Patent Grant
9687545
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a nonspecific immunostimulant composition, a method of preparing the same, and uses thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a potassium carbonate (K2CO3)-based multifunctional complex mineral composition, a preparation method thereof, and uses thereof as a nonspecific immunostimulant.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since the early 20th century, the function of alkali materials has been studied. Extensive studies have recently revealed that when its constitution turns alkaline, the body increases in the ionization rate of potassium and sodium, which results in improving the blood's purification ability, increasing fatigue recovery ability, and delaying senescence.
Since the disclosure of Korean Patent No. 128,110, issued to the present inventor, such alkaline solutions have been applied in various industrial fields. The composition disclosed in the patent contains sodium silicate, sodium peroxide, white sugar, and silver thiosulfate in water, with a weight ratio of 10˜18 of sodium silicate, 0.1˜0.5 of sodium peroxide, 5˜10 of potassium carbonate, 10˜18 of white sugar, and 0.1˜3.0 of thiosulfate based on 1 of sodium carbonate. Superior in far-red emission, antibacterial activity, and deodorizing activity, the composition is widely used for the post-treatment of fabric products, the fermentation of diet, and in the agricultural field. However, the composition suffers from the disadvantage of being complicated in the preparation thereof, and being inconvenient for long-term storage. Further, the composition cannot be used as an antibacterial agent and nonspecific immunostimulant for general purposes.
To overcome these disadvantages, a solution was suggested in Korean Patent No. 10-0331952, issued to the present inventor. The composition comprises 1˜15 weight parts of borax, 10−5˜10−4 weight parts of sodium thiosulfate, 30˜150 weight parts of potassium carbonate, 30˜200 weight parts of white sugar, 100˜200 weight parts of water based on sodium meta silicate, and is found to perfectly overcome the problem of inconvenient long-term storage and incompetence as an immunostimulant for animals and plants.
However, this technique, in spite of high immunostimulatory effects on animals and plants, is limited in application because the effect (safety) of boron, contained in borax, on the body is not known.
Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide an immunostimulant free of boron, which is suspected of being unsafe for the body.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a nonspecific immunostimulant that exhibits an excellent immunostimlatory effect on animals and plants.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an immunostimulant that can provide livestock with resistance to diseases such as avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an immunostimulant that can provide farmed aquatic organisms with disease resistance.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an immunostimulant that can enhance human immunity to diseases.
In accordance with an aspect thereof, the present invention provides a composition comprising 150 to 300 parts by weight of sodium silicate, 2 to 8 parts by weight of sodium thiosulfate, 0.5 to 2 parts by weight of sodium carbonate, 0.5 to 2 parts by weight of potassium chloride, 200 to 400 parts by weight of white sugar and 300 to 400 parts by weight of water, based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate.
As needed, the composition may further comprise 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight of magnesium sulfate. In addition, optionally, the composition may further comprise 1×10−3 to 8×10−3 parts by weight of silver thiosulfate.
After undergoing fermentation and drying processes, the composition-supplemented diet can be converted into a functional fermented product.
The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Below, a detailed description will be given of the present invention.
Like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins, minerals (inorganic substances) are classified as one of the five nutrients required for cell constitution and growth, maintenance of life, and maintenance of health and normal physiological functions. Minerals cannot be synthesized in vivo. Approximately 42 minerals are found in the body, but only 25˜30 minerals are known for their functions in the body. All of the 103 chemical elements existing on the earth, except for carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen, are inorganic. Representative among the minerals useful in the body are calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chrome, selenium, iodide, germanium, chlorine, sulfur, cobalt, silicon, boron, fluorine, and molybdenum. Four essential minerals include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
These minerals are essential nutrients necessary for maintaining life and health, and are involved in the formation of hard structures such as bones and teeth, and soft structures such as muscles and organs. They are also involved in the acid-base balance and osmotic pressure control of body liquids, digestion, nerve stimulation, control, and enzymatic reactions. Minerals are important constituents of blood cells, hormones and are found in enzymes themselves. As much as 4% of the body consists of inorganic elements, with ¾ of the constitution being accounted for by calcium and phosphorus, and the balance by potassium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine, and magnesium. They are called major minerals (hereinafter referred to just as “minerals”).
As various side effects have been generated due to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, legislative systems that list and disclose in the press hospitals that have excessively prescribed antibiotics is in enforcement in order to reduce the use of antibiotics. In line with the European Union (EU)'s policy to ban the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in food animal production, Korea introduced bans on the use of AGPs (7 antibiotics) in animal feed factories from Jul. 1, 2011.
In the United States, which is the largest livestock raising country in the world, as many as 30 antibiotics including penicillin and tetracycline as well as AGPs are used in feed. Of the 30 antibiotics added to feed, 18 may cause antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in humans, as reported by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Jan. 18, 2014. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are generated in livestock fed antibiotics and may be introduced into the human body when the meat of the livestock is consumed. In this process, super bacteria, which are resistant to multiple drugs, are generated. Accordingly, products from agro-livestock fed antibiotics threaten human life.
Nevertheless, the misuse and abuse of antibiotics are very serious issues in animal feed factories and livestock farms.
Meanwhile, global pharmaceutical and biotech companies have competed with each other for the development of non-specific immunostimulants that can replace antibiotics as the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in food animal production is banned or in order to cope with the infection of the multi-drug resistant bacteria [(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)].
Scientifically proven immunostimulatory materials include minerals, live yeasts, probiotics, fungi, organic acids, herbs, and poly gamma glutamic acid. According to research results, such immunostimulatory materials generally enhance immunity, thereby helping vaccines effectively perform their functions, or effectively allowing the body to defend against the infection of pathogens such as highly pathogenic microorganisms, or to form antibodies against the pathogens.
Thus far, however, there have been no nonspecific immunostimulant complex mineral compositions that are provided with the following advantages: general applicability to farmed aquatic organisms, livestock, and humans; ability to enhance antibacterial activity, antiviral activity, immunity, and vaccine efficacy; productivity, storage and economic benefits; and mass productivity and wide applicability.
Potassium carbonate is used as a base material in the present invention. It is highly water soluble, and strongly alkaline with a pH of 11.6 in water. Potassium is an essential element in an animal body, and functions to contribute an acid-alkali balance in the body fluid. In addition, potassium plays an important role in converting blood sugar to glycogen and in storing proteins. Further, this element is involved in promoting metabolism and blood circulation, regulating the potassium sodium balance in the body, and preventing diseases that may be caused by excessive salt (NaCl) uptake, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, etc. Sodium may act as a cause of obesity and diabetes whereas potassium may be preventive of obesity and hypertension.
As an ingredient of the composition of the present invention, sodium silicate is a white powder or granule that is readily soluble in water, producing a strong alkaline solution. Sodium silicate is commonly manufactured using a reaction in liquid phase by dissolving 27.5˜29.0% of silica (SiO2) and 28.5˜30.0% of sodium oxide (Na2O) in water. Silicon is an element essential for the growth of animals and plants and is found as a constituent of teeth and bones. Like potassium, sodium is one of the most common elements constituting cells.
Sodium silicate may be used in an amount of 150 to 300 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate. When sodium silicate is used in an amount below the lower limit, its effect is insufficient. On the other hand, if the amount of sodium silicate exceeds the upper limit, a problem with solubility arises.
Sodium thiosulfate useful in the present invention has 5 water molecules (pentahydrate), and is soluble in water, producing a characteristic salty taste, and its solubility in alcohol is negligible. It dissolves silver halides, such as silver chloride, and other silver salts. Sodium thiosulfate is generally used as a dechlorinating agent and a heavy metal chelator. In addition, it is used to neutralize the toxicity of major minerals, and to form multivalent cations, thus producing cationic alkaline minerals.
In the present invention, sodium silicate is used in an amount of 2 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate. The effect of sodium silicate is insufficient at an amount below the lower limit while an amount exceeding the upper limit may cause a problem with equivalency.
Sodium carbonate functions to adjust potassium/sodium ratios in the composition, and makes a contribution to deodorization. Its amount is between 0.5 and 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate. If too small an amount is used, deodorization is problematic. On the other hand, an excessive amount of sodium carbonate is prone to breaking the balance between potassium and sodium.
As a source of sodium chloride useful in the present invention, solar salt is used. Solar salt is rich in various minerals. Solar salt is alkaline, with a salinity of about 88%. Abundant in calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron, solar salt does not provide sodium alone, which may be prone to causing hypertension or obesity. In addition, solar salt acts as an antioxidant so as to increase immunity.
Suitable amounts of solar salt range 2 to 8 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate.
Potassium chloride is highly soluble in water to allow plants to readily absorb potassium. Hence, it helps soil maintain plant productivity. In addition, potassium chloride reduces the toxicity of toxic materials, aiding the growth of crops.
As needed, magnesium sulfate may be added to the composition. Magnesium is alkaline, with a bitter taste. In a human cell, the content of magnesium is ⅙ that of potassium. Like calcium and phosphorous, magnesium is a constituent of bones and teeth. Magnesium acts as a co-catalyst in cellular enzymatic reactions of carbohydrate metabolism.
Magnesium, together with calcium, can release sodium causative of hypertension or obesity, and acts as an antioxidant to enhance immunity. Further, it can act as a tranquilizer to calm intense emotions and to improve defense against stress. Deficiency of magnesium may cause muscular convulsions, depression, insomnia, tachycardia, arrhythmia, dyspepsia, hypertension, cardiac diseases, asthma, chronic fatigue, hypersensitive diseases, etc.
Potassium carbonate is suitably used in an amount of 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate. The effect of potassium carbonate is not obtained at an amount less than the lower limit. Coagulation happens at an amount exceeding the upper limit.
White sugar (C12H22O11) is degraded to neutralize toxicity and bitter tastes of ionic minerals and to prevent the ionic minerals from reverting to molecular states. Further, digests of white sugar converts inorganic materials into organic-like ionized materials, and converts inorganic minerals into organic minerals, like in the case of carbon dioxide assimilation, so that the organic minerals coexist in ionized states.
Thanks to white sugar, the anionic, alkaline complex mineral solution increases in viscosity, adsorptivity, preservability, and fermentability. Accordingly, when added to a formulated feed mixture or animal feed, the anionic, alkaline complex mineral solution adsorbs well into grain powder, composed of carbohydrates and vegetable proteins, or is well mixed therewith, thus preserving them and acting as a fermentation promoter. To effectively implement these functions, white sugar is used in an amount of 200 to 400 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate.
In an aqueous solution, silver thiosulfate (Ag2S2O3), which is used as an option in the present invention, exists as [Ag(S2O32−)2]3− at a high concentration of S2O32− and as [Ag(S2O32−)6]10− at a low concentration of S2O32−. In the present invention, silver thiosulfate, together with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), forms a high concentration of multivalent anions, thus making the blood of animals alkaline and promoting the growth and activation of cells. For this, silver thiosulfate is used in an amount of 1×10−3 to 8×10−3 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of potassium carbonate.
Embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings in order to describe the present invention in detail so that those having ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which the present invention pertains can easily practice the present invention. It should be noted that same reference numerals are used to designate the same or similar elements throughout the drawings. In the following description of the present invention, detailed descriptions of known functions and configurations which are deemed to make the gist of the present invention obscure will be omitted.
A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained through the following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
In 500 L of pure water at 70˜80° C., 5 kg of sodium thiosulfate, 1 kg of sodium carbonate 1 kg of potassium chloride, and 5 kg of sodium chloride (solar salt) were dissolved by stirring for 30 min. To this solution, 150 kg of potassium carbonate was added, and dissolved by stirring for 2 hrs. This process of addition and stirring for 2 hrs was also performed with 300 kg of sodium silicate and then with 450 kg of white sugar. As a result, 1412 kg of a complex mineral solution was obtained.
To this complex mineral solution was dropwise added a solution of silver thiosulfate in 1 L of water, followed by stirring for 30 min and fermentation for 12 hrs to obtain an immunostimulant complex solution (hereinafter referred to as “BARODON Chois Gold”). The silver thiosulfate was prepared by converting 5 g of silver nitrate into silver chloride, and reacting silver chloride with sodium thiosulfate.
A functional formulated feed mixture was obtained by adding BARODON Chois Gold at a rate in an amount of 0.005% (50 g), 0.01% (100 g), 0.02% (200 g), or 0.03% (300 g), based on 1,000 kg of a formulated feed mixture.
112 kg of the nonspecific immunostimulant complex mineral solution BARODON Chois Gold prepared in Preparation Example 1 was mixed with 900 kg of a feed material (corn gemmule, soybean meal)) to give a solution for use as fermentation promoter and preserver. It was allowed to undergo a fermentation and drying process to give a functional fermented product in a powder form (hereinafter referred to as “BARODON-Ex”) as a feed additive.
BARODON-EX may be added in an amount of 0.05% (500 g), 0.1% (1 kg) or 0.2% (2 kg) to 1,000 kg of a formulated feed mixture to give a functional formulated feed mixture that can be used as an additive for the following: defense against foot-and-mouth disease, vaccine potentiation, and productivity promotion in livestock raising farms.
The same process as in Preparation Example 1 was repeated to afford a nonspecific immunostimulant solution (hereafter referred to “BARODON mineral solution”), except that 300 kg of potassium carbonate, 200 kg of white sugar, and 0.3 kg of magnesium sulfate were used and that a solution of silver thiosulfate in 2 L of water was dropwise added, and incubated for 12 hrs, the silver thiosulfate being prepared by converting 10 g of silver nitrate into silver chloride and dissolving the silver chloride in sodium thiosulfate. BARODON mineral solution may be used as an antibacterial agent substituting for an antibiotic, and as an additive for antibacterial products, antioxidant products, and functional cosmetics.
Immunoassay Against Highly Pathogenic AIV
BARODON Chois Gold, prepared in Preparation Example 2, was diluted 1:1000 and 1:500, and used in challenge tests with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus AVI H5N1 in the Veterinary Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, and in the International Vaccine Institute (IVI).
Highly pathogenic AIV H5N1 as a test virus was obtained from the IVI, and inoculated into BALB/C mice 8 weeks old.
Test Method
1) Test for Defense From Highly Pathogenic AIV H5N1
(1) Test animals were grouped as follows.
(2) Method of Challenge Inoculation
Mice administered test materials were intranasally challenged with 50 μl of highly pathogenic AIV H5N1 at a dose of 2 LD50/head.
(3) Evaluation of Defense Efficacy
Evaluation was made of defense efficacy by measuring mortality and body weight for 2 weeks after challenge.
Test Result and Analysis
1. Test of BARODON Chois Gold for Defense Against Highly Pathogenic AIV H5N1 and Examination of Change in Immune Cells
1) Survival Rate of BARODON Chois Gold-Administered Groups After Challenge
As described above, 50 BALB/C mice 8 weeks old were divided into 5 groups of 10, and two groups were administered 1× (1:1000 dilution) and 2× (1:500 dilution) of BARODON Chois Gold every day for 4 days, respectively. Subsequently, 50 μl of highly pathogenic H5N1 AIV(100 MID50/head) was intranasally challenged to each of the mice that were then observed for 2 weeks. BARODON was administered by 1 week after the challenge. The other three groups were used as control groups without administration with BARODON. Of them, one was administered the antiviral agent TamiFlu for 5 days from immediately after the challenge while another was not treated with any therapeutic (no administration/challenge group). The other group was neither challenged with the virus nor administered therapeutics (no-administration/no challenge group, Table 1).
As can be seen in
2) Change of Body Weight of BARODON Chois Gold-Administered Groups After Challenge
Comparison was made of body weights of mice before and after challenge. The challenge group after treatment with BARODON or TamiFlue was lower in body weight over the overall period of time, compared to the no administration/no challenge group, with no difference in weight change between groups (
3) Analysis of Subpopulation of Leukocytes in BARODON Chois Gold-Administered Group
Blood samples were taken from each mouse test group before BARODON administration and 4 weeks after BARODON administration (immediately before challenge with AIV), and examined for immune cell subpopulations. In this experiment, blood obtained from three mice was set as one sample because the amount of blood sampled from 8-week-old mice was too small to analyze for leukocyte subpopulations. Accordingly, the number of samples was insufficient for statistical confirmation, but tendency could be analyzed. As is apparent from data of Table 2 and
Comparing between groups administered BARODON Chois Gold, B cells and granulocytes tended to increase in a dose-dependent manner whereas none of MHC class I, MHC class II, macrophages, CD4, and CD8 exhibited dose-dependent increase in population or expression level.
2. Efficacy of Defense Against Highly Pathogenic AIV H5N1 and Examination of Immune Cell Population
In a test for defense from highly pathogenic AIV, the survival rate of mice was measured to be 67% in the no-administration groups, 75% in the TamiFlu-treated group, 83% in the BARODON 1×-administered group, and 91% in the BARODON 2×-administered group, indicating the superiority of Borodon to TamiFlu in defense effect, but there was no significance. However, none of the groups treated with TamiFlu and BARODON exhibited weight gain after challenge, so that there was no significance for defense efficacy.
Turning now to a change in immune cell population, although the number of test mice and the amount of blood samples therefrom were insufficient for statistical significance, all of the mice treated with BARODON Chois Gold 1× and 2× solutions for 4 weeks were observed to increase in the density of the major immunological factors MHC class I, MHC class II, B cell, granulocyte, macrophage, CD4, and CD8, compared to the no-administration controls. In contrast, no differences in CD3 were found between groups. In addition, there was a tendency toward greater populations of immune cells in the BARODON Chois Gold-administered groups, compared to the control group that was administered the control drug. Comparing between groups administered BARODON Chois Gold, B cells and granulocytes tended to increase in a dose-dependent manner.
Test for Disease Resistance of Farmed Fish (Fry)
Effects of diets supplemented with BARODON Chois Gold prepared in Preparation Example 1 on the growth, feeding efficiency, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder were examined in a laboratory of the College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Korea.
1. Material and Method
1.1. Experimental Diet
A total of 7 diets were prepared with the same crude protein content (42%) and energy (17.7 MJ/kg diet). Compositions and ingredients of the basal diet are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. For experimental diets, the Barodon-free basal diet was used, or added with BARODON Chois Gold (BARODON-1× (0.01%), 2× (0.02%), 3× (0.03%), 4× (0.04%), and 5× (0.05%)), or with 200 ppm of a Rovithai product. For the preparation of experimental diets, all diet sources were pulverized into powders that were significantly homogeneous in size, and accurately weighed before being mixed together. The mixture was blended with predetermined amounts of the BARODON solutions, together with distilled water in an amount of 30% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture. The resulting blends were extruded into pellets 3-mm in diameter, using a chopper machine (SMC-12, Kuposlice, Busan, Korea) (see
1MgSO4•7H2O, 80.0; NaH2PO4•2H2O 370.0; KCl, 130.0; Ferric citrate, 40.0; ZnSO4•7H2O 20.0; Ca-lactate 365.5; CuCl 0.2; AlCl3•6H2O 0.15; Na2Si2O3 0.01; MnSO4•H2O 2.0; CoCl2•6H2O 1.0
2L-ascorbic acid 121.2; DL-α tocopheryl acetate 18.8; thiamin hydrochloride 2.7; riboflavin 9.1; pyridoxine hydrochloride 1.8; niacin 36.4; Ca-D-pantothenate 12.7; myo-inositol 181.8; D-biotin 0.27; folic acid 0.68; p-aminobenzoic acid 18.2; menadione 1.8; retinyl acetate 0.73; cholecalficerol 0.003; cyanocobalamin 0.003
1.2. Fish and Breeding
Juvenile olive flounder to be tested were transported from a private hatchery (Dong Won Fisheries Co., Jeju Island, Korea) to the Marine and Environmental Research Institute of Jeju National University. They were acclimated to the experimental conditions of 3-ton FRP water tanks for 2 weeks while being fed with a commercially available diet. The experimental water tanks used in this experiment are shown in
1.3. Sampling, Biochemical Analysis, and Challenge Inoculation
After feeding for 10 weeks, the final weight of fish was measured to calculate weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival. From each tank, 10 fishes were randomly selected, anesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol (200 ppm), followed by sampling blood from the caudal vein with the aid of a disposable syringe (
The proximate composition of experimental diets was performed as described by AOAC (1995). Moisture content was determined by drying the samples in an oven (125° C. for 3 h). Crude ash was determined by burning the samples in the muffle furnace (550° C. for 12 h), and protein was calculated using the Kjeltec system (2300 Kjeltec Auto Distillation Unit, Foss Tecator, Sweden). Crude fat content was determined by ether extraction using Soxhlet system (Soxhlet Heater System C-SH6, Korea).
The hematocrit was determined by loading blood to heparinized micro-hematocrit capillary tubes and centrifuging them in Micro Hematocrit VS-12000 (Vision Scientific, Korea). Concentration of hemoglobin was determined by reacting with a commercially available kit reagent, and analyzing with a hemato-biochemical analyzer (Express plus system, Bayer, USA).
Oxidative radical production by neutrophils during respiratory burst was measured by the nitro-blue-tetrazolium (NBT) assay described by Kumari and Sahoo (2005). Briefly, blood (whole blood) and NBT (0.2%) were mixed in equal proportions (1:1) and incubated for 30 min at 25° C. Then, 50 μL was removed and dispensed into glass tubes. Next, 1 mL of dimethyl formamide was added to reduce the formation of formazan, and the tubes were centrifuged at 2,000×g for 5 min. Finally, the optical density of each supernatant was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer (Genesys 10 UV, Rochester, N.Y., USA). Dimethylformamide was used as a blank.
Serum myeloperoxidase activity was measured as described by Kumari and Sahoo (2005). Briefly, 20 μL of serum was diluted with 80 μl of Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, Sigma) in each well of 96-well plates. Then, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine hydrochloride (TMB, 20 mM) (Sigma) and H2O2 (5 mM) were added. After 2 min of the color change reaction, 35 μL of 4 M sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction. Finally, optical density was read at 450 nm in a microplate reader.
A turbidometric assay was used to determine serum lysozyme activity using the method described by Yeh et al. (2008) with slight modifications. Briefly, lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Sigma, USA) was suspended in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.2, 0.05 M) to give a 0.2 mg/ml suspension. Then, 200 μL of the suspension was placed in each well of 96-well plates, and 10 μL of serum isolated from the fishes was added. The reduction in absorbance of samples was determined at 570 nm in a microplate reader (UVM 340, Biochrom, Cambridge, UK) after a room temperature incubation for 1 and 6 min. One unit of lysozyme was defined as an amount of lysozme needed to catalyze a decrease in absorbance at 530 nm of 0.001/min.
Serum anti-protease activity was measured according to the method described by Ellis (1990) with slight modifications. Briefly, 20 μL of serum was incubated with 20 μL of standard trypsin solution (Type II-S, from porcine pancreas, 5 mg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at 22° C. Then, 200 μL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) and 250 μL azocasein (2%) (Sigma) were added and incubated for 1 h at 22° C. Five hundred microliters of trichloro acetic acid (TCA, 10%) was added and incubated for 30 min at 22° C. The mixture was centrifuged at 6,000×g for 5 min, and 100 μL of the supernatant was transferred to 96-well microplates containing 100 μL of 1 N NaOH. Optical density was read at 430 nm.
Plasma total immunoglobulin (Ig) level was determined according to the method described by Siwicki and Anderson (1993). Briefly, plasma total protein content was measured using a micro protein determination method (C-690; Sigma) after immunoglobulin molecules were precipitated using a 12% polyethylene glycol solution (Sigma).
Serum glutathion peroxidase (GPx) levels were analyzed using GPx kit (Biovision, Inc. California, USA). Cumene hydroperoxide was used as a peroxide substrate (ROOH), and reacted with NADPH (b-Nicotinamide Adenine Denucleotide Phosphate, Reduced) in the presence of glutathione reductase (GSSG-R). To 50 μl of a sample was added 40 μl of the mixture, followed by incubation for 15 min. Again, 10 μl of cumene hydroperoxide was added before absorbance at 340 nm was read on a microplate reader.
Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was analyzed using an SOD kit (Fluka, 19160).
Streptoccosis, a general name for a variety of diseases caused by a group of bacteria called Streptococcus, is apt to break out in fishes in high-temperature seasons, e.g., summer to autumn, resulting in significant damage to juvenile to adult fishes. Infectious signs of S. iniae are reported to include prolapsed rectum, exophthalmos, corneal opacity, hyperemia of eye, focal hemorrhage below gills, and excessive secretion of mucus on gills and body surface. Streptococci infect olive flounder, tilapia, rainbow trout, and yellow tail, causing tremendous economic losses.
After completion of the 10-week growth experiment, examination was made of the effect of BARODON on the resistance of olive flounder to Streptoccosis. The fishes left after blood sampling were intraperitoneally injected with a suspension of S. iniae. The pathogenic bacteria was collected after being cultured in a TSA medium at 25° C. for 24 hrs, and a suspension of S. iniae was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 100 μl (109 CFU/ml) into olive flounder (
1.4. Statistical Analysis
All the diets were assigned by a completely randomized design. Growth and analysis data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA in SPSS program (Version 12.0). Statistical significance was determined at 5% (p≦0.05) using Tukey's HSD. Data are expressed as mean±SD, and percentage data were arcsine transformed before analysis.
2. Result
Results of the 10-week growth experiment are shown in Table 5 and
Results of challenge with streptococci are shown in
91.9 ± 1.5ab
2.51 ± 0.02ab
93.3 ± 8.0ab
87.4 ± 2.6ab
93.3 ± 5.9ab
134 ± 6.0ab
191 ± 12.7*
1FBW: final body weight (g)
2Weight gain (%) = 100 × (final mean body weight − initial mean body weight)/initial mean body weight
3specific growth rate (%) = [(loge final body weight − loge initial body weight)/days] × 100
4Feed conversion ratio = dry feed fed/wet weight gain
5Feed intake = dry feed consumed (g)/fish
6Protein efficiency ratio = wet weight gain/total protein given
18.9 ± 1.2ab
81.9 ± 6.5ab
89.4 ± 6.7ab
77.6 ± 6.2ab
62.3 ± 1.27ab
19.2 ± 1.9ab
Assay for Disease Resistance of Farmed Fish (Growth Period)
1. Material and Method
1.1. Experimental Diet
To examine the effect of dietary supplementation of BARODON on disease resistance, comparison was made between diets with BARODON Chois Gold and competitor's products (H diet, D diet). Experimental diets were prepared by spraying BARODON Chois Gold (Preparation Example 1) at 1× (0.01%) and 2× (0.02%) concentrations over Purina diet (control). For the same experiment condition, distilled water was sprayed at the same amount over the control, H diet, and D diet. Compositions of the basal diets are summarized in Table 8, below.
1.2. Fish and Breeding
Juvenile olive flounder to be tested were transported from a private hatchery (Dong Won Fisheries Co., Jeju Island, Korea) to the Marine and Environmental Research Institute of Jeju National University. They were acclimated to the experimental conditions of 8-ton FRP water tanks for 2 weeks while being fed with a commercially available diet. The experimental water tanks used in this experiment are shown in
1.3. Sampling, and Biochemical and Histopathological Analysis
After feeding for 10 weeks, the final weight of fish was measured to calculate weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival. From each tank, 3 fishes (9 per group) were randomly selected, anesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol (200 ppm), followed by sampling blood from the caudal vein with the aid of a disposable syringe (
The hematocrit was determined by loading blood to heparinized micro-hematocrit capillary tubes and centrifuging them in Micro Hematocrit VS-12000 (Vision Scientific, Korea). Concentration of hemoglobin was determined by reacting with a commercially available kit reagent, and analyzing with a hemato-biochemical analyzer (Express plus system, Bayer, USA). Blood levels of hemoglobin, gluocose, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT were analyzed with respective commercially available kit reagents, using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (Express plus system, Bayer, USA).
After completion of the experiments, histological observation was made on the digestive organ. For this, 3 fishes per tank were randomly selected and anesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol (200 mg/L), and dissected for measurement of hepatosomatic index (HIS) and relative length of gut (RLG). The intestine samples were fixed in Bouin's solution, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 3-4 mm-thick sections. The sections were stained with Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS), and 0.5% eosin before observation under an optical microscope. Histological observation was made on the intestine samples using a light microscope to examine the distribution and number of goblet cells found on the inner surface of the anterior intestine (
1.4. Statistical Analysis
All the diets were assigned by a completely randomized design. Growth and analysis data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA in SPSS program (Version 12.0). Statistical significance was determined at 5% (p≦0.05) using Tukey's HSD. Data are expressed as mean±SD, and percentage data were arcsine transformed before analysis.
2. Result
Results of the 15-week growth experiment are shown in Table 9 and
Developmental traits of digestive organs were examined by analyzing hepatosomatic index, intestine length, relative length of gut, and goblet cells. Results showed that the BARODON-1× (0.01%) group had longer guts, compared to the control and the group of Dae Bong diet (D) (Table 11 and
77.3 ± 12.9ab
1FBW: final body weight (g)
2Weight gain (%) = 100 × (final mean body weight − initial mean body weight)/initial mean body weight
3Feed conversion ratio = dry feed fed/wet weight gain
4specific growth rate (%) = [(loge final body weight − loge initial body weight)/days] × 100
5Protein efficiency ratio = wet weight gain/total protein given
1Hepatosomatic index = (liver weight/weight) × 100
2Relative length of gut = (intestine length/whole length) × 100
A greater number of goblet cells, which help digestion activity of olive flounder, was counted in the BARODON-2× (0.02%) group than in the control group, with significance (
As can be seen in
Assay for Disease Resistance of Juvenile Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
1. Experimental Diet
A total of 5 diets were prepared with the same crude protein content (39%) and energy (19.5 MJ/kg diet). Compositions and ingredients of the basal diet are summarized in Table 12. For experimental diets, the Barondon-free basal diet (control) was used, or added with BARODON Chois Gold (BARODON-0.5× (50 g), 1× (100 g), 2× (200 g), 3× (300 g), and 4× (400 g), based on a total of 1,000 kg of the diet. For the preparation of experimental diets, all diet sources were pulverized into powders that were significantly homogeneous in size, and accurately weighed before being mixed together. The mixture was blended with predetermined amounts of the BARODON solutions, together with distilled water in an amount of 30% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture. The resulting blends were extruded into pellets 3 mm in diameter, using a chopper machine (SMC-12, Kuposlice, Busan, Korea) (see
[Composition of BARODON]
1. BARODON-0.5× (BARODON Chois Gold 50 g/0.005%)
2. BARODON-1× (BARODON Chois Gold 100 g/0.01%)
3. BARODON-2× (BARODON Chois Gold 200 g/0.02%)
4. BARODON-4× (BARODON Chois Gold 400 g/0.04%)
1Mineral premix (g/kg mixture): L-ascorbic acid, 121.2; DL-α tocopheryl acetate. 18.8; thiamin hydrochloride, 2.7; riboflavin, 9.1; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 1.8; niacin, 36.4; Ca-D-pantothenate, 12.7; myo-inositol, 181.8; D-biotin, 0.27; folic acid, 0.68; p-aminobezoic acid, 18.2; menadione, 1.8; retinyl acetate, 0.73; cholecalficerol, 0.003; cyanocobalamin, 0.003
2Vitamin premix (g/kg mixture): MgSO4•7H2O, 80.0; NaH2PO4•2H2O, 370.0; KCl, 130.0; Ferric citrate, 40.0; ZnSO4•7H2O, 20.0; Ca-lactate, 356.5; CuCl2, 0.2; AlCl3•6H2O, 0.15; Na2Si2O3, 0.01; MnSO4•H2O, 2.0; CoCl2•6H2O, 1.0
3BARODON was provided by BARODON -SF Corp, Ansung, Gyounggi, 456-880, Korea
3Gross energy of experimental diets was calculated according to gross energy values 5.64 kcal g-1 crude protein, 4.11 kcal g−1 carbohydrate, and 9.44 kcal g−1 crude fat, respectively (NRC. 1993).
2. Productivity Analysis
After feeding for 6 weeks, the final weight of shrimp was measured to calculate weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival, as in Table 13. The productivity of shrimps was significantly increased in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio when they were fed BARODON-supplemented diets than the control.
1IBW: initial body weight (g)
2FBW: final body weight (g)
3Weight gain (%) = 100 × (final mean body weight − initial mean body weight)/initial mean body weight
4Specific growth ratio (% day−1) = [(loge final body weight − loge initial body weight)/days] × 100
5Feed conversion ratio = dry feed fed (g)/wet weight gain (g)
6Protein efficiency ratio = wet weight gain/total protein given
7Feed intake = dry feed consumed (g)/fish
1Total haemocyte count (105 cells/ml)
2Total protein (mg/ml)
3Nitro blue tetrazolium activity (absorbance)
4Phenol oxidase activity (absorbance)
5Lysozyme activity (Units/ml)
6Superoxide dismutase (% inhibition)
7Glutathione peroxidase activity (nmol/min/ml)
3. Analysis for Immunity
The shrimps were analyzed for total blood cell count, total protein level, and immunity indices including NBT, PO, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. As shown in Table 14, the number of total blood cells was significantly increased by the dietary supplementation of BARODON, and immunity was significantly improved in terms of PO and lysozyme activities in the 2× group and in terms of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in both the 1× and the 2× group.
4. Result of Challenge Experiment
After completion of the 6-week growth experiment, examination was made of the effect of BARODON on the disease resistance of shrimps. To this end, the shrimps left after blood sampling were intraperitoneally injected with a suspension of Vibrio harveyi. The results of this challenge experiment are depicted in
As can be seen, the control, not administered BARODON, died at a rate of 35%, which was higher than the mortality of the BARODON-administered groups. Particularly, the BARODON 2× (0.02%) group exhibited a mortality of 15% or less. The data, taken together, demonstrate that the dietary supplementation of BARODON improves shrimps in terms of resistance to diseases caused by V. harveyi.
Assay for Immunostimulation in Swine
At the time of outbreak of foot-and-mouth in November, 2011 in Korea, the Clinical Pathology Lab. in College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, the Microbiology Lab. in College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, and the Cargill Purina Research and Livestock Farm made research on the subject of “clinical application of the non-specific immunostimulator for prevention of FMD and enhancement of FMD vaccine efficacy” using the foot-and-mouth virus vaccine manufactured by the global pharmaceutical company (Merial, USA) under the bioindustrial technology development program supervised by the Korean Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Table 15).
For this, BARODON Chois Gold (Preparation Example 1) was added in an amount of 25 g (0.0025%), 50 g (0.005%), and 100 g (0.01%) to a 1 ton (1,000 kg) of a formulated feed mixture.
1. Material and Method
A. Test Design
For 9 weeks, an experiment was performed on 20 piglets 8 weeks old. Twenty 20 experimental pigs were divided into 4 groups including one control, and three test groups to which BARODON-supplemented diets were fed (Table 15). From 4 weeks after birth, BARODON-supplemented diets were fed. The experimental pigs were injected with FMD vaccine (Merial, USA) at 8 and 12 weeks after birth. From the start to the end of test, clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures were monitored every week. Growth rates were examined by measuring body weights at 8 and 16 weeks after birth. Blood samples were taken at post-birth 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 weeks for antibody titer measurement and at post-birth 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks for flow cytometry.
B. Antibody Titration
Serum was isolated by centrifugation, and inactivated at 56° C. for 30 min before use in examination. Antibody titers against FMD in the inactivated serum was analyzed by ELISA using an FMD antibody test ELISA kit (Prionics. USA) according to the instruction of manufacturer's. The serum was 1:10 diluted, and plated in an amount of 100 μl per well. After incubation for 30 min, the plates were washed three times with a washing solution. The swine IgG secondary antibody provided by the kit was added at a dose of 100 μl to each well, incubated for 30 min, and washed 6˜7 times with a washing solution. Each well was visualized by incubation with 100 μl of TMB solution for 15 min in a dark chamber, followed by terminating the reaction with a stop solution. Optical density was measured at 650 nm, and calculated according to values for the positive control and the negative control. The wells with an S/P ratio of 40 or higher was determined as positive.
C. Flow Cytometry
After being separated from blood by centrifugation, a buffy coat layer was placed on a Ficoll layer (Sigma). Following centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 20 min, white blood cells were taken from the interface between plasma and Ficoll, and washed with PBS. Viable cells were counted using a tryphan blue exclusion technique, and adjusted to a final density of 1×107 cells/ml. The analysis of subpopulations of leukocytes was performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules.
2. Result
A. Clinical Symptom
No special clinical symptoms were observed in the test swine during the experiment period. In addition, none of side effects such as erythema, suppuration, hemorrhage, granuloma, and necrosis were found around the injection site.
B. The average antibody titer of the experiment swine that were 8 weeks old was measured to approximate have an antibody titer of approximate 40, a criterion for seroprevalence. Since the primary vaccination, the antibody titer continued to decrease. Secondary vaccination at 12 weeks after birth increased the antibody titer, and to more than 40, a criterion for seroprevalence, at 15-16 weeks after birth. The BARODON-fed groups exhibited more potent antibody reactions from post-birth week 12 at which secondary vaccination was performed, and maintained higher antibody titers than did the test group A until 16 weeks after birth. Prevalence at post-birth week 16 was measured to be 20% for test group A, 40% for test group B, and 60% for both test groups C and D, indicating that the dietary supplementation of BARODON increased prevalence (Table 16,
C. Assay for Leukocyte Subpopulation by Flow Cytometry
A gradual increase of leukocyte count was observed in swine from 8 to 12 weeks after birth. Since the secondary vaccination, all of the BARODON-fed groups were found to have higher populations of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, compared to the control (
Two weeks after the secondary vaccination, a higher population of memory T helper cells was detected in the BARODON 0.0025%- and 0.005%-fed groups of 14-week-old swine than the control, with significance (
BARODON 0.005%- and 0.01%-fed groups exhibited a higher population of naive T helper cells than did the control at 12 and 14 weeks after birth, which corresponded to 4 weeks after the primary vaccination and 2 weeks after the secondary vaccination, respectively (
In all of the groups, a population of B cells was gradually decreased since the vaccination, which was not observed in a PRRS vaccination test, indicating that the vaccine itself did not bring about an increase in B cell population (
As for γδ T lymphocyte, their population was observed to be a significantly high level in BARODON 0.0025%- and 0.0050-fed groups of the swine at the age of 12 weeks, which corresponded to 4 weeks after the primary vaccination, compared to the control. The population was elevated in all of the groups at 2 weeks after the secondary vaccination. A significantly elevated level of γδ T lymphocytes (CD3+γδ+CD8−) was maintained in the BARODON 0.005%-fed group of the swine at the age of 16 weeks, which corresponded to 4 weeks after the secondary vaccination (
At the age of 12 weeks, which corresponded to 4 weeks of the primary vaccination, the BARODON-fed groups were significantly low in NK cell population, compared to the control (
At the age of 12 weeks, which corresponded to 4 weeks of the primary vaccination, BARODON 0.0025%- and 0.005%-fed groups were significantly in CD8+ γδ T lymphocyte (CD3+γδ+CD8+) population, compared to the control. The population was elevated in all of the groups at the age of 14 weeks, which corresponded to 2 weeks after the secondary vaccination. A relatively high level of CD8+ γδ T lymphocytes (CD3+γδ+CD8−) was maintained in the BARODON-fed groups of the swine at the age of 16 weeks, which corresponded to 4 weeks after the secondary vaccination (
Assay for Immunostimulatory Effect in Cattle (Holstein)
BARODON Chois Gold, prepared in Preparation Example 1, was assayed for immunostimulation in cattle (Holstein).
A. Test Design
Twenty Holstein calves, weighing 77.41±14.41 kg, at the age of 3 months were used as test animals.
B. Test Period and Spot
Tests were performed in a research farm of Cargill Agri Purina, Inc., located at Bakchon-dong, Kyeyang-gu, Inchon city, Korea, for 98 days inclusive of the pre-raising period of 14 days, from Jun. 19, 2012 to Sep. 25, 2012.
C. Test Design and Method
The 20 Holstein calves were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5. Among 5 calves of each group, three were shunt up in a pen while the other two calves were confined to a different pen. As shown in Table 17, weights at the start and end of the test, and diet uptake were measured for control (BARODON 0%), test group 1 (BARODON 0.0025%), test group 2 (BARODON 0.005%), and test group 3 (BARODON 0.01%) to examine productivity.
D. Antibody Titration
Before vaccination, the calves at the age of 3 months maintained an antibody titer of less than 50, a criterion for seroprevalence. Since primary vaccination, the antibody titer gradually increased and finally over 50. After secondary vaccination at the age of 4 months, the increase of antibody titer was also continued. The primary vaccination increased antibody titers at similar rates over the groups whereas a rapid increase of antibody titer was observed to the age of five months in test group D (Table 17,
E. Assay for Leukocyte Subpopulation by Flow Cytometry
At an age of 7 weeks, which corresponded to 3 weeks after vaccination, a significantly higher population of memory T cells was detected in all of the BARODON-fed groups than the control group, indicating that the feeding of BARODON-containing diet contributed to the amplification of memory T cells after vaccination (
A population of memory T cells was observed to gradually decrease in all of the groups at the age of from 4 weeks to 7 weeks, but to increase at the age of 10 weeks. A significant high population of naïve T helper cells were found in BARODON 0.005%- and 0.01%-fed groups at the age of 7 weeks and 9 weeks, respectively (
In contrast to the challenge test that was not vaccinated, all of the group that were vaccinated at the age of 4 weeks underwent a relatively small decrease of B cell populations when they grew to 9 weeks and 11 weeks. A significantly high population of B cells was observed in BARODON 0.005%- and 0.01%-fed groups at the age of 7 weeks (
No significant difference was observed in γδ T lymphocyte population between BARODON-fed groups and the control over the test duration (
At the age of 7 weeks, BARODON 0.0025%- and 0.01%-fed groups were considerably lower in NK cell population than were the other groups. This tendency was continuously observed in the pigs with ages of 9 weeks to 11 weeks, but with no significance (
The nonspecific immunostimulant complex mineral solution (“BARODON mineral solution”), prepared in Preparation Example 3, was assayed for sterile effect in the Korean Chemical Test Institute, located at Aegibong-ro 196, Wolgot-myon, Kimpo city, Korea.
1. Test Method
Test bacteria were cultured in broth, and diluted to a density of 1˜9×105 CFU/ml before use in testing.
The test bacterial dilution was added to 20 mL of the test solution, and incubated at room temperature (5 min±10 sec), followed by counting viable cells to calculate % cell-reduction-by-sterilization against the initial cell count that was measured in saline.
In the initial dilution stage for all experiments, the test bacteria were allowed to undergo a neutralizing process in D/E Neutralizing Broth (DIFCO) before use in testing. When the bacteria did not proliferate in the medium, the cell count was multiplied with the dilution factor used in the neutralization stage and expressed as “less than 10 (<10)”. Cell counting in all stages was conducted using TSA (see item 2.2). Viable cells were calculated according to Formula 1 of item 3.2 while % reduction was determined according to Formula 2.
2. Result Calculation
Viable cell count: N=C×D (Formula 1)
N: No. of viable cells
C: No. of colonies (average value of colonies on two plates)
D: Dilution factor (in dilution)
% cell reduction: R(%)=[(A−B)/A]×100 (Formula 2)
R: cell reduction
A: initial cell count
B: cell counts after a predetermined time
3. Result of Sterilization Test
Assay for Efficacy of BARODON-EX (Preparation Example 2)
The functional fermented product BARODON-EX dietary supplement of Preparation Example 2 was added to the Cargill Purina diet manufactured by the Jia Xing plant, China.
Effects of the dietary supplementation of the nonspecific immunostimulant BARODON were examined in hog-raising farms, China, and the results are given in Tables 22 and 23.
Contents of Table 22 are rewritten in Table 23, except for farmer names and farm locations.
1. The farmer of the first farm, which raised a total of 120 mother pigs, said “the dietary supplementation of BARODON has prevented piglets from having diarrhea whereas the use of the competitor's diet free of BARODON caused very serious diarrhea in piglets.”
2. The farmer of the second farm, which raised a total of 100 mother pigs, said “as much as 40% of the pigs had diarrhea when they were fed the competitor's diet, but BARODON-supplemented diet reduced the diarrhea rate to 10%.”
3. The farmer of the third farm, which raised a total of 40 mother pigs, said “when BARODON-supplemented diet was compared with the control of the competitor's diet free of BARODON, none of the pigs fed with the BARODON-supplemented diet underwent diarrhea whereas 12 pigs of the control group died due to diarrhea.”
4. The farmer of the third farm, which raised a total of 40 mother pigs, said “severe foot-and-mouth disease occurred in competitor's diet-fed pigs, but from the time of the dietary supplementation of BARODON, none had been attacked by the disease.” (
As can be seen in
5. The farmer of the fourth farm, which raised a total of 80 mother pigs, said “the steady feeding of BARODON has protected pigs from being attacked by diarrhea or foot-and-mouth disease.”
6. The farmer of the fourth farm, which raised a total of 80 mother pigs, said “from the time of the dietary supplementation of BARODON, the pigs have not been caught by respiratory diseases, but were so when other diets free of BARODON was fed thereto.”
When a total of 37 piglets were fed BARODON from at the age of 33 weeks to 55 days in a farm located at Jiang Su Province, China, their weight increased from 8.25 kg to 17.55 kg. For this experimental data, the BARODON-supplemented Purina diet was evaluated to help piglets effectively grow (Table 24).
n
Compared to BARODON-free diets, BARODON-supplemented Purina diets were found to decrease the occurrence of diarrhea by 20.3%, and mortality by 11.42%, increase daily body gain by 0.15 kg, with the reduction of a diet amount per kg of pork by 0.42 kg (Table 25).
As proven by various long-term experiments, the nonspecific immunostimulant composition of the present invention exhibits excellent defense against the mortality caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, thus improving the survival of animals infected by the AIV H5N1. When used as a supplement of a formulated feed mixture for farmed aquatic organisms (flatfish, shrimp, etc.), the nonspecific immunostimulant composition provides excellent immunostimulation and disease resistance for the farmed aquatic organisms to decrease the mass mortality of aquatic organisms and to increase productivity. Particularly, when raised with a food in mixture with the nonspecific immunostimulant composition, livestock and farmed aquatic organisms are immunologically improved so that they can endure and are protected against epidemic diseases caused by highly pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Further, the nonspecific immunostimulant composition is highly fatal to various bacteria, whether Gram positive or negative, including multiple drug resistant bacteria, such as S. aureus (MRSA), E. coli, S. typhimurium, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, etc.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2014-0023396 | Feb 2014 | KR | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6899900 | Choi | May 2005 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO2008000042 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Yoo et al., Journal of Veterinary Science, 2001, 2(1):15-24. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150238599 A1 | Aug 2015 | US |
