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicBis(thiosemicarbazones), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(thiosemicarbazones) (N—S Bidentates,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #13:R—C(═S)—NR′—N═CR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andThioacyl hydrazones, Bis(thioacylR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalhydrazones), and Poly(thioacyl hydrazones)group wherein the number of carbon atoms(N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenS Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #14:R—N═N—C(═S)—NR′—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″,Thiocarbazones (Diazenecarbothioicand R″′ represent H, or any organic functionalhydrazides), Bis(thiocarbazones), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(thiocarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #15:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′Azo compounds including triazenes withfor triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H orthiol or mercapto or thiocarbonylany organic functional group wherein thesubstitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HS—) oroptionally having halogen or polarizing oralpha- or beta—(HS—)azo compounds], orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly[o-(HS—) or alpha- or beta—(HS—)azoattached. (Must include ortho-thio, mercapto, orcompounds) (N—S Bidentates, N—Sthiocarbonyl substituted aryl azo compounds,Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—Sand alpha- or beta-thio, mercapto, orHexadentates)thiocarbonyl alkyl azo compounds.) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #16:R—N═N—C(═S)—NR′R″ forDiazeneformothioamides,diazeneformothioamides, and R—N═N—CR′R″—Diazeneacetothioamides,C(═S)—NR″′R″″ for diazeneacetothioamides,Bis(diazeneformothioamides),where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Bis(diazeneacetothioamides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinPoly(diazeneformothioamides), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(diazeneacetothioamides) (N—S40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #17:R—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′ or R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—Diazenecarbothioic acids,O—R″′ for diazenecarbothioic acids, and R—Diazenecarbodithioic acids,N═N—C(═S)—S—R′ or R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—S—Bis(diazenecarbothioic acids),R″′ for diazenecarbodithoic acids, where R, R′,Bis(diazenecarbodithioic acids),R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazenecarbothioic acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diazenecarbodithioic acids) andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, N—S Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #18:R—N═N—C(═S)—R′ forDiazeneformothioaldehydes,diazeneformothioaldehydes, and R—N═N—Diazeneacetothioaldehydes,CR′R″—C(═S)—R″′ forBis(diazeneformothioaldehydes),diazeneacetothioaldehydes, where R, R′, R″,Bis(diazeneacetothioaldehydes),and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazeneformothioaldehydes), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diazeneacetothioaldehydes) (N—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, N—S Tetradentates and N—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—NR″R″′ or RR′—N—Diazenediformothioamides,C(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—NR″R″′ forDiazenediacetothioamides,diazenediformothioamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—Bis(diazenediformothioamides),CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═S)—NR″″″R″″″′ orBis(diazenediacetothioamides),RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═O)—Poly(diazenediformothioamides), andNR″″″R″″″′ for diazenediacetothioamides,Poly(diazenediacetothioamides) (N—Swhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andTridentates and N—S Hexadentates)R″″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—O—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′, R—O—C(═S)—Diazenedicarbothioic acids,CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═S)—O—R″″′, R—O—Diazenedicarbodithioic acids,C(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′, or R—O—C(═S)—Bis(diazenedicarbothioic acids),CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═O)—O—R″″′ forBis(diazenedicarbodithioic acids),diazenedicarbothioic acids, and R—S—C(═S)—Poly(diazenedicarbothioic acids),N═N—C(═S)—S—R′or R—S—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—Poly(diazenedicarbodithioic acids) andCR″′R″″—C(═S)—S—R″″′ forderivatives thereof (N—S Tridentates and N—diazenedicarbodithoic acids, where R, R′, R″,S Hexadentates)R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or anyorganic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #21:RC(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—R′ or RC(═S)—N═N—Diazenediformothioaldehydes,C(═O)—R′ for diazenediformothioaldehydes, andDiazenediacetothioaldehydes,RC(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═S)—R″″′ orBis(diazenediformothioaldehydes),RC(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═O)—R″″′ forBis(diazenediacetothioaldehydes),diazenediacetothioaldehydes, where R, R′, R″,Poly(diazenediformothioaldehydes), andR″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(diazenediacetothioaldehydes) (N—Sorganic functional group wherein the number ofTridentates and N—S Hexadentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #22:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andOrtho-thio (or-mercapto) SubstitutedR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalFormazans, Bis(o-thio or -mercaptogroup wherein the number of carbon atomssubstituted formazans), and Poly(o-thio or -ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenmercapto substituted formazans) (N—Sor polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)(Must include ortho-thio or mercaptosubstituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-thio ormercapto substituted alkyl R derivatives.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (forOrtho-thio (or -mercapto) Substitutedketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representAzines (including ketazines), Bis(o-thio orH, or any organic functional group wherein themercapto substituted azines), and Poly(o-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,thio or mercapto substituted azines) (N—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)attached. (Must include ortho-thio or mercaptosubstituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-thio ormercapto substituted alkyl R derivatives.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #24:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Groupor any organic functional group wherein theand with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—Sattached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-Hexadentates). Also includes Schiff Basesthio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution.)derived from the reaction of carbonylLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orcompounds with dithiocarbazates, andP atoms.hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.N—S Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) GroupsR′ or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″, R″′,and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio orand R″″ represent H, or any organic functionalmercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates). Alsoor polarizing or water-includes Schiff Bases derived from theinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.reaction of carbonyl compounds with(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio ordithiocarbazates, and hydrazones withmercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution.) Ligandortho-S substitution.can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #26:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N)represent H, or any organic functional groupGroups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesthio or mercapto or thiocarbonylfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orsubstitution (N—S Tetradentates, N—Spolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingPentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates). Alsogroups attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha-includes Schiff Bases derived from theor beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonylreaction of carbonyl compounds withsubstitution.) Ligand can also containdithiocarbazates, and hydrazones withnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.ortho-S substitution.N—S Valence Stabilizer #27:[R—CR′(—NR″R″′)]x—R″″—[C(—Thioalkyl Amines (Aminothiols orSR″″′)R″″″R″″″′]y, [R—CR′(—NR″R″′)]x—R″″—Aminodisulfides) and Thioalkyl Imines[C(—S—S—R″″′)R″″″R″″″′]y, or [R—CR′(—(Iminothiols or Iminodisulfides) (N—SNR″R″′)]x—R″″—[C(═S)R″″′]y for thioalkylBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Samines; and [R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(—Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)SR″′)R″″R″″′]y, [R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(—S—SR″′)R″″R″″′]y, or [R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(═S)R″′]y for thioalkyl imines, where R, R′,R″,R″′,R″″,R″″′,R″″″, and R″″″′ representH, NH2, or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached, and x and y = 1-6. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #28:[R(—NR′R″)(—SR″′)], [R(—NR′R″)(—S—S—R″′)],Thioaryl Amines and Thioaryl Imines (N—S[R(—NR′R″)(—C(═S)R″′], [R(—NR′R″)x]2S, [R(—Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—SNR′R″)x]2−3R″′(—SR″″)y, [R(—SR′)x]2−3R″(—Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)NR″′R″″)y, [R(—NR′R″)x]2S2,and [R(—NR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═S))yR″″ for thioaryl amines;and [R(—SR′)x]2NH or [R(—SR′)x]2NHNH forthioaryl imines, where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, andx = 0 − 2 and y = 1 − 4. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #29:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional sulfur-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually thiols,Sulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (N—Smercaptans, disulfides, or thiocarbonyls) thatBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—constitute S binding sites. Can include otherS Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or tothe S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #30:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional sulfur-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually thiols,Sulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (N—mercaptans, disulfides, or thiocarbonyls) thatS Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or tothe S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #31:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional nitrogen-containingleast one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, orSite not in a Ring (N—S Bidentates, N—Shydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—Sinclude other ring systems bound to theHexadentates)heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or N-containing substituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #32:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional nitrogen-containingleast one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, orSite not in a Ring (N—S Bidentates, N—Shydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—Sinclude other ring systems bound to theHexadentates)heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or N-containing substituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #33:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional sulfur-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute S binding sites.Sulfur Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sor S-containing heterocyclic rings, but they doTetradentates)not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #34:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional sulfur-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute S binding sites.Sulfur Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sor S-containing heterocyclic rings, but they doTetradentates)not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #35:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten-six, eight, or ten binding sites composed ofMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,nitrogen and sulfur to valence stabilize theand Macropolycyclics (includingcentral metal ion. Can include otherCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites aremacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatecomposed of Nitrogen (usually amine orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisimine groups) or Sulfur (usually thiols,ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingmercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are nothydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)N—S Valence Stabilizer #36:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedsix, eight, or ten heterocyclic rings containingMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andnitrogen or sulfur binding sites. Can includeMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisNitrogen or Sulfur and are contained inligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Shydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #37:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or sulfur binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Sulfur and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is four, six, eight, or ten. CanAmine, Imine, Thiol, Mercapto, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundThiocarbonyl Groups (N—S Bidentates, N—Sto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—Scoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #1:R′—N(—OH)—C(—R)═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″N-Hydroxy(or N,N′-dihydroxy)amidinesrepresent H or any organic functional groupand N-Hydroxy(or N,N′-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesdihydroxy)diamidines (N—O Bidentates, N—from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orO Tridentates, or N—O Tetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—NR″′R″″ forGuanylureas, Guanidinoureas,guanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CO—Bis(guanylureas), Bis(guanidinoureas),NR″′R″″ for guanidinoureas, where R, R′, R″,Poly(guanylureas), andR″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(guanidinoureas) (N—O Bidentates andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonN—O Tetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—R″′ for N—Amidinoamides, Guanidinoamides,amidinoamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R″′—Bis(amidinoamides), Bis(guanidinoamides),CO—N—R″″R″″′ for 2-amidinoacetamides, andPoly(amidinoamides), andRR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CO—R″′ forPoly(guanidinoamides) (including both N-guanidinoamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,amidinoamides and 2-amidinoacetamides)and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organic(N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #4:R—C(═NH)—NR′—CO—R″, where R, R′, and R″,Imidoylamides, Bis(imidoylamides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(imidoylamides) (N—O Bidentates andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—O Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CO—NR″R″′, where R, R′,O-Amidinocarbamates, Bis(O-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicamidinocarbamates), and Poly(O-functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinocarbamates) (N—O Bidentates andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CO—NR″R″′, where R, R′,S-Amidinothiocarbamates, Bis(S-R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicamidinothiocarbamates), and Poly(S-functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinothiocarbamates) (N—O Bidentatesatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand N—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #7:(NH═)(NH═)P(OR)(OR′), where R, R′, and R″Diimidosulfuric Acid, Bis(diimidosulfuricrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalacid), and derivatives thereof (N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates and N—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #8:(NH═)P(—OR)(—OR′)(—OR″), where R, R′, andPhosphorimidic Acid, Bis(phosphorimidicR″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalacid); and Poly(phosphorimidic acid), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(O═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′)(—NR″″R″″′), where R,Phosphoric Triamides, Bis(phosphoricR′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, ortriamides), and Poly(phosphoric triamides)any organic functional group wherein the(N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #10:(O═)P(—NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR″′) forPhosphoramidic Acid, Phosphorodiamidicphosphoramidic acid and (O═)P(—NRR′)(—Acid, Bis(phosphoramidic acid),NR″R″′)(—OR″″) for phosphorodiamidic acid,Bis(phosphorodiamidic acid),where R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H,Poly(phosphoramidic acid),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinPoly(phosphorodiamidic acid), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orO Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #11:R′—C(═O)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), where R is anN-Acyl 7-Aminobenzylidenimines (N—Oaromatic derivative (i.e., —C6H5), and R′ and R″Bidentates or N—O Tetradentates)represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #12:R—C(═NOH)—R′ for oximes, and R—C(═NOH)—Oximes, Dioximes, and Poly(oximes) (N—OC(═NOH)—R′ for dioximes, where R and R′Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Orepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalTetradentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #13:R—C(═O)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R and R′Carbonyl oximes, Bis(carbonyl oximes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionaland Poly(carbonyl oximes) (N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #14:R—C(═N—R″)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, andImine oximes, Bis(imine oximes), andR″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(imine oximes) (including 2-nitrogengroup wherein the number of carbon atomsheterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—Oor polarizing or water-Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #15:R—CH(—OH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, and R″Hydroxy oximes, Bis(hydroxy oximes), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(hydroxy oximes) (including 2-oxygengroup wherein the number of carbon atomsheterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—Oor polarizing or water-Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #16:RR′—C(—NH—R″)—C(═NOH)—R″′, where R, R′,Amino oximes, Bis(amino oximes), andR″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(amino oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—Ofunctional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingHexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′—N—C(═NOH)—R″, where R, R′, and R″Amido oximes, Bis(amido oximes), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(amido oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenHexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #18:R—N═N—C(═NOH)—R′ or RR′C═N—NR″—Azo oximes, Bis(azo oximes), and Poly(azoC(═NOH)—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalN—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates).group wherein the number of carbon atomsAlso includes hydrazone oximes.ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Ris typically an aryl group.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #19:o-(ON—)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrosophenols (o-Quinone monoximes)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the(N—O Bidentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #20:o-(O2N—)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrophenols (N—O Bidentates)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #21:R—C(═O)—NR′—OH or R—C(—OH)═N—OH, whereHydroxamates (Hydroxylamines),R and R′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(hydroxamates), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(hydroxamates) (N—O Bidentates, N—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #22:R—N(—NO)—OH, where R represents any organicN—Nitrosohydroxylamines, Bis(N-functional group wherein the number of carbonnitrosohydroxylamines), and Poly(N-atoms ranges from 1 to 40, optionally havingnitrosohydroxylamines) (N—O Bidentates,halogen or polarizing or water-N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Ris typically an aryl or heterocyclic group.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #23:R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═O)(—OH) for amino acids andAmino Acids and ortho-Aminocarboxylicortho-aminocarboxylic acids, and R—CH(—Acids, Peptides, Polypeptides, and ProteinsNHR′)—C(═O)—(NR″—)CH(—R″′)—C(═O)(—OH)[N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Ofor peptides, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representTetradentates; possibly S—O dentates forany organic functional group wherein thesulfur-contg. examples such asnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 40,penicillamine and cystine]optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #24:RCONR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Amides, Bis(amides), and Poly(amides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinincluding lactams (N—O Bidentates, N—Othe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTridentates, and N—O Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—N═CR″′R″″, where R, R′,Semicarbazones, Bis(semicarbazones), andR″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, or any organicPoly(semicarbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—functional group wherein the number of carbonO Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #26:R—C(═O)—NR′—N═CR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andAcyl hydrazones, Bis(acyl hydrazones), andR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalPoly(acyl hydrazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—group wherein the number of carbon atomsO Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #27:R—N═N—C(═O)—NR′—N—R″R″′, where R, R′, R″,Carbazones (Diazenecarboxylicand R″′ represent H, or any organic functionalhydrazides), Bis(carbazones), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(carbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #28:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′Azo compounds including triazenes withfor triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H orhydroxyl or carboxy or carbonylany organic functional group wherein thesubstitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HO—)optionally having halogen or polarizing oror alpha- or beta-(HO—)azo compounds], orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsPoly[o-(HO—) or alpha-or beta-(HO—)azoattached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orcompounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—Ocarboxy or carbonyl substituted aryl azoTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—Ocompounds, and alpha- or beta-hydroxy orHexadentates)carboxy or carbonyl alkyl azo compounds.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #29:R—N═N—C(═O)—NR′R″ for diazeneformamides,Diazeneformamides, Diazeneacetamides,and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″ forBis(diazeneformamides),diazeneacetamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBis(diazeneacetamides),R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(diazeneformamides), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diazeneacetamides) (N—O Bidentates,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenN—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #30:R—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′ for diazeneformic acid,Diazeneformic acids, Diazeneacetic acids,and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—O—R″′ forBis(diazeneformic acids), Bis(diazeneaceticdiazeneacetic acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′acids), Poly(diazeneformic acids),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(diazeneacetic acids), and derivativesgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsthereof (N—O Bidentates, N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates, N—O Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #31:R—N═N—C(═O)—R′ for diazeneformaldehydes,Diazeneformaldehydes,and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ forDiazeneacetaldehydes,diazeneacetaldehydes, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Bis(diazeneformaldehydes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalBis(diazeneacetaldehydes),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diazeneformaldehydes), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(diazeneacetaldehydes) (N—Oor polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates and N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Hexadentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #32:RR′—N—C(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—NR″R″′ forDiazenediformamides,diazenediformamides, and RR′—N—C(═O)—Diazenediacetamides,CR″R″′—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(O)—NR″″″R″″″′Bis(diazenediformamides),for diazenediacetamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(diazenediacetamides),R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2,Poly(diazenediformamides), andor any organic functional group wherein thePoly(diazenediacetamides) (N—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #33:R—O—C(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′ forDiazenediformic acids, Diazenediaceticdiazenediformic acid, and R—O—C(═O)—CR′R″—acids, Bis(diazenediformic acids),N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═O)—O—R″″′ forBis(diazenediacetic acids),diazenediacetic acid, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(diazenediformic acids),and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazenediacetic acids) and derivativesfunctional group wherein the number of carbonthereof (N—O Tridentates and N—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingHexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #34:RC(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—R′ forDiazenediformaldehydes,diazenediformaldehydes, and RC(═O)—CR′R″—Diazenediacetaldehydes,N═N—CR″′R″″—C(═O)—R″″′ forBis(diazenediformaldehydes),diazenediacetaldehydes, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(diazenediacetaldehydes),R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicPoly(diazenediformaldehydes), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(diazenediacetaldehydes) (N—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTridentates and N—O Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #35:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andOrtho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) SubstitutedR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalFormazans, Bis(o-hydroxy or -carboxygroup wherein the number of carbon atomssubstituted formazans), and Poly(o-hydroxyranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor -carboxy substituted formazans) (N—Oor polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)(Must include ortho-hydroxy or carboxysubstituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-hydroxyor carboxy substituted alkyl R derivatives.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #36:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (forOrtho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) Substitutedketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representAzines (including ketazines), Bis(o-H, or any organic functional group wherein thehydroxy or carboxy substituted azines), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(o-hydroxy or carboxy substitutedoptionally having halogen or polarizing orazines) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)attached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orcarboxy substituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-hydroxy or carboxy substituted alkyl Rderivatives.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #37:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Groupor any organic functional group wherein theand with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxynumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—Ooptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—Oattached. (Must contain ortho-or alpha-or beta-Hexadentates). Also includes hydrazoneshydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution.)with ortho-O substitution.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #38:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR″′R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) GroupsR′ or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″, R″′,and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxyand R″″ represent H, or any organic functionalor carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates). Alsoor polarizing or water-includes hydrazones with ortho-Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.substitution.(Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxyor carboxy or carbonyl substitution.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #39:N(—R—N═CR′R″)3, where R, R′, and R″Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N)represent H, or any organic functional groupGroups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-wherein the number of carbon atoms rangeshydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitutionfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or(N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingN—O Hexadentates). Also includesgroups attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha-hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonylsubstitution.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #40:[R—C(NR′R″)]x—R″—[Si(—OR″′)zR″″3−z]y whereSilylaminoalcohols (N—O Bidentates, N—OR, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, orTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—Oany organic functional group wherein theHexadentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached, and x and y = 1-6, z = 1-3. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #41:[R—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(—OR″′)R″″R″″′]y or [R—Hydroxyalkyl Imines (Imino Alcohols) (N—C(═NR′)]x—R″—[C(═O)R″′]y, where R, R′, R″,O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—OR″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or anyTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, andx and y = 1-6. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #42:[R(—NR′R″)(—OR″′)], [R(—NR′R″)(—C(═O)R″′],Hydroxyaryl Amines and Hydroxyaryl[R(—NR′R″)x]2O, [R(—NR′R″)x]2-3R″′(—OR″″)y,Imines (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,[R(—OR′)x]2-3R″(—NR″′R″″)y, and [R(—N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)NR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═O))yR″″ for hydroxyarylamines; and [R(—OR′)x]2NH or [R(—OR′)x]2NHNH for hydroxyaryl imines, whereR, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached, and x = 0-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #43:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually hydroxy,Oxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ringcarboxy or carbonyl groups) that constitute O(N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Obinding sites. Can include other ring systemsTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)bound to the heterocyclic ring or to the O-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #44:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms with at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually hydroxy,Oxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ringcarboxy, or carbonyl groups) that constitute O(N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Obinding sites. Can include other ring systemsTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)bound to the heterocyclic ring or to the O-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #45:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms atcontains additional nitrogen-containingleast one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, orSite not in a Ring (N—O Bidentates, N—Ohydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—Oinclude other ring systems bound to theHexadentates)heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or N-containing substituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #46:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms atcontains additional nitrogen-containingleast one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, orSite not in a Ring (N—O Bidentates, N—Ohydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—Oinclude other ring systems bound to theHexadentates)heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or N-containing substituent(s) may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #47:Five membered heterocydic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute O binding sites.Oxygen Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—or O-containing heterocyclic rings, but they doO Tetradentates)not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #48:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Fouraddition, ligand contains additional oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms with at least one additionalcontaining rings that constitute O binding sites.Oxygen Atom Binding Site in a SeparateCan include other ring systems bound to the N-Ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—or O-containing heterocyclic rings, but they doO Tetradentates)not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #49:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten-six, eight, or ten binding sites composed ofMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,nitrogen and oxygen to valence stabilize theand Macropolycyclics (includingcentral metal ion. Can include otherCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites aremacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatecomposed of Nitrogen (usually amine orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisimine groups) or Oxygen (usually hydroxy,ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingcarboxy, or carbonyl groupss) and are nothydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)N—O Valence Stabilizer #50:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedsix, eight, or ten heterocyclic rings containingMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andnitrogen or oxygen binding sites. Can includeMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisNitrogen or Oxygen and are contained inligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Ohydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenBidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Oor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #51:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or oxygen binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Oxygen and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is four, six, eight, or ten. CanAmine, Imine, Hydroxy, Carboxy, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCarbonyl Groups (N—O Bidentates, N—Oto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—Ocoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #1:R—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,1,3-Monothioketones (Monothio-beta-and R″′ represent H, NH2 , or any organicketonates), 1,3,5-Monothioketones, 1,3,5-functional group wherein the number of carbonDithioketones, Bis(1,3-Monothioketones),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingand Poly(1,3-Monothioketones) (S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′—C(═O)—N—R″″R″″′Thiomalonamides (Thiomalonodiamides),where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H,Bis(thiomalonamides), andNH2 , or any organic functional group whereinPolythiomalonamides (S—O Bidentates, S—Othe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R″′—C(═S)—R″″ for 2-2-Thioacylacetamides, 2-thioacylacetamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R″′-Acylthioacetamides, Bis(2-C(═O)—R″″ for 2-acylthioacetamides, where R,thioacylacetamides),R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 , or anyBis(2acylthioacetamides), Poly(2-organic functional group wherein the number ofthioacylacetamides), and Poly(2-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyAcylthioacetamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #4:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ where R, R′,Dithiodicarbonic Diamides,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis(dithiodicarbonic diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(dithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—Oatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #5:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Monothiohypophosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′); orBis(monothiohypophosphoric acids), and(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′),Poly(monothiohypophosphoric acids), andwhere R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oany organic functional group wherein theTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S—O Valence Stabilizer #6:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—N—Monothiohypophosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(monothiohypophosphoramides), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothiohypophosphoramides) (S—Oany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R″′P(═O) which are very reducing andtherefore unacceptable for stabilization of highvalence states in metal ions.S—O Valence Stabilizer #7:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—Monothioimidodiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—Monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids,O—R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—S—Bis(monothioimidodiphosphoric Acids),R″)(—S—R″′) for monothioimidodiphosphoricBis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoricacids, and —NH—NH—derivatives forAcids), Poly(monothioimidodiphosphoricmonothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, whereAcid),R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoricorganic functional group wherein the number ofAcids), and derivatives thereof (S—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #8:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—N—Monothioimidodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′) forMonothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides,monothioimidodiphosphoramides, andBis(monothioimidodiphosphoramides),—NH—NH— derivatives forBis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides),monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, where R,Poly(monothioimidodiphosphoramides),R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides)group wherein the number of carbon atoms(S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—N—Monothiodiphosphoramides,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″R″′—Bis(monothioiphosphoramides), andN—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—Poly(monothiodiphosphoramides) (S—OR″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′,Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—OR″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyTetradentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #10:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Monothiodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R″′);Bis(monothioiphosphoric Acids),(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′);Poly(monothiodiphosphoric Acids), and(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R″′);derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R″′),Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andR″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #11:RR′N+═C(OH)(SH), where R and R′ representMonothiocarbamates,H, OH, SH, OR″(R″═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl), SR″Bis(monothiocarbamates), and(R″═C1-C30 alkyl or aryl), NH2 or any organicPoly(monothiocarbamates) (including N—functional group wherein the number of carbonhydroxymonothiocarbamates and N—atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingmercaptomonothiocarbamates) (S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.

[0114] N Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoamines (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: ammonia; ethylamine; n-dodecylamine; octylamine; phenylamine; cyclohexylamine; diethylamine; dioctylamine; diphenylamine; dicyclohexylamine; azetidine; hexamethylenetetramine (Urotropin); aziridine; azepine; pyrrolidine; benzopyrrolidine; dibenzopyrrolidine; naphthopyrrolidine; piperidine; benzopiperidine; dibenzopiperidine; naphthopiperidine; azacycloheptane (hexamethyleneimine); aminonorbornane; adamantanamine; aniline; benzylamine; toluidine; phenethylamine; xylidine; cumidine; naphthylamine; polyalkylamines; polyanilines; and fluorenediamine.

[0115] N Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diamines (N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrazine; phenylhydrazine; 1,1 -diphenylhydrazine; 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (hydrazobenzene); methanediamine; ethylenediamine (1,2-ethanediamine, en); trimethylenediamine (1,3-propanediamine); putrescine (1,4-butanediamine); cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine); hexamethylenediamine (1,6-hexanediamine); 2,3-diaminobutane; stilbenediamine (1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine); cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; cyclopentane-1,2-diamine; 1,3-diazacyclopentane; 1,3-diazacyclohexane; piperazine; benzopiperazine; dibenzopiperazine; naphthopiperazine; diazepine; thiadiazepine; oxodiazepine; sparteine (lupinidine); 2-(aminomethyl)azacyclohexane; 2-(aminomethyl)piperidine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine; 2-(aminomethyl)azetidine; 2-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine; 1,2-diaminobenzene; benzidine; bis(2,2′-piperazino)-1,2-ethene; 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; naphthylethylenediamine; and 1,2-dianilinoethane.

[0116] N Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triamines (N—N bidentates or N—N tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (dien, 2,2-tri); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (2,3-tri); N-(3aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3-tri, dpt); N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine (3,4-tri, spermidine); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (2,4-tri); N-(6-hexyl)-1,6-hexanediamine (6,6-tri); 1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach); 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (tamm); 2-(aminomethyl)2-methyl-1,3-propanediamine (tame); 2-(aminomethyl)-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine (tamp); 1,2,3-triaminopropane (tap); 2,3-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine; 2,4-(aminomethyl)azetidine; 2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)piperidine; di(2-aminobenzyl)amine; hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine; hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazine; and 1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)benzene.

[0117] N Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetramines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2-tet, trien (triethylenetetramine)); N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (2,3,2-tet, entnen); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3,2,3-tet, tnentn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,3-tet); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,2-tet); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3-tet); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine (3,4,3-tet, spermine); tri(aminomethyl)amine (tren); tri(2-aminoethyl)amine (trtn); tri(3-aminopropyl)amine (trbn); 2,2-aminomethyl-1,3-propanediamine (tam); 1,2,3,4-tetraaminobutane (tab); N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine; and N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3-propanediamine.

[0118] N Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentamines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N—[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2,2-pent, tetren); N—[N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N—-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3,2,2,3-pent); N—[N-(3-aminopropyl)-3-aminopropyl]-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3,3-pent, caldopentamine); N—[N-(2-aminobenzyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine; N—[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine (trenen); and N—[N-(2-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine (4-Me-trenen).

[0119] N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexamines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, or N—N—N—N—N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2,2,2-hex, linpen); N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (2,3,2,3,2-hex); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (penten, ten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine (tpn, R-5-Me-penten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (ttn); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (tbn); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (R,R-tptn, R,S-tptn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-2,2-[N-(2-aminoethyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine (sen); and N-(3-aminopropyl)-2,2-[N-(3-aminopropyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine (stn).

[0120] N Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-pyrroline, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, pyrrole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, azaphosphole, benzopyrroline, benzopyrrole (indole), benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, benzisothiazole, benzazaphosphole, dibenzopyrroline, dibenzopyrrole (carbazole), dibenzoxazole, dibenzisoxazole, dibenzothiazole, dibenzisothiazole, naphthopyrroline, naphthopyrrole, naphthoxazole, naphthisoxazole, naphthothiazole, naphthisothiazole, naphthazaphosphole, and polypyrroles.

[0121] N Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pyrazoline, imidazoline, imidazole (ia), pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, diazaphosphole, benzopyrazoline, benzimidazoline, benzimidazole (azindole)(bia)(bz), benzopyrazole (indazole), benzothiadiazole (piazthiole), benzoxadiazole (benzofurazan), naphthopyrazoline, naphthimidazoline, naphthimidazole, naphthopyrazole, naphthoxadiazole, naphthothiadiazole, polybenzimidazole, and polyimidazoles (e.g. polyvinylimidazole (pvi)).

[0122] N Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates, N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triazole, oxatriazole, thiatriazole, benzotriazole (bta), tolyltriazole (tt), naphthotriazole, and triazolophthalazine.

[0123] N Valence Stabilizer #7d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrazole.

[0124] N Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridine, picoline, lutidine, γ-collidine, oxazine, thiazine, azaphosphorin, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazine, benzothiazine, benzazaphosphorin, acridine, phenanthridine, phenothiazine (dibenzothiazine), dibenzoxazine, dibenzazaphosphorin, benzoquinoline (naphthopyridine), naphthoxazine, naphthothiazine, naphthazaphosphorin, and polypyridines.

[0125] N Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, oxadiazine, thiadiazine, diazaphosphorin, quinoxaline (benzopyrazine), cinnoline (benzo[c]pyridazine), quinazoline (benzopyrimidine), phthalazine (benzo[d]pyridazine), benzoxadiazine, benzothiadiazine, phenazine (dibenzopyrazine), dibenzopyridazine, naphthopyrazine, naphthopyridazine, naphthopyrimidine, naphthoxadiazine, naphthothiadiazine, and polyquinoxalines.

[0126] N Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, benzo-1,2,3-triazine, naphtho-1,2,3-triazine, oxatriazine, thiatriazine, melamine, and cyanuric acid.

[0127] N Valence Stabilizer #8d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N—N bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrazine. N Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(aminomethyl)-3-pyrroline; 2,5-(aminomethyl)3-pyrroline; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrole; 3-(aminomethyl)isoxazole; 2-(aminomethyl)thiazole; 3-(aminomethyl)isothiazole; 2-(aminomethyl)indole; 2-aminobenzoxazole; 2-aminobenzothiazole (abt); 1,8-diaminocarbazole; 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole (amebt); 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole (ameobt), and 1,3-diiminoisoindoline.

[0128] N Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminoimidazoline; 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazoline; 2-aminoimidazole; 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole [histamine]; 1-alkyl-4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole; 3,5-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole; 1-(aminomethyl)pyrazole; 2-aminobenzimidazole; 7-(2-aminoethyl)benzimidazole; 1-(3-aminopropyl)benzimidazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)indazole; 3,7-(2-aminoethyl)indazole; 1-(aminomethyl)indazole; 7-aminobenzothiadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzothiadiazole; 7-aminobenzoxadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzoxadiazole; ethylenediaminetetra(1-pyrazolylmethane) [edtp]; methylenenitrilotris(2-(1-methyl)benzimidazole) [mntb] [tris(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine]; bis(alkyl-1-pyrazolylmethane)amine; bis(alkyl-2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)amine; bis(N,N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-2-aminoethane)(2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine; bis(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolylmethane)phenylamine; tris(2-(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolyl)ethane)amine; 5(dimethylamino)pyrazole; 5-(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrazole; 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 1-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline.

[0129] N Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N—N Tridentates, N—N—N—N Tetradentates, or N—N—N—N—N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ata); 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (dat); 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 3,5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 3,5-(aminomethyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 7-aminobenzotriazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3 -triazole; 4-(3-aminopropyl)benzotriazole; N-(benzotriazolylalkyl)amine; dibenzotriazole-1-ylalkylamine; bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl); bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes; and 1-(aminomethyl)benzotriazole.

[0130] N Valence Stabilizer #9d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1H-tetrazole; and 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole.

[0131] N Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyridine; 2,6-diaminopyridine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(aminoethyl)pyridine; 2-amino-4-picoline; 2,6-diamino-4-picoline; 2-amino-3,5-lutidine; 2-aminoquinoline; 8-aminoquinoline; 2-aminoisoquinoline; acriflavine; 4-aminophenanthridine; 4,5-(aminomethyl)phenothiazine; 4,5-(aminomethyl)dibenzoxazine; 10-amino-7,8-benzoquinoline; bis(2-pyridylmethane)amine; tris(2-pyridyl)amine; bis(4-(2-pyridyl)-3-azabutane)amine; bis(N,N-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)amine; 4-N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)morpholine; 6-aminonicotinic acid; 8-aminoacridine; and 2-hydrazinopyridine.

[0132] N Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyrazine; 2,6-diaminopyrazine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyrazine; 3-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 3,6-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 3,6-(2-aminoethyl)pyridazine; 1-aminopyridazine; 1-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 2-aminopyrimidine; 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrimidine; 2-aminoquinoxaline; 2,3-diaminoquinoxaline; 2-aminocinnoline; 3-aminocinnoline; 3-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline; 3,8-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline; 2-aminoquinazoline; 1-(2-aminoethyl)quinazoline; 1-aminophthalazine; 1,4-(2-aminoethyl)phthalazine; 1,8-(aminomethyl)phenazine; 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (admp); dihydralazine; and hydralazine.

[0133] N Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine; 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,5-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine, polymelamines; melamine; and altretamine.

[0134] N Valence Stabilizer #10d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,6-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; 3,6-(1,3-diamino-2-propyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; and 4,6-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.

[0135] N Valence Stabilizer #11 a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-3-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-2-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-1-pyrroline; 2,2′-bipyrrole; 2,2′,2″-tripyrrole; 3,3′-biisoxazole; 2,2′-bioxazole; 3,3′-biisothiazole; 2,2′-bithiazole; 2,2′-biindole; 2,2′-bibenzoxazole; 2,2′-bibenzothiazole; bilirubin; biliverdine; and 7-azaindole.

[0136] N Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2-imidazoline [2,2′-bi-2-imidazolinyl] [bimd]; 2,2′-biimidazole [2,2′-biimidazolyl] [biimH2]; 5,5′-bipyrazole; 3,3′-bipyrazole; 4,4′-bipyrazole [4,4′-bipyrazolyl] [bpz]; 2,2′-bioxadiazole; 2,2′-bithiadiazole; 2,2′-bibenzimidazole; 7,7′-biindazole; 5,5′-bibenzofurazan; 5,5′-bibenzothiadiazole; bis-1,2-(2-benzimidazole)ethane; bis(2-benzimidazole)methane; 1,2-(2-imidazolyl)benzene; 2-(2-thiazolyl)benzimidazole; 2-(2-imidazolyl)benzimidazole; benzimidazotriazine; 4-azabenzimidazole; and 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine.

[0137] N Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5 -membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazole [btrz]; 3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole; 1,1′-bi-1,2,4-triazole; 1,1′-bi-1,2,3-triazole; 5,5′-bi1,2,3-triazole; 7,7′-bibenzotriazole; 1,1′-bibenzotriazole; bis(pyridyl)aminotriazole (pat); and 8-azaadenine.

[0138] N Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 5,5′-bi-1H-tetrazole; and 1,1′-bi-1H-tetrazole.

[0139] N Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bipyridine [bipy]; 2,2′,2″-tripyridine [terpyridine] [terpy]; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetrapyridine [tetrapy]; 6,6′-bi-2-picoline; 6,6′-bi-3-picoline; 6,6′-bi-4-picoline; 6,6′-bi-2,3-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-2,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-3,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-2,3,4-collidine; 2,2′-biquinoline; 2,2′-biisoquinoline; 3,3′-bibenzoxazine; 3,3′-bibenzothiazine; 1,10-phenanthroline [phen]; 1,8-naphthyridine; bis-1,2-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))ethane; bis-1,3-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))propane; 3,5-bis(3-pyridyl)pyrazole; 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)triazole; 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-5-(3-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminobenzopyrroline; 2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminophthalazine; 2,6-di-(2-benzothiazolyl)pyridine; triazolopyrimidine; 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazoline; 7-azaindole; 1-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole; (1-imidazolyl)(2-pyridyl)methane; 4,5-bis(N,N′-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)imidazole; bathophenanthroline; 4(2-benzimidazolyl)quinoline; 1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethane; 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-dipyridyl; neocuproine; nicotine; and nornicotine.

[0140] N Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bipyrazine; 2,2′,2″-tripyrazine; 6,6′-bipyridazine; bis(3-pyridazinyl)methane; 1,2-bis(3-pyridazinyl)ethane; 2,2′-bipyrimidine; 2,2′-biquinoxaline; 8,8′-biquinoxaline; bis(3-cinnolinyl)methane; bis(3-cinnolinyl)ethane; 8,8′-bicinnoline; 2,2′-biquinazoline; 4,4′-biquinazoline; 8,8′-biquinazoline; 2,2′-biphthalazine; 1,1′-biphthalazine; 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole; 8-azapurine; purine; adenine; guanine; hypoxanthine; 2,6-bis(N,N′-(2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; 2-(N-(2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; adenine (aminopurine); purine; and 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine.

[0141] N Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triazine; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triazine; 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazine; and 4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triazine; 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; and benzimidazotriazines.

[0142] N Valence Stabilizer #12d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3′-bi-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; and 4,4′-bi-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.

[0143] N Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclobutane ([4]aneN2); diazacyclopentane ([5]aneN2); diazacyclohexane ([6]aneN2); diazacycloheptane ([7]aneN2); diazacyclooctane ([8]aneN2); piperazine; benzopiperazine; diazacyclobutene ([4]eneN2); diazacyclopentene ([5]eneN2); diazacyclohexene ([6]eneN2); diazacycloheptene ([7]eneN2); diazacyclooctene ([8]eneN2); diazacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneN2); diazacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneN2); diazacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneN2); diazacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneN2); and diazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN2).

[0144] N Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triazacyclohexane (including hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine)([6]aneN3); triazacycloheptane ([7]aneN3); triazacyclooctane ([8]aneN3); triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3); triazacyclodecane ([10]aneN3); triazacycloundecane ([11]aneN3); triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN3); triazacyclohexene ([6]eneN3); triazacycloheptene ([7]eneN3); triazacyclooctene ([8]eneN3); triazacyclononene ([9]eneN3); triazacyclodecene ([10]eneN3); triazacycloundecene ([11]eneN3); triazacyclododecene ([12]eneN3); triazacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneN3); triazacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneN3); triazacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneN3); triazacyclononatriene ([9]trieneN3); triazacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneN3); triazacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneN3); and triazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN3).

[0145] N Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraazacyclooctane ([8]aneN4); tetraazacyclononane ([9]aneN4); tetraazacyclodecane ([10]aneN4); tetraazacycloundecane ([11]aneN4); tetraazacyclododecane ([12]aneN4); tetraazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN4); tetraazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN4); tetraazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN4); tetraazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN4); tetraazacyclononadiene ([9]dieneN4); tetraazacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneN4); tetraazacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneN4); tetraazacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneN4); tetraazacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneN4); tetraazacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneN4); tetraazacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneN4); tetraazacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneN4); tetraazacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneN4); tetraazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN4); tetraazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN4); and tetraazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN4).

[0146] N Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN6); hexaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN6); hexaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN6); hexaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN6); hexaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN6); hexaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN6); hexaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN6); hexaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN6); hexaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN6); hexaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN6); hexaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN6); hexaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN6); hexaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN6); hexaazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN6); hexaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN6); hexaazacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneN6); hexaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN6); hexaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN6); hexaazacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneN6); hexaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN6); hexaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN6); hexaazacyclodocosatriene ([22]trieneN6); hexaazacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneN6); and hexaazacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneN6).

[0147] N Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN8); octaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN8); octaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN8); octaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN8); octaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN8); octaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN8); octaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN8); octaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN8); octaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN8); octaazacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN8); octaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN8); octaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN8); and octaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN8).

[0148] N Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: decaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN10); decaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN10); decaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN10); decaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN10); decaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN10); decaazacyclopentacosane ([25]aneN10); decaazacyclohexacosane ([26]aneN10); decaazacycloheptacosane ([27]aneN10); decaazacyclooctacosane ([28]aneN10); decaazacyclononacosane ([29]aneN10); decaazacyclotriacontane ([30]aneN10); decaazacycloeicosapentadiene ([20]pentadieneN10); decaazacycloheneicosapentadiene ([21]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneN10); decaazacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneN10); decaazacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneN10); and decaazacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneN10).

[0149] N Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: porphyrins (including tetraphenylporphine (tpp); “picket fence” porphyrins, “picket tail” porphyrins, “bispocket” porphyrins, “capped” porphyrins, cyclophane porphyrins, “pagoda” porphyrins, “pocket” porphyrins, “pocket tail” porphyrins, cofacial diporphyrins, “strapped” porphyrins, “hanging base” porphyrins, bridged porphyrins, chelated mesoporphyrins, homoporphyrins, chlorophylls, and pheophytins); porphodimethanes; porphyrinogens; chlorins; bacteriochlorins; isobacteriochlorins; corroles; corrins and corrinoids; didehydrocorrins; tetradehydrocorrins; hexadehydrocorrins; octadehydrocorrins; tetraoxazoles; tetraisooxazoles; tetrathiazoles; tetraisothiazoles; tetraazaphospholes; tetraimidazoles; tetrapyrazoles; tetraoxadiazoles; tetrathiadiazoles; tetradiazaphospholes; tetratriazoles; tetraoxatriazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; coproporphyrin; etioporphyrin; and hematoporphyrin.

[0150] N Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaphyrins (hexapyrroles); hexaoxazoles; hexaisooxazoles; hexathiazoles; hexaisothiazoles; hexaazaphospholes; hexaimidazoles; hexapyrazoles; hexaoxadiazoles; hexathiadiazoles; hexadiazaphospholes; hexatriazoles; hexaoxatriazoles; and hexathiatriazoles.

[0151] N Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octaphyrins (octapyrroles); octaoxazoles; octaisooxazoles; octathiazoles; octaisothiazoles; octaazaphospholes; octaimidazoles; octapyrazoles; octaoxadiazoles; octathiadiazoles; octadiazaphospholes; octatriazoles; octaoxatriazoles; and octathiatriazoles.

[0152] N Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: decaphyrins (decapyrroles); decaoxazoles; decaisooxazoles; decathiazoles; decaisothiazoles; decaazaphospholes; decaimidazoles; decapyrazoles; decaoxadiazoles; decathiadiazoles; decadiazaphospholes; decatriazoles; decaoxatriazoles; and decathiatriazoles.

[0153] N Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: porphyrazines; octahydrodiazaporphyrins; phthalocyanines; naphthalocyanines; anthracocyanines; and tetraazaporphyrins

[0154] N Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazahexaphyrins; tetraazahexaphyrins; hexaazahexaphyrins; diazahexapyrazoles; tetraazahexapyrazoles; hexaazahexapyrazoles; diazahexaimidazoles; tetraazahexaimidazoles; and hexaazahexaimidazoles.

[0155] N Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazaoctaphyrins; tetraazaoctaphyrins; hexaazaoctaphyrins; octaazaoctaphyrins; diazaoctapyrazoles; tetraazaoctapyrazoles; hexaazaoctapyrazoles; octaazaoctapyrazoles; diazaoctaimidazoles; tetraazaoctaimidazoles; hexaazaoctaimidazoles; and octaazaoctaimidazoles.

[0156] N Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazadecaphyrins; tetraazadecaphyrins; hexaazadecaphyrins; octaazadecaphyrins; decaazadecaphyrins; diazadecapyrazoles; tetraazadecapyrazoles; hexaazadecapyrazoles; octaazadecapyrazoles; decaazadecapyrazoles; diazadecaimidazoles; tetraazadecaimidazoles; hexaazadecaimidazoles; octaazadecaimidazoles; and decaazadecaimidazoles.

[0157] N Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetrapyridines; cyclotetraoxazines; cyclotetrathiazines; cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraquinolines; cyclotetrapyrazines; cyclotetrapyridazines; cyclotetrapyrimidines; cyclotetraoxadiazines; cyclotetrathiadiazines; cyclotetradiazaphosphorins; cyclotetraquinoxalines; cyclotetratriazines; cyclotetrathiatriazines; and cyclotetraoxatriazines.

[0158] N Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclosexipyridines; cyclosexioxazines; cyclosexithiazines; cyclosexiphosphorins; cyclosexiquinolines; cyclosexipyrazines; cyclosexipyridazines; cyclosexipyrimidines; cyclosexioxadiazines; cyclosexithiadiazines; cyclosexidiazaphosphorins cyclosexiquinoxalines; cyclosexitriazines; cyclosexithiatriazines; and cyclosexioxatriazines.

[0159] N Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclooctapyridines; cyclooctaoxazines; cyclooctathiazines; cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaquinolines; cyclooctapyrazines; cyclooctapyridazines; cyclooctapyrimidines; cyclooctaoxadiazines; cyclooctathiadiazines; cyclooctadiazaphosphorins; cyclooctaquinoxalines; cyclooctatriazines; cyclooctathiatriazines; and cyclooctaoxatriazines.

[0160] N Valence Stabilizer #16d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclodecapyridines; cyclodecaoxazines; cyclodecathiazines; cyclodecaphosphorins; cyclodecaquinolines; cyclodecapyrazines; cyclodecapyridazines; cyclodecapyrimidines; cyclodecaoxadiazines; cyclodecathiadiazines; cyclodecadiazaphosphorins; cyclodecaquinoxalines; cyclodecatriazines; cyclodecathiatriazines; and cyclodecaoxatriazines.

[0161] N Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclotetrapyridines; tetraazacyclotetrapyridines; diazacyclotetraquinolines; tetraazacyclotetraquinolines; diazacyclotetrapyrazines; tetraazacyclotetrapyrazines; diazacyclotetrapyridazines; tetraazacyclotetrapyridazines; diazacyclotetrapyrimidines; tetraazacyclotetrapyrimidines; diazacyclotetratriazines; and tetraazacyclotetratriazines.

[0162] N Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclosexipyridines; triazacyclosexipyridines; diazacyclosexiquinolines; triazacyclosexiquinolines; diazacyclosexipyrazines; triazacyclosexipyrazines; diazacyclosexipyridazines; triazacyclosexipyridazines; diazacyclosexipyrimidines; triazacyclosexipyrimidines; diazacyclosexitriazines; and triazacyclosexitriazines.

[0163] N Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclooctapyridines; tetraazacyclooctapyridines; diazacyclooctaquinolines; tetraazacyclooctaquinolines; diazacyclooctapyrazines; tetraazacyclooctapyrazines; diazacyclooctapyridazines; tetraazacyclooctapyridazines; diazacyclooctapyrimidines; tetraazacyclooctapyrimidines; diazacyclooctatriazines; and tetraazacyclooctatriazines.

[0164] N Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclodecapyridines; pentaazacyclodecapyridines; diazacyclodecaquinolines; pentaazacyclodecaquinolines; diazacyclodecapyrazines; pentaazacyclodecapyrazines; diazacyclodecapyridazines; pentaazacyclodecapyridazines; diazacyclodecapyrimidines; pentaazacyclodecapyrimidines; diazacyclodecatriazines; and pentaazacyclodecatriazines.

[0165] N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of amidines and diamidines (N—N bidentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylformamidine; N,N′-diethylformamidine; N,N′-diisopropylformamidine; N,N′-dibutylformamidine; N,N′-diphenylformamidine; N,N′-dibenzylformamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine; N,N′-diadamantylformamidine; N,N′-dianthraquinonylformamidine; N,N′-dimethylacetamidine; N,N′-diethylacetamidine; N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine; N,N′-dibutylacetamidine; N,N′-diphenylacetamidine; N,N′-dibenzylacetamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylacetamidine; N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine; N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine; N,N′-diethylbenzamidine; N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine; N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine; N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine; N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine; N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine; N,N′-diethyltoluamidine; N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine; N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine; N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinorbornyltoluamidine; N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; oxalic diamidine; malonic diamidine; succinic diamidine; glutaric diamidine; adipic diamidine; pimelic diamidine; suberic diamidine; phthalic diamidine; terephthalic diamidine; isophthalic diamidine; piperazine diamidine; 2-iminopyrrolidine; 2-iminopiperidine; amidinobenzamide; benzamidine; chloroazodin; and debrisoquin.

[0166] N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of biguanides (imidodicarbonimidic diamides), biguanidines, imidotricarbonimidic diamides, imidotetracarbonimidic diamides, dibiguanides, bis(biguanidines), polybiguanides, and poly(biguanidines) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: biguanide (bigH); biguanidine, methylbiguanide; ethylbiguanide; isopropylbiguanide; butylbiguanide; benzylbiguanide; phenylbiguanide; tolylbiguanide; naphthylbiguanide; cyclohexylbiguanide; norbornylbiguanide; adamantylbiguanide; dimethylbiguanide; diethylbiguanide; diisopropylbiguanide; dibutylbiguanide; dibenzylbiguanide; diphenylbiguanide; ditolylbiguanide; dinaphthylbiguanide; dicyclohexylbiguanide; dinorbornylbiguanide; diadamantylbiguanide; ethylenedibiguanide; propylenedibiguanide; tetramethylenedibiguanide; pentamethylenedibiguanide; hexamethylenedibiguanide; heptamethylenedibiguanide; octamethylenedibiguanide; phenylenedibiguanide; piperazinedibiguanide; oxalyldibiguanide; malonyldibiguanide; succinyldibiguanide; glutaryldibiguanide; adipyldibiguanide; pimelyldibiguanide; suberyldibiguanide; phthalyldibiguanide; paludrine; polyhexamethylene biguanide; 2-guanidinothiazole; 2-guanidinooxazole; 2-guanidinoimidazole; 3-guanidinopyrazole; 3-guanidino-1,2,4-triazole; 5-guanidinotetrazole; alexidine; buformin; and moroxydine.

[0167] N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diamidinomethanes, bis(diamidinomethanes), and poly(diamidinomethanes) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diamidinomethane; N-methyldiamidinomethane; N-ethyldiamidinomethane; N-isopropyldiamidinomethane; N-butyldiamidinomethane; N-benzyldiamidinomethane; N-phenyldiamidinomethane; N-tolyldiamidinomethane; N-naphthyldiamidinomethane; N-cyclohexyldiamidinomethane; N-norbornyldiamidinomethane; N-adamantyldiamidinomethane; dimethyldiamidinomethane; diethyldiamidinomethane; diisopropyldiamidinomethane; dibutyldiamidinomethane; dibenzyldiamidinomethane; diphenyldiamidinomethane; ditolyldiamidinomethane; dinaphthyldiamidinomethane; dicyclohexyldiamidinomethane; dinorbornyldiamidinomethane; diadamantyldiamidinomethane; ethylenebisdiamidinomethane; propylenebisdiamidinomethane; tetramethylenebisdiamidinomethane; pentamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; hexamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; heptamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; octamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; phenylenebisdiamidinomethane; piperazinebisdiamidinomethane; oxalylbisdiamidinomethane; malonylbisdiamidinomethane; succinylbisdiamidinomethane; glutarylbisdiamidinomethane; phthalylbisdiamidinomethane; 2-amidinomethylthiazole; 2-amidinomethyloxazole; 2-amidinomethylimidazole; 3-amidinomethylpyrazole; 3-amidinomethyl-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-amidinomethyltetrazole.

[0168] N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of imidoylguanidines, amidinoguanidines, bis(imidoylguanidines), bis(amidinoguanidines), poly(imidoylguanidines), and poly(amidinoguanidines) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylguanidine; amidinoguanidine, benzimidoylguanidine; cyclohexylimidoylguanidine; pentafluorobenzimidoylguanidine; 2-N-imidoylaminothiazole; 2-N-imidoylaminooxazole; 2-N-imidoylaminoimidazole; 3-N-imidoylaminopyrazole; 3-N-imidoylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-N-imidoylaminotetrazole.

[0169] N Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diformamidine oxides (dicarbonimidic diamides), tricarbonimidic diamides, tetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine oxides), and poly(diformamidine oxides) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine oxide; methyldiformamidine oxide; ethyldiformamidine oxide; isopropyldiformamidine oxide; butyldiformamidine oxide; benzyldiformamidine oxide; phenyldiformamidine oxide; tolyldiformamidine oxide; naphthyldiformamidine oxide; cyclohexyldiformamidine oxide; norbornyldiformamidine oxide; adamantyldiformamidine oxide; dimethyldiformamidine oxide; diethyldiformamidine oxide; diisopropyldiformamidine oxide; dibutyldiformamidine oxide; dibenzyldiformamidine oxide; diphenyldiformamidine oxide; ditolyldiformamidine oxide; dinaphthyldiformamidine oxide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine oxide; dinorbornyldiformamidine oxide; diadamantyldiformamidine oxide; 2-O-amidinohydroxythiazole; 2-O-amidinohydroxyoxazole; 2-O-amidinohydroxyimidazole; 3-O-amidinohydroxypyrazole; 3-O-amidinohydroxy-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-amidinohydroxytetrazole.

[0170] N Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of diformamidine sulfides (thiodicarbonimidic diamides), thiotricarbonimidic diamides, thiotetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine sulfides), and poly(diformamidine sulfides) (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, or N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine sulfide; methyldiformamidine sulfide; ethyldiformamidine sulfide; isopropyldiformamidine sulfide; butyldiformamidine sulfide; benzyldiformamidine sulfide; phenyldiformamidine sulfide; tolyldiformamidine sulfide; naphthyldiformamidine sulfide; cyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide; norbornyldiformamidine sulfide; adamantyldiformamidine sulfide; dimethyldiformamidine sulfide; diethyldiformamidine sulfide; diisopropyldiformamidine sulfide; dibutyldiformamidine sulfide; dibenzyldiformamidine sulfide; diphenyldiformamidine sulfide; ditolyldiformamidine sulfide; dinaphthyldiformamidine sulfide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide; dinorbornyldiformamidine sulfide; diadamantyldiformamidine sulfide; phenylthiobisformamidine; 2-S-amidinomercaptothiazole; 2-S-amidinomercaptooxazole; 2-S-amidinomercaptoimidazole; 3-S-amidinomercaptopyrazole; 3-S-amidinomercapto-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-amidinomercaptotetrazole.

[0171] N Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of imidodicarbonimidic acids, diimidodicarbonimidic acids, imidotricarbonimidic acids, imidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodicarbonimidic acid, diimidodicarbonimidic acid, imidotricarbonimidic acid, imidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-ethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-phenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-benzylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-naphthylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-norbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-adamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diisopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid; and O,O′-diadamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid.

[0172] N Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of thioimidodicarbonimidic acids, thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids, thioimidotricarbonimidic acids, thioimidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonimidic acid, thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acid, thioimidotricarbonimidic acid, thioimidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-ethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-phenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-benzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-naphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-adamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dimethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diisopropylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dinorbornylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; and O,O′-diadamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid.

[0173] N Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of diimidoylimines, diimidoylhydrazides, bis(diimidoylimines), bis(diimidoylhydrazides), poly(diimidoylimines), and poly(diimidoylhydrazides) (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetimidoylimine; dibenzimidoylimine; and dicyclohexylimidoylimine.

[0174] N Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of imidosulfamides, diimidosulfamides, bis(imidosulfamides), bis(diimidosulfamides), poly(imidosulfamides), and poly(diimidosulfamides) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidosulfamidic acid, diimidosulfamidic acid; O-phenylimidosulfamide; O-benzylimidosulfamide; N-phenylimidosulfamide; N-benzylimidosulfamide; O-phenyldiimidosulfamide; O-benzyldiimidosulfamide; N-phenyldiimidosulfamide; and N-benzyldiimidosulfamide.

[0175] N Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of phosphoramidimidic triamides, bis(phosphoramidimidic triamides), and poly(phosphoramidimidic triamides) and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidic triamide; N-phenylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-benzylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-naphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-norbornylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidic triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidic triamide.

[0176] N Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of phosphoramidimidic acid, phosphorodiamidimidic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), poly(phosphoramidimidic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidic acid, phosphorodiamidimidic acid, O-phenylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-benzylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-naphthylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidic acid.

[0177] N Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidodithioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidimidodithioic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphoramidimidodithoic acid; S-naphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-norbornylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; and S,S′-dinorbornylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid.

[0178] N Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of azo compounds with amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) positions, bis[o-(H2N—) or alpha- or beta-(H2N-)azo compounds], or poly[o-(H2N—) or alpha- or beta-(H2N-)azo compounds) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: o-aminoazobenzene; o,o′-diaminoazobenzene; (2-pyridine)azobenzene; 1-phenylazo-2-naphthylamine; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN); pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR); o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene; Benzopurpurin 4B; Congo Red; Fat Brown RR; benzopurpurin; Congo Red; Direct Red 75; Mordant Brown 48; Nitro Red; 2-imidazolylazobenzene; 2-benzimidazolylazobenzene; 3-pyrazolylazobenzene; 3-(1,2,4-triazolyl)azobenzene; 2-pyridylazobenzene; 2-pyrazinylazobenzene; and 2-pyrimidinylazobenzene.

[0179] N Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazeneformimidamides (diazeneamidines), diazeneacetimidamides (diazene-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), bis(diazeneformimidamides), bis(diazeneacetimidamides), poly(diazeneformimidamides), and poly(diazeneacetimidamides) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidamide (diazeneamidine); diazeneacetimidamide (diazene-alpha-amidinomethane); phenyldiazeneformimidamide; triphenyldiazeneformimidamide; phenyldiazeneacetimidamide; and triphenyldiazeneacetimidamide.

[0180] N Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazeneformimidic acid, diazeneacetimidic acid, bis(diazeneformimidic acid), bis(diazeneacetimidic acid), poly(diazeneformimidic acid), poly(diazeneacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidic acid, diazeneacetimidic acid, phenyldiazeneformimidic acid, diphenyldiazeneformimidic acid, phenyldiazeneacetimidic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetimidic acid.

[0181] N Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazeneformimidothioic acid, diazeneacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazeneformimidothioic acid), bis(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazeneformimidothioic acid), poly(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidothioic acid, diazeneacetimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid, diphenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid.

[0182] N Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of imidoyldiazenes, bis(imidoyldiazenes), and poly(imidoyldiazenes), (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoyldiazene; benzimidoyldiazene; and cyclohexylimidoyldiazene.

[0183] N Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of diazenediformimidamides (1,2-diazenediamidines), diazenediacetimidamides (1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), bis(diazenediformimidamides), bis(diazenediacetimidamides), poly(diazenediformimidamides), and poly(diazenediacetimidamides) (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidamide (1,2-diazenediamidine), diazenediacetimidamide (1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinomethane); diphenyldiazenediformimidamide; tetraphenyldiazenediformimidamide; diphenyldiazenediacetimidamide; and tetraphenyldiazenediacetimidamide.

[0184] N Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of diazenediformimidic acid, diazenediacetimidic acid, bis(diazenediformimidic acid), bis(diazenediacetimidic acid), poly(diazenediformimidic acid), and poly(diazenediacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidic acid, diazenediacetimidic acid, diphenyldiazenediformimidic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetimidic acid.

[0185] N Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of diazenediformimidothioic acid, diazenediacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazenediformimidothioic acid), bis(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazenediformimidothioic acid), and poly(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformimidothioic acid, diazenediacetimidothioic acid, diphenyldiazenediformimidothioic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetimidothioic acid.

[0186] N Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of diimidoyldiazenes, bis(diimidoyldiazenes), and poly(diimidoyldiazenes), (N—N Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetimidoyldiazene; dibenzimidoyldiazene; and dicyclohexylimidoyldiazene.

[0187] N Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of ortho-amino (or -hydrazido) substituted formazans, bis(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans), and poly(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-aminophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; and 1,5-bis(2-aminophenyl)-3-phenylformazan.

[0188] N Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of ortho-amino (or -hydrazido) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-amino or hydrazido substituted azines), and poly(o-amino or hydrazido substituted azines) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-amino-1-benzalazine; 2-amino-l-naphthalazine; and 2-amino-1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0189] N Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aniline; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aniline; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aniline; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aminonorbornane;.2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; 2-aminobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone (nitrin); and 2-aminobenzaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-N substitution.

[0190] N Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and without ortho-(for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(Glyoxalo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)dianiline; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dianiline; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dianiline; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N ′-(Acetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N ′-(Benzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Acetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-cyclohexylenediamine; N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-propylenediamine; N,N ′-(Glyoxalo)-o-phenylenediamine; and N,N′-(Glyoxalo)ethylenediamine. Also includes dihydrazones.

[0191] N Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dianiline; N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)ethylenediamine; ; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; and N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-N substitution.

[0192] N Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and without ortho-(for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Benzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(Naphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(Acetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includes trihydrazones.

[0193] N Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo or diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, N—N Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Aminoacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine.

[0194] S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of macrocyclic, macrobicyclic, and macropolycyclic oligothioketones (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of thioketones (especially in the beta position) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathioketocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(=S)6); hexathioketocycloheneicosane ([21]ane(=S)6); hexathioketocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(=S)6); hexathioketocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(=S)6); tetrathioketocycloeicosane ([20]ane(=S)4); tetrathioketocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(=S)4); tetrathioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(=S)4); tetrathioketocyclotetradecane ([14]ane(=S)4); tetrathioketocyclododecane ([12]ane(=S)4); dithioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(=S)2); dithioketocyclotetraadecane ([14]ane(=S)2); dithioketocyclododecane ([12]ane(=S)2); dithioketocyclodecane ([10]ane(=S)2); and dithioketocyclooctane ([8]ane(=S)2).

[0195] S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of macrocyclic, macrobicyclic, and macropolycyclic dithiolenes (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of alpha-, alpha-dithiolenes (meaning two thiol groups on a single carbon atom in the ring) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiolocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(-SH)6); hexathiolocycloheneicosane ([21]ane(-SH)6); hexathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(-SH)6); hexathiolocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(-SH)6); tetrathiolocycloeicosane ([20]ane(-SH)4); tetrathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(-SH)4); tetrathiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(-SH)4); tetrathiolocyclotetradecane ([14]ane(-SH)4); tetrathiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(-SH)4); dithiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(-SH)2); dithiolocyclotetraadecane ([14]ane(-SH)2); dithiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(-SH)2); dithiolocyclodecane ([10]ane(-SH)2); and dithiolocyclooctane ([8]ane(-SH)2).

[0196] S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioimidodialdehydes, dithiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl thiohydrazides), bis(dithioimidodialdehydes), bis(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes), poly(dithioimidodialdehydes), and poly(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiacetamide, dithiodipropanamide, dithiodibutanamide, dithiodibenzamide, and dithiodicyclohexamide.

[0197] S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of dithioimidodicarbonic acids, dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodicarbonic acid, dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, a norbornyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-norbornyldithioimidodicarbonic acid.

[0198] S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,3-dithioketones (dithio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-trithioketones, bis(1,3-dithioketones), and poly(1,3-dithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanedithione; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedithione; thiobenzoylthiopinacolone; dithiocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetrithionate; tetramethylnonanetrithionate; hexafluoroheptanetrithionate; trifluoroheptanetrithionate; 1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedithione, 1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedithione, trifluorothioacetylthiocamphor; and 1,3-indandithione.

[0199] S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,2-dithioketones (dithiolenes, dithio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-trithioketones, dithiotropolonates, o-dithioquinones, bis(1,2-dithioketones), and poly(1,2-dithioketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiotropolone; 1,2-dithiobenzoquinone (o-dithioquinone)(o-benzenedithiolate)(bdt); di-tert-butyl-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone; 1,2-dithionaphthoquinone; 9,10-dithiophenanthroquinone; ethylenedithiolene (edt); maleonitriledithiolene (mnt); trifluoromethyldithiolene (tfd); carbomethoxydithiolene (cmt); trithionedithiolene (dmit); toluenedithiolate (tdt); dithiomanaldehyde (propenethionethiolate)(ptt); dithioacetylacetonate (SacSac); dijulolidinedithiolene; 2,3-piperazinedithiolate; di(4-aminophenyl)dithiolene; dimercaptoisotrithione (dmit); (4-octylphenyl)dithiolene; benzenetetrathiol; tetrathiosquaric acid; trithiodeltic acid; pentathiocroconic acid; dithiocroconic acid; hexathiorhodizonic acid; dithiorhodizonic acid; ethylenetetrathiol; trans-butadienetetrathiolate; tetrathiooxalic acid; 1,2-indandithione; naphthothioquinone; acenapthenethioquinone; aceanthrenethioquinone; and indole-2,3-dithione (thioisatin).

[0200] S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiomalonamides (dithiomalonodiamides), bis(dithiomalonamides), and polydithiomalonamides (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiomalonamide, N-phenyldithiomalonamide, N-benzyldithiomalonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiomalonamide, N-norbornyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-diphenyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dibenzyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiomalonamide, and N,N′-norbornyldithiomalonamide.

[0201] S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 2-thioacylthioacetamides, bis(2-thioacylthioacetamides), and poly(2-thioacylthioacetamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-benzyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-thiobenzothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorothiobenzothioacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-thiocyclohexothioacetamide.

[0202] S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of dithioacyl sulfides, bis(dithioacyl sulfides), and poly(dithioacyl sulfides), (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetyl sulfide; dithiopropanoyl sulfide; dithiobenzoyl sulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyl sulfide.

[0203] S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of trithiodicarbonic diamides, bis(trithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltrithiodicarbonic diamide.

[0204] S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids, bis(pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids), poly(pentathio-, tetrathio-, or trithiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiodicarbonic acid, tetrathiodicarbonic acid, trithiodicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-benzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid.

[0205] S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of dithiohypophosphoric acids, bis(dithiohypophosphoric acids), poly(dithiohypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoric acid, methyldithiohypophosphoric acid, isopropyldithiohypophosphoric acid, tert-butyldithiohypophosphoric acid, phenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, benzyldithiohypophosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoric acid, norbornyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dimethyldithiohypophosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothiohypophosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoric acid, diphenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dibenzyldithiohypophosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithiohypophosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithiohypophosphoric acid.

[0206] S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiohypophosphoramides, bis(dithiohypophosphoramides), and poly(dithiohypophosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoramide, N-methyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-phenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-benzyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-norbornyldithiohypophospboramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiohypopbosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiohypophosphoramide.

[0207] S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoric acids, dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoric acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphoric acid, methyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, phenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, benzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0208] S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoramides, dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoramide.

[0209] S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of dithiodiphosphoramides, bis(dithiodiphosphoramides), and poly(dithiodiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoramide, N-methyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoramide.

[0210] S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of dithiodiphosphoric acids, bis(dithiodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithiodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoric acid, methyldithiodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, phenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, benzyldithiodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, norboryldithiodiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid.

[0211] S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of trithiophosphoric acids (phosphorotrithioic acids), bis(trithiophosphoric acids), poly(trithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-benzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-norbornyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-diphenyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-dibenzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphoric acid, and O,S-dinorbornyltrithiophosphoric acid.

[0212] S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of dithiophosphoric acids (phosphorodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphoric acids), poly(dithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyldithiophosphoric acid, O-benzyldithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphoric acid, O-norbornyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldithiophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithiophosphoric acid.

[0213] S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of tetrathiophosphoric acids (phosphorotetrathioic acids), bis(tetrathiophosphoric acids), poly(tetrathiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiophosphoric acid, S-phenyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-benzyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-cyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-norbornyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-diphenyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-dibenzyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S,S-dicyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, and S,S-dinorbornyltetrathiophosphoric acid.

[0214] S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid.

[0215] S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid.

[0216] S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, and O,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid.

[0217] S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of beta-mercaptothioketones, beta-mercaptothioaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptothioketones), bis(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptothioketones), and poly(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-mercaptopentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde; o-mercaptothioacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-dithionaphthoquinone; 1-mercaptothioacridone; 1-mercaptodithioanthraquinone; 1,8-dimercaptodithioanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptothiobenzophenone.

[0218] S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas [N-(aminomercaptomethyl)thioureas], bis[N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas] (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminonercaptomethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea.

[0219] S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithiooxamides, bis(dithiooxamides), and poly(dithiooxamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid), N-methyldithiooxamide; N-ethyldithiooxamide; N-isopropyldithiooxamide; N-phenyldithiooxamide; N-benzyldithiooxamide; N-cyclohexyldithiooxamide; N-norbornyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dimethyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diethyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diisopropyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diphenyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dibenzyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiooxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiooxamide.

[0220] S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of 1,1-dithiolates, bis(1,1-dithiolates), and poly(1,1-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (i-mnt); 1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (DED); 1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylene dithiolate; 1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylene dithiolate; 1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene dithiolate; and 1-nitroethylene dithiolate.

[0221] S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiomonocarboxylic acids, tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic Acids, bis(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), poly(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetic acid; dithiopropionic acid; dithiobenzoic acid (dtb); dithiophenylacetic acid (dtpa); dithiocyclohexanoic acid; dithiofuroic acid; dithionaphthoic acid; phenyl dithioacetate; phenyl dithiopropionate; phenyl dithiobenzoate; phenyl dithiocyclohexanoate; phenyl dithiofuroate; phenyl dithionaphthoate; tetrathiooxalic acid; tetrathiomalonic acid; tetrathiosuccinic acid; trithiooxalic acid; trithiomalonic acid; trithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl tetrathiooxalate; diphenyl tetrathiomalonate; diphenyl tetrathiosuccinate; diphenyl trithiooxalate; diphenyl trithiomalonate; diphenyl trithiosuccinate; pyridine dithiocarboxylic acid; pyrrole dithiocarboxylic acid; thiophene dithiocarboxylic acid; dithionaphthoic acid; and tetrathiocamphonic acid.

[0222] S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of perthiomonocarboxylic acids, perthiodicarboxylic acids, bis(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(perthiodicarboxylic acids), poly(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(perthiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: perthioacetic acid; perthiopropionic acid; perthiobenzoic acid; perthiophenylacetic acid; perthiocyclohexanoic acid; perthiofuroic acid; perthionaphthoic acid; phenyl perthioacetate; phenyl perthiopropionate; phenyl perthiobenzoate; phenyl perthiocyclohexanoate; phenyl perthiofuroate; phenyl perthionaphthoate; perthiooxalic acid; perthiomalonic acid; perthiosuccinic acid; diphenyl perthiooxalate; diphenyl perthiomalonate; diphenyl perthiosuccinate; dithiole-3-thione (dithione-3-thione); and benzodithiole-3-thione (benzodithione-3-thione).

[0223] S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithiocarbonates, trithiocarbonates, perthiocarbonates, bis(dithiocarbonates), bis(trithiocarbonates), and bis(perthiocarbonates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S,S-diethyldithiocarbonate; S,S-diisopropyldithiocarbonate; S,S-diphenyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dibenzyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dinorbornyldithiocarbonate; diethyltrithiocarbonate; diisopropyltrithiocarbonate; diphenyltrithiocarbonate; dibenzyltrithiocarbonate; dicyclohexyltrithiocarbonate; and dinorbornyltrithiocarbonate.

[0224] S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiocarbamates, bis(dithiocarbamates), and poly(dithiocarbamates) (including N-hydroxydithiocarbamates and N-mercaptodithiocarbamates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmdtc); di(trifluorodimethyl)dithiocarbamate; diethyldithiocarbamate (dedtc); dipropyldithiocarbamate; diisopropyldithiocarbamate; dibutyldithiocarbamate; ditertbutyldithiocarbamate; dicyanamidodithiocarbamate; azidothioformates; diphenyldithiocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbamate; dibenzyldithiocarbamate; dinaphthyldithiocarbamate; dicyclohexyldithiocarbamate; dinorbornyldithiocarbamate; diadamantyldithiocarbamate; pyrrolidinodithiocarbamate (pyrdtc); piperidinodithiocarbamate (pipdtc); morpholinodithiocarbamate (mordtc); thiamorpholinodithiocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinodithiocarbamate; pyrrolodithiocarbamate; oxazolodithiocarbamate; isoxazolodithiocarbamate; thiazolodithiocarbamate; isothiazolodithiocarbamate; indolodithiocarbamate; carbazolodithiocarbamate; pyrazolinodithiocarbamate; imidazolinodithiocarbamate; pyrazolodithiocarbamate; imidazolodithiocarbamate; indazolodithiocarbamate; and triazolodithiocarbamate.

[0225] S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of dithiocarbazates (dithiocarbazides), bis(dithiocarbazates), and poly(dithiocarbazates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates; or possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)dithiocarbazate; N,N′-diethyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-diphenyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-dibenzyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiocarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiocarbazate.

[0226] S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of thiocyanate ligands (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiocyanate (—SCN).

[0227] O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of biurets (imidodicarbonic diamides), isobiurets, biureas, triurets, triureas, bis(biurets), bis(isobiurets), bis(biureas), poly(biurets), poly(isobiurets), and poly(biureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: biuret, isobiuret, biurea, triuret, triurea, nitrobiuret, dinitrobiuret, aminobiuret, diaminobiuret, oxybiuret, dioxybiuret, cyanobiuret, methylbiuret, ethylbiuret, isopropylbiuret, phenylbiuret, benzylbiuret, cyclohexylbiuret, norbornylbiuret, adamantylbiuret, dimethylbiuret, diethylbiuret, diisopropylbiuret, diphenylbiuret, dibenzylbiuret, dicyclohexylbiuret, dinorbornylbiuret, and diadamantylbiuret.

[0228] O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acylureas, aroylureas, bis(acylureas), bis(aroylureas), poly(acylureas), and poly(aroylureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: formylurea, acetylurea, benzoylurea, cyclohexoylurea, pentafluorobenzoylurea, N-methylacetylurea, N-phenylbenzoylurea, and N-cyclohexylcyclohexoylurea.

[0229] O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of imidodialdehydes, hydrazidodialdehydes (acyl hydrazides), bis(imidodialdehydes), bis(hydrazidodialdehydes), poly(imidodialdehydes), and poly(hydrazidodialdehydes) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetamide, dipropanamide, dibutanamide, dibenzamide, and dicyclohexamide.

[0230] O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidodicarbonic acids, hydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(imidodicarbonic acids), bis(hydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(imidodicarbonic acids), poly(hydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodicarbonic acid, hydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenylimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzylimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonic acid.

[0231] O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of imidodisulfamic acid, imidodisulfuric acid, bis(imidodisulfamic acid), bis(imidodisulfuric acid), poly(imidodisulfamic acid), and poly(imidodisulfuric acid) and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodisulfamic acid, imidodisulfuric acid, N-phenylimidodisulfamic acid, N-benzylimidodisulfamic acid, N-cyclohexylimidodisulfamic acid, N-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-diphenylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-dibenzylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-dicyclohexylimidodisulfamic acid, and N,N′-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid.

[0232] O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,3-diketones (beta-diketonates), 1,3,5-triketones, bis(1,3-diketones), and poly(1,3-diketones), all with a molecular weight greater than 125 (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanedione; dibenzoylmethane (1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione); benzoylpinacolone; dicyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetrionate; dibenzoylacetone; benzoylacetylacetone; dibenzoylacetylacetone; tetramethylnonanetrionate; hexafluoroheptanetrionate; trifluoroheptanetrionate; trifluoroacetylcamphor (facam); and 1,3-indandione.

[0233] O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 1,2-diketones (alpha-diketonates), 1,2,3-triketones, tropolonates, o-quinones, bis(1,2-diketones), and poly(1,2-diketones), all with a molecular weight greater than 100 (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tropolone; 1,2-benzoquinone (o-quinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-benzoquinone; 1,2-naphthoquinone; 9,10-phenanthroquinone; and 1,2-indandione.

[0234] O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of malonamides (malonodiamides), bis(malonamides), and polymalonamides (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: malonamide, N-phenylmalonamide, N-benzylmalonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmalonamide, N-cyclohexylmalonamide, N-norbornylmalonamide, N,N′-diphenylmalonamide, N,N′-dibenzylmalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexylmalonamide, and N,N′-norbornylmalonamide.

[0235] O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 2-acylacetamides, bis(2-acylacetamides), and poly(2-acylacetamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-acetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-benzyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-benzoacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzoacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexoacetamide.

[0236] O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodicarbonic diamides, bis(monothiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(monothiodicarbonic diamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclobexylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide.

[0237] O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiodicarbonic acids, bis(monothiodicarbonic acids), poly(monothiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic acid, O-phenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-benzylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid.

[0238] O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of trithionic acid, bis(trithionic acid), poly(trithionic acid), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenyl trithionate, dipentafluorodiphenyl trithionate, dicyclohexyl trithionate, and dinorbornyl trithionate.

[0239] O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of hypophosphoric acids, bis(hypophosphoric acids), and poly(hypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hypophosphoric acid, O-methylhypophosphoric acid, O-isopropylhypophosphoric acid, O-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O-phenylhypophosphoric acid, O-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoric acid, O-benzylhypophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexylhypophosphoric acid, O-norbornylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dimethylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-diisopropylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-di-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-diphenylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dibenzylhypophosphoric acid, O,O″-dicyclohexylhypophosphoric acid, and O,O″-dinorbornylhypophosphoric acid.

[0240] O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hypophosphoramides, bis(hypophosphoramides), and poly(hypophosphoramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hypophosphoramide, N-methylhypophosphoramide, N-isopropylhypophosphoramide, N-tert-butylhypophosphoramide, N-phenylhypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramide, N-benzylhypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexylhypophosphoramide, N-norbornylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylhypophosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylhypophosphoramide.

[0241] O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of imidodiphosphoric acids, hydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(imidodiphosphoric acids), bis(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(imidodiphosphoric acids), poly(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphoric acid, methylimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoric acid, benzylimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornylimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethylimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenylimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0242] O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of imidodiphosphoramides, hydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(imidodiphosphoramides), bis(hydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(imidodiphosphoramides), and poly(hydrazidodiphosphoramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphoramide, N-methylimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenylimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzylimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylimidodiphosphoramide.

[0243] O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of diphosphoramides, bis(diphosphoramides), and poly(diphosphoramides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphoramide, N-methyldiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldiphosphoramide, N-phenyldiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide, N-benzyldiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldiphosphoramide.

[0244] O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of beta-hydroxyketones, beta-hydroxyaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxyketones), bis(beta-hydroxyaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxyketones), and poly(beta-hydroxyaldehydes) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-hydroxypentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dicyclobexyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanal; o-hydroxyacetophenone; juglone; alizarin; 1-hydroxyanthraquinone; 1,8-hydroxyanthraquinone; 1-hydroxyacridone; and beta-hydroxybenzophenone.

[0245] O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)ureas [N-(aminobydroxymethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)ureas), and poly[N-(aminomethylol)ureas] (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea.

[0246] O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of oxamides, bis(oxamides), and poly(oxamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: oxamide, N-methyloxamide; N-ethyloxamide; N-isopropyloxamide; N-phenyloxamide; N-benzyloxamide; N-cyclohexyloxamide; N-norbornyloxamide; N,N′-dimethyloxamide; N,N′-diethyloxamide; N,N′-diisopropyloxamide; N,N′-diphenyloxamide; N,N′-dibenzyloxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyloxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyloxamide.

[0247] O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of squaric acids and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: deltic acid; squaric acid; croconic acid; and rhodizonic acid.

[0248] O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of dicarboxylic acids, bis(dicarboxylic acids), poly(dicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: oxalic acid; malonic acid; succinic acid; diphenyl oxalate; diphenyl malonate; and diphenyl succinate.

[0249] O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of carbamates, bis(carbamates), and poly(carbamates) (including N-hydroxycarbamates and N-mercaptocarbamates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylcarbamate (dmc); di(trifluorodimethyl)carbamate; ethyl carbamate; diethylcarbamate (dec); dipropylcarbamate; diisopropylcarbamate; dibutylcarbamate; ditertbutylcarbamate; dicyanamidocarbamate; diphenylcarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)carbamate; dibenzylcarbamate; dinaphthylcarbamate; dicyclohexylcarbamate; dinorbornylcarbamate; diadamantylcarbamate; pyrrolidinocarbamate (pyrc); piperidinocarbamate (pipc); morpholinocarbamate (morc); thiamorpholinocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinocarbamate; pyrrolocarbamate; oxazolocarbamate; isoxazolocarbamate; thiazolocarbamate; isothiazolocarbamate; indolocarbamate; carbazolocarbamate; pyrazolinocarbamate; imidazolinocarbamate; pyrazolocarbamate; imidazolocarbamate; indazolocarbamate; and triazolocarbamate.

[0250] O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of carbimates, bis(carbimates), and poly(carbimates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methylcarbimate; trifluoromethylcarbimate; ethylcarbimate; propylcarbimate; isopropylcarbimate; butylcarbimate; tertbutylcarbimate; cyanocarbimate; cyanamidocarbimate; azidocarbimate; phenylcarbimate; pentafluorophenylcarbimate; benzylcarbimate; naphthylcarbimate; cyclohexylcarbimate; norbornylcarbimate; and adamantylcarbimate. [Note: carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0251] O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of carbonates and bis(carbonates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: carbonate; bicarbonate; O,O-diethylcarbonate; diisopropylcarbonate; diphenylcarbonate; dibenzylcarbonate; dicyclohexylcarbonate; and dinorbornylcarbonate.

[0252] O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of cyanate ligands (O monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyanate (—OCN).

[0253] N—S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diformamidine disulfides (thioperoxydicarbonimidic diamides), thioperoxytricarbonimidic diamides, thioperoxytetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine disulfides), and poly(diformamidine disulfides) (N—S bidentates, N—N—S tridentates, or N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diformamidine disulfide; methyldiformamidine disulfide; ethyldiformamidine disulfide; isopropyldiformamidine disulfide; butyldiformamidine disulfide; benzyldiformamidine disulfide; phenyldiformamidine disulfide; tolyldiformamidine disulfide; naphthyldiformamidine disulfide; cyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide; norbornyldiformamidine disulfide; adamantyldiformamidine disulfide; dimethyldiformamidine disulfide; diethyldiformamidine disulfide; diisopropyldiformamidine disulfide; dibutyldiformamidine disulfide; dibenzyldiformamidine disulfide; diphenyldiformamidine disulfide; ditolyldiformamidine disulfide; dinaphthyldiformamidine disulfide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide; dinorbornyldiformamidine disulfide; diadamantyldiformamidine disulfide; 2-S-amidinodisulfidothiazole; 2-S-amidinodisulfidooxazole; 2-S-amidinodisulfidoimidazole; 3-S-amidinodisulfidopyrazole; 3-S-amidinodisulfido-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-amidinodisulfidotetrazole.

[0254] N—S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of S-amidinodithiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinodithiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinodithiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); phthalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); 2-S-dithiocarbamatothiazole; 2-S-dithiocarbamatooxazole; 2-S-dithiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-S-dithiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-S-dithiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-S-dithiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0255] N—S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of O-amidinothiocarbamates, bis(O-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinothiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-ethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-butyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-phenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; ethylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); propylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); phenylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); piperazinebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); oxalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); succinylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); phthalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatothiazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0256] N—S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-norbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); and phthalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate).

[0257] N—S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphorimidothioic acid; phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotrithioic acid; bis(phosphorimidothioic acid); bis(phosphorimidodithioic acid); bis(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidothioic acid); poly(phosphorimidodithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorimidothioic acid; phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotrithioic acid; O-phenylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-norbornylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidothioic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphorimidothioic acid.

[0258] N—S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphorothioic triamides, bis(phosphorothioic triamides), and poly(phosphorothioic triamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorothioic triamide; phosphorothioic trihydrazide; phosphoramidothioic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphorothioic triamide; N-benzylphosphorothioic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide; N-norbornylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphorothioic triamide.

[0259] N—S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of phosphoramidotrithioic acid, phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, bis(phosphoramidotrithioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), poly(phosphoramidotrithioic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are hot limited to: phosphoramidotrithioic acid, phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-benzylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-norbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, and S,S′-dinorbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid.

[0260] N—S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphoramidothioic acid, phosphoramidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidothioic acid, bis(phosphoramidothioic acid), bis(phosphoramidodithioic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidodithioic acid), and poly(phosphorodiamidothioic acid) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidothioic acid, phosphoramidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidothioic acid, phosphorohydrazidothioic acid, phosphorohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphorodihydrazidothioic acid, phosphoramidohydrazidothioic acid, O-phenylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-benzylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-norbornylphosphoramidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidodithioic acid, S-benzylphosphoramidodithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidodithioic acid, and S-norbornylphosphoramidodithioic acid.

[0261] N—S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of N-thioacyl 7-aminobenzylidenimines (N—S Bidentates or N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-thioacetyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-thioacetyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine; N-thiobenzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; and N-thiobenzoyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.

[0262] N—S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of thiohydroxamates (thiohydroxylamines), bis(thiohydroxamates), and poly(thiohydroxamates) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetothiohydroxamic acid; propianothiohydroxamic acid; butyrothiohydroxamic acid; crotonothiohydroxamic acid; sorbothiohydroxamic acid; benzothiohydroxamic acid; toluicthiohydroxamic acid; salicylthiohydroxamic acid; phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid; anthranilthiohydroxamic acid; nicotinethiohydroxamic acid; picolinethiohydroxamic acid; cyclohexanethiohydroxamic acid; quinoline 8-thiohydroxamic acid; cinnamylthiohydroxamic acid; oxaldithiohydroxamic acid; succinylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid; adipylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid; glyoxalthiohydroxamic acid; 2-thiophenethiocarbohydroxamic acid; thenoylthiohydroxamic acid; N-phenylbenzothiohydroxamic acid; N-tolylbenzothiohydroxamic acid; N-phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid; N-phenyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid; and N-tolyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid.

[0263] N—S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of alpha- or ortho-aminothiocarboxylic acids, and alpha- or ortho-aminothiodicarboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-pyridinethiocarboxylic acid (thiopicolinic acid); 2-pyrazinethiocarboxylic acid; o-aminothiobenzoic acid; o-aminothionaphthoic acid; and 3,6-diaminothiophthalic acid.

[0264] N—S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of thiosemicarbazones, bis(thiosemicarbazones), and poly(thiosemicarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; acetone thiosemicarbazone; pinacolone thiosemicarbazone; benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; norbornanone thiosemicarbazone; camphor thiosemicarbazone; nopinone thiosemicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; quinolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; isatin dithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinone dithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinone dithiosemicarbazone; picolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone; glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; acetophenone thiosemicarbazone; biacetyl monoxime thiosemicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; thymolaldothiosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde thiosemicarbazone; phthalaldehyde dithiosemicarbazone; phthalimide dithiosemicarbazone; furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; naphthoquinone thiosemicarbazone; phenanthrequinone thiosemicarbazone; cyclohexanedione dithiosemicarbazone; ionone thiosemicarbazone; bisthiosemicarbazone of diethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; pyridoxal alkylthiosemicarbazones; benzylidene phenylthiosemicarbazones; lawsone thiosemicarbazone; and 1-benzoin-4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (bps).

[0265] N—S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of thioacyl hydrazones, bis(thioacyl hydrazones), and poly(thioacyl hydrazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; acetaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; acetone N-thioformylhydrazone; acetone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; pinacolone N-thioformylhydrazone; pinacolone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; norbornanone N-thioformylhydrazone; norbornanone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; camphor N-thioformylhydrazone; camphor N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; nopinone N-thioformylhydrazone; nopinone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-thioformylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; ionone N-thioformylhydrazone; ionone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde benzothiazolehydrazone; lawsone N-thioformylhydrazone; and lawsone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone.

[0266] N—S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of thiocarbazones (diazenecarbothioic hydrazides), bis(thiocarbazones), and poly(thiocarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone); 2-phenylthiocarbazone; dinaphthylthiocarbazone; 2-naphthylthiocarbazone; and ambazone.

[0267] N—S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of azo compounds with thiol or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HS—) or alpha- or beta-(HS-)azo compounds], or Poly[o-(HS—) or alpha- or beta-(HS-)azo compounds) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thiolazobenzene [1-(phenylazo)-2-thiophenol]; 2,2′-dithioazobenzene; (2-thiophene)azobenzene; 1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-thionaphthol; 2-thiazolylazobenzene; and 2-benzothiazolylazobenzene.

[0268] N—S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of diazeneformothioamides, diazeneacetothioamides, bis(diazeneformothioamides), bis(diazeneacetothioamides), poly(diazeneformothioamides), and poly(diazeneacetothioamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioamide, diazeneacetothioamide, phenyldiazeneformothioamide, diphenyldiazeneformothioamide, phenyldiazeneacetothioamide, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioamide.

[0269] N—S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of diazenecarbothioic acids, diazenecarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenecarbothioic acids), bis(diazenecarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenecarbothioic acids), poly(diazenecarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioic acid, diazeneacetothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformothioic acid, diphenyldiazeneformothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetothioic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioic acid.

[0270] N—S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diazeneformothioaldehydes, diazeneacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazeneformothioaldehydes), bis(diazeneacetothioaldehydes), poly(diazeneformothioaldehydes), and poly(diazeneacetothioaldehydes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioaldehyde, diazeneacetothioaldehyde, phenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde, phenyldiazeneacetothioaldehyde, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioaldehyde.

[0271] N—S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of diazenediformothioamides, diazenediacetothioamides, bis(diazenediformothioamides), bis(diazenediacetothioamides), poly(diazenediformothioamides), and poly(diazenediacetothioamides) (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformodithioamide, diazenediacetodithioamide, diphenydiazenediformodithioamide, tetraphenyldiazenediformodithioamide, diphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide, and tetraphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide.

[0272] N—S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diazenedicarbothioic acids, diazenedicarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenedicarbothioic acids), bis(diazenedicarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenedicarbothioic acids), poly(diazenedicarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformothioic acid, diazenediacetodithioic acid, phenyldiazenediformothioic acid, diphenyldiazenediformothioic acid, phenyldiazenediacetodithioic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetodithioic acid.

[0273] N—S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of diazenediformothioaldehydes, diazenediacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazenediformothioaldehydes), bis(diazenediacetothioaldehydes), poly(diazenediformothioaldehydes), and poly(diazenediacetothioaldehydes) (N—S Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformothioaldehyde, diazenediacetothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformothioaldehyde, and diphenyldiazenediacetothioaldehyde.

[0274] N—S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto) substituted formazans, bis(o-thio or -mercapto substituted formazans), and poly(o-thio or -mercapto substituted formazans) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-thiophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1-(2-methylmercaptophenyl)3,5-diphenylformazan; 1,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-3 -phenylformazan; and 5-bis(2-methylmercaptophenyl)3-phenylformazan.

[0275] N—S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-thio or mercapto substituted azines), and poly(o-thio or mercapto substituted azines) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1-benzalazine; 2-mercapto1-naphthalazine; and 2-mercapto-1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0276] N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-thiophenecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)isopropylamine; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aniline; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aniline; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Thiocarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aminonorbornane; 4-aminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; 4-aminocinnamalidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (acpmt); 4-aminosalicylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (aspmt); 4-aminovanillidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; 4-aminodimethylaminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (adpmt); cinnamylideneaminophenylthiazole; N-(2-mercaptophenyl)salicylidenimine; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0277] N—S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; and N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0278] N—S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S Tetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Thioacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includes Schiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.

[0279] N—S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of thioalkyl amines (aminothiols or aminodisulfides) and thioalkyl imines (iminothiols or iminodisulfides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1-aminoethane; 2-methylmercapto1-aminoethane; 3-mercapto1-aminopropane; 1 -mercapto-2-amino-2-methylpropane; 2-mercaptocyclohexylamine; 3-mercapto-2-aminonorbornane; 1,3-dimercapto-2-aminopropane; 1,5-dimercapto-3-aminopentane; 2,2′-diaminodiethyl sulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl sulfide; 2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl sulfide; 1,6-dimercapto-3,4-diaminohexane; 1,7-dimercapto-3,5-diaminoheptane; 1,6-diamino-3,4-dimercaptohexane; 1,7-diamino-3,5-dimercaptoheptane; tri(mercaptomethyl)amine; tri(2-mercaptoethyl)amine; dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid); 2,2′-diaminodiethyl disulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl disulfide; 2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl disulfide; 3-amino-1,5-pentanedithiodialdehyde; 3,4diamino-1,6-hexanedithiodialdehyde; 3,5-diamino-1,7-heptanedithiodialdehyde; iminobisacetic acid; iminobispropionic acid; and bis(hydroxyethyl)aminoalkyl sulfide.

[0280] N—S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of thioaryl amines and thioaryl imines (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiophenol (2-aminobenzenethiol); 2-aminothiobenzoic acid (thioanthranilic acid); 2-aminothioanisole; 2-(methanamine)benzyl mercaptan [(2-aminomethyl)-alpha-toluenethiol] [(2-mercaptomethyl)-alpha-aminotoluene]; 1-amino-2-naphthalenethiol; 2-amino-1-naphthalenethiol; 2-amino-1-(methyldisulfido)benzene; 2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylthioketone; di(2-amino)phenyl sulfide; di(2-amino)phenyl disulfide (di-ortho-aminophenyl disulfide (doapd)); 1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane; 1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane; 1,3-di(2-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 1,3-di(3-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminodibenzyl; 2,2′-iminodibenzothioic acid; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminostilbene; and poly(o-aminothiophenol).

[0281] N—S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptopyrrole; 2-(methylthio)methylpyrrole; 2,5(thiomethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(methylthiomethyl)pyrrole; 2,6-(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyrrole; imidazoline-2-thione (2-mercaptoimidazole); 2-mercaptothiazoline; 2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercaptobenzoxazole; 2-thiohydantoin; di-2-pyridylthioglyoxal (2,2′-thiopyridil); bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)sulfide; bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)disulfide; bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)sulfide; bis(2-(1 -pyrazolyl)ethane)disulfide; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)sulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane)sulfide; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)disulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane)disulfide; tris(imidazolyl)methanethiol; tris(imidazolylmethane)methanethiol; N-thiomethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N-(2-thioethyl)-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)sulfide; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)disulfide; 2-aminobenzothiazole (abt); 2-phenylaminothiazole; thiohydantoin; thioxohydropyrazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (mbt); 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (bismuthiol); 2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (amt); 5-mercaptotetrazole; 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole (pmt)(5-mptt); 5-mercaptotriazole; 3-mercaptotriazole; (2-benzothiazolyl)thioacetic acid; (2-benzothiazolyl)thiopropionic acid; (alkylthio)benzotriazoles; (arylthio)benzotriazoles; 2-mercaptopyrimidine; bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl); bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes; 2-aminothiazolidine; thiazolidine-2-thione; 2-mercaptothiazolidine; 1-(2-mercaptoethyl)imidazoline; imidazolidine-2-thione; 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; 4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; (2-benzimidazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzoxazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzothiazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzimidazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; (2-benzoxazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; (2-benzothiazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s; 2-(phenylmethylthio)benzothiazole; 2,5-bis(hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles; 2-(hydrocarbyldithio)-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles; bis(dithiobisthiadiazole); benzothiazolethione; 3-hydrazino-5-thio-1,2,4-triazole; imidazolidine-2,4-dithione; dimercaptobenzothiazole; 2-aminothiazole (atz); thiadiazole-2-thione; 5-mercaptothiadiazole-2-thione; 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole; phosphosphonomethylenethio-1,3-benzothiazole (pmtbt); 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; imidazolidine-2-thione; 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole; 2,2′-dithiobis(benzothiazole); and 5,5′-dithiobis(tetrazole).

[0282] N—S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanethiol (including thiopyridoxamine); 2-mercaptopyridine; 2-(methylthio)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(thiomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylthiomethyl)pyridine; 2,6&(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyridine; 2-mercaptopyrimidine; 2-dithiomethylpyrimidine; 2-mercaptoquinoline; 8-mercaptoquinoline (thioxine); 8-methylthioquinoline; 2-mercaptoquinazoline; thioorotic acid (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dithiono-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) (6-thiouracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-thione; 2-thiouracil; 2,4-dithiouracil; 6-mercaptopurine; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)sulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)disulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)sulfide; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)disulfide; 1,3,5-triazine-6-thione; 2-benzylmercapto-1,3,5-triazine; triazine dithiols [i.e., 6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (ptd); 6-aniline-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (atd); and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol]; 2-thioquinazoline; 2-thioquinazolin-4-one; thiomorpholin-3-thione; [2-(aminomethyl)thio]pyridine; 6-mercaptopurine; dithiouracil; and 2,2′-dithiodipyridine (2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide).

[0283] N—S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiophene; 2,5-diaminothiophene; 2-aminomethylthiophene; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)thiophene; 2-aminobenzothiophene; and 2-iminothiolane.

[0284] N—S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiopyran; 2,6-diaminothiopyran; 2-aminomethylthiopyran; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)thiopyran; and 2-aminobenzothiopyran.

[0285] N—S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thiophene)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiophene)pyrrole; 2-(2-thiopyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiopyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrole)thiophene; 2,6-di(2-pyrrole)thiopyran; and 3,5-bis(2-thienyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-tat).

[0286] N—S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thiadiazolyl)benzimidazole; 2-(2-thiophene)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-thiophene)pyridine; 2-(2-thiopyran)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-thiopyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)thiophene; 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)thiopyran; and 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole.

[0287] N—S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiacyclobutane ([4]aneNS); azathiacyclopentane ([5]aneNS); azathiacyclohexane ([6]aneNS); azathiacycloheptane ([7]aneNS); azathiacyclooctane ([8]aneNS); azathiacyclobutene ([4]eneNS); azathiacyclopentene ([5]eneNS); azathiacyclohexene ([6]eneNS); azathiacycloheptene ([7]eneNS); azathiacyclooctene ([8]eneNS); azathiacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneNS); azathiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNS); azathiacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneNS); azathiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneNS); azathiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneNS); diazathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSN2); diazathiacycloheptane ([7]aneSN2); diazathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSN2); diazathiacyclononane ([9]aneSN2); diazathiacyclodecane ([10]aneSN2); diazathiacycloundecane ([11]aneSN2); diazathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSN2); diazathiacyclohexene ([6]eneSN2); diazathiacycloheptene ([7]eneSN2); diazathiacyclooctene ([8]eneSN2); diazathiacyclononene ([9]eneSN2); diazathiacyclodecene ([10]eneSN2); diazathiacycloundecene ([11]eneSN2); diazathiacyclododecene ([12]eneSN2); diazadithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS2N2); diazadithiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadiene ([8)dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneS2N2); diazadithiacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneS2N2); and tetramethyldithiahexaazacyclobidecanehexaene (mtab).

[0288] N—S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in component hetero cyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiopyrandipyridines; dithiophenedipyrroles; trithiopyrantripyridines; trithiophenetripyrroles; tetrathiopyrantetrapyridines; and tetrathiophenetetrapyrroles.

[0289] N—S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiatetraphyrins; diazadithiatetraphyrins; azathiahexaphyrins; diazadithiahexaphyrins; and triazatrithiahexaphyrins.

[0290] N—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of N-hydroxy(or N,N′-dihydroxy)amidines and N-hydroxy(or N,N′-dihydroxy)diamidines (N—O bidentates, N—O tridentates, or N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dianthraquinonylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; N,N-dihydroxyoxalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxymalonic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuccinic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyglutaric diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyadipic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxypimelic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuberic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyphthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyterephthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyisophthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxypiperazine diamidine.

[0291] N—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of guanylureas, guanidinoureas, bis(guanylureas), bis(guanidinoureas), poly(guanylureas), and poly(guanidinoureas) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: guanylurea (amidinourea)(dicyandiamidine); guanidinourea; methylguanylurea; ethylguanylurea; isopropylguanylurea; butylguanylurea; benzylguanylurea; phenylguanylurea; tolylguanylurea; naphthylguanylurea; cyclohexylguanylurea; norbornylguanylurea; adamantylguanylurea; dimethylguanylurea; diethylguanylurea; diisopropylguanylurea; dibutylguanylurea; dibenzylguanylurea; diphenylguanylurea; ditolylguanylurea; dinaphthylguanylurea; dicyclohexylguanylurea; dinorbornylguanylurea; diadamantylguanylurea; ethylenebis(guanylurea); propylenebis(guanylurea); phenylenebis(guanylurea); piperazinebis(guanylurea); oxalylbis(guanylurea); malonylbis(guanylurea); succinylbis(guanylurea); phthalylbis(guanylurea); 2-ureidothiazole; 2-ureidooxazole; 2-ureidoimidazole; 3-ureidopyrazole; 3-ureido-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-ureidotetrazole.

[0292] N—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinoamides, guanidinoamides, bis(amidinoamides), bis(guanidinoamides), poly(amidinoamides), and poly(guanidinoamides) (including both N-amidinoamides and 2-amidinoacetamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: amidinoacetamide (1-acetylguanidine); guanidinoacetamide; amidinopropanamide; amidinobutanamide; amidinobenzamide; amidinotoluamide; amidinocyclohexamide; N-methylamidinoacetamide; N-ethylamidinopropanamide; N-propylamidinobutanamide; N-phenylamidinobenzamide; N-tolylamidinotoluamide; N-cyclohexylamidinocyclohexamide; bis(amidinooxamide); bis(amidinomalonamide); bis(amidinosuccinamide); bis(amidinophthalamide); 2-amidinoacetamide (malonamamidine); N-methyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-phenyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide; 2-N-acylaminothiazole; 2-N-acylaminooxazole; 2-N-acylaminoimidazole; 3-N-acylaminopyrazole; 3-N-acylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-N-acylaminotetrazole.

[0293] N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylamides, bis(imidoylamides), and poly(imidoylamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylacetamide; acetimidoylpropanamide; acetimidoylbutanamide; acetimidoylbenzamide; acetimidolytoluamide; acetimidoylcyclohexamide; propimidoylpropanamide; butimidoylbutanamide; benzimidoylbenzamide; ethylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide); propylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide); and phenylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide).

[0294] N—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of O-amidinocarbamates, bis(O-amidinocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinocarbamates) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: O-amidinocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-ethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-butyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-phenyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-naphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-norbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate; ethylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); propylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); phenylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); piperazinebis(O-amidinocarbamate); oxalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); malonylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); succinylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); phthalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); 2-O-carbamatothiazole; 2-O-carbamatooxazole; 2-O-carbamatoimidazole; 3-O-carbamatopyrazole; 3-O-carbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-carbamatotetrazole.

[0295] N—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of S-amidinothiocarbamates, bis(S-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinothiocarbamates) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-ethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-butyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-phenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-naphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-norboryl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinotbiocarbamate); phenylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); piperazinebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); succinylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); phthalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatothiazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-O-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.

[0296] N—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of diimidosulfuric acid, bis(diimidosulfuric acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diimidosulfuric acid; O-phenyldiimidosulfuric acid; O-benzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O-cyclohexyldiimidosulfuric acid, O-norbornyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-diphenyldiimidosulfuric acid; O,O′-dibenzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldiimidosulfuric acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyldiimidosulfuric acid.

[0297] N—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphorimidic acid, bis(phosphorimidic acid); and poly(phosphorimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorimidic acid; O-phenylphosphorimidic acid; O-benzylphosphorimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphorimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphorimidic acid.

[0298] N—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphoric triamides, bis(phosphoric triamides), and poly(phosphoric triamides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoric triamide; phosphoramidic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphoric triamide, N-benzylphosphoric triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoric triamide; N-norbornylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphoric triamide, N,N′-dibenzylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphoric triamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphoric triamide.

[0299] N—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphoramidic acid, phosphorodiamidic acid, bis(phosphoramidic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidic acid), poly(phosphoramidic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidic acid, phosphorodiamidic acid, phosphoramidohydrazidic acid; phosphorohydrazidic acid; phosphorodihydrazidic acid; O-phenylphosphoramidic acid; O-benzylphosphoramidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphoramidic acid; O-norbornylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornylphosphoramidic acid.

[0300] N—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of N-acyl 7-aminobenzylidenimines (N—O Bidentates or N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-acetyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-acetyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine; N-benzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; and N-benzoyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.

[0301] N—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of oximes, dioximes, and poly(oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldoxime (Hado); acetoxime (acetone oxime)(Hato); butanone oxime; pentanone oxime; hexanone oxime; pinacolone oxime; heptanone oxime; octanone oxime; cyclopentanone oxime; cyclohexanone oxime; cycloheptanone oxime; cyclooctanone oxime; cyclopentanedione dioxime; cyclohexanedione dioxime; cycloheptanedione dioxime; cyclooctanedione dioxime; isatin dioxime; benzaldehyde oxime; naphthaldehyde oxime; norbornanone oxime; camphor oxime; dimethylglyoxime (H2DMG); diethylglyoxime; diisopropylglyoxime; ditertbutylglyoxime; dicyanoglyoxime; dicyanamidoglyoxime; diphenylglyoxime (Hdfg); dibenzylglyoxime; dicyclohexylglyoxime; dinorbornylglyoxime; camphorquinone dioxime (Hcqd); nopinoquinone dioxime (Hnqd); butyraldoxime; propionaldoxime; furildioxime; and thienyldioxime.

[0302] N—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of carbonyl oximes, bis(carbonyl oximes), and poly(carbonyl oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diacetyl monoxime (2,3-butanedione monoxime); benzil monoxime (1,2-diphenylethanedione monoxime); 1,2-dicyclohexylethanedione monoxime; 1,2-(trifluoromethyl)ethanedione monoxime; 1,2-dinorbornylethanedione monoxime; cyclopentanedione monoxime; cyclohexanedione monoxime; cycloheptanedione monoxime; cyclooctanedione monoxime; camphorquinone oxime; 3-hydroxyiminopentane-2,4-dione; and 4-isonitrosopyralozone.

[0303] N—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of imine oximes, bis(imine oximes), and poly(imine oximes) (including 2-nitrogen heterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-(methylimino)butan-2-one oxime; 4-(methylimino)hexan-3-one oxime; 1,2-diphenyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylimino)ethan1-one oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylimino)ethan1-one oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime; N,N′-methylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan1-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan1-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime); N,N ′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan1-one oxime); diacetylazine oxime (Hazio); 2-pyridinaldoxime (Hpao); methyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime (Hppk); benzyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; di(2-pyridyl) ketone oxime; methyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; phenyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; di(2-pyrrolyl) ketone oxime; and tris(2-aldoximo-6-pyridyl)phosphine.

[0304] N—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydroxy oximes, bis(hydroxy oximes), and poly(hydroxy oximes) (including 2-oxygen heterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-hydroxybutan-2-one oxime; 4-hydroxyhexan-3-one oxime; benzoin oxime (bo)(1,2-diphenyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime); 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; salicylaldoxime (so)(saldox); 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; 2-furanaldoxime; furildioxime; methyl 2-furanyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-furanyl ketone oxime; benzyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; di(2-furanyl) ketone oxime; and 2,5-(oximinomethyl)phenol.

[0305] N—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of amino oximes, bis(amino oximes), and poly(amino oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-(methylamino)butan-2-one oxime (HMeabo); 4-(methylamino)hexan-3-one oxime (HEtabo); 1,2-diphenyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HPhabo); 1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HcyHxabo); 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HNorbabo); N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Haboen); N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Habopn); N,N′-propylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3-one oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime); N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime); 2,2′-iminobis(acetamidoxime); 1-diethylamino-3-butanoxime; and di-2-pyridyl ketone oxime.

[0306] N—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of amido oximes, bis(amido oximes), and poly(amido oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: formamide oxime; acetamide oxime; propanamide oxime; butanamide oxime; benzamide oxime (Hbamox); naphthamide oxime; diformamide dioxime; salicylamide oxime; and 4-imidazolamide oxime.

[0307] N—O Valence Stabilizer # 18: Examples of azo oximes, bis(azo oximes), and poly(azo oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime; propionaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime; and benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime. Also includes hydrazone oximes.

[0308] N—O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrosophenols (o-quinone monoximes) (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrosophenol; 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (Honn); 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (Htnn); 3-nitrosopyrocatechol; 3,6-dinitrosopyrocatechol; 2-nitrosoresorcinol; 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol; 2,4,6-trinitrosoresorcinol; 2-nitrosohydroquinone; 2,6-dinitrosohydroquinone; 2,3,5,6-tetranitrosohydroquinone; 4-nitrosopyrogallol; 4,6-dinitrosopyrogallol; 2-nitrosophloroglucinol; 2,4,6-trinitrosophloroglucinol; 7-nitroso-6-hydroxyindazole; Pigment Green 12 (C.I. 10020); Naphthol Green; and nitroso-R-salt.

[0309] N—O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of 2-nitrophenols (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrophenol; 2,3-dinitrophenol; 2,4-dinitrophenol; 2,5-dinitrophenol; 2,6-dinitrophenol; 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid); 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid); 1-nitro-2-naphthol; 2-nitro-1-naphthol; 3-nitropyrocatechol; 3,6-dinitropyrocatechol; 2-nitroresorcinol; 2,4-dinitroresorcinol; 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid); 2-nitrohydroquinone; 2,6-dinitrohydroquinone; 2,3,5,6-tetranitrohydroquinone; 4-nitropyrogallol; 4,6-dinitropyrogallol; 2-nitrophloroglucinol; 2,4,6-trinitrophloroglucinol; dinitrocresol; 7-nitro-6-hydroxyindazole; Dinoseb; Eosin; Naphthol Yellow; and Martius Yellow.

[0310] N—O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of hydroxamates (hydroxylamines), bis(hydroxamates), and poly(hydroxamates) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetohydroxamic acid; propianohydroxamic acid; butyrohydroxamic acid; crotonohydroxamic acid; sorbohydroxamic acid; benzohydroxamic acid (BH2); toluichydroxamic acid; salicylhydroxamic acid (SH2); phenylacetohydroxamic acid (PhH2); anthranilhydroxamic acid (AnH2); nicotinehydroxamic acid (NicH2); picolinehydroxamic acid; cyclohexanehydroxamic acid (CH2); quinoline 8-hydroxamic acid (QH2); cinnamylhydroxamic acid (CnH2); oxaldihydroxamic acid (OxalH2); succinylbis-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (SuH2); adipylbis-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (AdH2); glyoxalhydroxamic acid (GH2); 2-thiophenecarbohydroxamic acid; thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid; N-tolylbenzohydroxamic acid; N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid; N-phenyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-tolyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; and polyhydroxamic acids.

[0311] N—O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of N-nitrosohydroxylamines, bis(N-nitrosohydroxylamines), and poly(N-nitrosohydroxylamines) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine (cupferron); N-nitrosonaphthylhydroxylamine (neocupferron); N-nitrosoanthracylhydroxylamine; N-nitroso(2-pyridyl)hydroxylamine; and N-nitroso(2-thiophenyl)hydroxylamine.

[0312] N—O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of amino acids, ortho-aminocarboxylic acids, peptides, polypeptides, and proteins [N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates; possibly S—O dentates for sulfur-contg. examples such as penicillamine and cystine] that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: alanine (Ala); arginine (Arg); asparagine (Asn); aspartic acid (Asp); cysteine (Cys); cystine (Cys or Cys.Cys); dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa); glutamic acid (Glu); glutamine (Gln); glycine (Gly); histidine (His); isoleucine (Ile); leucine (Leu); lysine (Lys);methionine (Met); penicillamine (Pen); phenylalanine (Phe); tolylalanine (tala); proline (Pro); sarcosine; serine (Ser); threonine (Thr); tryptophan (Trp); tyrosine (Tyr); and valine (Val) as amino acid examples; 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picolinic acid), 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, 2,3-dicarboxypyrazine, and anthranilic acid as ortho-aminocarboxylic acid examples; Gly-GluO; Hgly-Gly; Gly-MetO; Met-GlyO; Gly-TyrO; Ala-HisO; Gly-His-GlyO; Gly-Gly-His; Gly-Leu-TyrO; penta-GlyO; His-His; triaminoisobutyrate; tetra-GlyO; Pro-Gly; and Gly-Met as peptide examples; and azurin, carbonic anhydrase C; carboxypeptidase; concanavalin A; cytochrome b; cytochrome c; erythrocruorin; ferredoxin; haemerythrin; haemoglobin; myoglobin; parvalbumin; albumin; plastocyanin; rubredoxin; superoxide dismutase; thermolysin; and trysin as protein examples; N-acylamino acids; aminocaproic acid; and 3,5-diiodotyrosine.

[0313] N—O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of amides, bis(amides), and poly(amides), including lactams (N—O bidentates, N—O tridentates, and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetamide; propionamide; butanamide; benzamide (benzoylamide)(1-phenylformamide); 1-naphthylformamide; toluamide; 1-cyclohexylformamide); 1-norbornylformamide; 1-adamantylformamide; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)(DMFA); N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC); N,N-dimethylbenzamide; N,N-diethylformamide; N,N-diethylacetamide; decanamide; dodecanamide; tetradecanamide; hexadecanamide; octadecanamide; lactobionic acid amide; (hydroxyalkylthio)succinamides; (mercaptoalkoxy)succinamides; polycaproamides; glycinamide; aminoalkylanilides; amidopolyamines (apa); bis(1-phenylethylamide); oxalic semiamide; malonic semiamide; succinic semiamide; bis(1,1′-benzotriazolyl)dicarboxamide; nicotinamide; acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide); formanilide (N-phenylformamide); benzanilide (N-phenylbenzamide); N-methylformanilide; acetanilide; nicotinanilide; 4′-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen); 2-pyrrolidone; methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP); 2-piperidone (valerolactam); caprolactam; polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamide; polyacrylamides; polypyrrolidones [including polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)(PVP)]; pyrazolidinones; pyrazolones; diazepinones; N-alkylazaalkene lactams; and N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)azaalkene lactams.

[0314] N—O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of semicarbazones, bis(semicarbazones), and poly(semicarbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde semicarbazone; acetone semicarbazone; pinacolone semicarbazone; benzaldehyde semicarbazone; naphthaldehyde semicarbazone; norbornanone semicarbazone; camphor semicarbazone; nopinone semicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde semicarbazone; salicylaldehyde semicarbazone; quinolinaldehyde semicarbazone; isatin disemicarbazone; camphorquinone disemicarbazone; camphorquinone disemicarbazone; picolinaldehyde semicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal disemicarbazone; di-2-pyridyl ketone semicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketone semicarbazone; glyoxal disemicarbazone; acetophenone semicarbazone; biacetyl monoxime semicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde semicarbazone; thymolaldosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde semicarbazone; phthalaldehyde disemicarbazone; phthalimide disemicarbazone; furaldehyde semicarbazone; naphthoquinone semicarbazone; phenanthrequinone semicarbazone; cyclohexanedione disemicarbazone; ionone semicarbazone; bissemicarbazone of diethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; and lawsone semicarbazone.

[0315] N—O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of acyl hydrazones, bis(acyl hydrazones), and poly(acyl hydrazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; acetaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; acetone N-formylhydrazone; acetone N-benzoylhydrazone; pinacolone N-formylhydrazone; pinacolone N-benzoylbydrazone; benzaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; norbornanone N-formylhydrazone; norbornanone N-benzoylhydrazone; camphor N-formylhydrazone; camphor N-benzoylhydrazone; nopinone N-formylhydrazone; nopinone N-benzoylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehyde N-formylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-formylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-benzoylbydrazone; ionone N-formylhydrazone; ionone N-benzoylhydrazone; lawsone N-formylhydrazone; and lawsone N-benzoylhydrazone.

[0316] N—O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of carbazones (diazenecarboxylic hydrazides), bis(carbazones), and poly(carbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphenylcarbazone; 2-phenylcarbazone; dinaphthylcarbazone; and 2-naphthylcarbazone.

[0317] N—O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of azo compounds with hydroxyl or carboxy or carbonyl substitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HO—) or alpha- or beta-(HO-)azo compounds], or Poly[o-(HO—) or alpha- or beta-(HO-)azo compounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxyazobenzene [1 -(phenylazo)-2-phenol]; 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (o,o′-dihydroxyazobenzene); (2-furan)azobenzene; Direct Blue 2B; 1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-naphthol; 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol; 1-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN); pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR); 1-phenyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-5-pyrazolone; 1-phenyl-4-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-5-pyrazolone; o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene; 2-hydroxy-2′-methoxymethyleneoxyazobenzene; methyl red; turquoise blue (reactive blue); sunset yellow; amaranth; tartrazine; Eriochrome Black T; tropeolins; Allura Red; amaranth; Acid Alizarin Violet N; Acid Blue 29; Acid Orange 8, 63, and 74; Acid Red 1, 4, 8, 37, 88, 97, 114, 151, and 183; Acid Violet 7; Acid Yellow 25, 29, 34, 42, 76, and 99; Brilliant Black BN; Brilliant Crocein; Bordeaux R; Calcion; Chicago Sky Blue; Chromotrope; Cibacron Brilliant Red; Cibacron Brilliant Yellow; Crocein Orange; Crystal Scarlet; Calmagite; Direct Blue 71; Direct Red 23, 80, and 81; Direct Violet 51; Direct Yellow 8 and 27; Fast Black; Flavazin; Mordant Blue 9; Mordant Brown I and 33; Napthol Blue Black; New Coccine; Nitrazine Yellow; Nitrosulfonazo III; Orange II; Orange G, OT, and B; Ponceau 3R and SX; Polar Yellow; 2-oxazolylazobenzene; and 2-benzoxazolylazobenzene.

[0318] N—O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of diazeneformamides, diazeneacetamides, bis(diazeneformamides), bis(diazeneacetamides), poly(diazeneformamides), and poly(diazeneacetamides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformamide, diazeneacetamide, phenyldiazeneformamide, diphenyldiazeneformamide, phenyldiazeneacetamide, and diphenyldiazeneacetamide.

[0319] N—O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of diazeneformic acids, diazeneacetic acids, bis(diazeneformic acids), bis(diazeneacetic acids), poly(diazeneformic acids), poly(diazeneacetic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformic acid, diazeneacetic acid, phenyldiazeneformic acid, diphenyldiazeneformic acid, phenyldiazeneacetic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetic acid.

[0320] N—O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of diazeneformaldehydes, diazeneacetaldehydes, bis(diazeneformaldehydes), bis(diazeneacetaldehydes), poly(diazeneformaldehydes), and poly(diazeneacetaldehydes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazeneformaldehyde, diazeneacetaldehyde, phenyldiazeneformaldehyde, diphenyldiazeneformaldehyde, phenyldiazeneacetaldehyde, and diphenyldiazeneacetaldehyde.

[0321] N—O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazenediformamides, diazenediacetamides, bis(diazenediformamides), bis(diazenediacetamides), poly(diazenediformamides), and poly(diazenediacetamides) (N—O Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformamide, diazenediacetamide, diphenydiazenediformamide, tetraphenyldiazenediformamide, diphenyldiazenediacetamide, and tetraphenyldiazenediacetamide.

[0322] N—O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazenediformic acids, diazenediacetic acids, bis(diazenediformic acids), bis(diazenediacetic acids), poly(diazenediformic acids), poly(diazenediacetic acids) and derivatives thereof (N—O Tridentates and N-Q Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformic acid, diazenediacetic acid, phenyldiazenediformic acid, diphenyldiazenediformic acid, phenyldiazenediacetic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetic acid.

[0323] N—O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazenediformaldehydes, diazenediacetaldehydes, bis(diazenediformnaldehydes), bis(diazenediacetaldehydes), poly(diazenediformaldehydes), and poly(diazenediacetaldehydes) (N—O Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazenediformaldehyde, diazenediacetaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformaldehyde, and diphenyldiazenediacetaldehyde.

[0324] N—O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) substituted formazans, bis(o-hydroxy or-carboxy substituted formazans), and poly(o-hydroxy or -carboxy substituted formazans) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan; 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)3,5-diphenylformazan; 1,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan; and 5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan.

[0325] N—O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines), and poly(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy1-benzalazine; 2-hydroxy-1-naphthalazine; and 2-hydroxy1-cyclohexanonazine.

[0326] N—O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Salicylaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Furfuralo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylfurano)isopropylamine; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)isopropylamine; N-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N(2-Furfuralo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylfurano)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Salicylaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Furfuralo)aniline (Stenhauz salt); N-(2-Acetylfurano)aniline; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aniline; N-(Pyridoxalo)aniline; N-(Salicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Furfuralo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylfurano)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Pyridoxalo)aminonorbornane; (Salicylaldehydo)anisidine; 2-salicylideneiminobenzothiazole; (Salicylaldehydo)sulfamethazine; and N′-histidine-3-methoxysalicylidenimine (V-his); N-(o-carboxybenzaldehydo)-2-aminophenol; N-(salicylaldehydo)isatin; N-(2-furfuralo)isatin; N-(2-acetylfurano)isatin; N-(pyridoxalo)isatin; N-(2-hydroxyacetophenono)isatin; hydrofuramide; 2-furancarboxaldehyde phenylhydrazone; 2-furancarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone; salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and salicylaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0327] N—O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dianiline; N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline; N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dianiline; N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)ethylenediamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)trimethylenediamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene; N,N′-bis(salicylaldehydo 1,12-diaminododecane (Saldn); N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylaldehydo)-o-phenyldiamine; N,N′-bis(3,4-difluorobenzaldehydo)-4,4′-benzidine; and N,N′-phenylenebis(3-methoxysalicylidenimine) (V-ph-V). Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0328] N—O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′,N″-(Salicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; N,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; and N,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.

[0329] N—O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of silylaminoalcohols (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: silatranes.

[0330] N—O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of hydroxyalkyl imines (imino alcohols) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxycyclohexylimine; 3-hydroxy-2-iminonorbornane; 2,2′-diiminodicyclohexyl ether; oxamide; 3-imino-1,5-pentanedialdehyde; iminodiacetic acid; and iminodipropionic acid.

[0331] N—O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of hydroxyaryl amines and hydroxyaryl imines (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminophenol; 2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid); 2-aminoanisole; o-phenetidine; o-anisidine; 2-hydroxymethyl)alpha-aminotoluene; 1-amino-2-naphthol; 2-amino-1-naphthol; 2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylketone; isophoronediamine; tris-2,4,6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol; di(2-amino)phenyl ether; 1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane; 1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane; 1,3-di(2-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 1,3-di(3-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminodibenzyl; 2,2′-iminodibenzoic acid; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminostilbene; poly(o-phenetidine); poly(o-aminophenol); poly(o-anisidine); and 3-(anilino)propionamide.

[0332] N—O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxypyrrole; 2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyrrole; 2,5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole; 2,5-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyrrole; imidazoline2-one (2-hydroxyimidazole); 2-hydroxythiazoline; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole; 2-hydroxybenzothiazole; 2-hydroxybenzoxazole; 2-hydantoin; di-2-pyridylglyoxal (2,2′-pyridil); bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)ether; bis(2-(1 -pyrazolyl)ethane)ether; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)ether; bis(benzimidazolylethane)ether; tris(imidazolyl)methanol; tris(imidazolylmethane)methanol; N-hydroxymethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N-(2-hydroxyethyl N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine; N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane; bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)ether; 4-carboxybenzotriazole; antipyrine; 4-aminoantipyrine (aap); hydantoin; aminoalkylhydantoins; 2,5-oxazolidinedione; benzyldibenzoyltriazole (bdbt); 5-hydroxymethylimidazole; dicarboxyalkylbenzotriazoles; bis(hydroxyphenyl)aminotriazoles; pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde; (oxopyrrolidinylalkyl)triazoles; alkoxybenzotriazoles; aryloxybenzotriazoles; 3-salicylamido-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole; 5-(alkoxy)benzotriazole; (polyoxyalkylene)oxazolidines; 1-(dialkylaminomethyl)-5-carboxyalkylbenzotriazole; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazoline; 1-acetoxyimidazole; 1-acetylimidazole; benzotriazolecarboxylic acid; poly(oxyalkylated)pyrazoles; poly(oxyalkylated)thiadiazoles; 1,2,4triazole-3-carboxylic acid; 5-hydroxypyrazole; 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ptr); 1-acetylbenzimidazole; 1-[(acetoxy)ethyl]benzimidazole; creatinine; indole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid; imidazole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid; and 1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole.

[0333] N—O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanol (including pyridoxamine); 2-hydroxypyridine; 2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylhydroxy)ethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2-hydroxypyrimidine; 2-dihydroxymethylpyrimidine; 2-hydroxyquinoline; 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine); 8-methylhydroxyquinoline; 2-hydroxyquinazoline; orotic acid (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) (6-uracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-one; uracil; 6-hydroxypurine; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)ether; bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)ether; quinazol-4-one; quinazol-2-one; 5-azathymine; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole (2-hbz); guanine; 1,3,5-triazin-6-one; 6-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; 4,6-dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; triazine carboxylic acids; 2,3-dihydroxypyridine; thiomorpholir-3-one; hydroxytetrahydropyrimidines; 2-piperazinones; 2-piperidinones; dilituric acid; actinoquinol; caffeine; citrazinic acid; picolinic acid; 2-quinolol; 2,6-dimethoxypyridine; quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid; flucytosine; hypoxanthine; hexamethylolmelamine; hydroorotic acid; isoorotic acid; xanthine; leucopterin; nitroorotic acid; 8-azaguanine; and cyanuric acid.

[0334] N—O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminofuran; 2,5-diaminofuran; 2-aminomethylfuran; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)furan; 2-aminobenzofuran; and 2-amino-1,3-dioxolane.

[0335] N—O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyran; 2,6-diaminopyran; 2-aminomethylpyran; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)pyran; and 2-aminobenzopyran.

[0336] N—O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furan)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-furan)pyrrole; 2-(2-pyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrole)furan; and 2,6-di(2-pyrrole)pyran.

[0337] N—O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furan)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-furan)pyridine; 2-(2-pyran)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-pyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)furan; 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyran; and drometrizole.

[0338] N—O Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxacyclobutane ([4]aneNO); azaoxacyclopentane ([5]aneNO); azaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneNO); azaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneNO); azaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneNO); azaoxacyclobutene ([4]eneNO); azaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneNO); azaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneNO); azaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneNO); azaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneNO); azaoxacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneNO); azaoxacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNO); azaoxacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneNO); azaoxacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneNO); azaoxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneNO); diazaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneON2); diazaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneON2); diazaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneON2); diazaoxacyclononane ([9]aneON2); diazaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneON2); diazaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneON2); diazaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneON2); diazaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneON2); diazaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneON2); diazaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneON2); diazaoxacyclononene ([9]eneON2); diazaoxacyclodecene ([10]eneON2); diazaoxacycloundecene ([11]eneON2); diazaoxacyclododecene ([12]eneON2); diazadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2N2); diazadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2N2); diazadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO2N2); diazadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO2N2); diazadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO2N2); and diazadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO2N2).

[0339] N—O Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dipyrandipyridines; difurandipyrroles; tripyrantripyridines; trifurantripyrroles; tetrapyrantetrapyridines; and tetrafurantetrapyrroles.

[0340] N—O Valence Stabilizer #51: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxatetraphyrins; diazadioxatetraphyrins; azaoxahexaphyrins; diazadioxahexaphyrins; and triazatrioxahexaphyrins.

[0341] S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of 1,3-monothioketones (monothio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-monothioketones, 1,3,5-dithioketones, bis(1,3-monothioketones), and poly(1,3-monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropenta-2-thione-4-ketone; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propana1-thione-3-ketone; benzoylthiopinacolone; cyclohexoylthiocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanedithionate; tetramethylnonanedithionate; hexafluoroheptanedithionate; trifluorobeptanedithionate; 1-(2-thienyl)-butan-1-thione-3 -ketone, 1-(2-naphthyl)-butan1-thione-3 -ketone, and trifluoroacetylthiocamphor.

[0342] S—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thiomalonamides (thiomalonodiamides), bis(thiomalonamides), and polythiomalonamides (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiomalonamide, N-phenylthiomalonamide, N-benzylthiomalonamide, N-pentafluorophenylthiomalonamide, N-cyclohexylthiomalonamide, N-norbornylthiomalonamide, N,N′-diphenylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dibenzylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexylthiomalonamide, and N,N′-norbornylthiomalonamide.

[0343] S—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-thioacylacetamides, 2-acylthioacetamides, bis(2-thioacylacetamides), bis(2acylthioacetamides), poly(2-thioacylacetamides), and poly(2-Acylthioacetamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-acetothioacetamide, 2-thioacetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-benzyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-benzothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzothioacetamide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexothioacetamide.

[0344] S—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of dithiodicarbonic diamides, bis(dithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(dithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic diamide; N-phenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide.

[0345] S—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of monothiohypophosphoric acids, bis(monothiohypophosphoric acids), poly(monothiohypophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiohypophosphoric acid, methylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, isopropylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, phenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, benzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, norbornylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dimethylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, diphenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiobypophosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothiohypophosphoric acid.

[0346] S—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of monothiohypophosphoramides, bis(monothiohypophosphoramides), and poly(monothiohypophosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiohypophosphoramide, N-methylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-phenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-benzylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide.

[0347] S—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoric acids, monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoric acids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothioimidodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphoric acid, methylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid.

[0348] S—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoramides, monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), and poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide.

[0349] S—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothiodiphosphoramides, bis(monothiodiphosphoramides), and poly(monothiodiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide.

[0350] S—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodiphosphoric acids, bis(monothiodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothiodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoric acid, methylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoric acid.

[0351] S—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiocarbamates, bis(monothiocarbamates), and poly(monothiocarbamates) (including N-hydroxymonothiocarbamates and N-mercaptomonothiocarbamates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylmonothiocarbamate (dmmtc); di(trifluorodimethyl)monothiocarbamate; diethylmonothiocarbamate (demtc); dipropylmonothiocarbamate; diisopropylmonothiocarbamate; dibutylmonothiocarbamate; ditertbutylmonothiocarbamate; dicyanamidomonothiocarbamate; diphenylmonothiocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbamate; dibenzylmonothiocarbamate; dinaphthylmonothiocarbamate; dicyclohexylmonothiocarbamate; dinorbornylmonothiocarbamate; diadamantylmonothiocarbamate; pyrrolidinomonothiocarbamate (pyrmtc); piperidinomonothiocarbamate (pipmtc);morpholinomonothiocarbamate (mormtc); thiamorpholinomonothiocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinomonothiocarbamate; pyrrolomonothiocarbamate; oxazolomonothiocarbamate; isoxazolomonothiocarbamate; thiazolomonothiocarbamate; isothiazolomonothiocarbamate; indolomonothiocarbamate; carbazolomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolinomonothiocarbamate; imidazolinomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolomonothiocarbamate; imidazolomonothiocarbamate; indazolomonothiocarbamate; and triazolomonothiocarbamate.

[0352] As with the inorganic valence stabilizers, crosses between two or more organic stabilizers can be used. For example, in some instances it may be desirable to form a valence stabilizer out of a beta-diketone and an amine ligand. During the synthesis process, both of these materials will complex with the CeIV ion to produce a mixed beta-diketone/amine valence stabilizer compound from the pigment solution.

[0353] 3c) Narrow Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers for CeIV

[0354] Additional valence stabilizers can be used in conjunction with the CeIV ion for corrosion protection. However, these less typical stabilizers suffer from disadvantages that make their selection over the previously mentioned wide band valence stabilizers less desirable. For this reason, we term them “narrow band” valence stabilizers because of their limited applications. Narrow band stabilizers exhibit some limitation in their use when compared to wide band stabilizers. Narrow band inorganic stabilizers may be toxic or may complex CeIV only with difficulty. These narrow band stabilizers include, but are not limited to, bismuthates, germanates, arsenates, and selenates. For example, valence stabilizers using arsenate are less desirable because their inherent toxicity is very large (greater than CrVI), although they may be very effective at inhibiting corrosion when used with CeIV. Arsenates could be used as CeIV valence stabilizers in situations where the toxicity of the pigment is not a factor in its use.

[0355] Other narrow band stabilizers may result in CeIV-stabilizer compounds with limited stability, an undesirable solubility range, or limited electrostatic characteristics, and they would be useful only in limited applications. Formation of a protective shell of octahedra and icosahedra around the CeIV ion is difficult but possible with borates (B+3), aluminates (Al+3), silicates (Si+4), titanates (Ti+4), and zirconates (Zr+4). Combinations of these materials, such as phosphosilicates, borophosphates, and aluminosilicates, may also function as narrow band inorganic valence stabilizers. These compounds may form octahedra or icosahedra, but tend to polymerize in chain-like structures when precipitated from aqueous solution under ambient conditions. The narrow band valence stabilizers can provide some degree of corrosion protection when complexed with CeIV. However, they do not achieve the high efficiency of wide band valence stabilizers when used by themselves. They can be used in combination with the wide band inorganic stabilizers described above to provide significant corrosion protection.

[0356] Conversely, modifications of wide band inorganic valence stabilizers can result in a complex with reduced corrosion inhibition. The central cavity of the heteropolymetallates can contain ions in addition to the desired CeIV ion. For example, the use of silicomolybdates, phosphomolybdates, silicotungstates, and phosphotungstates is possible. In these CeIV-valence stabilizer complexes, Si+4 or P+5 ions also occupy the central cavity of the complex with the CeIV ion. The inclusion of additional ions in the central cavity reduces the stability of the complex, and thereby leads to lower corrosion protection. Nonetheless, these complexes also demonstrate some corrosion-inhibiting activity. The additional ions that can be included within the central cavity of the heteropolymetallates described above depend upon the size of the central cavity, which in turn depends upon the specific chemistry exhibited by an inorganic valence stabilizer (e.g., molybdate, tungstate, periodate, etc.) In general, these additional ions must also be small so as to ensure the stability of the formed CeIV-valence stabilized complex. Examples of small additional ions include, but are not limited to: B+3, Al+3, Si+4, P+5, Ti+4, V+5, V+4, Cr+6, Cr+3, Mn+2, Mn+3, Mn+4, Fe+3, Fe+2, Co+3, Co+2, Ni+2, Ni+3, Ni+4, Cu+2, Cu+3, Zn+2, Ga+3, Ga+3, Ge+4, As+5, As+3, and Zr+4.

[0357] Water-soluble precursors for these materials are desirable. Typically, the free acids (e.g., silicomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid, borotungstic acid, etc.) offer the most water-soluble precursors for these materials.

[0358] 3d) Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for CeIV

[0359] Narrow band organic valence stabilizers include those general classes of chemical compounds that result in CeIV-valence stabilizer compounds that are either less stable, more soluble in water, or more toxic than the wide band organic stabilizers.

2TABLE 2Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for the Ce+4 IonGeneral Structural Name(Type of Organic)Structural RepresentationN Valence Stabilizer #1:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine nitrogen binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingand are not contained in Componenthydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveHeterocyclic Rings (N—N Tridentates, N—Nhalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #2:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicscontaining nitrogen binding sites. Can include(including Catapinands, Cryptands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogenwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 5-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.N Valence Stabilizer #3:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is five, seven,Combination of 5-Membered Heterocyclicor nine. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #4:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive- or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicscontaining nitrogen binding sites. Can include(including Catapinands, Cryptands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogenwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 6-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (N—Nhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.N Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sitesMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine or imine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asNitrogen and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is five, seven,Combination of 6-Membered Heterocyclicor nine. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—Nthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #6:N(SiR3)3, R′N(SiR3)2, or R′R″N(SiR3) forSilylamines and Silazanes, includingsilylamines; and [RR″Si—NR′]x (x = 1-10) forMacrocyclic Derivatives, wherein at leastsilazanes where R, R′, and R″ represents H orone Nitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (Nany organic functional group wherein theMonodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—Nnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Noptionally having halogen or polarizing orHexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—C(═NH)NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andGuanidines, Diguanidines, andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupPolyguanidines (N—N Bidentates, N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—Nfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orHexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—P(═N)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andPhosphonitrile Amides, andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(phosphonitrile amides) (N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBidentates, N—N Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #9:(NH═)PR″″(—NRR′)(—NR″R″′), where R, R′,Phosphonimidic Diamides,R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicBis(Phosphonimidic Diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(Phosphonimidic Diamides) (N—Natoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates, N—N Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #10:(NH═)PR″′(—NRR′)(—OR″) forPhosphonamidimidic Acid,phosphonamidimidic acid and (NH═)PR″′(—Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid,NRR′)(—SR″) for phosphonamidimidothioicBis(Phosphonamidimidic Acid),acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H orBis(Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(Phosphonamidimidic Acid),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, and N—water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #11:C5H5N—CR═NR′, where C5H5N is a pyridinePyridinaldimines, Bis(pyridinaldimines),derivative, R is typically an aromatic constituentand Poly(pyridinaldimines) (N—N(i.e., —C6H5), and R′ represents H or any organicBidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—Nfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #12:R—NH—N═R′, where R and R′ represent H orHydrazones, Bis(hydrazones), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(hydrazones) (N Monodentates, N—Nnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—Noptionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Either R or R′ is typically an arylgroup.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #13:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′Azo compounds including triazenes withoutfor triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H orchelate substitution at the ortho- (for aryl)any organic functional group wherein theor alpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bis(azo compounds), or Poly(azooptionally having halogen or polarizing orcompounds) (N Monodentates, N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsBidentates, or N—N—N Tridentates)attached. (Not including ortho- chelatesubstituted aryl azo compounds, and alpha- orbeta-substituted alkyl azo compounds.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.N Valence Stabilizer #14:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andFormazans, Bis(formazans), andR″′ represent H, or any organic functionalPoly(formazans) without ortho- hydroxy,group wherein the number of carbon atomscarboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, orranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—or polarizing or water-N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Notincluding ortho- hydroxy, carboxy, thiol,mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #15:R—CH═N—CHR′—N═CHR″, where R, R′, and R″Hydramides (N—N Bidentates)represent H, or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. (R, R′, and R″ are typicallyaryl derivatives.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #16:RR′C═N—N═CR″R″′ or RR′C═N—NR″R″′ (forAzines (including ketazines), Bis(azines),ketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R″′ representand Poly(azines) without ortho- hydroxy,H, or any organic functional group wherein thecarboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—optionally having halogen or polarizing orN Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Not including ortho- hydroxy,carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazidosubstitution.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Groupor any organic functional group wherein theand without ortho- (for aryl constituents) ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents)optionally having halogen or polarizing orhydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsmercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino,attached. (Not including ortho-, alpha-, or beta-oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitutionhydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,(N Monodentates)thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, orhydrazido substitution.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #18:Isocyanides, cyanamides, and related ligandsIsocyanide and Cyanamide and relatedwhere the nitrogen atom is directly complexedligands (N Monodentates)to the high valence metal ion.N Valence Stabilizer #19:Nitrosyl, nitrite, and related ligands where theNitrosyl and Nitrite and related ligands (Nnitrogen atom is bound directly to the highMonodentates)valence metal ion.N Valence Stabilizer #20:R—CN, R—(CN)2, R—(CN)x, etc. where RNitriles, Dinitriles, and Polynitriles (Nrepresents H or any organic functional groupMonodentates, N—N Bidentates, and N—N—Nwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTridentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.N Valence Stabilizer #21:Azide (—N3) ligands bound directly to the highAzide ligands (N Monodentates, or N—Nvalence metal ion. Also includes organoazideBidentates)derivatives (R—N3), triazenido compounds (R—N3—R′), phosphonyl azides (R—PO2H—N3),phosphoryl azides (O—PO2H—N3), and sulfonylazides (R—SO2—N3) where R and R′ represent Hor any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattachedS Valence Stabilizer #1:SH2, SHR, SR2, where R represents H or anyMonothioethers (S Monodentates) whereinorganic functional group wherein the number ofat least one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitecarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #2:R—S—S—R′, where R and R′ represents H or anyDisulfides (S Monodentates) wherein atorganic functional group wherein the number ofleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitecarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #3:R—S—R′—S—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represents HDithioethers (S—S Bidentates) wherein ator any organic functional group wherein theleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Trithioethers (S—S Bidentates or S—Srepresents H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein at least one Sulfurwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAtom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #5:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′—S—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetrathioethers (S—S Bidentates, S—SR″′, and R″″ represents H or any organicTridentates, or S—S Bidentates) wherein atfunctional group wherein the number of carbonleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Siteatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R″′—S—R″″—S—R″″′—S—R″″″,Hexathioethers (S—S Bidentates, S—Swhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Srepresents H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least one Sulfurwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesAtom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two sulfur atoms, both of which may functioncontaining One or Two Sulfur Atomsas binding sites. Can include other ring systemswherein at least one Sulfur Atom is abound to this heterocyclic ring, but they do notBinding Site (S Monodentates or S—Scoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceBidentates)metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, orSe atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing justSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Sulfur Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Sulfur Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (S Monodentates or S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containingleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually thiols or thioethers) thatSite not in a Ring (S Monodentates, S—Sconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containingleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually thiols or thioethers) thatSite not in a Ring (S Monodentates, S—Sconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or toTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containing rings thatleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—ring systems bound to the S-containingS Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containing rings thatleast one additional Sulfur Atom Bindingconstitute S binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—Sring systems bound to the S-containingBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two to ten sulfurTwo-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,binding sites to valence stabilize the centralEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedmetal ion. Can include other hydrocarbon orMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andring systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand,Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands,but they do not coordinate with the stabilized,Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)high valence metal ion. This ligand and/orwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofattached, uncoordinating hydrocarbons/ringsSulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups)may or may not have halogen or polarizing orand are not contained in Componentwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Bidentates, S—Sattached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—SHexadentates)S Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten five-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur binding sites. Can include otherMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingare contained in Component 5-Memberedhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—Sor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates or S—S Hexadentates)attached.S Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, ormembered heterocyclic ring. TheseTen-Membered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide sulfur binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, thioether, or thioketo binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andlong as the total number of binding sites is fourare contained in a Combination of 5-to ten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butThioether, or Thioketo Groups (S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highTridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Svalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Hexadentates)uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten six-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur binding sites. Can include otherMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicshydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingare contained in Component 6-Memberedhydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—Sor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)attached.S Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, ormembered heterocyclic ring. TheseTen-Membered Macrocyclics,heterocyclic rings provide sulfur binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, thioether, or thioketo binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur andlong as the total number of binding sites is fourare contained in a Combination of 6-to ten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butThioether, or Thioketo Groups (S—Sthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highTridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—Svalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Hexadentates)uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #18:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—NR″′R″″ forDithiobiurets (Dithioimidodicarbonicdithiobiurets, and RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—Diamides), Dithioisobiurets, Dithiobiureas,C(═S)—NR″′R″″ for dithiobiureas, where R, R′,Trithiotriurets, Trithiotriureas,R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyBis(dithiobiurets), Bis(dithioisobiurets),organic functional group wherein the number ofBis(dithiobiureas), Poly(dithiobiurets),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(dithioisobiurets), andhaving halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(dithiobiureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,Thioacylthioureas, Thioaroylthioureas,and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(thioacylthioureas),functional group wherein the number of carbonBis(thioaroylthioureas),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thioacylthioureas), andhalogen or polarizing or water-Poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—R′ where R, and R′Dithioacyl disulfides, Bis(dithioacylrepresent H or any organic functional groupdisulfides), and Poly(dithioacyl disulfides)wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges(S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—N—R″R″′ where R, R′,Tetrathioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,R″, R″′ represent H or any organic functionalBis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides),group wherein the number of carbon atomsand poly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonicranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogendiamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates,or polarizing or water-S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #22:R—S—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forHexathio-, Pentathio-, andhexathioperoxydicarbonic acids, R—O—C(═S)—S—Tetrathioperoxydicarbonic Acids,S—C(═S)—S—R′ for pentathioperoxydicarbonicBis(hexathio-, pentathio-, andacids, and R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—O—R′ fortetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids),tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, where R and R′poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionaltetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #23:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—N—Dithioperoxydiphosphoramide,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoramide), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—Sany organic functional group wherein theBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #24:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—Dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoric Acids),R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids), andS—R″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sand R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #25:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Dithioimidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); or (R—Dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′) forBis(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids),dithioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—NH—Bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),derivatives for dithiohydrazidodiphosphonicPoly(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids),acids, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTridentates, and S—S Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #26:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithioimidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for dithioimidophosphonamides, andDithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—NH—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides),R″″R″″′) forBis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides),dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R, R′,Poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), andR″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)organic functional group wherein the number of(S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Scarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyTetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #27:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithiodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—Bis(dithiophosphonamides), and(R″′)—N—R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—Sand R″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sfunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #28:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—O—)Dithiodiphosphonic Acids,(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—S—)(R′—)Bis(dithioiphosphonic Acids),P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—)Poly(dithiodiphosphonic Acids), andP(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′); where R, R′, R″,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sand R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #29:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″′)(—N—Dithioperoxydiphosphonamide,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonamide), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamide) (S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #30:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R″′); orDithioperoxydiphosphonic Acids,(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R″′),Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonic Acids),where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(dithioperoxydiphosphonic Acids), andany organic functional group wherein thederivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #31: Dithiophosphonic(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—Acids (Phosphonodithioic Acids),R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis(dithiophosphonic Acids),any organic functional group wherein thePoly(dithiophosphonic Acids), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #32:(S═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Trithiophosphonic Acidsrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functional(Phosphonotrithioic Acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(trithiophosphonic Acids),ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly(trithiophosphonic Acids), andor polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #33:(O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—Phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids),O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 orBis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids],any organic functional group wherein thePoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioicnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #34:(S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAcids],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioicor polarizing or water-Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—SLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTetradentates)P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #35:R—S—R′CSOH or R—S—R′CSSH for S-S-(Alkylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, S-(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic and S-(Arylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-(arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and HSOCR—S—thiobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S BidentatesR′COSH or HSSCR—S—R′CSSH for S,S-and S—S Tridentates)thiobisthiocarboxylic acids, where R and R′represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #36:R—S—S—R′CSOH or R—S—S—R′CSSH for S-S-(Alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic Acids, S-(alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic and S-(Aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic Acids, and(aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, andS,S′-Disulfidobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—SHSOCR—S—S—R′COSH or HSSCR—S—S—R′CSSHBidentates and S—S Tridentates)for S,S′-disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids, whereR and R′ represent H or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #37:R—CH(—SR″)—CH(—SR″′)—R′, and R—C(—1,2-Dithiolates, Bis(1,2-dithiolates), andSR″)═C(—SR″′)—R′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Poly(1,2-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates, S—Srepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #38:RN—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S) for rhodanines, andRhodanines and Bis(rhodanines) (S—SR—[N—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S)]2 forBidentates and S—S Tetradentates)bis(rhodanines), where R and R′ represent H,NH2 or any organic functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #39:RN═C(SH)(SH), where R represents H, NH2 orDithiocarbimates, Bis(dithiocarbimates),any organic functional group wherein theand Poly(dithiocarbimates) (S—S Bidentates,number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #40:RS+═C(SH)(SH) or RS—C(═S)(SH), where RThioxanthates, Bis(thioxanthates), andrepresents H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(thioxanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #41:RO+═C(SH)(SH) or RO—C(═S)(SH), where RXanthates, Bis(xanthates), andrepresents H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(xanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #42:Typically RR′R″P═C(SH)(SH) [pentavalent P],Phosphinodithioformates (S—S Bidentates)although RR′P—C(═S)(SH) [trivalent P] may beacceptable in some situations, where R, R′, andR″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #43:R—S—C(—S—R″)—O—R′ for dithioborates, R—S—C(—S—Alkyl- and Aryl- Dithioborates,R″)—S—R′ for trithioborates, and R—S—S—C(—S—Trithioborates, Perthioborates,R″)—S—R′ for perthioborates, where R, R′, andBis(dithioborates), Bis(trithioborates), andR″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(perthioborates) (S—S Bidentates and S—Sgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #44:R—C(—S—R″)—S—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Dithioboronates, andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithioboronates) (S—S Bidentates and S—group wherein the number of carbon atomsS Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #45:(O═)As(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)As(—S—R)(—Trithioarsonic Acids (ArsonotrithioicS—R′)(—O—R″) for trithioarsonic acid; (O═)As(—Acids), Dithioarsonic AcidsO—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—(Arsonodithioic Acids), TetrathioarsonicO—R″) for dithioarsonic acid, or (S═)As(—S—R)(—Acids (Arsonotetrathioic Acids), andS—R′)(—S—R″) for tetrathioarsonic acid, where R,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—SR′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—S Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #46:(O═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—Trithioantimonic Acids (StibonotrithioicS—R′)(—O—R″) for trithioantimonic acid;Acids), Dithioantimonic Acids(O═)Sb(—O—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—(Stibonodithioic Acids), TetrathioantimonicO—R′)(—O—R″) for dithioantimonic acid, orAcids (Stibonotetrathioic Acids), and(S═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) forderivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Stetrathioantimonic acid, where R, R′, and R″Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #47:RR′R″P═S for phosphine P-sulfides, andPhosphine P-sulfides and Amino-(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)P═S for amino-substituted Phosphine sulfides (Ssubstituted phosphine sulfides, where R, R′, R″,Monodentates)R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for phosphine P-sulfides.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.S Valence Stabilizer #48:RR′R″As═S for arsine As-sulfides, andArsine As-sulfides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)As═S for amino-Arsine sulfides (S Monodentates)substituted arsine sulfides, where R, R′, R″,R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for arsine As-sulfides.) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #49:Thiols (HS—R, HS—R—SH, etc.), where R and R′Thiolates (S Monodentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #50:Sulfide (—S2−) ligands bound directly to the highSulfide ligands (S Monodentates)valence metal ion.P Valence Stabilizer #1:PH3, PH2R, PHR2, and PR3 where R representsMonophosphines (P Monodentates)H or any organic functional group wherein thewherein at least one Phosphorus Atom is anumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Binding Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—P—R—P—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent HDiphosphines (a P—P Bidentate) wherein ator any organic functional group wherein theleast one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #3:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Triphosphines (either P—P Bidentates or P—represent H or any organic functional groupP—P Tridentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPhosphorus Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #4:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetraphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—PR″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicTridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) whereinfunctional group wherein the number of carbonat least one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally havingSitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #5:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″—P—R″″′, where R, R′,Pentaphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—PR″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H or anyTridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) whereinorganic functional group wherein the number ofat least one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionallySitehaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #6:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R″′—P—R″″—P—R″″′—P—R″″″,Hexaphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—Pwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Prepresent H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPhosphorus Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.P Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms, all ofcontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphoruswhich may or may not function as binding sites.Atoms wherein at least one PhosphorusCan include other ring systems bound to thisAtom is a Binding Site (P Monodentates orheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateP—P Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, N, As, or Se atoms.This 5-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing one,Six-Membered Heterocyclic Ringstwo, or three phosphorus atoms, all of whichcontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusmay or may not function as binding sites. CanAtoms wherein at least one Phosphorusinclude other ring systems bound to thisAtom is a Binding Site (P Monodentates orheterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinateP—P Bidentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, N, As, or Se atoms.This 6-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining substituents (usually phosphines)Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (Pthat constitute P binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pring or to the P-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, S, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining substituents (usually phosphines)Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (Pthat constitute P binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pring or to the P-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, S, As or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining rings that constitute P binding sites.Atom Binding Site in a separate Ring (PCan include other ring systems bound to the P-Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pcontaining heterocyclic rings, but they do notTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, As,or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorusaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-Atoms at least one additional Phosphoruscontaining rings that constitute P binding sites.Atom Binding Site in a separate Ring (PCan include other ring systems bound to the P-Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—Pcontaining heterocyclic rings, but they do notTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pcoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates)metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, As,or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, and Eight-five, six, or eight phosphorus binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,valence stabilize the central metal ion. Canand Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arenot coordinate with the stabilized, high valencecomposed of Phosphorus and are notmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,contained in Component Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, or Eight-Memberedsix, or eight five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andcontaining phosphorus binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencePhosphorus and are contained inmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 5-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-or P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, Six-, or Eight-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide phosphorus bindingMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)Other phosphine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asPhosphorus and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six, orCombination of 5-Membered Heterocycliceight. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Phosphine Groups (P—Psystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Six-, or Eight-Memberedsix, or eight six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andcontaining phosphorus binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencePhosphorus and are contained inmetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 6-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-or P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached.P Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, Six-, or Eight-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide phosphorus bindingMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)Other phosphine binding sites can also bewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofincluded in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asPhosphorus and are contained in athe total number of binding sites is four, six, orCombination of 6-Membered Heterocycliceight. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringRings and Phosphine Groups (P—Psystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—Pthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #1:R—O—C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Dithioperoxydicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #2:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′) forImidodiphosphonic Acids,imidodiphosphonic acids, and (R—O—)(R′—)Hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′) forBis(imidodiphosphonic Acids),hydrazidodiphosphonic acids; where R, R′, R″,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids),and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicPoly(imidodiphosphonic Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids), andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #3:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Imidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for imidodiphosphonamides, andHydrazidodiphosphonamides,—NH—NH—derivatives forBis(imidodiphosphonamides),hydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R, R′, R″,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides),R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(imidodiphosphonamides), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #4:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—O—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Diphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(diphosphonamides), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(diphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates,group wherein the number of carbon atomsO—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(OH), where R and R′Carbazates (carbazides), Bis(carbazates),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionaland Poly(carbazates) (O—O Bidentates, O—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, and O—O Tetradentates; orranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenpossibly N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates,or polarizing or water-and N—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #6:(O═)As(—O—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, andArsonic Acids, Bis(arsonic acids),R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereofgroup wherein the number of carbon atoms(O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—O—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Borates and Bis(borates)represent H, NH2 or any organic functional(O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attachedLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #8:R—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Boronates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(boronates) (O—O Bidentates and O—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #9:RR′R″P═O for phosphine P-oxides, andPhosphine P-oxides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)P═O for amino-Phosphine oxides (O Monodentates)substituted phosphine oxides, where R, R′, R″,R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 orany organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic orheterocyclic for phosphine P-oxides.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms.O Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′R″As═O for arsine As-oxides, andArsine As-oxides and Amino-substituted(RR′N)(R″R″′N)(R″″R″″′N)As═O for amino-Arsine oxides (O Monodentates)substituted arsine oxides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH2 or anyorganic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Rsare typically aromatic or heterocyclic for arsineAs-oxides.) Ligand can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two oxygen atoms, both of which may orcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atomsmay not function as binding sites. Can includewherein at least one Oxygen Atom is aother ring systems bound to this heterocyclicBinding Site (O Monodentates or O—Oring, but they do not coordinate with theBidentates)stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing oneSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two oxygen atoms, both of which may orcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atomsmay not function as binding sites. Can includewherein at least one Oxygen Atom is aother ring systems bound to this heterocyclicBinding Site (O Monodentates or O—Oring, but they do not coordinate with theBidentates)stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #13:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containinghaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomsubstituents (usually hydroxyl or ester groups)Binding Site not in a Ring (Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Oring or to the O-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #14:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containinghaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomsubstituents (usually hydroxyl or ester groups)Binding Site not in a Ring (Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Oring or to the O-containing substituent, but theyHexadentates)do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #15:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containing rings thathaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a Separate Ring (Oring systems bound to the O-containingMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Owith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #16:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone or two oxygen atoms. In addition, ligandcontaining One or Two Oxygen Atoms andcontains additional oxygen-containing rings thathaving at least one additional Oxygen Atomconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a Separate Ring (Oring systems bound to the O-containingMonodentates, O—O Bidentates, Oheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, O Tetradentates, or Owith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This6-membered ring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing four, five, six,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-seven, eight, or ten oxygen binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,valence stabilize the central metal ion. Canand Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arenot coordinate with the stabilized, high valencecomposed of Oxygen (usually ester ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,hydroxyl groups) and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (O—Onot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)O Valence Stabilizer #18:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-five, six, seven, eight, or ten five-memberedMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,heterocyclic rings containing oxygen bindingand Macropolycyclics (includingsites. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highcomposed of Oxygen and are contained invalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 5-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Valence Stabilizer #19:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, and Ten-five, six, seven, eight, or ten six-memberedMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,heterocyclic rings containing oxygen bindingand Macropolycyclics (includingsites. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites arethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highcomposed of Oxygen and are contained invalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Component 6-Membered Heterocyclicuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water-O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #1:RC(═NH)SR′, where R and R′ represent H orThioimidates, Dithioimidates,any organic functional group wherein thePolythioimidates, and Derivatives ofnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Thioimidic Acid (N—S Bidentates and N—Soptionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—NR″′R″″ forThioguanylureas, Guanidinothioureas,thioguanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—Bis(thioguanylureas),CS—NR″′R″″ for guanidinothioureas, where R,Bis(guanidinothioureas),R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyPoly(thioguanylureas), andorganic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(guanidinothioureas) (N—S Bidentatescarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand N—S Tetradentates)having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—R″′ for N-Amidinothioamides, Guanidinothioamides,amidinothioamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—Bis(amidinothioamides),CR″R″′—CS—N—R″″R″″′ for 2—Bis(guanidinothioamides),amidinothioacetamides, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—Poly(amidinothioamides), andNR″—NH—CS—R″′ for guanidinothioamides,Poly(guanidinothioamides) (including bothwhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ representN-amidinothioamides and 2-H, NH2, or any organic functional groupamidinothioacetamides) (N—S Bidentateswherein the number of carbon atoms rangesand N—S Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—C(═NH)—NR′—CS—R″, where R, R′, and R″,Imidoylthioamides,represent H or any organic functional groupBis(imidoylthioamides), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(imidoylthioamides) (N—S Bidentatesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orand N—S Tetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′NCSNR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Thioureas, Bis(thioureas), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thioureas), including Thiourylenegroup wherein the number of carbon atomsComplexes (N—S Bidentates, N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #6:RCSNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H,Thiocarboxamides, Bis(thiocarboxamides),NH2, or any organic functional group whereinand Poly(thiocarboxamides) (N—Sthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toBidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—S(═NH)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′, R″, andImidosulfurous Diamides andR″′ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N—Swherein the number of carbon atoms rangesBidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #8:R—N═S═N—R′, where R and R′ represent H orSulfurdiimines, Bis(sulfurdiimines), andany organic functional group wherein thePoly(sulfurdiimines) (N—S Bidentates, N—Snumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #9:(NH═)PR(OR′)(SR″) for phosphonimidothioicPhosphonimidothioic Acid,acid and (NH═)PR(SR′)(SR″) forPhosphonimidodithioic Acid,phosphonimidodithioic acid, where R, R′, andBis(Phosphonimidothioic acid);R″ represent H or any organic functional groupBis(Phosphonimidodithioic acid), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—Sfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orTetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #10:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR″′R″″), where R, R′, R″,Phosphonothioic Diamides,R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicBis(phosphonothioic diamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(phosphonothioic diamides) (N—Satoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingBidentates and N—S Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #11:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—OR″′) or (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—Phosphonamidothioic Acid,SR″′) for phosphonamidothioic acid, (S═)PR(—Phosphonamidimidodithioic Acid,NR′R″)(—SR″′) for phosphonamidimidodithioicBis(phosphonamidothioic acid),acid, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H orBis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid),any organic functional group wherein thepoly(phosphonamidothioic acid), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,poly(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #12:R—C(═S)—CR′═CR″—NHR″′, where R, R′, R″,Beta-Aminothiones (N-Substituted 3-and R″′ represent H, or any organic functionalamino-2-propenethioaldehydes), Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomsaminothiones), and Poly(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenaminothiones) (N—S Bidentates and N—Sor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #13:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″═C(—NHR″′)R″″ for 3-3-Aminothioacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminothioacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—thiopropenamides), 3,3-CR″═C(—NHR″′)(—NR″″R″″′) for 3,3-Diaminothioacrylamides, Bis(3-diaminothioacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′,aminothioacrylamides), Bis(3,3-R″″, R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicdiaminoacrylamides), Poly(3-functional group wherein the number of carbonaminothioacrylamides), and Poly(3,3-atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingdiaminothioacrylamides) (N—S Bidentateshalogen or polarizing or water-and N—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #14:R—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ or R—S—C(═S)—3-Aminothioacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2-CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ for 3-aminothioacrylicthiopropenoic acids), 3-Mercapto-3-acids, and R—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R″′)aminothioacrylic acids, Bis(3-or R—S—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R″′) for 3-aminothioacrylic acids), Bis(3-Hydroxy-3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids, where R,aminothioacrylic acids), Poly(3-R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyaminothioacrylic acids), and Poly(3-organic functional group wherein the number ofHydroxy-3-aminothioacrylic acids), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—Shaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #15:R—C(═S)—N═CHR′, where R′ represents anN-Thioacyl Benzylidenimines, Bis(N-aromatic derivative (i.e., —C6H5), and Rthioacyl benzylidenimines), and Poly(N-represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalthioacyl benzylidenimines) (N—S Bidentatesgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsand N—S Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #16:R—C(═S)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R and R′Thiocarbonyl oximes, Bis(thiocarbonylrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionaloximes), and Poly(thiocarbonyl oximes)group wherein the number of carbon atoms(N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #17:R—CH(—SH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, and R″Mercapto oximes, Bis(mercapto oximes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionaland Poly(mercapto oximes) (including 2-group wherein the number of carbon atomssulfur heterocyclic oximes) (N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sor polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #18:o-(O2N—)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrothiophenols (2-nitrobenzenethiols)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the(N—S Bidentates)number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #19:o-(NC—(CH2)0-1)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents2-Nitrilothiophenols (N—S Bidentates)an aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—C(═S)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″Thiohydrazides, Bis(thiohydrazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(thiohydrazides) (N—S Bidentates andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesN—S Tetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═S)—NHNR″R″′, where R, R′, and R″Thiosemicarbazides,represent H or any organic functional groupBis(thiosemicarbazides), andwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(thiosemicarbazides) (N—S Bidentates,from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orN—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #22:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine binding sites composed of nitrogen andMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andsulfur to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands,Can include other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they dowherein all Binding Sites are composed ofnot coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, oruncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or maythiocarbonyls) and are not contained innot have halogen or polarizing or water-Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—SHexadentates)N—S Valence Stabilizer #23:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen orMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssulfur binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSulfur and are contained in Componentligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (N—S Tridentates, N—Shydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N—S Valence Stabilizer #24:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or sulfur binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Sulfur and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is five, seven, or nine. CanAmine, Imine, Thiol, Mercapto, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundThiocarbonyl Groups (N—S Tridentates, N—Sto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #1:RC(═NH)OR′, where R and R′ represent H orImidates, Diimidates, Polyimidates, andany organic functional group wherein theDerivatives of Imidic Acid (N—O Bidentatesnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,and N—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′NC(═NH)OR″, where R, R′, and R″Pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas), andrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalpoly(pseudoureas) (N—O Bidentates and N—group wherein the number of carbon atomsO Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′NC(═NH)CR″R″′(CO)OR″″, where R, R′,2-Amidinoacetates, Bis(2-amidinoacetates),R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2, or anyand Poly(2-amidinoacetates) (N—Oorganic functional group wherein the number ofBidentates and N—O Tetradentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #4:RR′NCONR″R″′, where R, R′, R″, and R″′Ureas, Bis(ureas), and Poly(ureas),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalincluding Urylene Complexes (N—Ogroup wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #5:(NH═)PR(OR′)(OR″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphonimidic Acid, Bis(phosphonimidicrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalacid), Poly(phosphonimidic acid), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenO Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #6:(O═)PR(—NR′R″(—OR″′) for phosphonamidicPhosphonamidic Acid, Phosphonicacid and (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR″′R″″) forDiamide, Bis(Phosphonamidic Acid),phosphonic diamide, where R, R′, R″, R″′, andBis(Phosphonic Diamide),R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(phosphonamidic acid),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(phosphonic diamide), and derivativesranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenthereof (N—O Bidentates and N—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′, where R, R′, R″,Beta-Ketoamines (N-Substituted 3-amino-and R″′ represent H, or any organic functional2-propenals), Bis(beta-ketoamines), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(beta-ketoamines) (N—O Bidentates andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenN—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—NHR″′)R″″ for 3-3-Aminoacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—propenamides), 3,3-Diaminoacrylamides,NHR″′)(—NR″″R″″′) for 3,3-Bis(3-aminoacrylamides), Bis(3,3-diaminoacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,diaminoacrylamides), Poly(3-and R″″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicaminoacrylamides), and Poly(3,3-functional group wherein the number of carbondiaminoacrylamides) (N—O Bidentates andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingN—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #9:R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R″′ for 3-3-Aminoacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylic acids, and R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—propenoic acids), 3-Hydroxy-3-NHR″)(—O—R″′) for 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylicaminoacrylic acids, Bis(3-aminoacrylicacids, where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H,acids), Bis(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylicNH2, or any organic functional group whereinacids), Poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), andthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsO Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #10:R—C(═O)—N═CHR′, where R′ represents anN-Acyl Benzylidenimines, Bis(N-acylaromatic derivative (i.e., —C6H5), and Rbenzylidenimines), and Poly(N-acylrepresent H, NH2, or any organic functionalbenzylidenimines) (N—O Bidentates and N—group wherein the number of carbon atomsO Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #11:o-(O2N—)(RR′N—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitroanilines (N—O Bidentates)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,and R and R′ represent H, NH2, or alkyl or arylhydrocarbon groups wherein the number ofcarbon atoms range from 0 to 25, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #12:o-(NC—(CH2)0-1)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents2-Nitrilophenols (N—O Bidentates). Alsoan aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein theincludes acylcyanamides.number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #13:HetN+—O− for amine N-oxides, and R—N═N+(—O−)—Amine N-Oxides and Diazine N-OxidesR′ for diazine N-oxides (azoxy compounds),(Azoxy componds) (N—O Bidentates, N—Owhere Het represents a nitrogen-containingTridentates, and N—O Tetradentates)heterocyclic derivative wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 4 to 40, and R and R′represent separate or the same aromaticfunctionalities, both Het and R,R′ optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #14:R—C(═O)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″Hydrazides, Bis(hydrazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(hydrazides) (N—O Bidentates and N—Owherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #15:RR′—N—C(═O)—NHNR″R″′, where R, R′, and R″Semicarbazides, Bis(semicarbazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional groupPoly(semicarbazides) (N—O Bidentates, N—Owherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, orFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberednine binding sites composed of nitrogen andMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andoxygen to valence stabilize the central metalMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,ion. Can include other hydrocarbon or ringCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, oruncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or maycarbonyl groups) and are not contained innot have halogen or polarizing or water-Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—OHexadentates)N—O Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five orFive-, or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics,seven heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen orMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsoxygen binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisOxygen and are contained in Componentligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (N—O Tridentates, N—Ohydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.N—O Valence Stabilizer #18:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFive-, Seven-, or Nine-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andprovide nitrogen or oxygen binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonylwherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Oxygen and are contained in amacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andof binding sites is five, seven, or nine. CanAmine, Imine, Hydroxy, Carboxy, orinclude other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundCarbonyl Groups (N—O Tridentates, N—Oto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″ forThiobiurets (Thioimidodicarbonicthiobiurets, and RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—Diamides), Thioisobiurets, Thiobiureas,NR″′R″″ for thiobiureas, where R, R′, R″, R″′,Thiotriurets, Thiotriureas, Bis(thiobiurets),and R″″ represent H, NH2, or any organicBis(thioisobiurets), Bis(thiobiureas),functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(thiobiurets), Poly(thioisobiurets),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thiobiureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates), and (3-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.formamidino thiocarbamides)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—R″′ for acyl- andAcylthioureas, Aroylthioureas,aroylthioureas, and RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═S)—Thioacylureas, Thioaroylureas,R″′ for thioacyl- and thioaroylureas, where R,Bis(acylthioureas), Bis(aroylthioureas),R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2, or anyBis(thioacylureas), Bis(thioaroylureas),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(thioacylthioureas),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyPoly(thioaroylthioureas),having halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(thioacylureas), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Poly(thioaroylureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ forThioimidodialdehydes,thioimidodialdehydes, and RC(═S)—NR′—NH—Thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacylC(═O)—R″ for thiohydrazidodialdehydeshydrazides), Bis(thioimidodialdehydes),(thioacyl hydrazides), where R, R′, and R″Bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes),represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thioimidodialdehydes), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″ or R—S—C(═S)—Thioimidodicarbonic acids,NR′—C(═O)—S—R″ for thioimidodicarbonic acids,Thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids,and R—O—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—O—R″ or R—S—Bis(thioimidodicarbonic acids),C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—S—R″ forBis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids),thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, where R, R′, andPoly(thioimidodicarbonic acids),R″ represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalPoly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #5:R—C(═S)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′ represent H,1,2-Monothioketones (Monothiolenes,NH2, or any organic functional group whereinMonothio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toMonothioketones, 1,2,3-Dithioketones,40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orMonothiotropolonates, ortho-water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsMonothioquinones, Bis(1,2-attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,Monothioketones), and Poly(1,2-O, S, or P atoms.Monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ forTrithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, and RR′—N—Dithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R″′ forBis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides),dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, where R, R′,Bis(dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides),R″, R″′ represent H or any organic functionalpoly(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenO Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Diithiodicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(dithiodicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiodicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #8:R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Trithioperoxydicarbonic Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomspoly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(RR′—N—)(R″R″′—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—N—Monothioperoxydiphosphoramide,R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′,Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoramide), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—any organic functional group wherein theO Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Onumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #10:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—Monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,R″′); (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoric Acids),O—R″′); or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids),R″)(—S—R″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′,and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH2 or anyO Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #11:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Monothioimidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); or (R—Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′) forBis(monothioimidodiphosphonic Acids),monothioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonicNH—derivatives forAcids), Poly(monothioimidodiphosphonicmonothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, whereAcid),R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or anyPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonicorganic functional group wherein the number ofAcids), and derivatives thereof (S—Ocarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #12:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothioimidodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′) for monothioimidodiphosphonamides,Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,and —NH—NH—derivatives forBis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides),monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R,Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′, represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides),any organic functional group wherein theandnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)optionally having halogen or polarizing or(S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #13:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothiodiphosphonamides,R″″R″″′), or (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—Bis(monothioiphosphonamides), andR″′)(—N—R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″,Poly(monothiodiphosphonamides) (S—Oand R″″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Ofunctional group wherein the number of carbonTetradentates)atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #14:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—Monothiodiphosphonic Acids,O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); (R—S—)Bis(monothioiphosphonic Acids),(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′); or (R—S—)Poly(monothiodiphosphonic Acids), and(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′), where R,derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—OR′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″′)(—N—Monothioperoxydiphosphonamide,R″″R″″′), where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonamide), andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamide) (S—group wherein the number of carbon atomsO Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #16:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R″′); orMonothioperoxydiphosphonic Acids,(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R″′),Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonic Acids),where R, R′, R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 orPoly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic Acids),any organic functional group wherein theand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #17:(O═)P(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)P(—O—R)(—O—Monothiophosphoric AcidsR′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H,(Phosphorothioic Acids),NH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiophosphoric acids),the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toPoly(monothiophosphoric acids), and40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #18:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′,Phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) Acids,and R″ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids],functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], andatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)PR(—O—R′)(—O—Monothiophosphonic AcidsR″), where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH2 or(Phosphonothioic Acids),any organic functional group wherein theBis(monothiophosphonic Acids),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiophosphonic Acids), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing orderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids,represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids],group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids],ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—or polarizing or water-O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #21:R—CR′(—OH)—CH2—C(═S)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Hydroxythioketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalHydroxythioaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomshydroxythioketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydroxythioaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-hydroxythioketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.hydroxythioaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orO Tridentates, S—O TetradentatesP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #22:R—CR′(—SH)—CH2—C(═O)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Mercaptoketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalMercaptoaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atomsmercaptoketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenmercaptoaldehydes), Poly(beta-or polarizing or water-mercaptoketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.mercaptoaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—OLigand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═S)—NR″′R, R″″, where′N-(Aminomethylol)thioureas [N-R, R″, R″′, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], Bis[N-organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylol)thioureas], and Poly[N-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylol)thioureas] (S—O Bidentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #24:RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═O)—NR″′R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylthiol)ureas [N-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or any(Aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], Bis[N-organic functional group wherein the number of(aminomethylthiol)ureas], and Poly[N-carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally(aminomethylthiol)ureas] (S—O Bidentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═O)—N—R″R″′, where R, R′,Monothiooxamides,R″, and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicBis(monothiooxamides), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(monothiooxamides) (S—O Bidentates,atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingS—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #26:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—O—R″″), where R,Beta-Mercapto Carboxylic Acids, Bis(Beta-R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyMercapto Carboxylic Acids), Poly(Beta-organic functional group wherein the number ofMercapto Carboxylic Acids), andcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohaving halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #27:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—S—R″″), where R,Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids,R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic Acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—having halogen or polarizing or water-O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #28:R—CR′(—OH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—S—R″′), where R,Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids,R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyBis(Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids),organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids),carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyand derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—having halogen or polarizing or water-O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #29:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R″′—C(═O)(—NH—R″″), whereBeta-Mercapto Carboxamides, Bis(Beta-R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2 or anyMercapto Carboxamides), Poly(Beta-organic functional group wherein the number ofMercapto Carboxamides), and derivativescarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallythereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates,having halogen or polarizing or water-S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—R′COOH for S-alkylthiocarboxylic and S-S-Alkylthiocarboxylic Acids, S-arylthiocarboxylic acids, and HOOCR—S—Arylthiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-R′COOH for S,S-thiobiscarboxylic acids, wherethiobiscarboxylic Acids (S—O BidentatesR and R′ represent H or any organic functionaland S—O Tridentates)group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #31:R—S—S—R′COOH for S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylicS-Alkyldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, S-and S-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, andAryldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, and S,S′-HOOCR—S—S—R′COOH for S,S′-Disulfidobiscarboxylic Acids (S—Odisulfidobiscarboxylic acids, where R and R′Bidentates and S—O Tridentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #32:R—C(═0)(—S—R′) for monothiomonocarboxylicMonothiomonocarboxylic Acids,acids, and (R—S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—S—R″) or (R—Dithiodicarboxylic Acids,S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″) forBis(monothiomonocarboxylic Acids),dithiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates and S—Oor polarizing or water-Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #33:R—O—C(═S)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H,Monothiocarbonates andNH2 or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiocarbonates) (S—O Bidentatesthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toand S—O Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #34:RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(SH), where R and R′Monothiocarbazates (Monothiocarbazides),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothiocarbazates), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(monothiocarbazates) (S—O Bidentates,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenS—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates; oror polarizing or water-possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.and N—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #35:R—CH(—SH)—CH(—OH)—R′ for alpha-mercaptoMercapto Alcohols andalcohols, R—CH(—SH)—Si(—OR′)x—R″3-x for alpha—Silylmercaptoalcohols, Bis(mercaptosilylmercaptoalcohols, R—CH(—SH)—R′—CH(—alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols), andOH)—R″ for beta-mercapto alcohols, and R—CH(—Poly(mercapto alcohols andSH)—R′—Si(—OR″)x—R″′3-x for beta-silylmercaptoalcohols) (S—O Bidentates, S—silylmercaptoalcohols, etc., where R, R′, R″,O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)and R″′ represent H, NH2 or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. x =1-3.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #36:RN═C(OH)(SH), where R represents H, NH2 orMonothiocarbimates,any organic functional group wherein theBis(monothiocarbimates), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(monothiocarbimates) (S—O Bidentates,optionally having halogen or polarizing orS—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #37:R—O—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl-and Aryl-Monothioborates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothioborates) (S—O Bidentates andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsS—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #38:R—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″Alkyl- and Aryl- Monothioboronates andrepresent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(monothioboronates) (S—O Bidentatesgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsand S—O Tetradentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #39:(O═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)As(—O—Monothioarsonic Acids (ArsonothioicR)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″Acids), Bis(monothioarsonic acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalPoly(monothioarsonic acids), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, S—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #40:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional oxygen-containing substituentsOxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ring(usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups)(S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Othat constitute O binding sites. Can includeTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicring or to the O-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #41:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional sulfur-containing substituentsSulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (S—(usually thio, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups)O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Othat constitute S binding sites. Can includeTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicring or to the S-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #42:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional oxygen-containing rings thatOxygen Atom Binding Site in a separateconstitute O binding sites. Can include otherRing (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oring systems bound to the O-containingTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain 0, N, P, As, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #43:Macrocyclic ligands containing two to ten sulfurTwo-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,or oxygen binding sites to valence stabilize theEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcentral metal ion. Can include otherMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thiswherein all Binding Sites are composed ofligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingSulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, orhydrocarbons/rings may or may not havethiocarbonyl groups) or Oxygen (hydroxy,halogen or polarizing or water-carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are notinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.contained in Component HeterocyclicRings (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, and S—O Hexadentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #44:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four toFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orten five-membered heterocyclic rings containingTen-Membered Macrocyclics,sulfur or oxygen binding sites. Can includeMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this(including Catapinands, Cryptands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingOxygen and are contained in Component 5-hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenMembered Heterocyclic Rings (S—Oor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates or S—Oattached.Hexadentates)S—O Valence Stabilizer #45:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide sulfur or oxygen binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, carboxy,Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allor carbonyl binding sites can also be included inBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orthe macrocyclic ligand, so long as the totalOxygen and are contained in a Combinationnumber of binding sites is four to ten. Canof Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol, Mercapto,include other hydrocarbon/ring systems boundThiocarbonyl, Hydroxy, Carboxy, andto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notCarbonyl Groups (S—O Tridentates, S—Ocoordinate with the stabilized, high valenceTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates)metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #46:Sulfoxides (R—SO—R′), where R and R′Sulfoxides (S—O Bidentates)represent H or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #47:Sulfones (R—SO2—R′), where R and R′ representSulfones (S—O Bidentates)H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #48:Sulfur dioxide ligands (—SO2) bound directly toSulfur dioxide (SO2) ligands (S—Othe high valence metal ion.Bidentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—NR′R″)(—PR″′R″″)], [R(—NR′R″)x]1-3P, [R(—Aminoaryl Phosphines and IminoarylNR′R″)x]1-3PX, or [R(—PR′R″)x]1-3N, where X = OPhosphines (N—P Bidentates, N—Por S and R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ representsTridentates, and N—P Tetradentates)H, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.N—P Valence Stabilizer #2:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. InThree, or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least oneaddition, ligand contains additional phosphorus-additional Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitecontaining substituents that constitute P bindingnot in a Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—Psites. Can include other ring systems bound toTridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—Pthe heterocyclic ring or to the P-containingHexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #3:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,one, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Inor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least oneaddition, ligand contains additional nitrogen-additional Nitrogen Atom Binding Site notcontaining substituents (usually amines, imines,in a Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates,or hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites.N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)Can include other ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, three,Heterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,or four nitrogen atoms. In addition, ligandThree, or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least onecontains additional phosphorus-containing ringsadditional Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitethat constitute P binding sites. Can includein a Separate Ring (N—P Bidentates, N—Pother ring systems bound to the N- or P-Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates)containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This ring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.N—P Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of nitrogen and phosphorus toMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andvalence stabilize the central metal ion. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,include other hydrocarbon or ring systemsCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they dowherein all Binding Sites are composed ofnot coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceNitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) ormetal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—P Hexadentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing nitrogen or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (N—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)N—P Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide nitrogen or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,amine, imine, or phosphine binding sites canCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen orlong as the total number of binding sites is four,Phosphorus and are contained in afive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten. Can includeCombination of Heterocyclic Rings andother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisAmine, Imine, and Phosphine Groups (N—Pmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisTetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—SR′)x]1-3P, [R(—SR′)x]1-3PX, [R(—PR′R″)(—Thioaryl Phosphines (S—P Bidentates, S—PSR″′)], [R(—PR′R″)(—S—S—R″′)], [R(—PR′R″)(—Tridentates, and S—P Tetradentates)C(═S)R″′], [R(—PR′R″)x]2S, [R(—PR′R″)x]2-3R″′(—SR″″)y, [R(—SR′)x]2-3R″(—PR″′R″″)y, [R(—PR′R″)x]2S2, and [R(—PR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═S))yR″″,where X = O or S, and R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″represent H, NH2, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, andx = 1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—P Valence Stabilizer #2:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing substituentsPhosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can includeRing (P—S Bidentates, P—S Tridentates, P—Sother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—S Hexadentates)ring or to the P-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #3:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, orHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least onecontains additional sulfur-containingadditional Sulfur Atom Binding Site not insubstituents (usually thiol, mercapto, ora Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pthiocarbonyl groups) that constitute S bindingTetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates)sites. Can include other ring systems bound tothe heterocyclic ring or to the S-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twosulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing rings thatPhosphorus Atom Binding Site in aconstitute P binding sites. Can include otherSeparate Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—Pring systems bound to the S- or P-containingTridentates, S—P Tetradentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.S—P Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of sulfur and phosphorus to valenceMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andstabilize the central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingthiocarbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and arehydrocarbons/rings may or may not havenot contained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates)S—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing sulfur or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (S—Pnot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates)S—P Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide sulfur or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl, or phosphineCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur ormacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberPhosphorus and are contained in aof binding sites is four, five, six, seven, eight,Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include otherThiol, Mercapto, Thiocarbonyl orhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisPhosphine Groups (S—P Bidentates, S—Pmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—Pwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisHexadentates)ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—OR′)x]1-3P, [R(—OR′)x]1-3PX, [R(—PR′R″)(—Hydroxyaryl Phosphines (P—O Bidentates,OR″′)], [R(—PR′R″)(—C(═O)R″′], [R(—P—O Tridentates, and P—O Tetradentates)PR′R″)x]2O, [R(—PR′R″)x]2-3R″′(—OR″″)y, [R(—OR′)x]2-3R″(—PR″′R″″)y, and [R(—PR′R″)x]2R″′(C(═O))yR″″, where X = O or S,and R, R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ represent H, NH2,or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached, and x = 1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.P—O Valence Stabilizer #2:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing substituentsPhosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can includeRing (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oother ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)ring or to the P-containing substituent, but theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #3:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, orHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two,three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least onecontains additional oxygen-containingadditional Oxygen Atom Binding Site notsubstituents (usually hydroxy, carboxy, orin a Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates,carbonyl groups) that constitute O binding sites.P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)Can include other ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the O-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or O-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Twooxygen atoms. In addition, ligand containsOxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing rings thatPhosphorus Atom Binding Site in aconstitute P binding sites. Can include otherSeparate Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—Oring systems bound to the O- or P-containingTridentates, P—O Tetradentates)heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or additional P-containing ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.P—O Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-,five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of oxygen and phosphorus to valenceMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andstabilize the central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisOxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, orligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingcarbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and are nothydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclichalogen or polarizing or water-Rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.O Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates)P—O Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four,Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orfive, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten heterocyclicTen-Membered Macrocyclics,rings containing oxygen or phosphorus bindingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicssites. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring(including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBinding Sites are composed of Oxygen orvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Phosphorus and are contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayComponent Heterocyclic Rings (P—Onot have halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oinsolubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)P—O Valence Stabilizer #7:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, orheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic ringsTen-Membered Macrocyclics,provide oxygen or phosphorus binding sites toMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, or phosphineCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Oxygen ormacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberPhosphorus and are contained in aof binding sites is four, five, six, seven, eight,Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include otherHydroxy, Carboxy, Carbonyl or Phosphinehydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateP—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #1:AsH3, AsH2R, AsHR2, where R represents H orMonoarsines (As Monodentates) wherein atany organic functional group wherein theleast one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—As—R—As—R″, where R, R′, and R″ representDiarsines (an As—As Bidentate) wherein atH or any organic functional group wherein theleast one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #3:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′, where R, R′, R″, andTriarsines (either As—As Bidentates or As—R″′ represent H or any organic functional groupAs Tridentates) wherein at least onewherein the number of carbon atoms rangesArsenic Atom is a Binding Sitefrom 0 to 25, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #4:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″, where R, R′,Tetraarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—AsR″, R″′, and R″″ represent H or any organicTridentates, or As—As Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonwherein at least one Arsenic Atom is aatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally havingBinding Sitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #5:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″—As—R″″′,Pentaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—Aswhere R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, and R″″′ represent HTridentates, or As—As Tetradentates)or any organic functional group wherein thewherein at least one Arsenic Atom is anumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,Binding Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, As, O, S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #6:R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R″′—As—R″″—As—R″″′—As—Hexaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—AsR″″″, where R, R′, R″, R″′, R″″, R″″′, andTridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—AsR″″″ represent H or any organic functionalHexadentates) wherein at least one Arsenicgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAtom is a Binding Siteranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O,S, or Se atoms.As Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing justFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic binding site. Can include other ringcontaining One Arsenic Atom wherein thesystems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but theyArsenic Atom is the Binding Site (Asdo not coordinate with the stabilized, highMonodentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S,N, P, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing justSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic binding site. Can include other ringcontaining One Arsenic Atom wherein thesystems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but theyArsenic Atom is the Binding Site (Asdo not coordinate with the stabilized, highMonodentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S,N, P, or Se atoms. This 6-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing substituentsleast one additional Arsenic Atom Binding(usually arsines) that constitute As binding sites.Site not in a Ring (As Monodentates, As—AsCan include other ring systems bound to theBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Asheterocyclic ring or to the As-containingTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, N, S, P or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or As-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing substituentsleast one additional Arsenic Atom Binding(usually arsines) that constitute As binding sites.Site not in a Ring (As Monodentates, As—AsCan include other ring systems bound to theBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Asheterocyclic ring or to the As-containingTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, N, S, P or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or As-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing rings thatleast one additional Arsenic Atom Bindingconstitute As binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (As Monodentates,ring systems bound to the As—containingAs—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, or Seatoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional As-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having atadditional arsenic-containing rings thatleast one additional Arsenic Atom Bindingconstitute As binding sites. Can include otherSite in a separate Ring (As Monodentates,ring systems bound to the As-containingAs—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, or Seatoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional As-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, and Six-Memberedor six arsenic binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisArsenic and are not contained inligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingComponent Heterocyclic Rings (As—Ashydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveBidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—Ashalogen or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.As Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six five-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsarsenic binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisare contained in Component 5-Memberedligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates, As—hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide arsenic binding sites(including Catapinands, Cryptands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allarsine binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andmacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberare contained in a Combination of 5-of binding sites is four or eight. Can includeMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Arsineother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (As—As Tridentates, As—Asmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six six-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsarsenic binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisare contained in Component 6-Memberedligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingHeterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates, As—hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenAs Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.As Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide arsenic binding sites(including Catapinands, Cryptands,to valence stabilize the central metal ion. OtherCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allarsine binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic andmacrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberare contained in a Combination of 6-of binding sites is four or six. Can include otherMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Arsinehydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisGroups (As—As Tridentates, As—Asmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached.Se Valence Stabilizer #1: MonoselenoethersSeH2, SeHR, SeR2, where R represents H or any(Se Monodentates) wherein at least oneorganic functional group wherein the number ofSelenium Atom is a Binding Sitecarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #2:R—Se—R′—Se—R″, where R, R′, and R″ representsDiselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates) whereinH or any organic functional group wherein theat least one Selenium Atom is a Bindingnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25,Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,P, O, S, or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #3:R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R″′, where R, R′, R″, andTriselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates or Se—SeR″′ represents H or any organic functionalTridentates) wherein at least one Seleniumgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsAtom is a Binding Siteranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #4:R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R″′—Se—R″″, where R, R′,Tetraselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—SeR″, R″′, and R″″ represents H or any organicTridentates, or Se—Se Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbonwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally havingBinding Sitehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S,or Se atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #5:Five membered heterocyclic ring containing oneFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two selenium atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Selenium Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (Se Monodentates or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or S atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #6:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing oneSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsor two selenium atoms, both of which maycontaining One or Two Selenium Atomsfunction as binding sites. Can include otherwherein at least one Selenium Atom is aring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butBinding Site (Se Monodentates or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates)valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N,P, As, or S atoms. This 5-membered ring and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #7:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing substituentsat least one additional Selenium Atom(usually selenols or selenoethers) that constituteBinding Site not in a Ring (SeSe binding sites. Can include other ringMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Sesystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to theTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—SeSe-containing substituent, but they do notHexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor S atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or Se-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing substituentsat least one additional Selenium Atom(usually selenols or selenoethers) that constituteBinding Site not in a Ring (SeSe binding sites. Can include other ringMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Sesystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to theTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—SeSe-containing substituent, but they do notHexadentates)coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor S atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or Se-containing substituent(s) may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing rings thatat least one additional Selenium Atomconstitute Se binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a separate Ring (Sering systems bound to the Se-containingMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/oradditional Se-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone selenium atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing rings thatat least one additional Selenium Atomconstitute Se binding sites. Can include otherBinding Site in a separate Ring (Sering systems bound to the Se-containingMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sewith the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates)Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional Se-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #11:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, or Six-Memberedor six selenium binding sites to valence stabilizeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andthe central metal ion. Can include otherMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands,hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisCryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinatewherein all Binding Sites are composed ofwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. ThisSelenium (usually selenol or selenoetherligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinggroups) and are not contained inhydrocarbons/rings may or may not haveComponent Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehalogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Seinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates)Se Valence Stabilizer #12:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six five-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsselenium binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 5-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates or Se—Seor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide selenium binding(including Catapinands, Cryptands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allOther selenol or selenoether binding sites canBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soand are contained in a Combination of 5-long as the total number of binding sites is fourMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Selenolor six. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringor Selenoether Groups (Se—Se Tridentates,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSe—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four orFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,six six-membered heterocyclic rings containingMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsselenium binding sites. Can include other(including Catapinands, Cryptands,hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to thisCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumwith the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisand are contained in Component 6-ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatingMembered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Seor polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsHexadentates)attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #15:Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics,membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide selenium binding(including Catapinands, Cryptands,sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allOther selenol or selenoether binding sites canBinding Sites are composed of Seleniumalso be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soand are contained in a Combination of 6-long as the total number of binding sites is fourMembered Heterocyclic Rings and Selenolor six. Can include other hydrocarbon/ringor Selenoether Groups (Se—Se Tridentates,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSe—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Sethey do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached.Se Valence Stabilizer #16:R—C(═Se)—CR′R″—C(═Se)—R″′ where R, R′, R″,1,3-Diselenoketones (Diseleno-beta-and R″′ represent H, NH2, or any organicketonates), 1,3,5-Triselenoketones, Bis(1,3-functional group wherein the number of carbonDiselenoketones), and Poly(1,3-atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingDiselenoketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—Shalogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′—C═C(—Se−)(—Se−), where R and R′ represent1,1-Diselenolates, Bis(1,1-diselenolates),H, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand Poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se—Sethe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toBidentates and Se—Se Tetradentates)40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #18:RR′N+═C(SeH)(SeH), where R and R′Diselenocarbamates,represent H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″ = C1-C30 alkyl orBis(diselenocarbamates), andaryl), SR″ (R″ = C1-C30 alkyl or aryl), NH2 orPoly(diselenocarbamates) (including N-any organic functional group wherein thehydroxydiselenocarbamates and N-number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se—Seoptionally having halogen or polarizing orBidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, and Se—Sewater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—Triselenophosphoric AcidsR)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″(Phosphorotriselenoic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(triselenophosphoric acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(triselenophosphoric acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seor polarizing or water-Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—Diselenophosphoric AcidsR)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″(Phosphorodiselenoic Acids),represent H, NH2 or any organic functionalBis(diselenophosphoric acids),group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diselenophosphoric acids), andranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenderivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seor polarizing or water-Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #21:(Se═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″), where R, R′,Tetraselenophosphoric Acidsand R″ represent H, NH2 or any organic(Phosphorotetraselenoic Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbonBis(tetraselenophosphoric acids),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), andhalogen or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Seinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #22:R—Se—C(═Se)—O—R′ or R—Se—C(═O)—Se—R′ forDiselenocarbonates, Triselenocarbonates,diselenocarbonates, and R—Se—C(═Se)—Se—R′ forBis(diselenocarbonates), andtriselenocarbonates, where R, and R′ representBis(triselenocarbonates), (Se—Se BidentatesH, NH2 or any organic functional group whereinand Se—Se Tetradentates)the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms.Se Valence Stabilizer #23:Selenocyanates bound directly to the highSelenocyanates (Se Monodentates)valence metal ion.Se Valence Stabilizer #24:Selenolates (HSe—R, HSe—R—SeH, etc.), where RSelenolates (Se Monodentates)and R′ represent H or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1:Dialkenes or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbonsDiene or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbonbound directly to the high valence metal ion.ligandsMiscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2:Cyanide and cyanate and related ligands boundCyanide and related ligandsdirectly to the high valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #3:Carbonyl (—CO) ligands bound directly to theCarbonyl ligandshigh valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4:Hydroxo and oxo ligands bound directly to theHydroxo and Oxo Ligandshigh valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #5:Halogen (X) atoms bound directly to the highHalogen ligandsvalence metal ion.

[0360] N Valence Stabilizer #1a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentaazacyclodecane ([10]aneN5); pentaazacycloundecane ([11]aneN5); pentaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN5); pentaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN5); pentazaacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN5); pentaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN5); pentaazacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneN5); pentaazacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneN5); pentaazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN5); pentaazacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneN5); pentazaacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN5); and pentaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN5).

[0361] N Valence Stabilizer #1b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: heptaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN7); heptaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN7); heptaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN7); heptaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN7); heptaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN7); heptaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN7); heptaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN7); heptaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN7); heptaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN7); heptaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN7); heptaazacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneN7); heptaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN7); heptaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN7); heptaazacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneN7); heptaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN7); and heptaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN7).

[0362] N Valence Stabilizer #1c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: nonaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN9); nonaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN9); nonaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN9); nonaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN9); nonaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN9); nonaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN9); nonaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN9); nonaazacyclopentacosane ([25]aneN9); nonaazacyclohexacosane ([26]aneN9); nonaazacycloheptacosane ([27]aneN9); nonaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN9); nonaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN9); nonaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneN9); nonaazacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneN9); and nonaazacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneN9).

[0363] N Valence Stabilizer #2a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentaphyrins (pentapyrroles); sapphyrins; smaragdyrins; pentaoxazoles; pentaisooxazoles; pentathiazoles; pentaisothiazoles; pentaazaphospholes; pentaimidazoles; pentapyrazoles; pentaoxadiazoles; pentathiadiazoles; pentadiazaphospholes; pentatriazoles; pentaoxatriazoles; and pentathiatriazoles.

[0364] N Valence Stabilizer #2b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: heptaphyrins (heptapyrroles); heptaoxazoles; heptaisooxazoles; heptathiazoles; heptaisothiazoles; heptaazaphospholes; heptaimidazoles; heptapyrazoles; heptaoxadiazoles; heptathiadiazoles; heptadiazaphospholes; heptatriazoles; heptaoxatriazoles; and heptathiatriazoles.

[0365] N Valence Stabilizer #3a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: superphthalocyanine; supernaphthalocyanine; diazapentaphyrins; tetraazapentaphyrins; pentaazapentaphyrins; diazapentapyrazoles; tetraazapentapyrazoles; pentaazapentapyrazoles; diazapentaimidazoles; tetraazapentaimidazoles; and pentaazapentaimidazoles.

[0366] N Valence Stabilizer #3b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazaheptaphyrins; tetraazaheptaphyrins; hexaazaheptaphyrins; diazabeptapyrazoles; tetraazaheptapyrazoles; hexaazaheptapyrazoles; diazaheptaimidazoles; tetraazaheptaimidazoles; and hexaazaheptaimidazoles.

[0367] N Valence Stabilizer #3c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazanonaphyrins; tetraazanonaphyrins; hexaazanonaphyrins; diazanonapyrazoles; tetraazanonapyrazoles; hexaazanonapyrazoles; diazanonaimidazoles; tetraazanonaimidazoles; and hexaazanonaimidazoles.

[0368] N Valence Stabilizer #4a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclopentapyridines; cyclopentaoxazines; cyclopentathiazines; cyclopentaphosphorins; cyclopentaquinolines; cyclopentapyrazines; cyclopentapyridazines; cyclopentapyrimidines; cyclopentaoxadiazines; cyclopentathiadiazines; cyclopentadiazaphosphorins cyclopentaquinoxalines; cyclopentatriazines; cyclopentathiatriazines; and cyclopentaoxatriazines.

[0369] N Valence Stabilizer #4b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cycloheptapyridines; cycloheptaoxazines; cycloheptathiazines; cycloheptaphosphorins; cycloheptaquinolines; cycloheptapyrazines; cycloheptapyridazines; cycloheptapyrimidines; cycloheptaoxadiazines; cycloheptathiadiazines; cycloheptadiazaphosphorins cycloheptaquinoxalines; cycloheptatriazines; cycloheptathiatriazines; and cycloheptaoxatriazines.

[0370] N Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates or N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclopentapyridines; tetraazacyclopentapyridines; diazacyclopentaquinolines; tetraazacyclopentaquinolines; diazacyclopentapyrazines; tetraazacyclopentapyrazines; diazacyclopentapyridazines; tetraazacyclopentapyridazines; diazacyclopentapyrimidines; tetraazacyclopentapyrimidines; diazacyclopentatriazines; and tetraazacyclopentatriazines.

[0371] N Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacycloheptapyridines; tetraazacycloheptapyridines; diazacycloheptaquinolines; tetraazacycloheptaquinolines; diazacycloheptapyrazines; tetraazacycloheptapyrazines; diazacycloheptapyridazines; tetraazacycloheptapyridazines; diazacycloheptapyrimidines; tetraazacycloheptapyrimidines; diazacycloheptatriazines; and tetraazacycloheptatriazines.

[0372] N Valence Stabilizer #5c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diazacyclononapyridines; tetraazacyclononapyridines; diazacyclononaquinolines; tetraazacyclononaquinolines; diazacyclononapyrazines; tetraazacyclononapyrazines; diazacyclononapyridazines; tetraazacyclononapyridazines; diazacyclononapyrimidines; tetraazacyclononapyrimidines; diazacyclononatriazines; and tetraazacyclononatriazines.

[0373] N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of silylamines and silazanes (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trisilylamine; N-methyldisilazane (disilylmethylamine); N,N-dimethylsilylamine; (silyldimethylamine); tris(trimethylsilyl)amine; triethylsilylamine (triethylaminosilane) (triethylsilazane); N-ethyltriethylsilylamine (triethy-N-ethylaminosilane); di-tert-butylsilanediamine (di-tert-butyldiaminosilane); bis(methylamino)diethylsilane; tris(dimethylamino)ethylsilane; hexamethyldisilazane; N-methylhexaphenyldisilazane; hexamethylcyclotrisilazane; and octaphenylcyclotetrasilazane. [Note: silylamines and silazanes are notably weaker ligands than their carbonaceous derivatives, although replacement of one or two SiR3 groups with CR3 will enhance the donor power of the ligand. Thus, N(CR3)2(SiR3) is a better ligand than N(CR3)(SiR3)2, etc.]

[0374] N Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of guanidines, diguanidines, and polyguanidines (N—N bidentates, N—N tridentates, N—N tetradentates, and N—N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: guanidine; methylguanidine; ethylguanidine; isopropylguanidine; butylguanidine; benzylguanidine; phenylguanidine; tolylguanidine; naphthylguanidine; cyclohexylguanidine; norbornylguanidine; adamantylguanidine; dimethylguanidine; diethylguanidine; diisopropylguanidine; dibutylguanidine; dibenzylguanidine; diphenylguanidine; ditolylguanidine; dinaphthylguanidine; dicyclohexylguanidine; dinorbornylguanidine; diadamantylguanidine; ethylenediguanidine; propylenediguanidine; tetramethylenediguanidine; pentamethylenediguanidine; hexamethylenediguanidine; heptamethylenediguanidine; octamethylenediguanidine; phenylenediguanidine; piperazinediguanidine; oxalyldiguanidine; malonyldiguanidine; succinyldiguanidine; glutaryldiguanidine; adipyldiguanidine; pimelyldiguanidine; suberyldiguanidine; phthalyldiguanidine; benzimidazoleguanidine; aminoguanidine; nitroaminoguanidine; dicyandiamide (cyanoguanidine); dodecylguanidine; and nitrovin.

[0375] N Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphonitrile amides and bis(phosphonitrile amides) (N—N Bidentates and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphononitrile amide; N-phenylphosphonitrile amide; N-benzylphosphonitrile amide; N-cyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; N-norbornylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-diphenylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphonitrile amide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0376] N Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidic diamides, bis(phosphonimidic diamides), and poly(phosphonimidic diamides) (N—N bidentates and N—N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidic diamide; N-benzylphosphonimidic diamide; N-phenylphosphonimidic diamide; N-cyclohexylphosphonimidic diamide; N-norbornylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-dibenzylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-diphenylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N-dicyclohexylphosphonimidic diamide; and N,N-dinorbornylphosphonimidic diamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0377] N Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonamidimidic acid, phosphonamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphonamidimidic acid), bis(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), poly(phosphonamidimidic acid), poly(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidimidic acid, phosphonamidimidothioic acid; O-phenylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-benzylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphonamidimidic acid; S-phenylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; S-benzylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; and S-norbornylphosphonamidimidothioic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0378] N Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pyridinaldimines, bis(pyridinaldimines), and poly(pyridinaldimines) (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridylideneaniline [N-(pyridylmethylene)benzenamine]; and (2-pyridyl)benzylideneaniline.

[0379] N Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of hydrazones, bis(hydrazones), and poly(hydrazones) (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetaldehyde hydrazone; acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone; acetone hydrazone; acetone phenylhydrazone; pinacolone hydrazone; pinacolone phenylhydrazone; benzaldehyde hydrazone; benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde hydrazone; naphthaldehyde phenylhydrazone; norbornanone hydrazone; norbornanone phenylhydrazone; camphor hydrazone; camphor phenylhydrazone; nopinone hydrazone; nopinone phenylhydrazine; 2-pyridinaldehyde hydrazone; 2-pyridinealdehyde phenylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde hydrazone; salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde hydrazone; quinolinaldehyde phenylhydrazone; isatin dihydrazone; isatin di(phenylhydrazone); camphorquinone dihydrazone; camphorquinone di(phenylhydrazone); and 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole hydrazone.

[0380] N Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of azo compounds without chelate substitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) positions, bis(azo compounds), or poly(azo compounds) (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, or N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azobenzene (diphenyldiazene); p-diaminoazobenzene; p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (butter yellow); methyl orange; Fast Garnet GBC (4′-amino-2,3′-dimethylazobenzene)[Note: non-bonding methyl group in the o-position.]; and Alizarin Yellow R. [Note: azo compounds without chelate substitution at the ortho-(for aryl) or beta-(for alkyl) positions tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0381] N Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of formazans, bis(formazans), and poly(formazans) without ortho-hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triphenylformazan; and 1,3,5-naphthylformazan.

[0382] N Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydramides (N—N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrobenzamide; hydronaphthamide; and hydrosalicylamide.

[0383] N Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of azines (including ketazines), bis(azines), and poly(azines) without ortho-hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: benzalazine; naphthalazine; cyclohexanonazine; and norbornonazine.

[0384] N Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group and without ortho-(for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-(Benzaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(Acetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Propiophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Acetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Propiophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Benzaldehydo)aniline (BAAN); N-(Naphthaldehydo)aniline; N-(Acetophenono)aniline; N-(Propiophenono)aniline; N-(Benzaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(Naphthaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(Acetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Propiophenono)aminonorbornane; (Vanillino)anisidine; (Cinnamaldehydo)anisidine; N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)aniline; N-(cinnamaldehydo)aniline; N-(cinnamaldehydo)m- or p-anisidine; and N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)m- or p-anisidine.

[0385] N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of isocyanide and cyanamide and related ligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: isocyanate (—NCO); isothiocyanate (—NCS); isoselenocyanate (—NCSe); and cyanamide (—NCN). [Note: the nitrogen atom is directly complexed to the high valence metal ion.]

[0386] N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of nitrosyls and nitrites and related ligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: nitrosyl (—NO); thionitrosyl (—NS); nitrite (—NO2); thionitrite (sulfinylamide)(thiazate)(-NSO); nitrosamine (═NN═O); thionitrosamine (═NN═S); nitramine (═NNO2); and thionitramine (═NNS2) ligands.

[0387] N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of nitriles, dinitriles, and polynitriles (N Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: benzonitrile; naphthonitrile; cyanonaphthalene; cyclohexyl nitrile; cyanopyridine; cyanopurine; cyanophenol; cyanothiophenol; adamantane nitrile; norbornyl nitrile; cinnamonitrile; dicyanobenzene; dicyanobutene; dicyanoimidazole; dicyanopyridine; cyanotolunitrile; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE); tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ); diethylaminopropionitrile (deapn), and polyacrylonitriles.

[0388] N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of azide ligands (N monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azide (—N3) ions; methyl azide; ethyl azide; phenyl azide; diphenyltriazene; and phenyl sulfonyl azide.

[0389] S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monothioethers (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, dioctyl sulfide, diphenylsulfide, dicyclohexyl sulfide, tetramethylene sulfide (tetrahydrothiophene, tht), trimethylene sulfide, dimethylene sulfide (ethylene sulfide), pentamethylene sulfide, 1,4-thioxane, oxathiolane, cyclohexene sulfide, cyclooctene sulfide, benzotetrahydrothiophene, dibenzothiophene, naphthotetrahydrothiophene, and thiabicycloheptane.

[0390] S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of disulfides (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl disulfide, ethyl disulfide, phenyl disulfide, nitrophenide, and 1,2-dithiacyclohexane.

[0391] S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioethers (S monodentates or S-S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, benzodithiane, dibenzodithiane, naphthodithiane, 2,5-dithiahexane (dth); 3,6-dithiaoctane (dto); 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane; 3,7-dithianonane; 2,6-dithiaheptane; 1,6-diphenyl-2,5-dithiahexane; 1,4-diphenyl-1,4-dithiabutane; 1,3-dithiolane; 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dithiacyclohexane); 1,4-dithiacycloheptane (dtch); 1,5-dithiacyclooctane (dtco); o-phenylenebis(2-thiapropane); o-phenylenebis(2-thiabutane); 2,2′-(thiamethyl)biphenyl, and 2,2′-(thiaethyl)biphenyl.

[0392] S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of trithioethers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, or S—S tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-trithiane; 1,3,5-tris(methylthia)cyclohexane; 1,3,5-tris(ethylthia)cyclohexane; 1,3,5-tris(phenylthia)cyclohexane; 2,5,8-trithianonane; 3,6,9-trithiaundecane; and 2,6,10-trithiaundecane.

[0393] S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of tetrathioethers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, S—S tridentates, or S—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,4,10,13-tetrathiatridecane; 2,6,10,14-tetrathiapentadecane; 2,5,8,11-tetrathiadodecane; 2,5,9,12-ttetrathiatridecane; 2,6,9,13-tetrathiatetradecane; 1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,4-dithiabutane; 1,5-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,5-dithiapentane; 1,6-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,6-dithiahexane; 1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,4-dithiabut-2-ene; and polythioethers.

[0394] S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexathioethers (S monodentates, S—S bidentates, S—S tridentates, S—S tetradentates, or S—S hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)ethyl)amine; and tri((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)methylamine.

[0395] S Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrothiophene, thiophene, thiazole, thiapyrroline, thiaphospholene, thiaphosphole, oxathiole, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, benzodihydrothiophene, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzothiaphosphole, dibenzothiophene, and naphthothiophene.

[0396] S Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S—S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiole, benzodithiole, and naphthodithiole.

[0397] S Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrothiopyran, thiopyran, thiazine, thiadiazine, thiaphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, oxathiin, benzothiopyran, dibenzothiopyran, and naphthothiopyran.

[0398] S Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S—S bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodithiin, dithiin, benzodithiin, dibenzodithiin (thianthrene), and naphthodithiin.

[0399] S Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-dimercaptothiophene; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiophene; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiophene; 2,5-dimercatothiazole; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiazole; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole [bismuththiol]; 2-mercaptothianaphthene; 7-(thiomethyl)thianaphthene; 1,8-dimercaptodibenzothiophene; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercapro-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 7-(thiomethyl)benzothiazole.

[0400] S Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,3-dithiole; 2-(dimercaptomethyl)-1,3-dithiole; 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole; 4,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,3-dithiole; 2-mercaptobenzodithiole; and 7-mercaptobenzodithiole.

[0401] S Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-dimercaptothiopyran; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiopyran; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiopyran; 2,6dimercaptothiazine; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiazine; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazine; 2,6-dimercapto-1,3,5-thiadiazine; 2-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; 8-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; and 1,9-dimercaptodibenzothiopyran.

[0402] S Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,4-dithiin; 2,6-dimercapto-1,4-dithiin; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin; 2,3-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin; 5,8-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin; 1,8-dimercaptothianthrene; and 1,4,5,8-tetramercaptothianthrene.

[0403] S Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,2′-bithiophene; 2,2′,2″-trithiophene; 2,2′-bithiazole; 5,5′-bithiazole; 2,2′-bioxathiole; 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,2′-bithianaphthene; 2,2′-bibenzothiazole; 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiophene); and polythiophenes.

[0404] S Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiole; 4,4′-bi-1,3-dithiole; 7,7′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; 3,3′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; and tetrathiofulvalene.

[0405] S Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,2′-bithiopyran; 2,2′,2″-trithiopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-thiazine; 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-thiadiazine; 2,2′-bi-1-benzothiopyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiopyran).

[0406] S Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,4-dithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiin; 5,5′-bi-1,4-benzodithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-benzodithiin; and 1,1′-bithianthrene.

[0407] S Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiacyclobutane ([4]aneS2); dithiacyclopentane ([5]aneS2); dithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS2); dithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS2); dithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2); dithiacyclobutene ([4]eneS2); dithiacyclopentene ([5]eneS2); dithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS2); dithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS2); dithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS2); dithiacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneS2); dithiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneS2); dithiacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneS2); dithiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneS2); and dithiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS2).

[0408] S Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS3); trithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS3); trithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS3); trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3); trithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS3); trithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS3); trithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS3); trithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS3); trithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS3); trithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS3); trithiacyclononene ([9)eneS3); trithiacyclodecene ([10]eneS3); trithiacycloundecene ([11]eneS3); trithiacyclododecene ([12]eneS3); trithiacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneS3); trithiacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneS3); trithiacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneS3); trithiacyclononatriene ([9]trieneS3); trithiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS3); trithiacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneS3); and trithiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS3).

[0409] S Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiacyclooctane ([8]aneS4); tetrathiacyclononane ([9]aneS4); tetrathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS4); tetrathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS4); tetrathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS4); tetrathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneS4); tetrathiacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS4); tetrathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS4); and tetrathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS4).

[0410] S Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS5); pentathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS5); pentathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS5); pentathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS5); pentathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS5); pentathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS5); pentathiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS5); pentathiacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneS5); pentathiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS5); pentathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS5); pentathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS5); and pentathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS5).

[0411] S Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS6); hexathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS6); hexathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS6); hexathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS6); hexathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS6); hexathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS6); hexathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS6); hexathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS6); hexathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS6); hexathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS6); hexathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS6); hexathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS6); hexathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS6); hexathiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS6); hexathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS6); hexathiacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneS6); hexathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS6); hexathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS6); hexathiacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneS6); hexathiacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneS6); hexathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS6); hexathiacyclodocosatriene ([22]trieneS6); hexathiacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneS6); and hexathiacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneS6).

[0412] S Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS7); heptathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS7); heptathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS7); heptathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS7); heptathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS7); heptathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS7); heptathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS7); heptathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS7); heptathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS7); heptathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS7); heptathiacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneS7); heptathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS7); heptathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS7); heptathiacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneS7); heptathiacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneS7); and heptathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS7).

[0413] S Valence Stabilizer #13g: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS8); octathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS8); octathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS8); octathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS8); octathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS8); octathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS8); octathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS8); octathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS8); octathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS8); octathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS8); octathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS8); octathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS8); and octathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS8).

[0414] S Valence Stabilizer #13h: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: nonathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS9); nonathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS9); nonathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS9); nonathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS9); nonathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS9); nonathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS9); nonathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS9); nonathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS9); nonathiacyclohexacosane ([26]aneS9); nonathiacycloheptacosane ([27]aneS9); nonathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS9); nonathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS9); nonathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneS9); nonathiacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneS9); and nonathiacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneS9).

[0415] S Valence Stabilizer #13i: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: decathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS10); decathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS10); decathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS10); decathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS10); decathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS10); decathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS10); decathiacyclohexacosane ([26]aneS10); decathiacycloheptacosane ([27]aneS10); decathiacyclooctacosane ([28]aneS10); decathiacyclononacosane ([29]aneS10); decathiacyclotriacontane ([30]aneS10); decathiacycloeicosapentadiene ([20]pentadieneS10); decathiacycloheneicosapentadiene ([21]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneS10); decathiacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneS10); decathiacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneS10); and decathiacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneS10).

[0416] S Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiophenes; tetrathiazoles; tetrathiaphospholes; tetraoxathioles; tetrathiadiazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; and tetradithioles. S Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiophenes; pentathiazoles; pentathiaphospholes; pentaoxathioles; pentathiadiazoles; pentathiatriazoles; and pentadithioles.

[0417] S Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiophenes; hexathiazoles; hexathiaphospholes; hexaoxathioles; hexathiadiazoles; hexathiatriazoles; and hexadithioles.

[0418] S Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiophenes; heptathiazoles; heptathiaphospholes; heptaoxathioles; heptathiadiazoles; heptathiatriazoles; and heptadithioles.

[0419] S Valence Stabilizer #14e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiophenes; octathiazoles; octathiaphospholes; octaoxathioles; octathiadiazoles; octathiatriazoles; and octadithioles.

[0420] S Valence Stabilizer #14f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: nonathiophenes; nonathiazoles; nonathiaphospholes; nonaoxathioles; nonathiadiazoles; nonathiatriazoles; and nonadithioles.

[0421] S Valence Stabilizer #14g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: decathiophenes; decathiazoles; decathiaphospholes; decaoxathioles; decathiadiazoles; decathiatriazoles; and decadithioles.

[0422] S Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiatetrathiophenes; tetrathiatetrathiophenes; dithiatetradithioles; and tetrathiatetradithioles.

[0423] S Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiapentathiophenes; tetrathiapentathiophenes; dithiapentadithioles; and tetrathiapentadithioles.

[0424] S Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiahexaathiophenes; trithiahexathiophenes; dithiahexadithioles; and trithiahexadithioles.

[0425] S Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiophenes; tetrathiaheptathiophenes; dithiaheptadithioles; and tetrathiaheptadithioles.

[0426] S Valence Stabilizer #15e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiophenes; tetrathiaoctathiophenes; dithiaoctadithioles; and tetrathiaoctadithioles.

[0427] S Valence Stabilizer #15f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiophenes; hexathianonathiophenes; trithianonadithioles; and hexathianonadithioles.

[0428] S Valence Stabilizer #15g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadecathiophenes; pentathiadecathiophenes; dithiadecadithioles; and pentathiadecadithioles.

[0429] S Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathiopyrans; tetrathiazines; tetrathiaphosphorins; tetrathiadiphosphorins; tetraoxathiins; and tetradithiins.

[0430] S Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pentathiopyrans; pentathiazines; pentathiaphosphorins; pentathiadiphosphorins; pentaoxathiins; and pentadithiins.

[0431] S Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathiopyrans; hexathiazines; hexathiaphosphorins; hexathiadiphosphorins; hexaoxathiins; and hexadithiins.

[0432] S Valence Stabilizer #16d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: heptathiopyrans; heptathiazines; heptathiaphosphorins; heptathiadiphosphorins; heptaoxathiins; and heptadithiins.

[0433] S Valence Stabilizer #16e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octathiopyrans; octathiazines; octathiaphosphorins; octathiadiphosphorins; octaoxathiins; and octadithiins.

[0434] S Valence Stabilizer #16f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: nonathiopyrans; nonathiazines; nonathiaphosphorins; nonathiadiphosphorins; nonaoxathiins; and nonadithiins.

[0435] S Valence Stabilizer #16g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: decathiopyrans; decathiazines; decathiaphosphorins; decathiadiphosphorins; decaoxathiins; and decadithiins.

[0436] S Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiatetrathiopyrans; tetrathiatetrathiopyrans; dithiatetrathiazines; tetrathiatetrathiazines; dithiatetrathiaphosphorins; tetrathiatetrathiaphosphorins; dithiatetraoxathiins; tetrathiatetraoxathiins; dithiatetradithiins; and tetrathiatetradithiins.

[0437] S Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates or S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiapentathiopyrans; tetrathiapentathiopyrans; dithiapentathiazines; tetrathiapentathiazines; dithiapentathiaphosphorins; tetrathiapentathiaphosphorins; dithiapentaoxathiins; tetrathiapentaoxathiins; dithiapentadithiins; and tetrathiapentadithiins.

[0438] S Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiahexathiopyrans; trithiahexathiopyrans; dithiahexathiazines; trithiahexathiazines; dithiahexathiaphosphorins; trithiahexathiaphosphorins; dithiahexaoxathiins; trithiahexaoxathiins; dithiahexadithiins; and trithiahexadithiins.

[0439] S Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiopyrans; tetrathiaheptathiopyrans; dithiaheptathiazines; tetrathiaheptathiazines; dithiaheptathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaheptathiaphosphorins; dithiaheptaoxathiins; tetrathiaheptaoxathiins; dithiaheptadithiins; and tetrathiaheptadithiins.

[0440] S Valence Stabilizer #17e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiopyrans; tetrathiaoctathiopyrans; dithiaoctathiazines; tetrathiaoctathiazines; dithiaoctathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaoctathiaphosphorins; dithiaoctaoxathiins; tetrathiaoctaoxathiins; dithiaoctadithiins; and tetrathiaoctadithiins.

[0441] S Valence Stabilizer #17f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiopyrans; hexathianonathiopyrans; trithianonathiazines; hexathianonathiazines; trithianonathiaphosphorins; hexathianonathiaphosphorins; trithianonaoxathiins; hexathianonaoxathiins; trithianonadithiins; and hexathianonadithiins.

[0442] S Valence Stabilizer #17g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadecathiopyrans; pentathiadecathiopyrans; dithiadecathiazines; pentathiadecathiazines; dithiadecathiaphosphorins; pentathiadecathiaphosphorins; dithiadecaoxathiins; pentathiadecaoxathiins; dithiadecadithiins; and pentathiadecadithiins.

[0443] S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of dithiobiurets (dithioimidodicarbonic diamides), dithioisobiurets, dithiobiureas, trithiotriurets, trithiotriureas, bis(dithiobiurets), bis(dithioisobiurets), bis(dithiobiureas), poly(dithiobiurets), poly(dithioisobiurets), and poly(dithiobiureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiobiuret, dithioisobiuret, dithiobiurea, trithiotriuret, trithiotriurea, nitrodithiobiuret, dinitrodithiobiuret, aminodithiobiuret, diaminodithiobiuret, oxydithiobiuret, dioxydithiobiuret, cyanodithiobiuret, methyldithiobiuret, ethyldithiobiuret, isopropyldithiobiuret, phenyldithiobiuret, benzyldithiobiuret, cyclohexyldithiobiuret, norbornyldithiobiuret, adamantyldithiobiuret, dimethyldithiobiuret, diethyldithiobiuret, diisopropyldithiobiuret, diphenyldithiobiuret, dibenzyldithiobiuret, dicyclohexyldithiobiuret, dinorbornyldithiobiuret, and diadamantyldithiobiuret.

[0444] S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of thioacylthioureas, thioaroylthioureas, bis(thioacylthioureas), bis(thioaroylthioureas), poly(thioacylthioureas), and poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformylthiourea, thioacetylthiourea, thiobenzoylthiourea, thiocyclohexoylthiourea, pentafluorothiobenzoylthiourea, N-methylthioacetylthiourea, N-phenylthiobenzoylthiourea, and N-cyclohexylthiocyclohexoylthiourea.

[0445] S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of dithioacyl disulfides, bis(dithioacyl disulfides), and poly(dithioacyl disulfides), (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioacetyl disulfide; dithiopropanoyl disulfide; dithiobenzoyl disulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyl disulfide.

[0446] S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides, bis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides), and poly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

[0447] S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, and tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S-—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexathioperoxydicarbonic acid, pentathioperoxydicarbonic acid, tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acid, S-phenylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-benzylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-cyclohexylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-norbornylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′-diphenylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′-dibenzylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S,S′-dicyclohexylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; and S,S′-dinorbornylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0448] S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoramides, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides), and poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide.

[0449] S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, methyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldithioperoxydiphospboric acid, di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

[0450] S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonic acids, dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphonic acid, methyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0451] S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonamides, dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0452] S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides, bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0453] S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid, methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0454] S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonamides, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides), and poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0455] S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids, bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, methyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0456] S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiophosphonic acids (phosphonodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphonic acids), poly(dithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiophosphonic acid, O-phenyldithiophosphonic acid, O-benzyldithiophosphonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphonic acid, O-norbornyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-dibenzyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexyldithiophosphonic acid, and O,P-dinorbornyldithiophosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0457] S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of trithiophosphonic acids (phosphonotrithioic acids), bis(trithiophosphonic acids), poly(trithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithiophosphonic acid, S-phenyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-benzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-cyclohexyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-norbornyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-diphenyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-dibenzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphonic acid, and S,P-dinorbornyltrithiophosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0458] S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, and O,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0459] S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, S,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, and S,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0460] S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of S-(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, S-(arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and S,S-thiobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: (methylthio)thioacetic acid; (methylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (methylthio)thionicotinic acid; (methylthio)thionapthoic acid; (phenylthio)thioacetic acid; (phenylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (phenylthio)thionaphthoic acid; (norbornylthio)thioacetic acid; (norbornylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (norbornylthio)thionapthoic acid; thiobisthioacetic acid; thiobisthiobenzoic acid; and thiobisthionapthoic acid.

[0461] S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of S-(alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, S-(aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, and S,S′-disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: (methyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (methyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (methyldisulfido)thionicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)thionapthoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thioacetic acid;. (phenyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thionaphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thionapthoic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisthioacetic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisthiobenzoic acid; and S,S′-disulfidobisthionapthoic acid.

[0462] S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of 1,2-dithiolates, bis(1,2-dithiolates), and poly(1,2-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,3-butanedithiol; 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 1,2-di(pentafluorophenyl)-1,2-ethanedithio; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 1,2-dinorbornyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 2,3-dimercaptopropanol; 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid; poly[bis(arylthio)acetylene]s; and poly[bis(alkylylthio)acetylene]s.

[0463] S Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of rhodanines and bis(rhodanines) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylrhodanine; 3-ethylrhodanine; 3-isopropylrhodanine; 3-phenylrhodanine; 3-benzylrhodanine; 3-cyclohexylrhodanine; 3-norbornylrhodanine; 5-methylrhodanine; 5-ethylrhodanine; 5-isopropylrhodanine; 5-phenylrhodanine; 5-benzylrhodanine; 5-cyclohexylrhodanine; 5-norbornylrhodanine; 3,3′-ethylenebisrhodanine; 3,3′-propylenerhodanine; 3,3′-butylenerhodanine; 5,5′-ethylenebisrhodanine; 5,5′-propylenerhodanine; and 5,5′-butylenerhodanine. [Note: rhodanines and bis(rhodanines) tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0464] S Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of dithiocarbimates, bis(dithiocarbimates), and poly(dithiocarbimates) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyldithiocarbimate; trifluoromethyldithiocarbimate; ethyldithiocarbimate; propyldithiocarbimate; isopropyldithiocarbimate; butyldithiocarbimate; tertbutyldithiocarbimate; cyanodithiocarbimate (CDC); cyanamidodithiocarbimate; azidodithiocarbimate; phenyldithiocarbimate; pentafluorophenyldithiocarbimate; benzyldithiocarbimate; naphthyldithiocarbimate; cyclohexyldithiocarbimate; norbornyldithiocarbimate; and adamantyldithiocarbimate. [Note: carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0465] S Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of thioxanthates, bis(thioxanthates), and poly(thioxanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl thioxanthate (MeSxan); ethyl thioxanthate (EtSxan); isopropyl thioxanthate (iPrSxan); trifluoromethyl thioxanthate (CF3Sxan); cyanothioxanthate; cyanamidothioxanthate; phenyl thioxanthate (PhSxan); benzyl thioxanthate (BzSxan); pentafluorophenyl thioxanthate; cyclohexyl thioxanthate (cHxSxan); and norbornyl thioxanthate. [Note: thioxanthates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0466] S Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of xanthates, bis(xanthates), and poly(xanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl xanthate (Mexan); ethyl xanthate (Etxan); isopropyl xanthate (iPrxan); trifluoromethyl xanthate (CF3xan); cyanoxanthate; cyanamidoxanthate; phenyl xanthate (Phxan); benzyl xanthate (Bzxan); pentafluorophenyl xanthate; cyclohexyl xanthate (cHxxan); and norbornyl xanthate. [Note: xanthates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0467] S Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of phosphinodithioformates (S—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphinodithioformate; triethylphosphinodithioformate; triphenylphosphinodithioformate; tricyclohexylphosphinodithioformate; dimethylphosphinodithioformate; diethylphosphinodithioformate; diphenylphosphinodithioformate; and dicyclohexylphosphinodithioformate.

[0468] S Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-dithioborates, trithioborates, perthioborates, bis(dithioborates), bis(trithioborates), and bis(perthioborates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyl dithioborate; S,O-diisopropyl dithioborate; S,O-diphenyl dithioborate; S,O-dibenzyl dithioborate; S,O-dicyclohexyl dithioborate; S,O-dinorbornyl dithioborate; diethyl trithioborate; diisopropyl trithioborate; diphenyl trithioborate; dibenzyl trithioborate; dicyclohexyl trithioborate; and dinorbornyl trithioborate.

[0469] S Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-dithioboronates and bis(dithioboronates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl dithioboronate; diisopropyl dithioboronate; diphenyl dithioboronate; dibenzyl dithioboronate; dicyclohexyl dithioboronate; and dinorbornyl dithioboronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0470] S Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of trithioarsonic acids (arsonotrithioic acids), dithioarsonic acids (arsonodithioic acids), tetrathioarsonic acids (arsonotetrathioic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithioarsonic acid, O-phenyltrithioarsonic acid, O-benzyltrithioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-diphenyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dibenzyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dicyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dinorbornyltrithioarsonic acid; dithioarsonic acid, O-phenyldithioarsonic acid, O-benzyldithioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-diphenyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithioarsonic acid.

[0471] S Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of trithioantimonic acids (stibonotrithioic acids), dithioantimonic acids (stibonodithioic acids), tetrathioantimonic acids (stibonotetrathioic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethyltrithioantimonate; triethyltrithioantimonate; and triphenyltrithioantimonate.

[0472] S Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of phosphine P-sulfides and amino-substituted phosphine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphine sulfide (TMPS); triethylphosphine sulfide (TEPS); triphenylphosphine sulfide (TPhPS); tribenzylphosphine sulfide (TBzPS); tricyclohexylphosphine sulfide (TcHxPS); and trinorbornylphosphine sulfide for phosphine P-sulfides; and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine sulfide; trimorpholinophosphine sulfide; tripiperidinophosphine sulfide; tripyrrolidinophosphine sulfide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine sulfide for amino-substituted phosphine sulfides.

[0473] S Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of arsine As-sulfides and amino-substituted arsine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine sulfide; triethylarsine sulfide; triphenylarsine sulfide; tribenzylarsine sulfide; tricyclohexylarsine sulfide; and trinorbornylarsine sulfide for arsine As-sulfides; and tris(dimethylamino)arsine sulfide; trimorpholinoarsine sulfide; tripiperidinoarsine sulfide; tripyrrolidinoarsine sulfide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)arsine sulfide for amino-substituted arsine sulfides.

[0474] S Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of thiolates that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiophenol; naphthalenethiol; 1-dodecanethion; hexadecyl mercaptan; benzenethiol (bt); polybenzenethiols; and polythioarylenes.

[0475] S Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of sulfide that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: sulfides (—S2−); disulfides (—S22−); and polysulfides (—Sx2−).

[0476] P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monophosphines (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphine, phenylphosphine, diphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, phenyldimethylphosphine, phenyldiethylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphine, phosphirane, phosphetane, phospholane, phosphorinane, benzophospholane, benzophosphorinane, dibenzophospholane, dibenzophosphorinane, naphthophospholane, naphthophosphorinane, phosphinonorbornane, and phosphinoadamantane.

[0477] P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diphosphines (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholane, benzodiphospholane, naphthodiphospholane, diphosphorinane, benzodiphosphorinane, dibenzodiphosphorinane, naphthodiphosphorinane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, and o-phenylenebis(diphenylphosphine). {Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0478] P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, or P—P tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triphosphorinane, P,P′-tetraphenyl-2-methyl-2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl-1,3-propanediphosphine; P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]diethyl-P-phenylphosphine; P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphino]diphenyl-P-phenylphosphine; and hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triphosphazine. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0479] P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, and P—P tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P′-tetraphenyl-2,2-[(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl]-1,3-propanediphosphine; tri[o-(P-diphenyl)phosphinophenyl]phosphine; and 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0480] P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaphosphines (P monodentates, P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, and P—P tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0481] P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaphosphines (P—P bidentates, P—P tridentates, P—P tetradentates, and P—P hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1,10,10-tetraphenyl-4,7-[2-(P,P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0482] P Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1-phospholene, 2-phospholene, 3-phospholene, phosphole, oxaphosphole, thiaphosphole, benzophospholene, benzophosphole, benzoxaphosphole, benzothiaphosphole, dibenzophospholene, dibenzophosphole, naphthophospholene, naphthophosphole, naphthoxaphosphole, naphthothiaphosphole.

[0483] P Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholene, diphosphole, oxadiphospholene, thiadiphospholene, benzodiphospholene, benzodiphosphole, naphthodiphospholene, and naphthodiphosphole.

[0484] P Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triphosphole.

[0485] P Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphorin, oxaphosphorin, thiaphosphorin, benzophosphorin, benzoxaphosphorin, benzothiaphosphorin, acridophosphine, phosphanthridine, dibenzoxaphosphorin, dibenzothiaphosphorin, naphthophosphorin, naphthoxaphosphorin, and naphthothiaphosphorin.

[0486] P Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: o-diphosphorin, m-diphosphorin, p-diphosphorin, oxadiphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, benzodiphosphorin, benzoxadiphosphorin, benzothiadiphosphorin, dibenzodiphosphorin, dibenzoxadiphosphorin, dibenzothiadiphosphorin, naphthodiphosphorin, naphthoxadiphosphorin, and naphthothiadiphosphorin.

[0487] P Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P—P bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triphosphorin, 1,2,3-triphosphorin, benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin, and naphtho-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0488] P Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1-phospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1-phospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole; 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole; and 1,8-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzophosphole.

[0489] P Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole; and 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole.

[0490] P Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole; and 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole.

[0491] P Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin; 7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin; and 1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)acridophosphine.

[0492] P Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2,3,5,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,3-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,3,5,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin; 1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin; and 1,4,6,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin.

[0493] P Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 4-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and 8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0494] P Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1-phospholene; 2,2′,2″-tri-1-phospholene; 2,2′-bi-3-phospholene; 2,2′, 2″-tri-3-phospholene; 2,2′-biphosphole; 2,2′,2″-triphosphole; and 2,2′-bibenzophosphole.

[0495] P Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-diphospholene; 2,2′-bi-1,3-diphosphole; and 2,2′-bibenzo-1,3-diphosphole.

[0496] P Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to:2,2′-bi-1,3,4-triphosphole; and 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,4-triphosphole.

[0497] P Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one phosphorus atom and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-triphosphorin; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraphosphorin; 2,2′-bibenzophosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzophosphorin.

[0498] P Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3′-bi-1,2-diphosphorin; 3,3′,3″-tri-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bi-1,4-diphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,4-diphosphorin; 3,3′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin; 8,8′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin.

[0499] P Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triphosphorin; 4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

[0500] P Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutane ([4]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentane ([5]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutene ([4]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentene ([5]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexene ([6]eneP2); P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptene ([7]eneP2); and P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctene ([8]eneP2).

[0501] P Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononatriene ([9]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneP3); P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneP3); and P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneP3).

[0502] P Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP4); P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP4); and P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP4).

[0503] P Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP5); P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP5); and P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP5).

[0504] P Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P—P Tridentates, P—P—P—P Tetradentates, or P—P—P—P—P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotricosane ([23]aneP6); P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetracosane ([24]aneP6).

[0505] P Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclononadecane ([19 ]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP8); P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotricosane ([23]aneP8); and P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotetracosane ([24]aneP8).

[0506] P Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraphospholenes; tetraphospholes; tetraoxaphospholes; tetradiphospholenes; tetradiphospholes; and tetraoxadiphospholes.

[0507] P Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaphospholenes; hexaphospholes; hexaoxaphospholes; hexadiphospholenes; hexadiphospholes; and hexaoxadiphospholes.

[0508] P Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates; P—P Tetradentates; or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: octaphospholenes; octaphospholes; octaoxaphospholes; octadiphospholenes; octadiphospholes; and octaoxadiphospholes.

[0509] P Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphatetraphospholenes; tetraphosphatetraphospholenes; diphosphatetraphospholes; tetraphosphatetraphospholes; diphoshatetradiphospholes; and tetraphosphatetradiphospholes.

[0510] P Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphahexaphospholenes; triaphosphahexaphospholenes; diphosphahexaphospholes; triphosphahexaphospholes; diphoshahexadiphospholes; and triphosphahexadiphospholes.

[0511] P Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphaoctaphospholenes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholenes; diphosphaoctaphospholes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholes; diphoshaoctadiphospholes; and tetraphosphaoctadiphospholes.

[0512] P Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraaoxaphosphorins; cyclotetradiphosphorins; and cyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

[0513] P Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaphosphorins; cyclohexaoxaphosphorins; cyclohexadiphosphorins; and cyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

[0514] P Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaoxaphosphorins; cyclooctadiphosphorins; and cyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

[0515] P Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclotetraphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetraphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins; and tetraphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

[0516] P Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclohexaphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins; triphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins; and triphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

[0517] P Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites are composed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins; and tetraphosphacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

[0518] O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of dithioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-benzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-cyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-norbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-diphenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dibenzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0519] O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of imidodiphosphonic acids, hydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(imidodiphosphonic acids), bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(imidodiphosphonic acids), poly(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphonic acid, methylimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, phenylimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, benzylimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornylimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethylimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenylimidodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0520] O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of imidodiphosphonamides, hydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(imidodiphosphonamides), bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(imidodiphosphonamides), and poly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphonamide, N-methylimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropylimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenylimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzylimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide, N-norbornylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0521] O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of diphosphonamides, bis(diphosphonamides), and poly(diphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphosphonamide, N-methyldiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldiphosphonamide, N-phenyldiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide, N-benzyldiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0522] O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of carbazates (carbazides), bis(carbazates), and poly(carbazates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates; or possibly N-—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylcarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)carbazate; N,N′-diethylcarbazate; N,N′-diphenylcarbazate; N,N′-dibenzylcarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)carbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornylcarbazate.

[0523] O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of arsonic acids, bis(arsonic acids), poly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: arsonic acid, O-phenylarsonic acid, O-benzylarsonic acid, O-cyclohexylarsonic acid, O-norbornylarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzylarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylarsonic acid, O,O-dinorbornylarsonic acid; and aminophenylarsonic acids.

[0524] O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-borates and bis(borates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triethyl borate; diisopropyl borate; diphenyl borate; dibenzyl borate; dicyclohexyl borate; and dinorbornyl borate.

[0525] O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-boronates and bis(boronates) (O—O Bidentates and O—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl boronate; diisopropyl boronate; diphenyl boronate; dibenzyl boronate; dicyclohexyl boronate; and dinorbornyl boronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0526] O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphine P-oxides and amino-substituted phosphine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO); triethylphosphine oxide (TEPO); triphenylphosphine oxide (TPhPO); tribenzylphosphine oxide (TBzPO); tricyclohexylphosphine oxide (TcHxPO); and trinorbornylphosphine oxide for phosphine P-oxides; and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA); trimorpholinophosphine oxide (TMrPO); tripiperidinophosphine oxide; tripyrrolidinophosphine oxide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine oxide for amino-substituted phosphine oxides.

[0527] O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of arsine As-oxides and amino-substituted arsine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine oxide (TMAsO); triethylarsine oxide (TEAsO); triphenylarsine oxide (TPhAsO); tribenzylarsine oxide (TBzAsO); tricyclohexylarsine oxide (TcHxAsO); and trinorbornylarsine oxide for arsine As-oxides; and hexamethylarsonamide; trimorpholinoarsine oxide; tripiperidinoarsine oxide; tripyrrolidinoarsine oxide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)arsine oxide for amino-substituted arsine oxides.

[0528] O Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom (O monodentate) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: furan, dihydrofuran, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, oxathiole, benzofuran, benzodihydrofuran, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzoxadiazole (benzofurazan), dibenzofuran, dibenzoxazole, dibenzisoxazole, naphthofuran, naphthoxazole, naphthisoxazole, and naphthoxadiazole.

[0529] O Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms (O monodentate or O—O bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dioxolane, benzodioxolane, and naphthodioxolane.

[0530] O Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom (O monodentate) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydropyran, pyran, oxazine, oxadiazine, oxatriazine, oxathiin, benzopyran, benzoxazine, benzoxadiazine, dibenzopyran, naphthopyran, naphthoxazine, and naphthoxadiazine.

[0531] O Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms (O monodentate or O—O bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodioxane, dioxane, benzodioxane, dibenzodioxane, and naphthodioxane.

[0532] O Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,5-dihydroxyfuran; 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan; and 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)furan.

[0533] O Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy-1,3-dioxolane; 2-hydroxymethyl1,3-dioxolane; 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-dioxolane; 4,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane; 2-hydroxybenzodioxolane; and 7-hydroxybenzodioxolane.

[0534] O Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,6-dihydroxypyran; 2,6bis(hydroxymethyl)pyran; 2,6,-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyran; 2-hydroxy-1-benzopyran; 8-hydroxy-1-benzopyran; and 1,9-dihydroxydibenzopyran.

[0535] O Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxy-1,4-dioxane; 2,6-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxane; 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxane; 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane; 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane; 1,8-dihydroxydibenzodioxane; and 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxydibenzodioxane.

[0536] O Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrofuran; 2,2′-bifuran; 2,2′,2″-trifuran; 1,1′-bis(dibenzofuran); and polyfurans.

[0537] O Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-dioxolane; 4,4′-bi-1,3-dioxolane; 7,7′-bi-1,2-benzodioxolane; and 3,3′-bi-1,2-benzodioxolane.

[0538] O Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydropyran; 2,2′-bipyran; 2,2′,2″-tripyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzopyran).

[0539] O Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one oxygen atom and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site contained in a ring (O monodentates, O—O bidentates, O—O tridentates, O—O tetradentates, or O—O hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,4-dioxane; 2,2′-bi-1,3-dioxane; 5,5′-bi-1,4-benzodioxane; and 2,2′-bi-1,3-benzodioxane.

[0540] O Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 8-crown-4; 10-crown-4; 12-crown-4; 14-crown-4; 16-crown-4; 18-crown-4; 20-crown-4; dibenzo-8-crown-4; dibenzo-10-crown-4; dibenzo-12-crown-4; dibenzo-14-crown-4; dibenzo-16-crown-4; dibenzo-18-crown-4; dibenzo-20-crown-4; tetrabenzo-8-crown-4; tetrabenzo-10-crown-4; tetrabenzo-12-crown-4; tetrabenzo-14-crown-4; tetrabenzo-16-crown-4; tetrabenzo-18-crown-4; and tetrabenzo-20-crown-4.

[0541] O Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 10-crown-5; 15-crown-5; 20-crown-5; 25-crown-5; pentabenzo-10-crown-5; pentabenzo-15-crown-5; pentabenzo-20-crown-5; and pentabenzo-25-crown-5.

[0542] O Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 12-crown-6; 18-crown-6; 24-crown-6; 30-crown-6; 36-crown-6; tribenzo-12-crown-6; tribenzo-18-crown-6; tribenzo-24-crown-6; tribenzo-30-crown-6; tribenzo-36-crown-6; hexabenzo-12-crown-6; hexabenzo-18-crown-6; hexabenzo-24-crown-6; hexabenzo-30-crown-6; and hexabenzo-36-crown-6.

[0543] O Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 14-crown-7; 21-crown-7; 28-crown-7; 35-crown-7; heptabenzo-14-crown-7; heptabenzo-21-crown-7; heptabenzo-28-crown-7; and heptabenzo-35-crown-7.

[0544] O Valence Stabilizer #17e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 16-crown-8; 24-crown-8; 32-crown-8; 40-crown-8; 48-crown-8; tetrabenzo-16-crown-8; tetrabenzo-24-crown-8; tetrabenzo-32-crown-8; tetrabenzo-40-crown-8; tetrabenzo-48-crown-8; octabenzo-16-crown-8; octabenzo-24-crown-8; octabenzo-32-crown-8; octabenzo-40-crown-8; and octabenzo-48-crown-8.

[0545] O Valence Stabilizer #17f: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually ester or hydroxyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 20-crown-10; 30-crown-10; 40-crown-10; 50-crown-10; pentabenzo-20-crown-10; pentabenzo-30-crown-10; pentabenzo-40-crown-10; and pentabenzo-50-crown-10.

[0546] O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrafurans, tetrabenzofurans; pentafurans; pentabenzofurans; hexafurans; hexabenzofurans; heptafurans; heptabenzofurans; octafurans; octabenzofurans; decafurans; and decabenzofurans.

[0547] O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates, and O—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetrapyrans, tetrabenzopyrans; pentapyrans; pentabenzopyans; hexapyans; hexabenzopyans; heptapyans; heptabenzopyans; octapyans; octabenzopyans; decapyans; and decabenzopyans.

[0548] N—S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioimidates, dithioimidates, polythioimidates, and derivatives of thioimidic acid (N—S bidentates and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S-methyl formathioimidate; S-ethyl formathioimidate; S-methyl acetathioimidate; S-ethyl acetathioimidate; S-methyl benzthioimidate; S-ethyl benzthioimidate; S-methyl cyclohexylthioimidate; S-ethyl cyclohexylthioimidate; S-methyl pentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-ethyl pentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-methyl 2-pyridylthioimidate; S-ethyl 2-pyridylthioimidate; S,S′-dimethyl benzdithioimidate; S,S′-dimethyl tetrafluorobenzdithioimidate; 2-iminothiolane; and 2-iminotetrahydrothiopyran. [Note: many thioimidate complexes are decomposed by water, but their stability can be enhanced through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions (e.g., PF6−).]

[0549] N—S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thioguanylureas, guanidinothioureas, bis(thioguanylureas), bis(guanidinothioureas, poly(thioguanylureas), and poly(guanidinothioureas) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioguanylurea (amidinothiourea); guanidinothiourea; methylthioguanylurea; ethylthioguanylurea; isopropylthioguanylurea; butylthioguanylurea; benzylthioguanylurea; phenylthioguanylurea; tolylthioguanylurea; naphthylthioguanylurea; cyclohexylthioguanylurea; norbornylthioguanylurea; adamantylthioguanylurea; dimethylthioguanylurea; diethylthioguanylurea; diisopropylthioguanylurea; dibutylthioguanylurea; dibenzylthioguanylurea; diphenylthioguanylurea; ditolylthioguanylurea; dinaphthylthioguanylurea; dicyclohexylthioguanylurea; dinorbornylthioguanylurea; diadamantylthioguanylurea; ethylenebis(thioguanylurea); propylenebis(thioguanylurea); phenylenebis(thioguanylurea); piperazinebis(thioguanylurea); oxalylbis(thioguanylurea); malonylbis(thioguanylurea); succinylbis(thioguanylurea); and phthalylbis(thioguanylurea). [Note: thioguanylureas generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0550] N—S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinothioamides, guanidinothioamides, bis(amidinothioamides), bis(guanidinothioamides), poly(amidinothioamides), and poly(guanidinothioamides) (including both N-amidinothioamides and 2-amidinothioacetamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: amidinothioacetamide; guanidinothioamide, amidinothiopropanamide; amidinothiobutanamide; amidinothiobenzamide; amidinothiotoluamide; amidinothiocyclohexamide; N-methylamidinothioacetamide; N-ethylamidinothiopropanamide; N-propylamidinothiobutanamide; N-phenylamidinothiobenzamide; N-tolylamidinothiotoluamide; N-cyclohexylamidinothiocyclohexamide; bis(amidinothiooxamide); bis(amidinothiomalonamide); bis(amidinothiosuccinamide); bis(amidinothiophthalamide); 2-amidinothioacetamide (thiomalonamamidine); N-methyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-phenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; and N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide. [Note: amidinothioamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0551] N—S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylthioamides, bis(imidoylthioamides), and poly(imidoylthioamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylthioacetamide; acetimidoylthiopropanamide; acetimidoylthiobutanamide; acetimidoylthiobenzamide; acetimidolylthiotoluamide; acetimidoylthiocyclohexamide; propimidoylthiopropanamide; butimidoylthiobutanamide; benzimidoylthiobenzamide; ethylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide); propylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide); and phenylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide). [Note: imidoylthioamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0552] N—S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of thioureas, bis(thioureas), and poly(thioureas), including thiourylene complexes (N—S bidentates and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiourea; methylthiourea; ethylthiourea; isopropylthiourea; benzylthiourea; phenylthiourea; cyclohexylthiourea; naphthylthiourea (ntu); biphenylthiourea; norbornylthiourea; adamantylthiourea; N,N′-dimethylthiourea; N,N′-diethylthiourea; N,N′-diisopropylthiourea; N,N′-dibenzylthiourea; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiourea; N,N′dinapthylthiourea; N,N′-dibiphenylthiourea; N,N′-dinorbornylthiourea; N,N′-diadamantylthiourea; tetramethylthiourea; ethylenethiourea (2-imidazolidinethione)(etu); 4,5-dihydroxy-2-imidazolinethione (dhetu); propylenethiourea; N-(thiazol-2-yl)thiourea; diphenylphosphinothioyl thioureas; allylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-pyridylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-anisylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-naphthylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-phenylthiourea; thioglycoluril (acetylenethiourea); and bis(pyridylmethyl)thiourea. [Note: thioureas generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0553] N—S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of thiocarboxamides, bis(thiocarboxamides), and poly(thiocarboxamides), (N—S bidentates, N—S tridentates, and N—S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiocarbamide (tu); thioacetamide (taa); thiopropionamide; thiobutanamide; thiobenzamide (1-phenylthioformamide)(tba); 1-naphthylthioformamide; 1-cyclohexylthioformamide); 1-norbornylthioformamide; 1-adamantylthioformamide; N,N-dimethylthioformamide; N,N-dimethylthioacetamide; pyridine-2-thiocarboxamide (thiopicolinamide); pyrazine-2,3-dithiocarboxamide; thionicotinamide; 2-thiophenethiocarboxamide; N,N-dimethylthiobenzamide; N-ethylthiocarbamide (N-etu); tetramethylthiocarbamide (tmtu); 2-thioacetamidothiazole (tatz); and polythioacrylamides. [Note: thiocarboxamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

[0554] N—S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of imidosulfurous diamides and bis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-diphenylimidosulfurous diamide; N,N′-dibenzylimidosulfurous diamide; and phenylenebis(imidosulfurous diamide). [Note: these complexes tend to hydrolyze unless stabilized with a fluorinated anionic solubility control agent. The sulfite (S+4) valence of the sulfur atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0555] N—S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of sulfurdiimines, bis(sulfurdiimines), and poly(sulfurdiimines) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-diphenylsulfurdiimine; N,N′-dibenzylsulfurdiimine; and phenylenebis(sulfurdiimine). [Note: these complexes tend to hydrolyze unless stabilized with a fluorinated anionic solubility control agent. The sulfite (S+4) valence of the sulfur atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0556] N—S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidothioic acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonimidothioic acid); bis(phosphonimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidothioic acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid; O-phenylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-norbornylphosphonimidothioic acid; S-phenylphosphonimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphonimidodithioic acid; S-cyclohexylphosphonimidodithioic acid; and S-norbornylphosphonimidodithioic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0557] N—S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonothioic diamides, bis(phosphonothioic diamides), and poly(phosphonothioic diamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonothioic diamide, phosphonothioic dihydrazide, phosphonamidothioic hydrazide, N-phenylphosphonothioic diamide, N-benzylphosphonothioic diamide, N-cyclohexylphosphonothioic diamide, and N-norbornylphosphonothioic diamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0558] N—S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of phosphonamidothioic acid, phosphonamidimidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonamidothioic acid), bis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), poly(phosphonamidothioic acid), and poly(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidothioic acid, phosphonamidimidodithioic acid, phosphonohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphonohydrazidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, S-benzylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, and S-norbornylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0559] N—S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of beta-aminothiones (N-substituted 3-amino-2-propenethioaldehydes), bis(beta-aminothiones), and poly(beta-aminothiones) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-isopropylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-thione; 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehydel; 3-ethylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-naphthylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde; 3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenethioaldehyde; 3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenethioaldehyde; and 3-norbornylamino-1,3-dinorbornyl-2-propenethioaldehyde.

[0560] N—S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylamides (3-amino-2-thiopropenamides), 3,3-diaminothioacrylamides, bis(3-aminothioacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides), poly(3-aminothioacrylamides), and poly(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylaminothioacrylamide; 3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, 3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, 3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; 3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; 3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide; N-methyl-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, N-phenyl-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; N-naphthyl-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, 3-amino-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, 3-amino-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; and 3-amino-3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide.

[0561] N—S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylic acids (3-amino-2-thiopropenoic acids), 3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids, bis(3-aminothioacrylic acids), bis(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids), poly(3-aminothioacrylic acids), and poly(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids), and derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-aminothioacrylic acid; 3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acid; 3-methylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-ethylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-phenylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-hydroxyaminothioacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminothioacrylate; ethyl 3-ethylaminothioacrylate; isopropyl 3-isopropylaminothioacrylate; benzyl 3-phenylaminothioacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminothioacrylate; cyclohexyl 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylate; and norbornyl 3-norbornylaminothioacrylate.

[0562] N—S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of N-thioacyl benzylidenimines, bis(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-thioformyl benzylidenimine, N-thioacetyl benzylidenimine; N-thiobenzoyl benzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorothiobenzoyl benzylidenimine.

[0563] N—S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of thiocarbonyl oximes, bis(thiocarbonyl oximes), and poly(thiocarbonyl oximes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: butane-3-thione-2-one monoxime); and diphenylethane-2-thione-1-one monoxime.

[0564] N—S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of mercapto oximes, bis(mercapto oximes), and poly(mercapto oximes) (including 2-sulfur heterocyclic oximes) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-mercaptobutan-2-one oxime; 4-mercaptohexan-3-one oxime; (1,2-diphenyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime); 1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 1,2-dinorbornyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde oxime; 2-mercapto-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; thiophene-2-aldoxime; methyl 2-thiophenyl ketoxime; and phenyl 2-thiophenyl ketoxime.

[0565] N—S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of 2-nitrothiophenols (2-nitrobenzenethiols) (N—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrothiophenol; 2,3-dinitrothiophenol; 2,4-dinitrothiophenol; 2,5-dinitrothiophenol; 2,6-dinitrothiophenol; I -nitro-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-nitro-1-naphthalenethiol.

[0566] N—S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrilothiophenols (2-nitrilobenzenethiols) (N—S Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-cyanothiophenol; 2,3-dicyanothiophenol; 2,4-dicyanothiophenol; 2,5-dicyanothiophenol; 2,6-dicyanothiophenol; 1-cyano-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthalenethiol.

[0567] N—S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of thiohydrazides, bis(thiohydrazides), and poly(thiohydrazides) (N—S Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformic hydrazide; thioacetic hydrazide; thiopropionic hydrazide; thiobenzoic hydrazide; thiophthalhydrazide; thiosalicylic hydrazide; thionaphthoic hydrazides; thionorbornaneacetic hydrazide; thionicotinic hydrazide; and thioisonicotinic hydrazide. [Note: thiohydrazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0568] N—S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of thiosemicarbazides, bis(thiosemicarbazides), and poly(thiosemicarbazides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiosemicarbazide (tsc); thiosemicarbazide diacetic acid (tsda); 1-methylthiosemicarbazide (1mts); 1-ethylthiosemicarbazide; 1-isopropylthiosemicarbazide; 1-phenylthiosemicarbazide (1pts)(cryogenine); 1-benzylthiosemicarbazide; 1-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazide; 1-norbornylthiosemicarbazide; 4-methylthiosemicarbazide (4mts); 4-ethylthiosemicarbazide; 4-isopropylthiosemicarbazide; 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (4-pts); 4-benzylthiosemicarbazide; 4-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazide; 4-norbornylthiosemicarbazide; nicotinic thiosemicarbazide; isonicotinic thiosemicarbazide; and 4-phenyl-1-benzenesulfonyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (pbst). [Note: thiosemicarbazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0569] N—S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS2N3); triazadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2N3); triazadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2N3); thiomorpholine; and thiazolidine.

[0570] N—S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of five- or seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiopyrantripyridines; dithiophenetripyrroles; trithiopyrantetrapyridines; and trithiophenetetrapyrroles.

[0571] N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azathiapentaphyrins; diazadithiapentaphyrins; azathiapentaphyrins; and diazadithiapentaphyrins.

[0572] N—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of imidates, diimidates, polyimidates, and derivatives of imidic acid (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: O-methyl formimidate; O-ethyl formimidate; O-methyl acetimidate; O-ethyl acetimidate; O-methyl benzimidate; O-ethyl benzimidate; O-methyl cyclohexylimidate; O-ethyl cyclohexylimidate; O-methyl pentafluorobenzimidate; O-ethyl pentafluorobenzimidate; O-methyl 2-pyridylimidate; O-ethyl 2-pyridylimidate; O,O′-dimethyl benzdiimidate; O,O′-dimethyl tetrafluorobenzdiimidate; 2-iminotetrahydrofuran; and 2-iminotetrahydropyran. [Note: most imidate complexes are decomposed by water, but their stability can be enhanced through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions (e.g. PF6−).]

[0573] N—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas), and poly(pseudoureas) (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: O-methyl pseudourea; O-ethyl pseudourea; O-isopropyl pseudourea; O-benzyl pseudourea; O-cyclohexyl pseudourea; O-norbornyl pseudourea; O-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea; N-methyl pseudourea; N-ethyl pseudourea; N-isopropyl pseudourea; N-benzyl pseudourea; N-cyclohexyl pseudourea; N-norbornyl pseudourea; and N-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea.

[0574] N—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-amidinoacetates, bis(2-amidinoacetates), and poly(2-amidinoacetates) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-methyl-2-amidinoacetate; O-methyl-2-amidinoacetate; N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate; and O-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate. [Note: many 2-amidinoacetates tend to hydrolyze in water. This can be minimized through the use of fluorinated solubility control anions such as PF6−.]

[0575] N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of ureas, bis(ureas), and poly(ureas), including urylene complexes (N—O bidentates and N—O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: urea; methylurea; ethylurea; isopropylurea; benzylurea; cyclohexylurea; naphthylurea; biphenylurea; norbornylurea; adamantylurea; N,N′-dimethylurea; N,N′-diethylurea; N,N′-diisopropylurea; N,N′-dibenzylurea; N,N′-dicyclohexylurea; N,N′dinapthylurea; N,N′-dibiphenylurea; N,N′-dinorbornylurea; N,N′-diadamantylurea; ethyleneurea (2-imidazolidone); propyleneurea; glycoluril (acetyleneurea); and N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea.

[0576] N—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphonimidic acid, bis(phosphonimidic acid), poly(phosphonimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonimidic acid; O-phenylphosphonimidic acid; O-benzylphosphonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonimidic acid; O-norbornylphosphonimidic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0577] N—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphonamidic acid, phosphonic diamide, bis(phosphonamidic acid), bis(phosphonic diamide), poly(phosphonamidic acid), poly(phosphonic diamide), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidic acid, phosphonic diamide, phosphonamidic hydrazide, phosphonic dihydrazide, O-phenylphosphonamidic acid, O-benzylphosphonamidic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphonamidic acid, O-norbornylphosphonamidic acid, N-benzylphosphonic diamide, N-phenylphosphonic diamide, N-cyclohexylphosphonic diamide, and N-norbornylphosphonic diamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0578] N—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of beta-ketoamines (N-substituted 3-amino-2-propenals), bis(beta-ketoamines), and poly(beta-ketoamines) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-isopropylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-one; 3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-ethylamino-l-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-naphthylamino-l-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenal; 3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenal; 3-norbornylamino-1,3-dinorbornyl-2-propenal; 2,2′-pyridil; alpha-pyridoin; 4-aminoantipyrine (aap); beta-phenylaminopropiophenone; and polyaminoquinones (PAQs).

[0579] N—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 3-aminoacrylamides (3-amino-2-propenamides), 3,3-diaminoacrylamides, bis(3-aminoacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminoacrylamides), poly(3-aminoacrylamides), and poly(3,3-diaminoacrylamides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-methylaminoacrylamide; 3-ethylaminoacrylamide, 3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-phenylaminoacrylamide; 3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; 3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide; N-methyl-3-methylaminoacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminoacrylamide, N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, N-phenyl-3-phenylaminoacrylamide; N-naphthyl-3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-methylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminoacrylamide, 3-amino-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-amino-3-phenylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide; 3amino-3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; and 3-amino-3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide.

[0580] N—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 3-aminoacrylic acids (3-amino-2-propenoic acids), 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids, bis(3-aminoacrylic acids), bis(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), and poly(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), and derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3-aminoacrylic acid; 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acid; 3-methylaminoacrylic acid; 3-ethylaminoacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminoacrylic acid; 3-phenylaminoacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminoacrylic acid; 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminoacrylic acid; 3-hydroxyaminoacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminoacrylate; ethyl 3-ethylaminoacrylate; isopropyl 3isopropylaminoacrylate; benzyl 3-phenylaminoacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminoacrylate; cyclohexyl 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylate; and norbornyl 3norbornylaminoacrylate.

[0581] N—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of N-acyl benzylidenimines, bis(N-acyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-acyl benzylidenimines) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-formyl benzylidenimine, N-acetyl benzylidenimine; N-benzoyl benzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorobenzoyl benzylidenimine.

[0582] N—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 2-nitroanilines (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-nitroaniline; 2,6-dintroaniline; 2-nitrophenylenediamine; 2-nitrophenylenetriamine; 2-nitro-1-aminonaphthalene; 1-nitro-2-aminonaphthalene; nitrodiaminonaphthalene; and dipicrylamine.

[0583] N—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 2-nitrilophenols (N—O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-cyanophenol; 2,3-dicyanophenol; 2,4-dicyanophenol; 2,5-dicyanophenol; 2,6-dicyanophenol; 1-cyano-2-naphthol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthol. Also includes acylcyanamides.

[0584] N—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of amine N-oxides and N-diazine oxides (azoxy compounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: pyridine N-oxide (pyNO or PNO); picoline N-oxide (picNO); lutidine N-oxide (lutNO or LNO); collidine N-oxide (collNO or CNO); quinoline N-oxide (QuinNO or QNO); isoquinoline N-oxide (isoQuinNO or IQNO); acridine N-oxide (AcrNO or ANO); picolinic acid N-oxide (PicANO); pyridinethiolate N-oxide (PTNO); adenine N-oxide; adenosine N-oxide; 1,10-phenanthroline mono-N-oxide (phenNO); 1,10-phenanthroline N,N-dioxide (phen2NO); bipyridyl mono-N-oxide (bipyNO); bipyridyl N,N-dioxide (bipy2NO); pyrazine mono-N-oxide (pyzNO); pyrazine N,N-dioxide (pyz2NO); pyrimidine mono-N-oxide (pymNO); pyrimidine N,N-dioxide (pym2NO); pyridazine mono-N-oxide (pdzNO); pyridazine N,N-dioxide (pdz2NO); quinoxaline mono-N-oxide (qxNO); quinoxaline N,N-dioxide (qx2NO); phenazine mono-N-oxide (phzNO); phenazine N,N-dioxide (phz2NO); 2,3-di(pyridine N-oxide)quinoxaline (dpoq); inosine N-oxide; 4,4′-bipyridine N,N-dioxide; 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxide; 1-hydroxyimidazole 3-oxide; 2,2′-diimidazyl 3,3′-dioxide; imidazole N-oxides; 1-hydroxyimidazole-3-N-oxides; N-benzylidine aniline N-oxide; N-(naphthylidene) aniline N-oxide; N-(hydroxybenzylidene) aniline N-oxide; and 2,2′-dibenzimidazyl 3,3′-dioxide (indigo N,N-dioxide) for amine N-oxides; and azoxybenzene; phthalazine N-oxide; benzocinnoline N-oxide; and bipyrazinyl N-oxide as N-diazine oxide examples.

[0585] N—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hydrazides, bis(hydrazides), and poly(hydrazides) (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: formic hydrazide; acetic hydrazide; propionic hydrazide; benzoic hydrazide; phthalhydrazide; salicylic hydrazide; naphthoic hydrazides; norbornaneacetic hydrazide; nicotinic hydrazide; and isonicotinic hydrazide (isoniazid). [Note: hydrazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0586] N—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of semicarbazides, bis(semicarbazides), and poly(semicarbazides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: semicarbazide (sc); semicarbazide diacetic acid (sda); 1-methylsemicarbazide; 1-ethylsemicarbazide; 1-isopropylsemicarbazide; 1-phenylsemicarbazide; 1-benzylsemicarbazide; 1-cyclobexylsemicarbazide; 1-norbornylsemicarbazide; 4-methylsemicarbazide; 4-ethylsemicarbazide; 4-isopropylsemicarbazide; 4-phenylsemicarbazide; 4-benzylsemicarbazide; 4-cyclohexylsemicarbazide; 4-norbornylsemicarbazide; nicotinic semicarbazide; and isonicotinic semicarbazide. [Note: semicarbazides prefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0587] N—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2N3); triazadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2N3); triazadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2N3); and triazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2N3).

[0588] N—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of five- or seven-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dipyrantripyridines; difurantripyrroles; tripyrantetrapyridines; and trifurantetrapyrroles.

[0589] N—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azaoxapentaphyrins; diazadioxapentaphyrins; azaoxapentaphyrins; and diazadioxapentaphyrins.

[0590] S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thiobiurets (thioimidodicarbonic diamides), thioisobiurets, thiobiureas, thiotriurets, thiotriureas, bis(thiobiurets), bis(thioisobiurets), bis(thiobiureas), poly(thiobiurets), poly(thioisobiurets), poly(thiobiureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates), and (3-formamidino thiocarbamides) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiobiuret, thioisobiuret, thiobiurea, thiotriuret, thiotriurea, nitrothiobiuret, dinitrothiobiuret, aminothiobiuret, diaminothiobiuret, oxythiobiuret, dioxythiobiuret, cyanothiobiuret, methylthiobiuret, ethylthiobiuret, isopropylthiobiuret, phenylthiobiuret, benzylthiobiuret, cyclohexylthiobiuret, norbornylthiobiuret, adamantylthiobiuret, dimethylthiobiuret, diethylthiobiuret, diisopropylthiobiuret, diphenylthiobiuret, dibenzylthiobiuret, dicyclohexylthiobiuret, dinorbornylthiobiuret, and diadamantylthiobiuret.

[0591] S—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acylthioureas, aroylthioureas, thioacylureas, thioaroylureas, bis(acylthioureas), bis(aroylthioureas), bis(thioacylureas), bis(thioaroylureas), poly(thioacylthioureas), poly(thioaroylthioureas), poly(thioacylureas), and poly(thioaroylureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioformylurea, thioacetylurea, thiobenzoylurea, thiocyclohexoylurea, pentafluorothiobenzoylurea, acetylthiourea, benzoylthiourea, and cyclohexoylthiourea.

[0592] S—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of thioimidodialdehydes, thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl hydrazides), bis(thioimidodialdehydes), bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes), poly(thioimidodialdehydes), and poly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiodiacetamide, thiodipropanamide, thiodibutanamide, thiodibenzamide, and thiodicyclohexamide.

[0593] S—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of thioimidodicarbonic acids, thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(thioimidodicarbonic acids), bis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(thioimidodicarbonic acids), poly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonic acid, thiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dinorbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid.

[0594] S—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,2-monothioketones (monothiolenes, monothio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-monothioketones, 1,2,3-dithioketones, monothiotropolonates, ortho-monothioquinones, bis(1,2-monothioketones), and poly(1,2-monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiotropolone; 1,2-monothiobenzoquinone (o-monothioquinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone; 1,2-monothionaphthoquinone; 9,10-monothiophenanthroquinone; monothiosquaric acid; monothiodeltic acid; monothiocroconic acid; and monothiorhodizonic acid.

[0595] S—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

[0596] S—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiodicarbonic acids, bis(dithiodicarbonic acids), poly(dithiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-benzyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, and O,O′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic acid.

[0597] S—O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: trithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; and O,O′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

[0598] S—O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoramides, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides), and poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide.

[0599] S—O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids), poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, and dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

[0600] S—O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonic acids, monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonic acids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(monothioimidodiphosphonic acids), poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphonic acid, methylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0601] S—O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonamides, monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), and poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0602] S—O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides, bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0603] S—O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid, methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid, tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dimethyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0604] S—O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonamides, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides), and poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, and N,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0605] S—O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids), poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, and dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0606] S—O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of monothiophosphoric acids (phosphorothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphoric acids), poly(monothiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiophosphoric acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-benzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-norbornylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornylmonothiophosphoric acid.

[0607] S—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids), poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,O-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, and O,O-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid.

[0608] S—O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of monothiophosphonic Acids (phosphonothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphonic acids), poly(monothiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiophosphonic acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-benzylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-norbornylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-dibenzylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphonic acid, and O,P-dinorbornylmonothiophosphonic acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0609] S—O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids], and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, and O,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid. [Note: the phosphite (P+3) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

[0610] S—O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of beta-hydroxythioketones, beta-hydroxythioaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxythioketones), bis(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxythioketones), and poly(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-hydroxypentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; o-hydroxythioacetophenone; and beta-hydroxythiobenzophenone.

[0611] S—O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of beta-mercaptoketones, beta-mercaptoaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptoketones), bis(beta-mercaptoaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptoketones), and poly(beta-mercaptoaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-mercaptopentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanal; 3-mercapto-1,5-pentanedialdehyde; o-mercaptoacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-naphthoquinone; 1-mercaptoacridone; 1-mercaptoanthraquinone; 1,8-dimercaptoanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptobenzophenone.

[0612] S—O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)thioureas [N-(aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas], (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N′-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea.

[0613] S—O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas [N-(aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas], and poly[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas] (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; and N,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea.

[0614] S—O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of monothiooxamides, bis(monothiooxamides), and poly(monothiooxamides) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothiooxamide, N-methylthiooxamide; N-ethylthiooxamide; N-isopropylthiooxamide; N-phenylthiooxamide; N-benzylthiooxamide; N-cyclohexylthiooxamide; N-norbornylthiooxamide; N,N′-dimethylthiooxamide; N,N′-diethylthiooxamide; N,N′-diisopropylthiooxamide; N,N′-diphenylthiooxamide; N,N′-dibenzylthiooxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiooxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornylthiooxamide.

[0615] S—O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxylic acids, bis(beta-mercapto carboxylic acids), poly(beta-mercapto carboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate; methyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; ethyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; phenyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; methyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; ethyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; phenyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; methyl o-mercaptobenzoate; ethyl o-mercaptobenzoate; phenyl o-mercaptobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-mercaptobenzoate; (2-benzothiazolylthio) succinic acid (mtbs); norbornyl o-mercaptobenzoate; and 3-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)thio]propionic acid.

[0616] S—O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids, bis(beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; ethyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; phenyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; norbornyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; methyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; ethyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; phenyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; methyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; ethyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; phenyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; norbornyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; and (alkylthio)oxoethyl alkyl(aryl) disulfides.

[0617] S—O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids, bis(beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; ethyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; phenyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; norbornyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; methyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; ethyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; phenyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; methyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; ethyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; phenyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; and norbornyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate.

[0618] S—O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxamides, bis(beta-mercapto carboxamides), poly(beta-mercapto carboxamides), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N-methyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-ethyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-phenyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-cyclohexyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-methyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-ethyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-phenyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-cyclohexyl o-mercaptobenzamide; and N-norbornyl o-mercaptobenzamide.

[0619] S—O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of S-alkylthiocarboxylic Acids, S-arylthiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-thiobiscarboxylic Acids (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: (methylthio)acetic acid; (methylthio)benzoic acid; (methylthio)nicotinic acid; (methylthio)napthoic acid; (phenylthio)acetic acid; (phenylthio)benzoic acid; (phenylthio)naphthoic acid; (norbornylthio)acetic acid; (norbornylthio)benzoic acid; (norbornylthio)napthoic acid; thiobisacetic acid; thiobisbenzoic acid; and thiobisnapthoic acid.

[0620] S—O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylic acids, S-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, and S,S′-disulfidobiscarboxylic acids (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: (methyldisulfido)acetic acid; (methyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (methyldisulfido)nicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)napthoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)acetic acid; (phenyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (phenyldisulfido)naphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)acetic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)napthoic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisacetic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisbenzoic acid; and S,S′-disulfidobisnapthoic acid.

[0621] S—O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of monothiomonocarboxylic acids, dithiodicarboxylic acids, bis(monothiomonocarboxylic acids), bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids), poly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids), poly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thioacetic acid; thiopropionic acid; thiobenzoic acid; thiophenylacetic acid; thiocyclohexanoic acid; thiofuroic acid; thionaphthoic acid; phenyl thioacetate; phenyl thiopropionate; phenyl thiobenzoate; phenyl thiocyclohexanoate; phenyl thiofuroate; phenyl thionaphthoate; dithiooxalic acid (dto); monothiooxalic acid (mtox); dithiomalonic acid; dithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl dithiooxalate; diphenyl dithiomalonate; and diphenyl dithiosuccinate.

[0622] S—O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of monothiocarbonates and bis(monothiocarbonates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyldithiocarbonate; S,O-diisopropyldithiocarbonate; S,O-diphenyldithiocarbonate; S,O-dibenzyldithiocarbonate; S,O-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; and S,O-dinorbornyldithiocarbonate.

[0623] S—O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of monothiocarbazates (monothiocarbazides), bis(monothiocarbazates), and poly(monothiocarbazates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates; or possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)monothiocarbazate; N,N′-diethylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-diphenylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-dibenzylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexylmonothiocarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornylmonothiocarbazate.

[0624] S—O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols, bis(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols), and poly(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptoethanol (mel); 3-mercaptopropanol (mpl); 2-mercaptophenol; 2-mercaptocyclohexanol; 3-mercapto-2-norborneol; 2-mercaptopyridine 1-oxide; 1,4-thioxane; thiodialkanols; 2-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-ethanethiol (tmset); 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (tmspt); o-hydroxythiophenols; o-(O-hydroxyalkyl(aryl))thiophenols; and o-(S-thioalkyl(aryl))phenols.

[0625] S—O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of monothiocarbimates, bis(monothiocarbimates), and poly(monothiocarbimates) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: methylmonothiocarbimate; trifluoromethylmonothiocarbimate; ethylmonothiocarbimate; propylmonothiocarbimate; isopropylmonothiocarbimate; butylmonothiocarbimate; tertbutylmonothiocarbimate; cyanomonothiocarbimate; cyanamidomonothiocarbimate; azidomonothiocarbimate; phenylmonothiocarbimate; pentafluorophenylmonothiocarbimate; benzylmonothiocarbimate; naphthylmonothiocarbimate; cyclohexylmonothiocarbimate; norbornylmonothiocarbimate; and adamantylmonothiocarbimate. [Note: carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0626] S—O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-monothioborates and bis(monothioborates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: O,O′-diethyl monothioborate; O,O′-diisopropyl monothioborate; O,O′-diphenyl monothioborate; O,O′-dibenzyl monothioborate; O,O′-dicyclohexyl monothioborate; and O,O′-dinorbornyl monothioborate.

[0627] S—O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-monothioboronates and bis(monothioboronates) (S—O Bidentates and S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diethyl monothioboronate; diisopropyl monothioboronate; diphenyl monothioboronate; dibenzyl monothioboronate; dicyclohexyl monothioboronate; and dinorbornyl monothioboronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

[0628] S—O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of monothioarsonic acids (arsonothioic acids), bis(monothioarsonic acids), poly(monothioarsonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: monothioarsonic acid, O-phenylmonothioarsonic acid, O-benzylmonothioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid, O-norbornylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid, and O,O-dinorbornylmonothioarsonic acid.

[0629] S—O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-thiopheneethanol (2-(2-thienyl)ethanol); 2-propionylthiophene (1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanone); N,N′-thiobisphthalimide; 1,1′-thiocarbonyldi-2-pyridone; 2-thiopheneacetic acid; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde; 2-thiophenecarboxamide; 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid; 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde; 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid; 2-thiophenemethanol; 2-thiophenone; thiotetronic acid; alkyl(aryl) 2-thienyl ketones; dithienyl ketone; 1,3-dithiane-2-carboxylic acid; and 1,3-dithiolane-2-carboxylic acid.

[0630] S—O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-furanethanethiol (2-(2-furyl)ethanethiol); 1-(2-furyl)-1-propanethione); 2-furanthioacetic acid; 2-furanthiocarboxaldehyde; 2-furanthiocarboxamide; 2-furanthiocarboxylic acid; 2,5-furandithiocarboxaldehyde; 2,5-furandithiocarboxylic acid; 2-furanmethanethiol; 2-furanthione; furfuryl disulfide; furfuryl mercaptan; furfuryl sulfide; and furfuryl methyl disulfide.

[0631] S—O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furyl)thiophene; 2,5-(2-furyl)thiophene; 2-(2-furyl)thiopyran; and 2,5-(2-furyl)thiopyran.

[0632] S—O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or oxygen (hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, and S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiaoxacyclobutane ([4]aneOS); thiaoxacyclopentane ([5]aneOS); thiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS); thiaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOS); thiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS); thiaoxacyclobutene ([4]eneOS); thiaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneOS); thiaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneOS); thiaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneOS); thiaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneOS); dithiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS2); dithiaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclononane ([9]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneOS2); dithiaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOS2); dithiaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneOS2); dithiaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclononene ([9]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclodecene ([10]eneOS2); dithiaoxacycloundecene ([11]eneOS2); dithiaoxacyclododecene ([12]eneOS2); dithiadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO2S2); dithiadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO2S2); and dithiadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO2S2).

[0633] S—O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygen and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: difurandithiophenes; difurantrithiophenes; trifurantrithiophenes; and tetrafurantetrathiophenes.

[0634] S—O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygen and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, carboxy, and carbonyl groups (S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dithiadifurandithiophenes; tetrathiadifurandithiophenes; trithiatrifurantrithiophenes; trithiatrifurantrithiophenes; tetrathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes; and octathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes.

[0635] S—O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of sulfoxides that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); diethylsulfoxide; diphenylsulfoxide; and tetrahydrothiophene oxide.

[0636] S—O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of sulfones that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyl sulfone; diethyl sulfone; and diphenyl sulfone.

[0637] S—O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of sulfur dioxide ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: sulfur dioxide (—SO2) ligands. [Note: sulfur dioxide is a reducing agent, and complexed metal ions therefore tend to prefer lower oxidation states.]

[0638] N—P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of aminoaryl phosphines and iminoaryl phosphines (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, and N—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0639] N—P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine; tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine; tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine sulfide; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0640] N—P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional nitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-aminophosphole; 2,5-diaminophosphole; 2-(aminomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)phosphole; 2-aminophosphorin; 2,6-diaminophosphorin; 2-(aminomethyl)phosphorin; 2,6-di(aminomethyl)phosphorin; triaminocyclotriphosphazenes; and hexaminocyclotriphosphazenes.

[0641] N—P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole; 2-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin.

[0642] N—P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, and N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclobiphosphazenes; cyclotriphosphazenes; cyclotetraphosphazenes; cyclopentaphosphazenes; cyclohexaphosphazenes; diphosphatetraazacyclooctatetraenes; diphospha-s-triazines; and phospha-s-triazines.

[0643] N—P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedipyrroles; diphosphorindipyridines; triphospholetripyrroles; triphosphorintripyridines; tetraphospholetetrapyrroles; and tetraphosphorintetrapyridines.

[0644] N—P Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, and phosphine groups (N—P Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: azaphosphatetraphyrins; diazadiphosphatetraphyrins; azaphosphahexaphyrins; diazadiphosphahexaphyrins; triazatriphosphahexaphyrins; and apholate.

[0645] S—P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioaryl phosphines (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0646] S—P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-thiophene)phosphine; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine; tri(2-thiophene)phosphine oxide; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine oxide; tri(2-thiophene)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine sulfide.

[0647] S—P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptophosphole; 2,5-dimercaptophosphole; 2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphole; 2-mercaptophosphorin; 2,6-dimercaptophosphorin; 2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin.

[0648] S—P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-thienyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-thienyl)phosphole; 2-(2-thienyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-thienyl)phosphorin.

[0649] S—P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphathiacyclobutane ([4]anePS); phosphathiacyclopentane ([5]anePS); phosphathiacyclohexane ([6]anePS); phosphathiacycloheptane ([7]anePS); phosphathiacyclooctane ([8]anePS); diphosphathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSP2); diphosphathiacycloheptane ([7]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclononane ([9]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclodecane ([10]aneSP2); diphosphathiacycloundecane ([11]aneSP2); diphosphathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSP2); diphosphadithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS2P2); diphosphadithiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS2P2).

[0650] S—P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedithiophenes; diphosphorindithiopyrans; triphospholetrithiophenes; triphosphorintrithiopyrans; tetraphospholetetrathiophenes; and tetraphosphorintetrathiopyrans.

[0651] S—P Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and thiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, and phosphine groups (S—P Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: thiaphosphatetraphyrins; dithiadiphosphatetraphyrins; thiaphosphahexaphyrins; dithiadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trithiatriphosphahexaphyrins.

[0652] P—O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of hydroxyaryl phosphines (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine; tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine sulfide.

[0653] P—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tri(2-furan)phosphine; tri(2-pyran)phosphine; tri(2-furan)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyran)phosphine oxide; tri(2-furan)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyran)phosphine sulfide.

[0654] P—O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxyphosphole; 2,5-dihydroxyphosphole; 2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphole; 2-hydroxyphosphorin; 2,6-dihydroxyphosphorin; 2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin.

[0655] P—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing one or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-furyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-furyl)phosphole; 2-(2-furyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-furyl)phosphorin.

[0656] P—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: phosphaoxacyclobutane ([4]anePO); phosphaoxacyclopentane ([5]anePO); phosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]anePO); phosphaoxacycloheptane ([7]anePO); phosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]anePO); diphosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclononane ([9]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneOP2); diphosphaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOP2); diphosphadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO2P2) diphosphadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO2P2); diphosphadioxacycloeicosane ([20]aneO2P2); and dioxaphospholane.

[0657] P—O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen or phosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diphospholedifurans; diphosphorindipyrans; triphospholetrifurans; triphosphorintripyrans; tetraphospholetetrafurans; and tetraphosphorintetrapyrans.

[0658] P—O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen or phosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, and phosphine groups (P—O Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—O Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: oxaphosphatetraphyrins; dioxadiphosphatetraphyrins; oxaphosphahexaphyrins; dioxadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trioxatriphosphahexaphyrins.

[0659] As Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoarsines (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: arsine, triphenylarsine, ticyclohexylarsine, methyldiphenylarsine, ethyldiphenylarsine, arsinonorbornane, and arsinoadamantane.

[0660] As Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diarsines (As Monodentates or As—As Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: bis(diphenylarsino)methane, bis(diphenylarsino)ethane, bis(diphenylarsino)propane, bis(diphenylarsino)butane, bis(diphenylarsino)pentane, 1,2-diarsinobenzene, cyclohexane-1,2-diarsine, 1,2-bis(phenylbutylarsino)ethane, o-phenylenebis(methylphenylarsine) and o-phenylenebis(dimethylarsine) (diars). [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0661] As Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triarsines (As—As Bidentates, or As—As Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1,5,9,9-pentaphenyl-1,5,9-triarsanonane, 3-methyl-3-(As,As-dimethyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane, As,As-[o-(As-dimethyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine, As,As-[o-(As-diphenyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine, hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triarsinazine. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-STABLE, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0662] As Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 3,3-(As-diphenyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0663] As Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 4-[2-(As-diphenyl)arsinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraarsadecane. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0664] As Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: o-phenylenebis[di-3-(As-diphenyl)arsinopropylarsine]. [Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.]

[0665] As Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: arsole, azarsole, diazarsole, benzarsole, benzazarsole, dibenzarsole, naphtharsole, naphthazarsole.

[0666] As Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: arsenin, azarsenin, diazarsenin, benzarsenin, benzazarsenin, dibenzarsenin, naphtharsenin, and naphthazarsenin.

[0667] As Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(As-phenylarsino)arsole; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsole; 2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; and 1,8-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsole.

[0668] As Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin; 2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; and 1,9-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsenin.

[0669] As Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biarsole; 2,2′,2″-triarsole; and 2,2′-bibenzarsole.

[0670] As Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenic atom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biarsenin; 2,2′,2″-triarsenin; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraarsenin; 2,2′-bibenzarsenin; and 8,8′-bibenzarsenin.

[0671] As Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutane ([4]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentane ([5]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutene ([4]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentene ([5]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexene ([6]eneAs2); As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptene ([7]eneAs2); and As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclooctene ([8]eneAs2).

[0672] As Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclononatriene ([9]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneAs3); As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecatriene ([10]trieneAs3); and As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneAs3).

[0673] As Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotridecane ([13 ]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs4); As,As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs4); As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclononadecane ([19 ]aneAs4); and As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs4).

[0674] As Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of arsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs6); As—As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotridecane ([13 ]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclononadecane ([19 ]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheneicosane ([21 ]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclodocosane ([22]aneAs6); As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotricosane ([23]aneAs6); and As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetracosane ([24]aneAs6).

[0675] As Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraarsoles.

[0676] As Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaarsoles.

[0677] As Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsatetraarsoles; and tetraarsatetraarsoles.

[0678] As Valence Stabilizer #I 5b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsahexaarsoles; and triarsahexaarsoles.

[0679] As Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclotetraarsenins.

[0680] As Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, and As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaarsenins.

[0681] As Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsacyclotetraarsenins; and tetraarsacyclotetraarsenins.

[0682] As Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As—As Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diarsacyclohexaarsenins; and triarsacyclohexaarsenins.

[0683] Se Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoselenoethers (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hydrogen selenide, dimethyl selenide, diethyl selenide, dioctyl selenide, diphenyl selenide, dicyclohexyl selenide, tetramethylene selenide, trimethylene selenide, dimethylene selenide, and selenobicycloheptane.

[0684] Se Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diselenoethers (Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diselenaoctane; 2,5-diselenahexane; 2,6-diselenaheptane; 3,7-diselenanonane; 3,6-diselenaoctane; 3-butenyl butyl selenoether (bbs); 4pentenyl butyl selenoether (pbs); 3-butenyl phenyl selenoether (bps); and 4-pentenyl phenyl selenoether (pps).

[0685] Se Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triselenoethers (Se Bidentates or Se Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triselenane; 2,5,8-triselenanonane; 3,6,9-triselenaundecane; and 2,6,10-triselenaundecane.

[0686] Se Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraselenoethers (Se Bidentates, Se Tridentates, or Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6,10,14-tetraselenapentadecane and 2,5,8,11-tetraselenadodecane.

[0687] Se Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenophene, selenophene, selenazole, selenapyrroline, selenaphospholene, selenaphosphole, oxaselenole, selenadiazole, selenatriazole, benzodihydroselenophene, benzoselenophene, benzoselenazole, benzoselenaphosphole, dibenzoselenophene, and naphthoselenophene.

[0688] Se Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenole, benzodiselenole, and naphthodiselenole.

[0689] Se Valence Stabilizer #6a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenopyran, selenopyran, selenazine, selenadiazine, selenaphosphorin, selenadiphosphorin, oxaselenin, benzoselenopyran, dibenzoselenopyran, and naphthoselenopyran.

[0690] Se Valence Stabilizer #6b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dihydrodiselenin, diselenin, benzodiselenin, dibenzodiselenin, and naphthodiselenin.

[0691] Se Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,5-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,5-diseleno(selenophene); 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenophene; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenophene; 2,5-diseleno(selenazole); 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenazole; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazole; and 2,5-diseleno-1,3,4-selenadiazole [bismuthselenol].

[0692] Se Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,6-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,6-diseleno(selenopyran); 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenopyran; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenopyran; 2,6-diseleno(selenazine); 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenazine; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazine; 2,6-diseleno-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran; 8-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran; and 1,9-diselenodibenzoselenopyran.

[0693] Se Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,2′,22″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,2′-biselenophene; 2,2′,2triselenophene; 2,2′-biselenazole; 5,5′-biselenazole; 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-selenadiazole; 2,2′-biselenanaphthene; 2,2′-bibenzoselenazole; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenophene).

[0694] Se Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic rings containing one selenium atom and having at least one additional selenium atom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,2′-biselenopyran; 2,2′,2″-triselenopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-selenazine; 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2,2′-bi-1-benzoselenopyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenopyran).

[0695] Se Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenacyclobutane ([4]aneSe2); diselenacyclopentane ([5]aneSe2); diselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe2); diselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe2); diselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe2); diselenacyclobutene ([4]eneSe2); diselenacyclopentene ([5]eneSe2); diselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe2); diselenacycloheptene ([7]eneSe2); diselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe2); diselenacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneSe2); diselenacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneSe2); diselenacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneSe2); diselenacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneSe2); and diselenacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneSe2).

[0696] Se Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe3); triselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe3); triselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe3); triselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe3); triselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe3); triselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe3); triselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe3); triselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe3); triselenacycloheptene ([7]eneSe3); triselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe3); triselenacyclononene ([9]eneSe3); triselenacyclodecene ([10]eneSe3); triselenacycloundecene ([11]eneSe3); triselenacyclododecene ([12]eneSe3); triselenacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneSe3) triselenacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneSe3); triselenacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneSe3); triselenacyclononatriene ([9]trieneSe3); triselenacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneSe3); triselenacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneSe3); and triselenacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneSe3).

[0697] Se Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclotridecane ([13]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclopentadecane ([15]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclohexadecane ([16]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadecane ([18]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadecane ([19]aneSe4); tetraselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadiene ([9]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneSe4); tetraselenacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneSe4); tetraselenacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneSe4); tetraselenacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneSe4); tetraselenacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneSe4); and tetraselenacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneSe4).

[0698] Se Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotridecane ([13]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclopentadecane ([15]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclohexadecane ([16]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclooctadecane ([18]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclononadecane ([19]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe6); hexaselenacycloheneicosane ([21]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclodocosane ([22]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotricosane ([23]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetracosane ([24]aneSe6); hexaselenacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneSe6); hexaselenacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneSe6); hexaselenacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneSe6); and hexaselenacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneSe6).

[0699] Se Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenophenes; tetraselenaphospholes; tetraoxaselenoles; and tetradiselenoles.

[0700] Se Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenophenes; hexaselenaphospholes; hexaoxaselenoles; and hexadiselenoles.

[0701] Se Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol and selenoether groups (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenatetraselenophenes; tetraselenatetraselenophenes; diselenatetradiselenoles; and tetraselenatetradiselenoles.

[0702] Se Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenahexaselenophenes; and triselenahexaselenophenes.

[0703] Se Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenopyrans; tetraselenaphosphorins; tetraselenadiphosphorins; tetraoxaselenins; and tetradiselenins.

[0704] Se Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings (Se—Se Tridentates or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexaselenopyrans; hexaselenaphosphorins; hexaselenadiphosphorins; hexaoxaselenins; and hexadiselenins.

[0705] Se Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenatetraselenopyrans; tetraselenatetraselenopyrans; diselenatetraselenaphosphorins; tetraselenatetraselenaphosphorins; diselenatetraoxaselenins; tetraselenatetraoxaselenins; diselenatetradiselenins; and tetraselenatetradiselenins.

[0706] Se Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenahexaselenopyrans; triselenahexaselenopyrans; diselenahexaselenaphosphorins; triselenahexaselenaphosphorins; diselenahexaoxaselenins; triselenahexaoxaselenins; diselenahexadiselenins; and triselenahexadiselenins.

[0707] Se Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of 1,3-diselenoketones (diseleno-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-triselenoketones, bis(1,3-diselenoketones), and poly(1,3-diselenoketones) (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanediselenone; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanediselenone; selenobenzoylselenopinacolone; diselenocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetriselenoate; tetramethylnonanetriselenoate; hexafluoroheptanetriselenoate; trifluoroheptanetriselenoate; 1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanediselenone, 1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanediselenone, and trifluoroselenoacetylselenocamphor.

[0708] Se Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of 1,1-diselenolates, bis(1,1-diselenolates), and poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se—Se Bidentates and Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: 1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; and 1-nitroethylene diselenolate.

[0709] Se Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diselenocarbamates, bis(diselenocarbamates), and poly(diselenocarbamates) (including N-hydroxydiselenocarbamates and N-mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, and Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: dimethyldiselenocarbamate; di(trifluorodimethyl)diselenocarbamate; diethyldiselenocarbamate; dipropyldiselenocarbamate; diisopropyldiselenocarbamate; dibutyldiselenocarbamate; ditertbutyldiselenocarbamate; dicyanamidodiselenocarbamate; azidoselenoformates; diphenyldiselenocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)diselenocarbamate; dibenzyldiselenocarbamate; dinaphthyldiselenocarbamate; dicyclohexyldiselenocarbamate; dinorbornyldiselenocarbamate; diadamantyldiselenocarbamate; pyrrolidinodiselenocarbamate; piperidinodiselenocarbamate; morpholinodiselenocarbamate; thiamorpholinodiselenocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinodiselenocarbamate; pyrrolodiselenocarbamate; oxazolodiselenocarbamate; isoxazolodiselenocarbamate; thiazolodiselenocarbamate; isothiazolodiselenocarbamate; indolodiselenocarbamate; carbazolodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolinodiselenocarbamate; imidazolinodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolodiselenocarbamate; imidazolodiselenocarbamate; indazolodiselenocarbamate; and triazolodiselenocarbamate.

[0710] Se Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of triselenophosphoric acids (phosphorotriselenoic acids), bis(triselenophosphoric acids), poly(triselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: triselenophosphoric acid, O-phenyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-norbornyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-diphenyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-dibenzyltriselenophosphoric acid, O,Se-dicyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, and O,Se-dinorbornyltriselenophosphoric acid.

[0711] Se Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diselenophosphoric acids (phosphorodiselenoic acids), bis(diselenophosphoric acids), poly(diselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: diselenophosphoric acid, O-phenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-norbornyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldiselenophosphoric acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldiselenophosphoric acid.

[0712] Se Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetraselenophosphoric acids (phosphorotetraselenoic acids), bis(tetraselenophosphoric acids), poly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: tetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-phenyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-benzyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-cyclohexyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-norbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-diphenyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-dibenzyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se,Se-dicyclohexyltetraselenophosphoric acid, and Se,Se-dinorbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid.

[0713] Se Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diselenocarbonates, triselenocarbonates, bis(diselenocarbonates), and bis(triselenocarbonates), (Se—Se Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: Se,Se-diethyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-diisopropyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-diphenyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dibenzyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dicyclohexyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dinorbornyldiselenocarbonate; diethyltriselenocarbonate; diisopropyltriselenocarbonate; diphenyltriselenocarbonate; dibenzyltriselenocarbonate; dicyclohexyltriselenocarbonate; and dinorbornyltriselenocarbonate.

[0714] Se Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of selenocyanate ligands (Se monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: selenocyanate (—SeCN).

[0715] Se Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of selenolates (Se monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: selenophenol; and naphthaleneselenol.

[0716] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diene, bicyclicand tricyclic hydrocarbon ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyclopentadiene; azulene; carotene; norbornane; and adamantane.

[0717] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of cyanide and related ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: cyanide (—CN); and fulminate (—CNO).

[0718] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of carbonyl ligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: carbonyl (—CO); and carbon dioxide (CO2) ligands.

[0719] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of hydroxo and oxo functionalities that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: water (H2O); dioxygen (O2); oxide (O2−); hydroxide (OH−); peroxo groups (O22−); and superoxo groups (O2−).

[0720] Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of halogens that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Ce+4 include, but are not limited to: fluorine; chlorine; bromine; and iodine.

[0721] Water-soluble precursors for the organic valence stabilizers are typically used to ensure that sufficient material is available for pigment synthesis. However, in the case of organic valence stabilizers, it is also possible to synthesize the desired CeIV/valence stabilizer compounds from organic solvent systems. Therefore, solubility in organic solvents (for the precursors) is also acceptable. Identification of suitable water-soluble precursors can be difficult because many of these organics do not form a wide range of water-soluble compounds.

[0722] 3e) Mixed Inorganic/Organic Valence Stabilizers

[0723] Mixing organic and inorganic valence stabilizers in a pigment solution will often result in a pigment with poor corrosion-inhibiting properties because of cross interference. Inorganic and organic stabilizers interact with CeIV in different ways. For example, inorganic valence stabilizers perform their function by forming a shell of octahedrally or icosahedrally coordinated anionic species around a captured CeIV ion. The net charge of these inorganic CeIV-stabilizer compounds is therefore always negative. Organic species stabilize by the formation of a hard bond between the bonding atom in the stabilizer (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) and the CeIV ion. The net charge of these compounds is usually positive. If these two very different types of stabilization ligands are combined, then the magnitude of the charge on the stabilized compound can be significantly reduced. The performance of organic or inorganic stabilized corrosion inhibitor compounds has been found to be related to the ability of the compound to form and sustain a thick electrostatic barrier layer. Additionally, a mixed stabilizer will have a poorly developed electrostatic field and a non-optimal packing around the CeIV ion, resulting in a compound with less resistance to aqueous attack. Mixed organic/inorganic stabilized CeIV pigments can perform more poorly than pigments that have exclusively inorganic or organic valence stabilizers for this reason.

[0724] 3f) Valence Stabilizers for Tetravalent Praseodymium and Terbium

[0725] The PrIV and TbIV ions form very few stable complexes with inorganic or organic compounds. Examples of typical wide band inorganic ligands for PrIV and TbIV include periodates, tellurates, tungstates, molybdates, vanadates, carbonates, and phosphates. Under certain circumstances, narrow band inorganic ligands such as oxygen, fluorides, antimonates, iodates, and bromates may be acceptable. Examples of typical organic ligands for PrIV and TbIV include dithiocarbamates, dithiolenes, dithiols, dithioketones, biguanides, oximes, Schiff bases, and some azo compounds. PrIV and TbIV may be used in the future with compounds not currently identified.

[0726] 4) Additional Solubility Control Agents

[0727] The use of additional solubility control agents is optional. For example, the anions or cations present in the pigment synthesis bath useful for preparation of “sparingly soluble” pigments may be sufficient to form compounds with the desired solubility and saturated pH characteristics. However, pigment synthesis may produce compounds with greater than optimal solubilities, and the use of additional solubility control agents may be desirable. In situations where fine tuning of solubility or saturated pH is desired, cationic species are typical for CeIV-stabilizer combinations when an inorganic valence stabilizer is used, and anionic species are typical for CeIV/organic valence stabilizer combinations.

[0728] Additional solubility and saturated pH control can be achieved through the use of nontoxic inorganic cations, which include, but are not limited to: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb30 , Cs+, NH4+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Y+3, La+3, Ce+3, Ce+4, Nd+3, Pr+3, Sc+3, Sm+3, Eu+3, Eu+2, Gd+3, Tb+3, Dy+3, Ho+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Yb+3, Lu+3, Ti+4, Zr+4, Ti+3, Hf+4, Nb+5, Ta+5, Nb+4, Ta+4, Mo+6, W+6, Mo+5, W+5, Mo+4, W+4, Mn+2, Mn+3, Mn+4, Fe+2, Fe+3, Co+2, Co+3, Ru+2, Ru+3, Ru+4, Rh+3, Ir+3, Rh+2, Ir+2, Pd+4, Pt+4, Pd+2, Pt+2, Cu+, Cu+2, Cu+3, Ag+, Ag+2, Ag+3, Au+, Au+2, Au+3, Zn+2, Al+3, Ga+3, Ga+, In+3, In+, Ge+4, Ge+2, Sn+2, Sn+4, Sb+3, Sb+5, Bi+3, and Bi+5. Any water-soluble compound containings these cations can be used for this purpose. The nitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of these cations offer inexpensive water-soluble precursors, although many other water-soluble precursors exist. The use of alkaline ions such as Mg+2, Ca+2, and Sr+2 for solubility control has been demonstrated successfully, with acceptable saturated pH values.

[0729] Cationic solubility control may also be achieved through the use of nontoxic organic cations that include, but are not limited to: quaternary ammonium compounds (NR4+, where R can be any combination of alkyl, aromatic, or acyclic organic substituents, such as the methyltriethylammonium ion); organic compounds containing at least one N+ site. (such as pyridinium or thiazolium cations); organic compounds containing at least one phosphonium site (P+, such as the benzyltriphenylphosphonium ion); organic compounds containing at least one stibonium site (Sb+, such as the tetraphenylstibonium ion); organic compounds containing at least one oxonium site (O+, such as pyrylium cations); organic compounds containing at least one sulfonium site (S+, such as the triphenylsulfonium ion); and organic compounds containing at least one iodonium site (I+, such as the diphenyliodonium ion).

[0730] The quaternary ammonium compounds, organic compounds containing at least one N+ site, and organic compounds containing at least one oxonium site are the most important of these classifications because of the very large number of stable cations that are available. Water-soluble precursors for these organic cations are desirable in order to maximize the amount of material available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. Most of these materials are also soluble in organic solvents and hydrocarbons. Fluorides, chlorides, and bromides offer the most water-soluble precursors for these organic cations, although nitrates and perchlorates of those cations with lower molecular weights (e.g., tetramethylammonium) are also acceptable water-soluble precursors. Nitrates and perchlorates of larger (greater molecular weight) organic cations are generally not acceptable as precursors because of their low water solubility.

[0731] Toxic inorganic or organic cations can be used as additional solubility control agents although this is less desirable. Examples of toxic inorganic cations that can be used include, but are not limited to: Be+2, Ba+2, V+5, V+4, V+3, Cr+3, Ni+2, Ni+4, Os+4, Cd+2, Hg+1, Tl+, Tl+3, As+3, As+5, Pb+2, and Pb+4. Examples of toxic organic cations include, but are not limited to: organic compounds containing at least one arsonium site (an example being the tetraphenylarsonium ion of As+) and organic compounds containing at least one selenonium site (an example being the triphenylselenonium ion of Se+). Use of these materials for additional solubility control may be necessary in some specific instances where the toxicity of the resulting pigment is of limited importance to the operator. Water-soluble precursors for these toxic cations are typical in order to maximize the amount of available cation for solubility control in aqueous-based synthesis solutions. The organic cations are frequently hydrocarbon-soluble. In general, the nitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of these cations offer the highest water solubility.

[0732] Additional solubility control can also be achieved by using nontoxic inorganic anions, especially for CeIV/organic valence stabilizer combinations. Water-soluble precursors for these inorganic anions are desirable in order to maximize the amount of material available in the appropriate pigment formation solution. Inorganic examples include, but are not limited to: fluorotitanates, chlorotitanates, fluorozirconates, chlorozirconates, fluoroniobates, chloroniobates, fluorotantalates, chlorotantalates, molybdates, tungstates, permanganates, fluoromanganates, chloromanganates, fluoroferrates, chloroferrates, fluorocobaltates, chlorocobaltates, fluorozincates, chlorozincates, borates, fluoroborates, fluoroaluminates, chloroaluminates, carbonates, silicates, fluorosilicates, fluorostannates, nitrates, nitrites, azides, phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, phosphinites, thiophosphates, thiophosphites, thiophosphonates, thiophosphinites, fluorophospbates, fluoroantimonates, chloroantimonates, sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates, thiosulfates, dithionites, dithionates, fluorosulfates, tellurates, fluorides, chlorides, chlorates, perchlorates, bromides, bromates, iodides, iodates, periodates, and heteropolyanions (e.g., heteropolymolybdates or silicomolybdates).

[0733] Additional solubility control can also be achieved through the use of an almost unlimited number of nontoxic organic anions (e.g., organics with different carboxylate or acid groups). Examples include, but are not limited to: ferricyanides; ferrocyanides; cyanocobaltates; cyanocuprates; cyanomanganates; cyanates; cyanatoferrates; cyanatocobaltates; cyanatocuprates; cyanatomanganates; thiocyanates; thiocyanatoferrates; thiocyanatocobaltates; thiocyanatocuprates; thiocyanatomanganates; cyanamides; cyanamidoferrates; cyanamidocobaltates; cyanamidocuprates; cyanamidomanganates; nitritoferrates; nitritocobaltates; azides; (thio)carboxylates, di(thio)carboxylates, tri(thio)carboxylates, or tetra(thio)carboxylates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, acetic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, antimonyl tartrates, cinnamic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, stearic acid, gallic acid, naphthenic acid, camphoric acid, nitrosalicylic acid, aminosalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, nitrobenzoic acid, perfluoroC2-16carboxylic acids, trinitrobenzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, anisic acid, iodobenzoic acid, anthranilic acid, mandelic acid, toluic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, pyrazolecarboxylic acid, picrolonic acid, quinaldic acid, diphenic acid, benzoquinaldic acid, quinolinecarboxylic acid, isoquinolinecarboxylic acid, triazinecarboxylic acid, (thio)carbonic acids, (thio)carbamic acids, trimethylhexylic acid, tetrafluorophthalic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, toluoylpropionic acid, lactobionic acid, octylthiopropionate, lipoic acid, methylbenzoylpropionic acid, anthracenesuccinic acid, benzothiazolecarboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid, glycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid, benzothiazolylthiopropionic acid, phenylanthranilic acid, furancarboxylic acid, nitrofuroic acid, phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid, benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid, N-phosphonomethylglycine, cresoxyacetic acid, aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, histidine, lysine, trihydroxyglutaric acid, phenoxyacetic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, phenylbutyric acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, tropic acid, aminophenylpropionic acid, dihydrocinnamic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, cinchomeronic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid, benzotriazolecarboxylic acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, cyanuric acid, barbituric acid, violuric acid, diphenylvioluric acid, dilituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, cresotic acid, trimethylhexylic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N′-terephthaloylbis(aminocaproic acid), ethyleneglycolbis(aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxysuccinyl)ethylenediamine, nicotinic acid, naptalam, nitrobenzoic acid, nonylphenoxyacetic acid, and olsalazine]; (thio)phenolates, di(thio)phenolates, tri(thio)phenolates, or tetra(thio)phenolates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, picric acid, styphnic acid, pyrogallol, purpurin, purpurogallin, benzopurpurin, gallein, thiophenol, rhodizonic acid, kojic acid, chromotropic acid, carminic acid, fluorescein, tannic acid, and humic acid]; (thio)phosphonates, di(thio)phosphonates, or tri(thio)phosphonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, diethylphosphonic acid, diphenylphosphonic acid, nitrophenylphosphonic acid, perfluoroC2-16phosphonic acids, benzenephosphonic acid, phytic acid, hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonic acid, nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid, aminomethylenephosphonic acid, etidronic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, chloroethylphosphonic acid, ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid, laurylhydroxydiphosphonic acid, methylaminodimethylenephosphonic acid, alkyl(aryl)diphosphonic acids, N-cetylaminoethanediphosphonic acid, carboxyhydroxymethylphosphonic acid (hpa), oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid, polycaproamidophosphonates, phenylethanetriphosphonic acid, oxidronic acid, and pamidronic acid]; (thio)phosphonamides, di(thio)phosphonamides, or tri(thio)phosphonamides [useful representatives including, but not limited to, phosphoramidic acid, phosphordiamidic acid (diamidophosphonic acid), and phosphoramidothioic acid]; amino(thio)phosphonates, diamino(thio)phosphonates, or triamino(thio)phosphonates; imino(thio)phosphonates or diimino(thio)phosphonates; (thio)sulfonates, di(thio)sulfonates, or tri(thio)sulfonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid), nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, phenylsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid, oxinesulfonic acid, alizarinsulfonic acid, benzidinesulfonic acid, flavianic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, diiodophenolsulfonic acid (sozoiodol), 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, 7-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, benzotriazolesulfonic acid, bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonic acid, diiododihydroxybenzophenonesulfonic acid, p-amino-p′-ethoxydiphenylamine-o-sulfonic acid, 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid, 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dinitro-2-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, perfluoroC2-16sulfonic acids, benzenedisulfonic acid, phenyldisulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,6-naphtholdisulfonic acid, indigodisulfonic acid, benzidinedisulfonic acid, carboxyiodobenzenesulfonic acids, N-benzeneaminomethanesulfonic acid (ams), amido-G-acid, amido-R-acid, naphthalene(di)sulfonic acid (Armstrong's acid), amsonic acid, Badische acid, camphorsulfonic acid, chrysophenine, Cassella's acid, chromotropic acid, Cleve's acid, croceic acid, anthracenesulfonic acid, hydroxyquinolinesulfonic acid, hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid, indigo carmine, indoxyl, isatinsulfonic acid, indican, lignosulfonic acid, metanil yellow, metanilic acid, naphthoquinonesulfonic acid, Nuclear Fast Red, naphthol(di)sulfonic acid, naphthylamine(di)sulfonic acid, Orange I, orthanilic acid, phenol(di)sulfonic acid, methylenedinaphthalenesulfonic acid, methyl orange, and piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (pipes)]; (thio)sulfonamides, di(thio)sulfonamides, or tri(thio)sulfonamides; amino(thio)sulfonates, diamino(thio)sulfonates, or triamino(thio)sulfonates; imino(thio)sulfonates (including sulfamates) or diimino(thio)sulfonates (including disulfamates) [useful representatives including, but not limited to, methylsulfamic acid and phenylsulfamic acid]; (thio)borates, di(thio)borates, or (thio)boronates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, phenylboric acid and borotartaric acid]; organic silicates; and stibonates [useful representatives including, but not limited to, antimonyl tartrate and benzenestibonic acid]. Water-soluble precursors for these organic anions are desirable to maximize the amount available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. These organic anions are frequently soluble in organic solvents or hydrocarbons in addition to water-based systems.

[0734] Finally, toxic inorganic or organic anions can be used as additional solubility control agents, although they are less desirable. Examples of toxic inorganic anions include, but are not limited to: arsenates, arsenites, fluoroarsenates, chloroarsenates, selenates, selenites, fluorothallates, chlorothallates, iodomercury anions (e.g., Nessler's reagent), thiocyanatomercury anions (e.g., Behren's reagent), chloromercurates, bromomercurates, osmates, fluoronickelates, chromates, Reinecke's salt, and vanadates. Examples of toxic organic anions include cyanides; cyanochromates; cyanonickelates; cyanatochromates; cyanatonickelates; thiocyanatochromates; thiocyanatonickelates; cyanamidochromates; cyanamidonickelates; nitritonickelates; arsonates, diarsonates, or triarsonates [useful representatives being propylarsonic acid, phenylarsonic acid, hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, benzenearsonic acid, methylbenzenearsonic acid, hydroxybenzenearsonic acid, and nitrobenzenearsonic acid]; and organic selenates, diselenates, or triselenates. These materials may be necessary in some specific instances for additional solubility control where toxicity of the final pigment material is of limited importance. Water-soluble precursors for these organic anions are desirable to maximize the amount available in the appropriate pigment synthesis solution. The alkali or ammonium species of these anions typically offer the greatest water solubility.

[0735] 5) Valence Stabilizers for “Indicator Pigments”

[0736] Some heteropolymetallate valence stabilizers for tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigments have been observed to result in pigments that change color as the CeIV-, PrIv-, or TbIV-stabilizer compound was exhausted during corrosion. For example, molybdate-stabilized CeIV pigments are typically pale yellow or white in color after being prepared and combined with a suitable binder system. These pigments were observed to gradually change from pale yellow to royal blue after extended exposure to ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85 accelerated corrosion testing environments. The rate of color change was gradual with time and scaled with initiation and continued corrosion of the substrate. The color change from yellow to blue is well-documented in the inorganic chemistry literature for heteropolymolybdates. Numerous studies have shown that the color change associated with molybdenum blues is due to reduction of the molybdenum (VI) ion (the valence stabilizer for CeIV in this example), to the more reduced molybdenum (IV) ion. Other cerium- (or even praseodymium- or terbium-) containing compounds can exhibit differences in color with the change in valence of the rare earth ion in the pigment compound. Organometallic literature has many examples of rare earth compounds where an organic tetravalent compound is one color and the trivalent compound is a different color.

[0737] Color changes in the paint can be used as a metric to determine when the corrosion-inhibiting ability of the pigment has begun to fail. Alternatively, changes in pigment color hue may suggest remaining corrosion-inhibiting service life. The color change behavior is not observed for all CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer combinations. Those compositions that do exhibit a significant color change between fully oxidized and reduced valence states are typical for applications where an indication of the amount of remaining unreacted pigment is desired. This represents an advantage over conventional chromate pigments which do not demonstrate a significant color change during reduction.

[0738] B) Pigment Synthesis

[0739]

[0740] The cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by many different formation routes, and the synthesis of specific tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds is often found in the general rare earth coordination chemistry literature. The syntheses of several tetravalent cerium compounds suitable for use as pigments are outlined in the Examples section of this specification.

[0741] The pigments can be synthesized via precipitation routes (including onto inorganic or organic substrates), by firing of constituents, by evaporative routes, etc. Precipitation is a typical synthesis route, however, because: a) it is easiest to control, b) it allows inorganic valence stabilizers to polymerize, and c) many organic valence stabilizer precursors are degraded by high temperatures. Precipitation from aqueous (water-based) solutions is typical, because the formed tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium pigment materials need to be sparingly soluble in water in order to function adequately as corrosion-inhibitors. For the more soluble pigments (i.e., with solubilities as high as 1×100 moles/liter of tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium, for specialized applications), precipitation can be aided by traditional salting-out methodologies, such as adding salt or alcohols to further facilitate precipitation. If desired, precipitation onto or in combination with inert materials such as oxides, hydroxides, silicates, borates, aluminates, phosphates, carbonates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, polymers, etc., can be initiated. An almost infinite variety of colors, hues, tints, solubilities, saturated pHs, decomposition temperatures, melting points, and corrosion-inhibiting action can be produced in pigments based solely on the CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV ions.

[0742] Organic solvents can also be used for the synthesis of these pigments, especially for many of the organic valence-stabilized cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compounds. Conventional organic solvents include, but are not limited to: methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cresol, cyclohexanol, butyl carbitol, cellosolve, methyl cellosolve, ethyl lactate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), cyclohexanone, acetophenone, diethyl ether, isopropyl ether, furan, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, tetrahydropyran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, propylene oxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, benzaldehyde, propyl amine, diethyl amine, ethanolamine, aniline, pyridine, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), propionitrile, nitrobenzene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, Freon 113, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT). These solvents can be used in instances where the specific CeIV, TbIV, or PrIV/valence stabilizer is insoluble in that specific solvent and sparingly soluble in water, or in instances where evaporative formation of fine particle sizes is desired.

[0743] A typical CeIV compound with inorganic valence stabilization was prepared as follows:

[0744] 1) the stabilizer was dissolved in a minimum of water with added acetic acid or sodium acetate to buffer the solution to the proper pH;

[0745] 2) cerium nitrate was dissolved in a separate buffered water solution;

[0746] 3) the stabilizer solution was heated to near boiling and the cerium solution added all at once;

[0747] 4) this stabilizer-cerium solution was heated for 15 to 60 minutes with a potassium acetate buffer to initiate inorganic polymerization of the valence stabilizer in the presence of a persulfate oxidizer to form tetravalent cerium;

[0748] 5) this solution (mother liquor) was cooled and any precipitate filtered;

[0749] 6) the mother liquor was separated into five fractions and an additional solubility control agent was added; and

[0750] 7) each solution from step 6 was ice chilled and precipitates filtered and dried.

[0751] Solubility control agents Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, and Ba were used to obtain a broad spectrum of solubilities with a single CeIV-valence stabilizer combination. Occasionally a precipitate would not form with the addition of a “solubility control agent” or a day of evaporation. This would imply that the target compound was extremely water soluble and unsuited for use as a pigment. Conversely, a precipitate would occasionally form immediately on addition of the last pH buffer or even the oxidizing agent. This would imply that the target CeIV compound was extremely insoluble and unsuited for use as a corrosion-inhibiting pigment when incorporating the buffer or oxidizer's cations.

[0752] CeIV pigments with organic valence stabilizers were synthesized in a similar fashion. Water-soluble organic ligands (i.e., the azo dye examples) allowed the entire synthesis to be performed in aqueous solution. Valence stabilizers of low water solubility (i.e., 8-hydroxyquinoline) were complexed in an isopropanol/water mixture. It was not necessary to carefully control pH of the organic syntheses because polymerization like that needed for the heteropolymetallate inorganic stabilizers was not necessary. Anionic “solubility control agents” such as sulfate, phosphate, molybdate, tungstate, and phosphomolybdate were used for the organic examples to form progressively larger compounds with less solubility.

[0753] The color of CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV pigments depends on the specific CeIV-, PrIV-, or TbIV-valence stabilizer combination. Inorganically valence stabilized CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV compounds ranged from white to pale yellow or orange. The color of CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV pigments incorporating organic valence stabilizers often matched the color of the valence stabilizer. This was particularly true of the azo dyes. The colors of the organically stabilized pigments were orange-yellow ranging to green or brown.

[0754] Oxidation of trivalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium to the tetravalent oxidation state can be performed prior to, or after, compound formation. If tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium salts are to be used for synthesis, then additional oxidation may or may not be necessary, depending upon the synthesis conditions. For example, a CeIV, TbIV, or PrIV/valence stabilizer coordination compound could be prepared, or a CeIII, TbIII, or PrIII/valence stabilizer compound could be prepared and subsequently oxidized to a CeIV, TbIV, or PrIV/valence stabilizer compound. Oxidation prior to compound formation is typical, however, to ensure that the stability of the formed compound is maintained.

[0755] The stability of compounds using the same valence stabilizer ligand differs significantly because of the difference in size between the tetravalent and trivalent oxidation states for these ions. This has to do with the size requirements of the coordinating ligand. Therefore, one ligand geometry may result in a very stable CeIII compound, but the same compound containing CeIV can, in many instances, exhibit lower stabilities because of the difference in size of the ions. Oxidation to the tetravalent state prior to precipitation (or other preparative methodology) ensures that once recovered, the compound is for the most part in a usable form.

[0756] Preparation of a trivalent cerium, praseodymium, or terbium compound, with subsequent oxidation treatment (e.g., via steam, gaseous oxygen, concentrated liquid oxidizer, etc.) to convert the compound to a tetravalent oxidation state, can degrade the ligand or the entire compound, or can alter substituent groups on that ligand. Tetravalent cerium, terbium, or praseodymium/valence stabilizer complexes having a melting temperature lower than approximately 50° C. can be produced as a low melting solid, or a liquid-phase inhibitor. They can also be combined with inert materials in order to provide a solid material. If combination with inert materials is desired, then the tetravalent corrosion-inhibiting compound can be absorbed into, or adsorbed onto, the surfaces of the inert particles. The particles can be inorganic (e.g., oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, silicates, carbonates, aluminates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, polymers, or combinations thereof) or organic (e.g., polymeric) in nature.

[0757] Once synthesized, the pigments can then be incorporated into a wide range of binder systems to afford corrosion protection. Examples of organic binder systems that can incorporate CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV corrosion-inhibiting pigments include, but are not limited to: alkyd-type primers, acrylic primers, polyester primers, polyurethane primers, polyimide primers, polyamide primers, epoxy primers, conductive primers, organic sol-gels, ketimine coatings, polyvinyl coatings, acrylic thermoplastics, asphaltic and coal tar thermoplastics, polyamide thermoplastics, polyethylene dispersion thermoplastics, fluorocarbon thermoplastics, chlorocarbon thermoplastics, silicone thermosets, polyurethane thermosets, polyester thermosets, epoxy-amine thermosets, epoxy-amide thermosets, epoxy-ester thermosets, epoxy-coal tar thermosets, furane thermosets, phenolic thermosets, butadiene styrene elastomers, chlorinated rubber elastomers, polysulfonated elastomers, neoprene elastomers, sulfur-containing rubbers, or combinations thereof. Examples of inorganic binder systems that can incorporate CeIV, PrIV, or TbIV pigments include, but are not limited to: low temperature enamels, low temperature glass frits, carbonaceous coatings, zeolites, inorganic sol-gels, or combinations thereof.

EXAMPLES

[0758] In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the following examples, which are intended to illustrate the invention, but not limit the scope thereof. Moreover, these examples are not intended to represent refined final commercial compositions. They are intended to demonstrate the range and robustness of the CeIV, PrIV, and TbIV valence stabilization for pigments of the present invention.

[0759] 1) Wash Primer Preparation

[0760] The corrosion-inhibiting performance of CeIV pigments was evaluated by incorporating them into primer paint formulations. The acid wash primer paint formulation called out in DoD-P-15328 [Primer (Wash), Pretreatment (Formulation No. 117 for Metals)] was used to test the synthesized pigments. The wash primer is composed of a resin, an acid, a corrosion-inhibiting pigment, powdered talc, and carbon lampblack. The acid content of this wash primer provides a rigorous initial test of the stability and performance of the pigments. Other, more benign, polymer-based binder and resin systems might not separate the compounds based on their performance as effectively or as rapidly.

[0761] The base solution for the wash primer in this specification was prepared by mixing 88.3 grams of isopropanol, 31.3 grams of n-butanol, and 3.8 grams of deionized water with 14 grams of poly(vinyl butyral) resin (PVB) (Butvar® B-90 available from Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo.). PVB was used exclusively throughout testing to avoid preparation and compositional complications during analysis of pigment performance. However, the invention is not limited to the use of PVB.

[0762] Acid diluent was prepared by mixing 70 grams of 85% phosphoric acid, 63 grams of deionized water, and 247 grams of isopropanol. Finely-ground pigment powder was measured out and added to 13.74 grams of the base solution for each paint to be tested. A small amount (0.2 g) of powdered talc (magnesium silicate) “filler” was added. Lampblack was not added to these samples. These components were mixed thoroughly by hand and 3.8 grams of phosphoric acid diluent added with further mixing. This rough processing allowed direct comparisons of pigment performance to be made without complications due to powder treatments, modifications, and additives.

[0763] For each pigment to be tested, the primer paint was applied onto 10 metal substrates—5 precleaned 7075-T6 and 5 precleaned 2024-T3 aluminum substrates. This is not the conventional paint application procedure for aluminum alloys. Under normal service conditions, aluminum alloys are first subjected to a hexavalent chromium-containing conversion coating prior to primer application. However, the conversion coating was omitted so that the performance of the pigment alone could be evaluated and not the synergistic effects of hexavalent chromium (in the conversion coating) or even of barrier films (in the phosphate or anodized coatings).

[0764] Multiple samples of specific pigment compositions were prepared and tested. Samples treated with zinc and strontium chromate were used as comparison standards. The chromate pigments were prepared identically to those used to test CeIV composition variations.

[0765] 2) Corrosion Testing

[0766] PVB wash primers containing various pigment formulations were evaluated by exposing them to static salt fog (ASTM B-117) and cyclic Prohesion™ (ASTM G-85.5) accelerated corrosion tests. ASTM B-117 is a traditional corrosion “proof” test that has little relation to a real working environment. This accelerated corrosion test exposes samples to a constant salt-water fog and is a de facto test of solubility for corrosion inhibitors. B-117 does not necessarily test the ability of a corrosion inhibitor to actually inhibit corrosion. This is particularly true of inhibitors and compounds that have not been fully optimized with respect to solubility. ASTM G-85.5 (Prohesion™) is a cyclic corrosion test that more closely resembles real working environments. This accelerated corrosion test exposes samples to a cycle of fog of dilute salt and ammonium sulfate at room temperature followed by forced-air drying at an elevated temperature. This is a more realistic test of the ability of a compound to inhibit corrosion. Results of these tests can be combined to gain insight into how a particular coating or compound will perform relative to a standard as well as helping identify strengths and weaknesses in the performance of the material.

[0767] 3) Rating Method

[0768] ASTM D-1654 evaluation standard for painted or coated specimens subjected to corrosive environments was used to evaluate the performance of the coatings. After the paint dried for 24 hours, each plate was scribed with an X and the plate edges were sealed with PVC tape to eliminate corrosion edge effects.

[0769] Two visual observations are associated with this rating test. Procedure A involves a rating of the failure at the scribe—the representative creepage of corrosion away from the scribe. Procedure B involves a rating of the failure in the unscribed areas in terms of the percentage which shows corrosion coming through the film. In this way, not only the bulk corrosion-inhibiting action of a pigment through the binder can be rated, but also its “throwing power”.

[0770] 4) Comparison Examples

[0771] Zinc and strontium chromates are commercial CrVI-based pigments used extensively to provide corrosion protection to metal surfaces. These pigments were used as performance baselines to determine the effectiveness of cerium-based pigment compositions developed using the methodology described in this specification.

[0772] Chromate pigments were precipitated from aqueous solutions and incorporated into PVB wash primer formulations so that each primer sample had the same molar quantity of hexavalent chromium. These primers were then applied to 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy samples. After the samples had dried for 24 hours, they were scribed and the edges of each sample taped to eliminate edge effects. These samples were then exposed to 168 hours of both ASTM B-117 and G-85.5. Magnesium chromate is so soluble in aqueous solution that the resin began to cross-link immediately, even before the phosphoric acid diluent was added to the PVB pigment mixture. PVB based paints containing magnesium chromate pigments performed well initially (the first 4 days of the test) but began to degrade rapidly as the chromate was depleted. Insoluble bismuth chromate appeared to enhance the effects of corrosion and performed worse than PVB samples that contained no pigment. Zinc and strontium species with intermediate aqueous solubility provided the greatest corrosion inhibition of the chromate pigments when used in the PVB wash primer.

[0773] Table 3 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated with PVB combined with zinc and strontium chromate corrosion-inhibiting pigments. For each pigment, the first row shows the results on 2024-T3, and the second row shows the results on 7075-T6. The zinc and strontium chromate treated samples performed well during their period of exposure as is expected from the current state-of-the-art. Minor differences in performance as a function of substrate composition were noted.

3TABLE 3Zinc and Strontium Chromate Pigment Accelerated Corrosion Test Results2024-T37075-T62024-T37075-T6StabilizerB-117B-117G-85G-85Hrs.Proc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BProc. AProc. B168Zn as 1.35 g1099910999168zincchromate1099910999168Sr as 1.51 g99999999168strontiumchromate99989999168Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

[0774] 5) CeIV Pigments in PVB Resin

[0775] CeIV-valence stabilizer compounds were synthesized using either published literature procedures, or standard organometallic synthesis techniques because optimized CeIV corrosion-inhibiting pigment materials are not commercially available. The pigment syntheses were mainly aqueous-based precipitation techniques, although some pigments (i.e., those using some selected organic valence stabilizers) needed alcohol/water mixtures for the synthesis due to the low solubility of the valence stabilizer compound in pure water. Table 4 shows the CeIV-valence stabilizer combinations used for these optimized cerium-containing paints. As can be seen in Table 4, CeIV pigments containing both inorganic and organic valence stabilizers were formed.

4TABLE 4Optimized Tetravalent Cerium Pigments PreparedSynthesisAddendumPigmentSolventIonsSynthesis NotesCe+4/tungstateH2OMg, Ca, Zn, Sr, BaAll salts readily formed.[10-tungstocerate(IV)]Ce+4/tungstophosphateH2OMg, Ca, Zn, Sr, BaAll salts readily formed.[11-phosphotungsto-cerate(IV)]Ce+4/molybdateH2ONH4+, Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr,Mg and Zn salts not[12-molybdocerate(IV)]BaformedCe+4/periodateH2OH, Li, Na, Mg, CaAll salts readily formed.[periodatocerate(IV)]Ce+4/vanadateH2ONH4+Readily formed.[18-vanadatocerate(IV)]Ce+4/nitrateH2O or i-NR4+(see Table 6)All salts readily formed.[hexanitratocerate(IV)]PrOH/H2O

[0776] Table 5 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated with inorganically stabilized CeIV pigments in PVB, while Table 6 shows some nitrate-stabilized cerium pigments with different organic solubility control agents. Table 5 shows the samples that were produced, as well as the pigment contained within them. Note that the molar concentration of CeIV in these paints is much less than that in the zinc chromate primers (as low as 7.44×10−3 M). This was done because the molecular weight of the CeIV compounds exceeds that of zinc chromate, implying that a much larger mass would be necessary to achieve equal molar concentrations of CeIV and CrVI. As can be seen in the corrosion exposure results, even with these much lower molar concentrations of CeIV, the “optimized” pigments provided comparable or substantial corrosion protection compared to chromium. These pigments also outperformed by a significant margin those pigments (i.e., molybdates, tungstates, phosphates, borates, cyanamides) containing no inherent oxidizer properties. For each pigment, the first row shows the performance of one sample and a duplicate sample on 2024-T3, while the second row shows similar results on 7075-T6. A change in performance for the CeIV pigments was noted when altering the solubility control agents.

5TABLE 5Inorganically Stabilized Ce IV Wash Primers FormulationsStabilizer/Solubility ControlInhibitorB-117B-117G-85G-85AgentConc. (M)Proc. AProc. BProc. AProc. BHoursMg as 2.08 g7.44 × 10−455229988117magnesium 10-(10% of Cr)tungstocerate542—8877117Ca as 2.11 g calcium7.44 × 10−433——776611710-tungstocerate(10% of Cr)22——7766117Mg as 4.51 g7.44 × 10−466557766139magnesium 11-(10% of Cr)phosphotungstocerate55557766139Ca as 4.57 g calcium7.44 × 10−46544878713911-(10% of Cr)phosphotungstocerate44336656139Ca as 1.25 g calcium 5.2 × 10−46745876614412-molybdocerate (7% of Cr)77668775144Li as 1.44 g lithium3.72 × 10−365657777144periodatocerate(50% of Cr)44237777144NH4 as 2.13 g3.72 × 10−377667867139ammonium 18-(50% of Cr)vanadatocerate77668867139Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

[0777]

6

TABLE 6

Nitrate-Stabilized CeIV Wash Primers Formulations

Stabilizer/

Solubility Control
Inhibitor
B-117
B-117
G-85
G-85

Agent
Conc. (M)
Proc. A
Proc. B
Proc. A
Proc. B
Hours

Nitrate/NMe4+
1.86 × 10−3
—
—
—
—
8
7
7
6
117

4 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

—
—
—
—
8
7
7
6
117

Nitrate/NEt4+
1.86 × 10−3
6
6
3
3
9
10
7
8
117

8 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

6
5
4
4
10
10
8
8
117

Nitrate/NPr4+
1.86 × 10−3
7
7
7
6
9
10
8
9
117

12 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

7
7
6
6
9
8
7
7
117

Nitrate/NBu4+
1.86 × 10−3
7
7
5
6
9
9
8
8
117

16 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

7
6
6
6
9
9
8
8
117

Nitrate/NPe4+
1.86 × 10−3
6
6
5
5
9
9
8
8
117

20 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

6
6
6
6
9
9
7
7
117

Nitrate/Adogen 464
1.86 × 10−3
5
5
5
5
7
7
6
6
117

25 total carbon
(25% of Cr)

5
5
3
5
7
7
6
6
117

Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments.

Adogen 464 = methyltrioctylammonium

[0778] table 6 shows the results for just one valence stabilizer and the results obtained for this stabilizer by adjusting the size of an organic solubility control agent. The first row shows the results on 2024-T3 substrates, while the second shows the results on 7075-T6. The molar concentration of CeIV in these pigments was also much less than in the standard chromate pigments. Clear progressions in the performance of these pigments as a function of organic cationic solubility control agents were also observed. This is significant in view of the prior art, which teaches the use of ammonium nitratocerate in conjunction with methyltrioctylammonium (25 total carbon atoms) or methyltrihexylammonium (19 total carbon atoms) phase transfer agents for corrosion protection. As seen from Table 6, the solubility of the resultant compound formed in the prior art is too low, and improved corrosion protection can be achieved merely through the use of smaller tetraalkylammonium [i.e., NEt4+ (8 total carbon atoms) or NPr4+(12 total carbon atoms)] cations for release rates. The low melting point of the C25 CeIV both in the prior art as well as in the Adogen 464 samples makes handling in this paint system somewhat problematic.

[0779] While the invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes could be made within the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts described. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but that it have the full scope permitted by the language of the following claims.

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	10037576	Jan 2002	US
Child	10625885	Jul 2003	US

Non-toxic corrosion-protection pigments based on rare earth elements

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