NOVEL AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Information

  • Patent Application
  • 20230150923
  • Publication Number
    20230150923
  • Date Filed
    December 12, 2022
    2 years ago
  • Date Published
    May 18, 2023
    a year ago
  • Inventors
    • REINMÜLLER; Viktoria
  • Original Assignees
    • XENIOPRO GMBH
Abstract
The present invention comprises novel aromatic molecules, which can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as cancer, skin diseases, muscle disorders, and immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in human and veterinary medicine.
Description

The present invention relates to novel aromatic compounds and their use as therapeutic agents, which can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as cancer, skin disorders, muscle disorders, and immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in human and veterinary medicine.


BACKGROUND

Notch signaling is a fundamental cell-to-cell communication pathway that regulates central processes in embryonic development as well as in the maintenance of adult tissues. The effect of a Notch signal is highly dependent on the signal strength, duration, and most importantly on the cellular context. In this regard, Notch activity leads to numerous cell-type specific responses, which implicate for example cell fate decisions, the induction or inhibition of differentiation, and the regulation of cell proliferation.


If a signaling event is not correctly controlled, a consequent loss of balance in according cellular processes may drive abnormal cellular changes and finally end in diverse disease situations, such as cancer.


Initially, Notch signaling was discovered as an oncogenic pathway. Corresponding pathological conditions are linked to abnormally augmented signaling levels. In these particular cases, the use of Notch inhibiting agents represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention and numerous corresponding drugs are currently in development.


Conversely, there is increasing evidence for tumor-suppressor functions of the Notch pathway in other cellular contexts (Lobry et al., J. Exp. Med. 2011, 208, 1931-1935; South et al., Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012, 23, 458-464), most notably concerning organs, in which Notch negatively impacts proliferation or triggers differentiation, such as in the skin or in the neuroendocrine system (Dotto, Oncogene 2008, 27, 5115-5123; Kunnimalaiyaan et al., The Oncologist 2007, 12, 535-542). This finding is not only based on observations that certain tumors display impairments in Notch activity. Additionally, various successful demonstrations confirmed that the artificial activation of Notch signaling has a beneficial impact on according malignant degenerations (Jaskula-Sztul et al, J. Surg. Res. 2011, 171, 23-27; Yu et al., Cancer 2013, 119, 774-781; Ye et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 26510). Prominent examples comprise non-melanoma skin cancer, neuroendocrine tumors and certain cancers of the hematopoietic system.


In a broader sense, due to the central role of this pathway, the potential use of Notch enhancers is not only limited to the treatment of cancer, but likewise expected to be beneficial in other pathologic conditions that have been shown to be responsive to Notch induction, such as diseases of the skin, muscle or immune system.


To this end, it is highly desirable to develop therapeutic agents that enhance Notch signaling.


Notch Enhancers State of the Art


Current methods to enhance Notch signaling for a potential therapeutic use entail the application of receptor-activating peptides or of small molecules that show Notch-augmenting properties. However, no approved Notch enhancer is available yet in the clinics. Besides, only a small number of according agents is known to date and much less have so far entered a drug development program. Reported small molecule Notch enhancers comprise resveratrol (Pinchot et al., Cancer 2011, 117, 1386-1398; Truong et al., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2011, 18, 1506-1511; Yu et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2013, 12, 1276-1287), valproic acid (Greenblatt et al., Oncologist 2007, 12, 942-951; Platta et al., J. Surg. Res. 2008, 148, 31-37; Mohammed et al., Oncologist 2011, 16, 835-843), hesperetin (Patel et al., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014, 21, 497-504), chrysin (Yu et al., Cancer 2013, 119, 774-778), phenethyl isothiocyanate (Kim et al., PLoS One 2011, 6, 10), thiocoraline (Wyche et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2014, 21, 518-525) and N-methylhemeanthidine chloride (Ye et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 26510).


A common drawback associated with most of the mentioned compounds is the lack of potency.


Hence, it is absolutely crucial to provide novel Notch enhancers with high therapeutic efficacy.


The screening of a small library of chemical molecules in a Notch-dependent luciferase reporter assay revealed a novel compound family with Notch-augmenting properties (Reinmüller et al., 2015, EPFL Thesis 6887, published in March 2016), the content of which is herein incorporated by reference.







DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention covers refined structures to the initially discovered limited set of Notch enhancer molecules. These second generation compounds have been designed and are supposed to exhibit increased potency and greater metabolic stability. Alternatively, they present specific modifications of chemical residues, which are supposed to not impair the Notch-augmenting activity, but yet provide novel molecular features that may turn out to beneficially influence pharmacological and physicochemical parameters addressed in the general drug development process.


Thus, the present invention relates to compounds as defined herein that feature Notch enhancing activity, which can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions that are responsive for Notch-regulation, such as cancer, skin diseases, muscle disorders, and immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in human and veterinary medicine.


The biological activity, e.g. the antiproliferative activity of the claimed compounds can be attributed to but may not be limited to Notch signaling enhancing activity. Thus, the present invention also relates to compounds as defined herein that feature antiproliferative activity, which can be used in the treatment of benign and malignant hyperproliferative disorders in human and veterinary medicine. In particular, the present invention relates to compounds as defined herein for the treatment of immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system, such as malignancies of the myeloid lineage, malignant and non-malignant disorders of the skin and mucosa, such as squamous and basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, and hyperproliferative disorders of the skin and mucosa, e.g. cornification disorders, malignant and non-malignant disorders of the muscle, including hyperproliferative disorders of the muscle, such as muscle hyperplasia and muscle hypertrophy, disorders of the neuroendocrine system, such as medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperproliferative disorders of the genitourinary tract, e.g. cervical cancer in human and veterinary medicine.


A first aspect of the present invention relates to compounds of formula I and salts and solvates thereof:




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wherein X is CH or N,


R1═C1-C12 preferably C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C12 preferably C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C12 preferably C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, C4-C12 bicycloalkyl, C6-C12 bicycloalkenyl, C5-C14 tricycloalkyl,


wherein all alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl residues can be linear or branched, and can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, bicycloalkenyl and tricycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, bicycloalkenyl and tricycloalkyl residues can be perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein R1 is preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, 3-pentyl, —CF3, —CF2CF3, —(CF2)2CF3, —(CF2)3CF3, —CH(CF3)2, —CF(CF3)2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, and 9-methylbicyclo [3.3.1]nonyl;


R2═H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl,


wherein all alkyl residues can be linear or branched, and can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: -F, —Cl, -Br, -I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all alkyl and cycloalkyl residues can be perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein R2 is preferably selected from H, methyl and ethyl.


In some embodiments, the following compounds shown in Table Ia are explicitly excluded from the scope of the invention:














TABLE Ia







Compound
R1
R2
X









I-A
tert-butyl
H
CH



I-B
tert-butyl
ethyl
CH



I-C
tert-pentyl
H
CH



I-D
tert-pentyl
ethyl
CH



I-E
cyclo-hexyl
H
CH



I-F
cyclo-hexyl
ethyl
CH



I-G
adamant-1-yl
H
CH



I-H
adamant-1-yl
ethyl
CH



I-I
methyl
H
N



I-J
methyl
ethyl
N



I-K
tert-butyl
H
N



I-L
tert-butyl
ethyl
N



I-M
tert-pentyl
H
N



I-N
tert-pentyl
ethyl
N



I-O
cyclo-hexyl
H
N



I-P
cyclo-hexyl
ethyl
N



I-Q
isopropyl
H
CH



I-R
phenyl
H
CH



I-S
methyl
H
CH



I-T
tert-butyl
methyl
N



I-U
methyl
methyl
N



I-V
methyl
methyl
CH



I-W
methyl
ethyl
CH



I-X
n-hexyl
H
CH



I-Y
n-octyl
H
CH



I-Z
n-dodecyl
H
CH



I-AA
iso-propyl
H
N










Compounds I-A to I-T of Table Ia are known in the art for certain applications in the field of medicine whereas to the best of the inventor's knowledge, compounds I-U to I-AA are not known for any use in medicine. Thus, the invention encompasses any medical use for compounds I-U to I-AA.


Specific examples of compounds falling under the scope of formula I are shown in Table Ib. The compounds in Table Ib are defined by their chemical structure, the indicated nomenclature is only for illustrative purposes.










TABLE Ib







X = CH, R2 = H








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  4(p-tolyloxy)benzoic acid

001







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  4-(4-ethylphenoxy)benzoic acid

002







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  4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoic acid

003







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  4-(4-butylphenoxy)benzoic acid

004







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  4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoic acid

005







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  4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoic acid

006







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  4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoic acid

007







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  4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

008







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  4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

009







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  4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

010







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  4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

011







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  4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

012







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  4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy) benzoic acid

013







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  4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid

014







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  4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)benzoic acid

015







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  4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)benzoic acid

016







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  4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)benzoic acid

017







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  4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)benzoic acid

018







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  4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoic acid

019







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  4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoic acid

020







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  4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoic acid

021







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  4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl) phenoxy)benzoic acid

022





X = CH, R2 = Me








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  methyl 4-(p-tolyloxy)benzoate

023







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  methyl 4-(4-ethylphenoxy)benzoate

024







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  methyl 4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoate

025







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  methyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)benzoate

026







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  methyl 4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoate

027







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  methyl 4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoate

028







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  methyl 4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoate

029







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  methyl 4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate

030







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  methyl 4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoate

031







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  methyl 4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzoate

032







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  methyl 4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoate

033







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  methyl 4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoate

034







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  methyl 4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoate

035







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  methyl 4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

036







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  methyl 4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoate

037







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  methyl 4-(4-(cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoate

038







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  methyl 4-(4-(cyclobutyl)phenoxy)benzoate

039







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  methyl 4-(4-(cyclopentyl)phenoxy)benzoate

040







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  methyl 4-(4-(cyclohexyl)phenoxy)benzoate

041







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  methyl 4-(4-(cycloheptyl)phenoxy)benzoate

042







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  methyl 4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

043







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  methyl 4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

044







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  methyl 4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

045







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  methyl 4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

046







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  methyl 4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

047





X = CH, R2 = Et








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  ethyl 4-(p-tolyoxy)benzoate

048







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  ethyl 4-(4-ethylphenoxy)benzoate

049







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  ethyl 4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoate

050







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  ethyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)benzoate

051







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  ethyl 4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoate

052







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  ethyl 4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoate

053







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  ethyl 4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoate

054







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  ethyl 4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoate

055







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  ethyl 4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzoate

056







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  ethyl 4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoate

057







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  ethyl 4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoate

058







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  ethyl 4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoate

059







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  ethyl 4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan- 2-yl)phenoxy)benzoate

060







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  ethyl 4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoate

061







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  ethyl 4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)benzoate

062







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  ethyl 4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)benzoate

063







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  ethyl 4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)benzoate

064







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  ethyl 4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)benzoate

065







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  ethyl 4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2yl) phenoxy)benzoate

066







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  ethyl 4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

067







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  ethyl 4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

068







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  ethyl 4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl) phenoxy)benzoate

069





X = N, R2 = H








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  6-(4-ethylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

070







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  6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

071







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  6-(4-butylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

072







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  6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

073







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  6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

074







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  6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

075







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  6-(4-(pentan-3-ylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

076







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  6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid

077







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  6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid

078







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  6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid

079







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  6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid

080







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  6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid

081







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  6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

082







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  6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

083







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  6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

084







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  6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)nicotinic acid

085







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  6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) phenoxy)nicotinic acid

086







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  6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl) phenoxy)nicotinic acid

087







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  6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl) phenoxy)nicotinic acid

088







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  6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl) phenoxy)nicotinic acid

089







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  6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl) phenoxy)nicotinic acid

090





X = N, R2 = Me








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  methyl 6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinate

091







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  methyl 6-(4-ethylphenoxy)nicotinate

092







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  methyl 6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinate

093







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  methyl 6-(4-butylphenoxy)nicotinate

094







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  methyl 6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinate

095







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  methyl 6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinate

096







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  methyl 6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinate

097







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  methyl 6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

099







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  methyl 6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

100







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  methyl 6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

101







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  methyl 6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

102







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  methyl 6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

103







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  methyl 6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

104







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  methyl 6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

105







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  methyl 6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

106







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  methyl 6-(4-cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

107







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  methyl 6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)nicotinate

108







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  methyl 6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)nicotinate

109







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  methyl 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinate

110







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  methyl 6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)nicotinate

111







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  methyl 6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

112







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  methyl 6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

113







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  methyl 6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

114







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  methyl 6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

115







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  methyl 6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

116





X = N, R2 = Et








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  ethyl 6-(4-ethylphenoxy)nicotinate

117







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  ethyl 6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinate

118







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  ethyl 6-(4-butylphenoxy)nicotinate

119







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  ethyl 6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinate

120







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  ethyl 6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinate

121







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  ethyl 6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinate

122







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  ethyl 6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

123







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  ethyl 6-(4-(perfluoroethylphenoxy)nicotinate

124







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  ethyl 6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

125







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  ethyl 6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

126







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  ethyl 6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

127







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  ethyl 6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

128







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  ethyl 6-(4-cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

129







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  ethyl 6-(4-cyclobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinate

130







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  ethyl 6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)nicotinate

131







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  ethyl 6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)nicotinate

132







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  ethyl 6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

133







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  ethyl 6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- 2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

134







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  ethyl 6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

135







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  ethyl 6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

136







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  ethyl 6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate

137









Also included are isomers, e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers or mixtures of isomers, salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of the compounds listed above.


A second aspect of the present invention relates to compounds of formula II and salts and solvates thereof:




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wherein X and R1 are defined as in formula I, including the preferred definition of R1,


R3═H, C1-C6 alkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein all alkyl residues can be linear or branched, and can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all alkyl and cycloalkyl residues can be perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein R3 is preferably H or methyl;


R4═H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OH or OC1-C6 alkyl,


wherein all alkyl residues can be linear or branched, and can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein all alkyl and cycloalkyl residues can be perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein R4 is preferably H, OH or methyl.


In especially preferred embodiments, R3 and R4 are in each case H; H and OH; H and —CH3; or in each case —CH3.


In some embodiments, the following compounds shown in Table IIa are explicitly excluded from the scope of the invention:













TABLE IIa





Compound
R1
R3
R4
X







II-A
tert-butyl
H
H
N


II-B
methyl
H
methyl
CH


II-C
methyl
methyl
methyl
CH









Compound II-A and II-B of Table IIa are known in the art for certain applications in the field of medicine whereas to the best of the inventor's knowledge, compound II-C is not known for any use in medicine. Thus, the invention encompasses any medical use for compound II-C.


Specific examples of compounds falling under the scope of formula II are shown in Table IIb. The compounds in Table IIb are defined by their chemical structure, the indicated nomenclature is only for illustrative purposes.










TABLE IIb







X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = H








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138





4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








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139





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)benzamide








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140





4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








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141





4-(4-butylphenoxy)benzamide








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142





4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








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143





4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzamide








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144





4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzamide








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145





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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146





4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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147





4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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148





4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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149





4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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150





4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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151





4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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152





4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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153





4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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160





4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = OH








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N-hydroxy-4-(p-tolyltoxy)benzamide








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165





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-butylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxybenzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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4-(4-((1r,3r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








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N-hydroxy-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = Me








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N-methyl-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








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190





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-butylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-4-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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202





N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylbenzamide








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204





N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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205





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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206





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylbenzamide








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4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylbenzamide








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212





4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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213





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








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214





N-methyl-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = Me, R4 = Me








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215





N,N-dimethyl-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








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216





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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217





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








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218





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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219





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








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220





4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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221





4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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222





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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223





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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224





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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225





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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226





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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227





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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228





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








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229





4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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230





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








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231





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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232





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-cyclopentylpheoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)pheoxy)-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








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4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)-phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








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N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = H








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241





6-(p-tolyloxy)nicolinamide








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242





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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243





6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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244





6-(4-butylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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249





6-(4-pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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252





6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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253





6-(4-(perfluorobutylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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254





6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








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255





(6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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256





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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257





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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258





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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259





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)nictinamide








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6-(4-((1s,4)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = OH








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N-hydroxy-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-butylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxynicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N-hyeroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








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N-hydroxy-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = Me








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N-methyl-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








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292





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N-mtehylnicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-butylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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296





6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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297





6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-mtehyl-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylnicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N-mtehylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-N-mtehylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



methylnicotinamide








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N-methyl-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-



9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = Me, R4 = Me








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








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317





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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318





N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-butylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnictinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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327





N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








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6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








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6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








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N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide









Also included are isomers, e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers or rotamers or mixtures of isomers, salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of the compounds listed above.


A third aspect of the present invention relates to compounds of formula III and salts and solvates thereof:




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wherein X, R1 and R2 are defined as in formula I, including the preferred definitions of R1 and R2.


In some embodiments, the following compounds shown in Table IIIa are explicitly excluded from the scope of the invention:














TABLE IIIa







Compound
R1
R2
X









III-A
tert-butyl
H
CH



III-B
tert-butyl
ethyl
CH



III-C
phenyl
H
CH










Specific examples of compounds falling under the scope of formula III are shown in Table IIIb. The compounds in Table IIIb are defined by their chemical structure, the indicated nomenclature is only for illustrative purposes.










TABLE IIIb







X = CH, R2 = H








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3-fluoro-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzoic acid








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342





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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343





3-fluoro-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoic acid








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344





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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345





3-fluoro-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoic acid








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346





3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoic acid








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347





3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoic acid








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348





3-fluoro-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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349





3-fluoro-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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350





3-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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351





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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352





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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353





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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354





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








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355





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid








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356





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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357





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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358





4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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359





4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoic acid








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4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoic acid








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4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid








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364





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic



acid








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3-fluoro-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid






X = CH, R2 = Me








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methyl 3-fluoro-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzoate








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367





methyl 4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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368





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoate








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369





methyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoate








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371





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoate








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methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoate








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373





methyl 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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374





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate








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methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoate








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methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)



benzoate








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377





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoate








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378





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoate








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379





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoate








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380





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)benzoate








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381





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



benzoate








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382





methyl 4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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383





methyl 4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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384





methyl 4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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385





methyl 4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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386





methyl 4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








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387





methyl 4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoate








embedded image


388





methyl 4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


389





methyl 4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-



3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


390





methyl 4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


391





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzoate






X = CH, R2 = Et








embedded image


392





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzoate








embedded image


393





ethyl 4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


394





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


395





ethyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


396





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


397





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


398





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


399





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


400





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


401





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


402





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


403





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


404





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


405





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


406





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



benzoate








embedded image


407





ethyl 4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


408





ethyl 4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


409





ethyl 4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


410





ethyl 4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


411





ethyl 4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate








embedded image


412





ethyl 4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoate








embedded image


413





ethyl 4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoate








embedded image


414





ethyl 4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoate








embedded image


415





ethyl 4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzoate








embedded image


416





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbiccyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzoate






X = N, R2 = H








embedded image


417





5-fluoro-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


418





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


419





5-fluoro-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


420





6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


421





5-fluoro-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


422





5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


423





5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


424





6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


425





5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


426





5-fluoro-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


427





5-fluoro-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinic



acid








embedded image


428





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


429





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


430





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


431





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinic acid








embedded image


432





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinic



acid








embedded image


433





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


434





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


435





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


436





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


437





6-(4-cylcloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


438





6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


439





6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinic acid








embedded image


440





6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic



acid








embedded image


441





6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinic



acid








embedded image


442





5-fluoro-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid






X = N, R2 = Me








embedded image


443





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinate








embedded image


444





methyl 6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


445





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


446





methyl 6-(4-butylphenoxy)5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


447





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


448





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


449





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


450





methyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


451





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


452





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


453





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


454





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


455





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


456





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


457





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


458





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinate








embedded image


459





methyl 6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


460





methyl 6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


461





methyl 6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


462





methyl 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


463





methyl 6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


464





methyl 6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


465





methyl 6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


466





methyl 6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinate








embedded image


467





methyl 6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronictinate








embedded image


468





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-



9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate






X = N, R2 = Et








embedded image


469





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinate








embedded image


470





ethyl 6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


471





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


472





ethyl 6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


473





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


474





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


475





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


476





ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


477





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


478





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


479





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


480





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


481





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


482





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


483





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


484





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinate








embedded image


485





ethyl 6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoronictinate








embedded image


486





ethyl 6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


487





ethyl 6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


488





ethyl 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


489





ethyl 6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinate








embedded image


490





ethyl 6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinate








embedded image


491





ethyl 6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinate








embedded image


492





ethyl 6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinate








embedded image


493





ethyl 6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinate








embedded image


494





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinate









Also included are isomers, e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers or mixtures of isomers, salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of the compounds listed above.


A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to compounds of formula IV and salts and solvates thereof:




embedded image


wherein X and R1 are defined as in formula I, including the preferred definition of R1,


and R3 and R4 are defined as in formula II, including the preferred definitions of R3 and R4.


Specific examples of compounds falling under the scope of formula IV are shown in Table IV. The compounds in Table IV are defined by their chemical structure, the indicated nomenclature is only for illustrative purposes.










TABLE IV







X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = H








embedded image


495





3-fluoro-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








embedded image


496





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


497





3-fluoro-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


498





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


499





3-fluoro-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


500





3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


501





3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


502





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


503





3-fluoro-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


504





3-fluoro-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


505





3-fluoro-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


506





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


507





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


508





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


509





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


510





3-fluoro-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


511





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


512





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


513





4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


514





4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


515





4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


516





4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


517





4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-



fluorobenzamide








embedded image


518





4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide








embedded image


519





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenz-



amide








embedded image


520





3-fluoro-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = OH








embedded image


521





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








embedded image


522





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


523





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


524





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


525





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


526





3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


527





3-fluooro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


528





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


529





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


530





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


531





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


532





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


533





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


534





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


535





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


536





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


537





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


538





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


539





4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


540





4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


541





4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


542





4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


543





4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


544





4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


545





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


546





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = H, R4 = Me








embedded image


547





3-fluoro-N-mtehyl-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








embedded image


548





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


549





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


550





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


551





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


552





3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


553





3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


554





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenxoy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


555





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


556





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


557





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


558





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


559





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


560





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


561





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)



phenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


562





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


563





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


564





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


565





4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


566





4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


567





4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


568





4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-



methylbenzamide








embedded image


569





4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-



methylbenzamide








embedded image


570





4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-



methylbenzamide








embedded image


571





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-



methylbenzamide








embedded image


572





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = CH, R3 = Me, R4 = Me








embedded image


573





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(p-tolyloxy)benzamide








embedded image


574





4-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


575





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-propylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


576





4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


577





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


578





3-fluoro-4-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


579





3-fluoro-4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl-



benzamide








embedded image


580





4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



benzamide








embedded image


581





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


582





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


583





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


584





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


585





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)



benzamide








embedded image


586





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


587





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


588





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


589





4-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



benzamide








embedded image


590





4-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



benzamide








embedded image


591





4-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



benzamide








embedded image


592





4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


593





4-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


594





4-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy-3-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


595





4-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


596





4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


597





4-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


598





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)benzamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = H








embedded image


599





5-fluoro-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


600





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


601





5-fluoro-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


602





6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


603





5-fluoro-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


604





5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


605





5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nictinamide








embedded image


606





6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


607





5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


608





5-fluoro-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


609





5-fluoro-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


610





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamdie








embedded image


611





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


612





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


613





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


614





5-fluoro-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


615





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


616





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


617





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


618





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


619





6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


620





6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-



fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


621





6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


622





6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoronicotinamide








embedded image


623





6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-



nicotinamide








embedded image


624





5-fluoro-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methybicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = OH








embedded image


625





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


626





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


627





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


628





6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


629





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


630





5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


631





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


632





6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


633







embedded image


634





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


635





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


636





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


637





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


638





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


639





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-N-



hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


640





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


641





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-



nicotinamide








embedded image


642





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


643





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


644





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


645





6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


646





6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


647





6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


648





6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-



N-hydroxynictinamide








embedded image


649





6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


650





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = H, R4 = Me








embedded image


651





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


652





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-mtehylnictinamide








embedded image


653





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


654





6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnictinamide








embedded image


655





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotnamide








embedded image


656





5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


657





5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


658





6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


659





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


660





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


661





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


662





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


663





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


664





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


665





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)



phenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


666





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


667





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


668





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


669





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


670





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


671





6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-methylnicotinamide








embedded image


672





6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-



methylnicotinamide








embedded image


673





6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-



methylnictinamide








embedded image


674





6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-



methylnicotinamide








embedded image


675





6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-



methylnicotinamide








embedded image


676





5-fluoro-N-methyl-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide






X = N, R3 = Me, R4 = Me








embedded image


677





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


678





6-(4-ethylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


679





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


680





6-(4-butylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


681





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-pentylphenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


682





5-fluoro-6-(4-hexylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


683





5-fluoro-6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


684





6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


685





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


686





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(pentan-3-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


687





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


688





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoroethyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


689





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropyl)phenoxy)



nicotinamide








embedded image


690





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluorobutyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


691





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


692





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-



yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


693





6-(4-cyclopropylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



nicotinamide








embedded image


694





6-(4-cyclobutylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



nicotinamide








embedded image


695





6-(4-cyclopentylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-



nicotinamide








embedded image


696





6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


697





6-(4-cycloheptylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


698





6-(4-((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


699





6-(4-((1s,4s)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


700





6-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


701





6-(4-((1r,3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-2-yl)phenoxy)-5-fluoro-N,N-



dimethylnictinamide








embedded image


702





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-((1R,5S)-9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]



nonan-9-yl)phenoxy)nicotinamide









Also included are isomers, e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers or rotamers or mixtures of isomers, salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of the compounds listed above.


A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to compounds of formula V and salts and solvates thereof:




embedded image


wherein n=0-5, which comprises cyclopropyl (n=0), cyclobutyl (n=1), cyclopentyl (n=2), cyclohexyl (n=3), cycloheptyl (n=4) and cyclooctyl (n=5),


wherein the said cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein the said cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups can be perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein n is preferably 0 as constituting cyclopropyl, particularly as constituting cyclopropyl being unsubstituted;


R5=C1-C12 preferably C1-C 6 alkyl, C2-C12 preferably C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C12 preferably C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl,


wherein all alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl residues can be linear or branched, and are perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated,


and wherein all cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl residues are perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


or wherein all alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl residues can be linear or branched, and can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


and wherein all cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein R5 is preferably —CF3 or —CF2CF3;


R6-R9 are independently from each other selected from —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl, linear or branched C2-C4 alkenyl, C2-C4 alkynyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, and wherein all alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


wherein R6-R8 each are preferably H, and R9 is preferably —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH3;


Y=a six-membered aromatic ring selected from benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine or pyrazine;


wherein the benzene ring is not substituted, or it is substituted with one to four of the substituents independently selected from R10-R13,


and wherein the pyridine ring is not substituted, or it is substituted at the carbon positions with one to three of the substituents independently selected from R10-R12, and wherein preferably the N-atom of the pyridine ring is in ortho-position relative to the ether bond, and wherein the pyrimidine ring is not substituted, or it is substituted at the carbon positions with one or two of the substituents independently selected from R10-R11, and wherein preferably an N-atom of the pyrimidine ring is in ortho-position relative to the ether bond,


and wherein the pyridazine ring is not substituted, or it is substituted at the carbon positions with one or two of the substituents independently selected from R10-R11, and wherein preferably an N-atom of the pyridazine ring is in ortho-position relative to the ether bond,


and wherein the pyrazine ring is not substituted, or it is substituted at the carbon positions with one or two of the substituents independently selected from R10-R11, and wherein preferably an N-atom of the pyrazine ring is in ortho-position relative to the ether bond,


wherein preferably Y=benzene or pyridine being not substituted with any of the residues selected from R10-R13, or being substituted with one of the substituents selected from R10-R13 being F at the carbon atom in ortho-position relative to the ether bond;


R10-R13 are independently from each other selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl, linear or branched C2-C4 alkenyl, C2-C4 alkynyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, and wherein all alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated;


Z═O or S, and preferably Z═O;


R14═OR2 or NR3R4


wherein R2 is defined as in formula I including the preferred definition of R2 as H, methyl or ethyl;


wherein R3 and R4 are defined as in formula II, including the preferred definitions of R3 as H or —CH3 and R4 as H, OH or —CH3;


In a particularly preferred embodiment of the compounds of formula V, the present invention relates to compounds of formula Va and salts and solvates thereof:




embedded image


wherein n is defined as in formula V, including the preferred definition of n being n=0 as constituting cyclopropyl, particularly as constituting cyclopropyl being unsubstituted,


wherein Z is defined as in formula V, including the preferred definition of Z as Z═O,


wherein R5 is defined as in formula V, including all preferred definitions of R5,


R6-R9 are defined as in formula V, including all preferred definitions of R6-R9,


wherein R14 is defined as in formula V,


wherein X is N or CR13,


and wherein R10-R13 are independently from each other selected from —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl, linear or branched C2-C4 alkenyl, C2-C4 alkynyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, and wherein all alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl residues can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents in particular independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I; and C1-C3 alkyl such as —CH3 optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated such as —CF3; and OC1-C3 alkyl optionally halogenated or perhalogenated, particularly perfluorinated.


Specific examples of compounds falling under the scope of formula V are shown in Table V. The compounds in Table V are defined by their chemical structure, the indicated nomenclature is only for illustrative purposes.










TABLE V









embedded image


703





4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


704





4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


705





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


706





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


707





4-(2-methyl-4-(1-trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


708





4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


709





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


710





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


711





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



benzoic acid








embedded image


712





methyl 4-(4-(1-trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


713





methyl 4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


714





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


715





methyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


716





methyl 4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


717





methyl 4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


718





methyl 4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


719





methyl 4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


720





methyl 4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


721





ethyl 4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


722





ethyl 4-(4-(1-perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



pheoxy)benzoate








embedded image


723





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


724





ethyl 3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


725





ethyl 4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


726





ethyl 4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


727





ethyl 4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benozate








embedded image


728





ethyl 4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


729





ethyl 4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzoate








embedded image


730





6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


731





6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


732





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


733





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


734





6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


735





6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


736





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


737





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


738





6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)



phenoxy)nicotinic acid








embedded image


739





methyl 6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


740





methyl 6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


741





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


742





methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


743





methyl 6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


744





methyl 6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


745





methyl 6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


746


methyl 6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


747





methyl 6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


748





ethyl 6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


749





ethyl 6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


750





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


751





ethyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


752





ethyl 6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


753





ethyl 6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


754





ethyl 6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


755





ethyl 6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


756





ethyl 6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinate








embedded image


757





4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


758





4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


759





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


760





3-fluoro-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


761





4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


762





4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


763





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


764





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


765





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


766





N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


767





N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


768





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


769





3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


770





N-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


771





N-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


772





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


773





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


774





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxybenzamide








embedded image


775





N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


776





N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


777





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


778





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


779





N-methyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


780





N-methyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


781





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


782





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


783





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


784





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


785





N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


786





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


787





3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


788





N,N-dimethyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclo-



propyl)phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


789





N,N-dimethyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


790





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


791





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


792





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylbenzamide








embedded image


793





6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


794





6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


795





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


796





5-fluoro-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


797





6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


798





6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


799





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


800





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


801





6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


802





N-hydroxy-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


803





N-hydroxy-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


804





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


805





5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


806





N-hydroxy-6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoroemthyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


807





N-hydroxy-6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


808





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


809





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


810





6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-hydroxynicotinamide








embedded image


811





N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image

812







N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


813





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


814





3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


815





N-methyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


816





N-methyl-4-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)benzamide








embedded image


817





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


818





4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


819





4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N-methylbenzamide








embedded image


820





N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


821





N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


822





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


823





5-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


824





N,N-dimethyl-6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


825





N,N-dimethyl-6-(2-methyl-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)



phenoxy)nicotinamide








embedded image


826





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


827





6-(2-fluoro-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylnicotinamide








embedded image


828





6-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-



N,N-dimethylnicotinamide









Also included are isomers, e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers or rotamers or mixtures of isomers, salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and solvates of the compounds listed above.


Further Definitions:


The term “C1-C12 alkyl” comprises all isomers of the corresponding saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups containing one to twelve carbon atoms; this includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methylbut-2-yl, 3-methylbut-2-yl, all hexyl-isomers, all heptyl-isomers, all octyl-isomers, all nonyl-isomers, all decyl-isomers, all undecyl-isomers and all dodecyl-isomers. The term “C2-C12 alkenyl” comprises all isomers of the corresponding unsaturated olefinic hydrocarbon groups containing two to twelve carbon atoms linked by one or more double bonds; this includes vinyl, all propenyl-isomers, all butenyl-isomers, all pentenyl-isomers, all hexenyl-isomers, all heptenyl-isomers, all octenyl-isomers, all nonenyl-isomers, all decenyl-isomers, all undecenyl-isomers and all dodecenyl-isomers.


The term “C2-C12 alkynyl” comprises all isomers of the corresponding unsaturated olefinic hydrocarbon groups containing two to twelve carbon atoms linked by one or more triple bonds; this includes ethynyl, all propynyl-isomers, all butynyl-isomers, all pentynyl-isomers, all hexynyl-isomers, all heptynyl-isomers, all octynyl-isomers, all nonynyl-isomers, all decynyl-isomers, all undecynyl-isomers and all dodecynyl-isomers. The term “alkynyl” also includes compounds having one or more triple bonds and one or more double bonds.


The term “C3-C8 cycloalkyl” comprises the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon groups containing three to eight carbon atoms arranged in a monocyclic ring structure; this includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl.


The term “C3-C8 cycloalkenyl” comprises the corresponding unsaturated non-aromatic, anti-aromatic or aromatic hydrocarbon groups containing three to eight carbon atoms arranged in a monocyclic ring structure and linked by one or more double bonds; this includes cyclopropenyl, all cyclobutenyl-isomers, all cyclopentenyl-isomers, all cyclohexenyl-isomers, all cycloheptenyl-isomers, all cyclooctenyl-isomers.


The term “C4-C12 bicycloalkyl” comprises the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon groups containing four to twelve carbon atoms arranged in a bicyclic ring structure;


The term “C6-C12 bicycloalkenyl” comprises the corresponding unsaturated hydrocarbon groups containing six to twelve carbon atoms arranged in a bicyclic ring structure and linked by one or more double bonds;


The term “C5-C14 tricycloalkyl” comprises the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon groups containing five to fourteen carbon atoms arranged in a tricyclic ring structure;


The term “perhalogenated” relates to the exhaustive halogenation of the carbon scaffold; according residues comprise the corresponding perfluorinated, perchlorinated, perbrominated and periodinated groups. Preferably, the term “perhalogenated” relates to perfluorinated or perchlorinated groups, more preferably to perfluorinated groups.


The following contains definitions of terms used in this specification, The initial definition provided for a group or term herein applies to that group or term throughout the present specification, individually or as part of another group, unless otherwise indicated.


The compounds of the present invention may form salts, which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of the invention herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. Zwitterions (internal or inner salts) are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein (and may be formed, for example, where the substituents comprise an acid moiety such as a carboxyl group). Also included herein are quaternary ammonium salts such as alkylammonium salts. Salts of the compounds may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.


Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.


Exemplary basic salts (formed, for example, where the substituents comprise an acidic moiety such as a carboxyl group) include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines, N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glucamides, tert-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. The basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.


The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.


The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 1977, 66 (2), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.


Furthermore, in the case of the compounds of the invention which contain an asymmetric carbon atom, the invention relates to the D form, the L form and D,L mixtures and also, where more than one asymmetric carbon atom is present, to the diastereomeric forms. Those compounds of the invention which contain asymmetric carbon atoms, and which as a rule accrue as racemates, can be separated into the optically active isomers in a known manner, for example using an optically active acid. However, it is also possible to use an optically active starting substance from the outset, with a corresponding optically active or diastereomeric compound then being obtained as the end product.


Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Example prototropic tautomers include ketone-enol pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, lactam-lactim pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, enamine-imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.


The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.


Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.


Also included are solvates and hydrates of the compounds of the invention and solvates and hydrates of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.


The term “compound” as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, rotamers, and isotopes of the structures depicted, unless otherwise indicated.


In some embodiments, the compound can be provided as a prodrug. The term “prodrug”, as employed herein, denotes a compound, which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the invention, or a salt and/or solvate thereof.


In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention, and salts thereof, are substantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is at least partially or substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compound of the invention. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compound of the invention, or salt thereof.


Pharmaceutical Methods


The compounds according to the invention have been found to have pharmacologically important properties, which can be used therapeutically. The compounds of the invention can be used alone, in combination with each other or in combination with other active compounds.


In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention may be enhancers of Notch signalling.


The communication between cells via Notch signaling (reviewed in Kopan et al., Cell 2009, 137, 216-233; Bray, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2016, 17, 722-735) is in the first step mediated by two types of transmembrane proteins: The Notch receptors being distributed within the cell membrane of the signal-receiving cell and the Notch ligands covering the membrane of the signal-sending cell. Mechanistically, Notch signaling is activated by receptor-ligand interaction, which leads to the proteolytic release of the intra cellular domain (NICD) of the membrane bound Notch receptor into the inside of the signal receiving cell. Subsequent translocation of NICD into the nucleus in turn leads to the transcriptional activation of certain and cell type specific genes. The Notch-mediated alteration of the previous gene-expression program of a cell is manifested in according cellular changes, which represent the response of the cell to a Notch signal.


The activation level of Notch signaling can be quantified in vitro most reliably by measuring the expression levels of Notch specific target genes. This can be accomplished by the quantification of corresponding mRNA or protein of a particular Notch target gene. Alternatively, cells can be genetically modified to carry a luciferase gene as an artificial Notch target gene, which is expressed in dependence of Notch activity. In this setting, Notch signaling levels can be quantified by measuring the luciferase-derived bioluminescence values.


An according Notch-reporter assay, i.e. a luciferase-based luminescence readout, was used here to quantify the ability of the claimed small molecules to augment Notch signaling in a cellular system. For this purpose, HeLa cells, obtainable from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under the accession number ATCC-CCL-2, were transiently transfected for 24 hours using FuGENE® HD (Promega, #E2311) as transfection reagent with expression vectors of a membrane-tethered form of the constitutively active intracellular domain of the human Notch1 receptor (hNotch1ΔE) to activate the signaling cascade (BPS Bioscience, human analogue to Notch Pathway Reporter Kit #60509 component C), a Firefly luciferase being expressed under the control of a Notch-responsive promoter to monitor Notch signaling (BPS Bioscience, Notch Pathway Reporter Kit #60509, CSL luciferase reporter vector from component A not premixed with Renilla luciferase vector), and a Renilla luciferase being constitutively expressed in a Notch signaling independent manner to include a measure for the cell number per sample (Promega, pRL-SV40, #E2231). HeLa cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in DMEM medium (Fisherscientific, #11584456) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589). The transfection was carried out in a 100 mm-culture dish (StarLab, #CC7682-3394) with cells being properly attached to the plate at a cell confluency of 80-90% in a total volume of 7 mL culture medium. Per dish to be transfected, a transfection mix was prepared by adding to 238 μL Opti-MEM (Fisherscientific, #10149832) 40 μL of the hNotch1ΔE expression vector (100 ng/μL), 80 μL of the CSL luciferase reporter vector (40 ng/μL), 4 μL of the pRL-SV40-Renilla luciferase vector (10 ng/μL), and in the last step 18.1 μL of FuGENE® HD. After addition of FuGENE® HD the transfection mix was let stand for 15 min at room temperature and hereafter equally distributed into the culture dish. Subsequently, i.e. after 24 hours of transfection, the transfected cells (10.000 cells per well) were incubated with the test-compounds at a final concentration of 10 μM (diluted from 10 mM stock-solutions in DMSO to a final DMSO concentration of 0.1% v/v) or with the empty carrier DMSO at 0.1% v/v as control for 20 hours in 96-well plates suitable for luminescence readouts (CORNING, #3610). Hereafter, the cells were lysed with 30 μL per well of Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega, #E194A, component of Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System, #E1910) and the Firefly as well as Renilla luciferase values were measured with a luminescence reader with applying 15 μL per well each of the corresponding enzyme substrates needed to create the luminescence signals (Promega, Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System, #E1910).


The suitability of the assays for monitoring Notch signaling was controlled by additionally including a generally accepted commercial Notch inhibitor, i.e. DAPT, as negative control, as well as the reported Notch enhancer resveratrol (RES) as positive control (Pinchot et al., Cancer 2011, 117, 1386-1398; Truong et al., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2011, 18, 1506-1511; Yu et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2013, 12, 1276-1287). Both control compounds were likewise tested at 10 μM.


Per single experiment the measurement was performed in six replicates per compound. For every compound, this experiment was repeated in three or more independent replicates. The values of the Notch-reporter luciferase were normalized by division through the corresponding individual Notch-independent Renilla values in order to eliminate the impact of variation in the absolute cell-numbers in between the samples. For every individual plate, a second normalization was performed against the equally weighted arithmetic mean (here abbreviated as AVE) of the six associated Renilla-normalized DMSO-control values within a single experiment in order to obtain the relative values to a baseline level of 1.0. Two independent outlier analyses were performed according to the methods by Peirce and Chauvenet (Ross, Journal of Engineering Technology 2003, 1-12). Outliers confirmed by at least one of the methods were excluded from the calculations but not more than one value out of six per compound within a single experiment. The weighted arithmetic mean (here abbreviated as AVEw) for each compound was calculated from the double-normalized values over all independent replicates of the single experiments comprising the six replicates each. The corresponding standard deviation for the weighted arithmetic mean was calculated according to the method described by Bronstein et al. (Bronstein, Semendjajew, Musiol, Mühlig, Taschenbuch der Mathematik, 5th edition 2001 (German), publisher: Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main and Thun) and was combined with the Gauβ′ error propagation associated with the performed calculation for the normalization. The resulting standard deviation is herein referred to as “combined standard deviation”.


A compound is considered as a Notch augmenting molecule, i.e. an enhancer of Notch signaling, if the weighted arithmetic mean of the luminescence values after subtraction of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 1.1 or higher, in particular to 1.2 or higher, 1.3 or higher, 1.4 or higher, 1.5 or higher, 1.7 or higher, and 2.0 or higher relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all double-normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling under the scope of the five compound families herein defined in formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V have been identified as enhancers of Notch signaling. The so far identified Notch enhancers relate to the compounds listed in Table VI. The entries of Table VI are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic mean of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE VI







Notch reporter assay












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















AVEw ≥ 2.0
1
030





2
186





3
322




1.7 ≤ AVEw < 2.0
4
003





5
005





6
027





7
043





8
045





9
051





10
114





11
272





12
284





13
288





14
318




1.4 ≤ AVEw < 1.7
15
004





16
026





17
041





18
050





19
052





20
067





21
071





22
072





23
073





24
075





25
117





26
120





27
134





28
216





29
266





30
269





31
291





32
297





33
317





34
336





35
337





36
385





37
394





38
395





39
410





40
544





41
820




1.5 ± 0.0
42
RES
Positive control



1.3 ≤ AVEw < 1.4
43
044





44
066





45
122





46
168





47
182





48
184





49
268





50
286





51
292





52
319





53
334





54
344




1.2 ≤ AVEw < 1.3
55
007





56
019





57
025





58
091





59
092





60
133





61
166





62
195





63
217





64
222





65
241





66
242





67
247





68
273





69
275





70
316





71
325





72
363





73
396





74
784




1.1 ≤ AVEw < 1.2
75
086





76
118





77
159





78
170





79
171





80
189





81
215





82
221





83
234





84
267





85
287





86
300





87
323





88
343





89
374





90
399





91
451





92
644





93
703





94
712





95
721





96
730




1.0 ± 0.0
97
DMSO
Baseline control



0.1 ± 0.0
98
DAPT
Negative control










Several other molecules have not been identified as enhancers of Notch signaling according to the above method.


In the course of the evaluation of molecules falling under formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V in further cellular assays, results indicate that compounds of said molecule families exhibit growth inhibiting properties in hyperproliferative processes. In some cases, the growth inhibiting properties correlate with Notch enhancing properties, in other cases the growth inhibiting properties do not correlate with Notch enhancing properties.


The biological activity of the claimed compounds can be attributed to but may not be limited to Notch signaling enhancing activity. The secondary mechanisms of the claimed compounds leading to antiproliferative effects can be used alternatively or in combination with the Notch enhancing properties in medicinal treatments, preferably in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders including cancer and non-malignant hyperproliferative disorders.


The antiproliferative activities of compounds falling under formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V were investigated on cells or cell lines originating from a disorder of the myeloid cell compartment, the neuroendocrine system, the cervix, and the mucosal epithelium, as well as from the skin epithelium. To this end, HL-60 cells, TT cells, HeLa cells, CAL-27 cells and human primary epidermal keratinocytes (HPEK) were seeded into 96-well plates suitable for fluorescence assays (CORNING #3598) at following initial cell numbers: 1000 cells per well for HL-60; 9000 cells per well for TT; 2000 cells per well for HeLa, 2000 cells per well for CAL-27, 2000 cells per well for HPEK. The cells were treated with compounds at indicated final concentrations (diluted from the 1000×stock-solutions in DMSO to a final DMSO concentration of 0.1% v/v) or with the empty carrier DMSO at 0.1% v/v as control for 5 days. At day 5 after starting the treatments the cells were subjected to the alamarBlue® Proliferation Assay (Bio-Rad Serotec GmbH, BUF012B) according to the protocol of the manufacturer. The readout was taken with a multi-well plate-reader in the fluorescence mode with applying a filter for excitation at 560 nm (band width 10 nm) and for emission at 590 nm (band width 10 nm). Resveratrol (RES) treatment was included as control for growth inhibition.


The assays were performed in duplicate or more replicates of independent single experiments each containing a six-fold replicate for every condition. For every individual plate, the measured fluorescence intensity values of the conditions with compound treatment were normalized against the corresponding equally weighted arithmetic mean of the fluorescence intensity values of the six DMSO treated control wells in order to obtain the relative values to a baseline level of 1.0. The statistical calculations were performed in analogy to the luciferase assay as described above. To this end, two independent outlier analyses were performed according to the methods by Peirce and Chauvenet (Ross, Journal of Engineering Technology 2003, 1-12). Outliers confirmed by at least one of the methods were excluded from the calculations but not more than one value out of six per compound within a single experiment. The weighted arithmetic mean AVEw for each compound was calculated from the normalized values over all independent replicates of the single experiments comprising the six replicates each. The corresponding standard deviation for the weighted arithmetic mean was calculated according to the method described by Bronstein et al. (Bronstein, Semendjajew, Musiol, Mühlig, Taschenbuch der Mathematik, 5th edition 2001 (German), publisher: Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main and Thun) and was combined with the Gauβ′ error propagation associated with the performed calculation for the normalization. The resulting standard deviation is herein referred to as “combined standard deviation”.


In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention may be growth inhibitors in hyperproliferative processes, including malignant and non-malignant hyperproliferative processes.


In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells (human acute myeloid leukemia cells) obtainable from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the accession number ACC 3. HL-60 cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in RPMI 1640 medium (Fisherscientific, #11554526) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of HL-60 cells, if—at a reference concentration of 20 μM—the weighted arithmetic mean of the normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling under the scope of the five compound families herein defined in formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V have been identified as growth inhibitors of HL-60 cells. The so far identified HL-60 growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table VII. The entries of Table VII are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE VII







Proliferation assay with HL-60 cells at 20 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.8 < AVEw ≤ 0.9
2
002





3
030





4
054





5
072





6
073





7
075





8
087





9
092





10
165





11
245





12
248





13
298





14
300





15
316





16
317





17
325





18
337





19
374





20
385





21
395





22
399





23
427





24
477





25
592





26
712





27
723





28
731





29
738





30
739





31
740





32
792





33
793





34
811





35
812





36
819




0.7 < AVEw ≤ 0.8
37
041





38
134





39
215





40
223





41
322





42
410





43
440





44
488





45
581





46
674





47
685





48
756





49
785





50
786





51
822




0.6 < AVEw ≤ 0.7
52
067





53
217





54
222





55
334





56
336





57
414





58
492





59
700





60
821





61
828




0.4 < AVEw ≤ 0.6
62
043





63
044





64
045





65
066





66
133





67
159





68
164





69
167





70
218





71
221





72
236





73
238





74
313





75
318





76
319





77
320





78
323





79
389





80
721





81
722





82
729





83
784





84
820




0.4 ± 0.0
85
RES 20 μM
Control



0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
86
161





87
210





88
211





89
237





90
596




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
91
166





92
168





93
170





94
171





95
182





96
184





97
185





98
186





99
216





100
266





101
267





102
268





103
269





104
270





105
272





106
273





107
275





108
284





109
286





110
287





111
288





112
529





113
540





114
544





115
633





116
644





117
648





118
766





119
767





120
768





121
774





122
802





123
803





124
804





125
810










In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of CAL-27 cells (human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells) obtainable from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the accession number ACC 446. CAL-27 cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider (but at 5% instead of 10% CO2) in DMEM medium (Fisherscientific, #11584456) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of CAL-27 cells, if—at a reference concentration of 20 μM—the weighted arithmetic mean of the normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling so far under the scope of the three compound families herein defined in formula II, formula IV and formula V have been identified as growth inhibitors of CAL-27 cells. The so far identified CAL-27 growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table VIIIa and VIIIb. The entries of Table VIIIa and VIIIb are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE VIIIa







Proliferation assay with CAL-27 cells at 20 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.9 ± 0.0
2
RES 20 μM
Control



0.8 < AVEw ≤ 0.9
3
236





4
300





5
596





6
820





7
822




0.7 < AVEw ≤ 0.8
8
164





9
210





10
313





11
774




0.6 < AVEw ≤ 0.7
12
167





13
238




0.4 < AVEw ≤ 0.6
14
211





15
237





16
266




0.4 ± 0.0
17
RES 40 μM
Control



0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
18
166





19
170





20
182





21
267





22
287





23
288





24
768




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
25
168





26
171





27
184





28
185





29
186





30
268





31
269





32
270





33
272





34
273





35
275





36
284





37
286





38
529





39
540





40
544





41
633





42
644





43
648





44
766





45
767





46
802





47
803





48
804





49
810

















TABLE VIIIb







Proliferation assay with CAL-27 cells at 40 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.9 ± 0.0
2
RES 20 μM
Control



0.8 < AVEw ≤ 0.9
3
300





4
334




0.7 < AVEw ≤ 0.8
5
722




0.6 < AVEw ≤ 0.7
6
159




0.5 ± 0.0
7
RES 40 μM
Control



0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
8
161





9
237





10
729





11
768




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
12
166





13
167





14
210





15
272





16
287










In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of TT cells (human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells) obtainable from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under the accession number ATCC-CRL-1803. TT cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in F-12K medium (Fisherscientific, #11580556, or ATCC, #ATCC-30-2004) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of TT cells, if—at a reference concentration of 40 μM—the weighted arithmetic mean of the normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling so far under the scope of the three compound families herein defined in formula II, formula IV and formula V have been identified as growth inhibitors of TT cells. The so far identified TT growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table IX. The entries of Table IX are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE IX







Proliferation assay with TT cells at 40 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.9 ± 0.0
2
RES 20 μM
Control



0.8 < AVEw ≤ 0.9
3
159





4
309





5
334




0.8 ± 0.0
6
RES 40 μM
Control



0.7 < AVEw ≤ 0.8
7
748




0.6 < AVEw ≤ 0.7
8
210




0.4 < AVEw ≤ 0.6
9
161





10
237




0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
11
166





12
167





13
171





14
182





15
186





16
287





17
540





18
544





19
644





20
729




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
21
272





22
284





23
288





24
768










In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of HeLa cells (human cervical adenocarcinoma cells) obtainable from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under the accession number ATCC-CCL-2. HeLa cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in DMEM medium (Fisherscientific, #11584456) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of HeLa cells, if—at a reference concentration of 40 μM—the weighted arithmetic mean of the normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling so far under the scope of the compound family herein defined in formula II have been identified as growth inhibitors of HeLa cells. The so far identified HeLa growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table X. The entries of Table X are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE X







Proliferation assay with HeLa cells at 40 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification







1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.9 ± 0.0
2
RES 20 μM
Control



0.4 < AVEw ≤ 0.6
3
166




0.4 ± 0.0
4
RES 40 μM
Control



0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
5
167





6
287




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
7
272










In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of human epidermal keratinocyte progenitors, (HPEKp, pooled), obtainable from CELLnTEC Advanced Cell Systems AG under the accession number HPEKp. HPEKp cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in CnT-Prime epithelial culture medium (CELLnTEC, #CnT-PR, a fully defined, low calcium formulation, completely free of animal or human-derived components) without addition of further components.


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of HPEKp cells, if—at a reference concentration of 10 μM—the weighted arithmetic mean of the normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding combined standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2.


According to the method described above, several molecules falling so far under the scope of the four compound families herein defined in formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V have been identified as growth inhibitors of HPEKp cells. The so far identified HPEKp growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table XI. The entries of Table XI are categorized by the corresponding weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE XI







Proliferation assay with HPEKp cells at 10 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.8 < AVEw ≤ 0.9
3
140





4
374





5
731





6
747





7
749





8
801




0.7 < AVEw ≤ 0.8
10
312





11
323





12
424





13
721





14
819





15
828




0.6 < AVEw ≤ 0.7
16
086





17
190





18
334




0.4 < AVEw ≤ 0.6
19
112





20
722




0.4 ± 0.0
21
RES 10 μM
Control



0.2 < AVEw ≤ 0.4
22
389





23
440





24
540




0.0 ≤ AVEw ≤ 0.2
25
159





26
182





27
185





28
273





29
287





30
644





31
810










Preliminary results from a single proliferation assay of six replicates per condition using cells derived from murine muscle tissue show that compounds of the invention may exhibit antiproliferative activity on muscle cells. Compounds were tested on C2C12 cells using the alamarBlue® proliferation assay in analogy to the above described method with seeding the cells at an initial number of 2000 cells per 96-well and a duration of treatment with compounds for 3 days.


In one embodiment, two compounds of the invention were found so far to inhibit the growth of C2C12 cells (murine myoblast cells) obtainable from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the accession number ACC 565. C2 C12 cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider in RPMI 1640 medium (Fisherscientific, #11554526) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of C2C12 cells, if—at a reference concentration of 40 μM—the equally weighted arithmetic mean (AVE) of the six normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the equally weighted arithmetic mean (AVE) of the six normalized values from the DMSO control measurements in analogy to the calculations performed for the test-compounds. The corresponding standard deviations for the tested compounds were calculated including the Gaugβ′ error propagation associated with the performed calculation for the normalization and amounts for the DMSO values to less than 3·10−2. Outlier analyses were performed as described above.


According to the method described above, molecules falling so far under the scope of the two compound families herein defined in formula II and formula V have been identified as growth inhibitors of C2C12 cells. The so far identified C2C12 growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table XII. The entries of Table XII are categorized by the corresponding equally weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE XII







Proliferation assay with C2C12 cells at 40 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification







1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.8 < AVE ≤ 0.9
2
748




0.3 ± 0.0
3
RES 40 μM
Control



0.2 < AVE ≤ 0.4
4
288










Preliminary results from a single proliferation assay of six replicates per condition using squamous cell carcinoma (SC C) cells derived from the human oral mucosa may confirm that compounds of the invention exhibit antiproliferative activity on SCC of the mucosal epithelium. Compounds were tested on BHY cells using the alamarBlue® proliferation assay in analogy to the above described method with seeding the cells at an initial number of 4000 cells per 96-well and a duration of treatment with compounds for 3 days.


In one embodiment, several compounds of the invention were found to inhibit the growth of BHY cells (human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells) obtainable from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) under the accession number ACC 404. BHY cells were cultivated according to the protocol of the provider (but at 5% instead of 10% CO2) in DMEM medium (Fisherscientific, #11584456) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Fisherscientific, #15517589).


A compound is considered as a growth inhibitor of BHY cells, if—at a reference concentration of 40 μM—the equally weighted arithmetic mean (AVE) of the six normalized fluorescence intensity values after addition of the corresponding standard deviation amounts to 0.9 or lower, in particular to 0.8 or lower, 0.7 or lower, 0.6 or lower, 0.4 or lower, and 0.2 or lower, relative to the overall basis level of 1.0. The overall basis level was calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean (AVEw) of all normalized values from the DMSO control measurements. The corresponding combined standard deviation for the DMSO values amounts to less than 1·10−2. The corresponding standard deviations for the tested compounds were calculated including the Gaugβ′ error propagation associated with the performed calculation for the normalization. The weighted arithmetic mean (AVEw) and the combined standard deviation for RES was calculated in analogy to DMSO. Outlier analyses were performed as described above.


According to the method described above, molecules falling so far under the scope of the two compound families herein defined in formula II and formula IV have been identified as growth inhibitors of BHY cells. The so far identified BHY growth inhibitors relate to the compounds listed in Table XIII. The entries of Table XIII are categorized by the corresponding equally weighted arithmetic means of the compounds falling into the activity ranges as indicated.









TABLE XIII







Proliferation assay with BHY cells at 40 μM












Activity Range
Entry
Compound
Specification
















1.0 ± 0.0
1
DMSO
Baseline control



0.6 < AVE ≤ 0.7
2
644




0.6 ± 0.0
3
RES 40 μM
Control



0.4 < AVE ≤ 0.6
4
171




0.2 < AVE ≤ 0.4
5
182





6
186





7
272





8
284





9
288





10
544





11
633




0.0 ≤ AVE ≤ 0.2
12
540










In one aspect, the present invention relates to the treatment of skin, skin appendages, mucosa, mucosal appendages, cornea, and all kinds of epithelial tissue. The term “skin” relates to tissue including epidermis and dermis. The term “mucosa” relates to mucous and submucous tissues including oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, ocular mucosa, mucosa of the ear, respiratory mucosa, genital mucosa, urothelial mucosa, anal mucosa and rectal mucosa. The term “appendages” relates to tissue including hair follicles, hair, fingernails, toenails and glands including sebaceous glands, sweat glands, e.g. apocrine or eccrine sweat glands and mammary glands.


In one embodiment, the present invention relates to treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), e.g. cutaneous SCC, lung SCC, head and neck SCC, oral SCC, esophageal SCC, cervical SCC, periocular SCC, SCC of the thyroid, SCC of the penis, SCC of the vagina, SCC of the prostate, SCC of the bladder, sebaceous gland carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, angiosarcoma, cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, dermatofibrosarcoma, actinic keratosis (AK) or Bowen's disease (BD).


In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to the treatment of skin and mucosal disorders with cornification defects (keratoses) and/or abnormal keratinocyte proliferation, such as Psoriasis, Darier's disease, Lichen planus, Lupus erythematosus, Ichthyosis or Verruca vulgaris (senilis).


In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of skin and mucosal diseases related to and caused by viral infections, such as warts, HPV-related warts, papillomas, HPV-related papillomas, papillomatoses and HPV-related papillomatoses, e.g. Verruca (plantar warts), Verruca plana (flat warts/plane warts), Verruca filiformis (filiform warts), mosaic warts, periungual warts, subungual warts, oral warts, genital warts, fibroepithelial papilloma, intracanalicular papilloma, intraductal papilloma, inverted papilloma, basal cell papilloma, squamous papilloma, cutaneous papilloma, fibrovasular papilloma, plexus papilloma, nasal papilloma, pharyngeal papilloma, Papillomatosis cutis carcinoides, Papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica, Papillomatosis confluens et reticularis or laryngeal papillomatosis (respiratory papillomatosis), Herpes-related diseases, e.g. Herpes labialis, Herpes genitalis, Herpes zoster, Herpes corneae or Kaposi's sarcoma.


In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of atopic dermatitis.


In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of acne.


In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of wounds of the skin, wherein the process of wound healing is accelerated.


A further aspect of the present invention relates to the treatment of immune system-related disorders. The term “immune system-related” as used herein applies to a pathological condition of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system, as well as to the intervention into proliferation, differentiation and/or activation of cell lineages of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in order to modulate an immune response (immune modulation).


Examples are diseases of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system, such as malignancies of the myeloid lineage, e.g. chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); malignancies of the lymphoid lineage, e.g. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B-ALL), Hodgkin lymphoma or myeloma; or acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid mixed lineage leukemia with MLL gene translocation.


Furthermore, the compounds of the invention may be used in immunotherapy, alone or together with other immunotherapeutic methods or compounds, or as adjuvant for immunotherapy. The term “immunotherapy” as used herein applies to activation-immunotherapy in patients without immune deficiency or with acquired or congenital immune deficiency, and as immune recovery to enhance the functionality of the immune system in the response against pathogens or pathologically transformed endogenous cells, such as cancer cells.


The term “other immunotherapy methods” as used herein applies to vaccinations, antibody treatment, cytokine therapy, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune response-stimulating drugs, as well as to autologous transplantations of genetically modified or non-modified immune cells, which may be stimulated with intercellular signals, or signaling molecules, or antigens, or antibodies, i.e. adoptive immune-cell transfer.


Specific examples are activation of peripheral T-lymphocytes in order to amplify an immune response, particularly the stimulation of proliferation and/or cytokine production and/or secretion upon antigen recognition in order to amplify an immune response, such as the activation of B-lymphocytes in order to amplify an immune response, particularly the stimulation of proliferation and/or antibody production and/or secretion, such as the enhancement of an immune response through augmentation of the number of specific immune-cell subtypes, by regulation of differentiation and/or cell fate decision during immune-cell development, as for example to augment the number of marginal zone B-cells, or T-helper (Th) subsets in particular Th1, Th2 and regulatory T-cells; or the use as vaccine adjuvant.


A still further aspect of the invention relates to the treatment of muscular diseases including diseases of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.


In one embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of muscular dystrophies (MD).


Specific examples are Duchenne MD, Becker MD, congenital MD, Limb-Girdle MD, facioscapulohumeral MD, Emery-Dreifuss MD, distal MD, myotonic MD or oculopharyngeal MD.


In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders of the muscle, including myoblastoma, rhabdomyoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, as well as muscle hyperplasia and muscle hypertrophy.


In a further embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be used for muscle regeneration after pathologic muscle degeneration or atrophy, e.g. caused by traumata, caused by muscle ischemia or caused by inflammation, in aging-related muscle-atrophy or in disease-related muscle atrophy such as myositis and fibromyositis or poliomyelitis.


A still further aspect relates to the treatment of disorders of the neuroendocrine system such as cancer of the neuroendocrine system, comprising neuroendocrine small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine large cell carcinomas and carcinoid tumors, e.g. of the brain, thyroid, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, liver, esophagus, and lung, such as neuroendocrine tumor of the pituitary gland, neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal gland, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), C-cell hyperplasia, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), parathyroid adenoma, intrathyroidal nodules, insular carcinoma, hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm, paraganglioma, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), lung carcinoid tumors, neuroblastoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid, Goblet-cell carcinoid, pancreatic carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagenoma, somatostatinoma, VlPoma, insulinoma, non-functional islet cell tumor, multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1, or pulmonary carcinoid.


A still further aspect relates to the treatment of cancers or precancerous lesions of the brain, pancreas, liver, thyroid, genitourinary tract and endothelial tissue, including glioma, mixed glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, subependymoma, brain stem glioma, optic nerve glioma, and forebrain tumors, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatic pseudopapillary neoplasm, pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm, pancreatic mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatoblastoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplesia, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer, cervical cancer and angiosarcoma.


As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or more of (1) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and (2) ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease. The term “treating” also encompasses post-treatment care.


In some embodiments, administration of a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is effective in preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease.


The compounds of the invention may be used in human and veterinary medicine, which includes the treatment of companion animals, e.g. horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, birds, fishes; and livestock, e.g. cattle, poultry, pig, sheep, goat, donkey, yak and camel.


Pharmaceutical Compositions


The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medicine, e.g. in human or veterinary medicine. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


An effective dose of the compounds according to the invention, or their salts, solvates or prodrugs thereof is used, in addition to physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents and/or adjuvants for producing a pharmaceutical composition. The dose of the active compounds can vary depending on the route of administration, the age and weight of the patient, the nature and severity of the diseases to be treated, and similar factors. The daily dose can be given as a single dose, which is to be administered once, or be subdivided into two or more daily doses, and is as a rule 0.001-2000 mg. Particular preference is given to administering daily doses of 0.1-500 mg, e.g. 0.1-100 mg.


Suitable administration forms are topical or systemical including enteral, oral, rectal, and parenteral, as infusion and injection, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracardial, epidural, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, intraosseous, intra-articular, intraocular, intravitreal, intrathecal, intravaginal, intracavernous, intravesical, subcutaneous, intradermal, transdermal, transmucosal, inhalative, intranasal, buccal, sublingual and intralesional preparations. Particular preference is given to using oral, parenteral, e.g. intravenous or intramuscular, intranasal preparations, e.g. dry powder or sublingual, of the compounds according to the invention. The customary galenic preparation forms, such as tablets, sugar-coated tablets, capsules, dispersible powders, granulates, aqueous solutions, alcohol-containing aqueous solutions, aqueous or oily suspensions, gels, hydrogels, ointments, creams, lotions, shampoos, lip balms, mouthwashs, foams, pastes, tinctures, dermal patches and tapes, forms in occlusion or in combination with time release drug delivery systems, with electrophoretic dermal delivery systems including implants and devices, and with jet injectors, liposome and transfersome vesicles, vapors, sprays, syrups, juices or drops and eye drops, can be used.


Solid medicinal forms can comprise inert components and carrier substances, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, lactose, starch, mannitol, alginates, gelatine, guar gum, magnesium stearate, aluminium stearate, methyl cellulose, talc, highly dispersed silicic acids, silicone oil, higher molecular weight fatty acids, (such as stearic acid), gelatine, agar agar or vegetable or animal fats and oils, or solid high molecular weight polymers (such as polyethylene glycol); preparations which are suitable for oral administration can comprise additional flavourings and/or sweetening agents, if desired.


Liquid medicinal forms can be sterilized and/or, where appropriate, comprise auxiliary substances, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, penetrating agents, emulsifiers, spreading agents, solubilizers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols for regulating the osmotic pressure or for buffering, and/or viscosity regulators. Examples of such additives are tartrate and citrate buffers, ethanol and sequestering agents (such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and its non-toxic salts). High molecular weight polymers, such as liquid polyethylene oxides, microcrystalline celluloses, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinylpyrrolidones, dextrans or gelatine, are suitable for regulating the viscosity. Examples of solid carrier substances are starch, lactose, mannitol, methyl cellulose, talc, highly dispersed silicic acids, high molecular weight fatty acids (such as stearic acid), gelatine, agar agar, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, animal and vegetable fats, and solid high molecular weight polymers, such as polyethylene glycol.


Oily suspensions for parenteral or topical applications can be vegetable, synthetic or semisynthetic oils, such as liquid fatty acid esters having in each case from 8 to 22 C atoms in the fatty acid chains, for example palmitic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, myristic acid, behenic acid, pentadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, elaidic acid, brasidic acid, erucic acid or oleic acid, which are esterified with monohydric to trihydric alcohols having from 1 to 6 C atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol or their isomers, glycol or glycerol. Examples of such fatty acid esters are commercially available miglyols, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, PEG 6-capric acid, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylene glycerol trioleates, ethyl oleate, waxy fatty acid esters, such as artificial ducktail gland fat, coconut fatty acid isopropyl ester, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, ethyl lactate, dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, polyol fatty acid esters, inter alia. Silicone oils of differing viscosity, or fatty alcohols, such as isotridecyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, cetylstearyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, or fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are also suitable. It is furthermore possible to use vegetable oils, such as castor oil, almond oil, olive oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, groundnut oil or soybean oil.


Suitable solvents, gelatinizing agents and solubilizers are water or water-miscible solvents. Examples of suitable substances are alcohols, such as ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, polyethylene glycols, phthalates, adipates, propylene glycol, glycerol, di- or tripropylene glycol, waxes, methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, esters, morpholines, dioxane, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, etc.


Cellulose ethers which can dissolve or swell both in water or in organic solvents, such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose or ethyl cellulose, or soluble starches, can be used as film-forming agents.


Mixtures of gelatinizing agents and film-forming agents are also perfectly possible. In this case, use is made, in particular, of ionic macromolecules such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and their salts, sodium amylopectin semiglycolate, alginic acid or propylene glycol alginate as the sodium salt, gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum or carrageenan. The following can be used as additional formulation aids: glycerol, paraffin of differing viscosity, triethanolamine, collagen, allantoin and novantisolic acid. Use of surfactants, emulsifiers or wetting agents, for example of Na lauryl sulphate, fatty alcohol ether sulphates, di-Na-N-lauryl-β-iminodipropionate, polyethoxylated castor oil or sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbates (e.g. Tween), cetyl alcohol, lecithin, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethylene stearate, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride or mono-/dialkylpolyglycol ether orthophosphoric acid monoethanolamine salts can also be required for the formulation. Stabilizers, such as montmorillonites or colloidal silicic acids, for stabilizing emulsions or preventing the breakdown of active substances such as antioxidants, for example tocopherols or butylhydroxyanisole, or preservatives, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, can likewise be used for preparing the desired formulations.


Preparations for parenteral administration can be present in separate dose unit forms, such as ampoules or vials. Use is preferably made of solutions of the active compound, preferably aqueous solution and, in particular, isotonic solutions and also suspensions. These injection forms can be made available as ready-to-use preparations or only be prepared directly before use, by mixing the active compound, for example the lyophilisate, where appropriate containing other solid carrier substances, with the desired solvent or suspending agent.


Intranasal preparations can be present as aqueous or oily solutions or as aqueous or oily suspensions. They can also be present as lyophilisates which are prepared before use using the suitable solvent or suspending agent.


Inhalable preparations can present as powders, solutions or suspensions. Preferably, inhalable preparations are in the form of powders, e.g. as a mixture of the active ingredient with a suitable formulation aid such as lactose.


The preparations are produced, aliquoted and sealed under the customary antimicrobial and aseptic conditions.


As indicated above, the compounds of the invention may be administered as a combination therapy, as sequence therapy or as simultaneous combination therapy, with further active agents, e.g. therapeutically active compounds useful in the treatment of the above indicated disorders. These therapeutically active compounds may include but are not limited to chemotherapeutic agents such as nucleoside analogs, e.g. Cytarabin, Gemcitabine, Azathioprine, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil, Thioguanine, Hydroxyurea, Azacitidine, Capecitabine, Doxifluridine, and Methotrexate; such as platinum-based drugs, e.g. Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, Carboplatin and Nedaplatin; such as anthracyclines, e.g. Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Valrubicin, I darubicin, Daunorubicin, Sabarubicin, Pixantrone and Mitoxantrone; such as peptide antibiotics, e.g. Actinomycin and Bleomycin; such as alkylating agents e.g. Mechlorethamine, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, Nitrosoureas, Dacarbazine, Temozolomide and Cyclophosphamide; such as antimitotic agents including taxanes and vinca alkaloids, e.g. Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, Abraxane, Cabazitaxel, Vinblastine, Vindesine, Vinorelbine and Vincristine; such as topoisomerase inhibitors, e.g. Irinotecan, Topotecan, Teniposide and Etoposide; and targeted therapeutic agents such as kinase inhibitors, regulators i.e. inhibitors and activators of signaling pathways including growth factor signaling, cytokine signaling, NF-kappaB signaling, AP1 signaling, JAK/STAT signaling, EGFR signaling, TGF-beta signaling, Notch signaling, Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling, hormone and nuclear receptor signaling, e.g. Erlotinib, Lapatinib, Dasatinib, Imatinib, Afatinib, Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib, Nilotinib, Cetuximab, Trametinib, Palbociclib, Cobimetinib, Cabozantinib, Pegaptanib, Crizotinib, Olaparib, Panitumumab, Cabozantinib, Ponatinib, Regorafenib, Entrectinib, Ranibizumab, Ibrutinib, Trastuzumab, Rituximab, Alemtuzumab, Gefitinib, Bevacizumab, Lenvatinib, Bosutinib, Axitinib, Pazopanib, Everolimus, Temsirolimus, Ruxolitinib, Tofacitinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Aflibercept, Bortezomib, Vandetanib; Vismodegib and Sonidegib; retinoids such as retinol, tretinoin, isotretinoin, alitretinoin, bexarotene, tazarotene, acitretin, adapalene and etretinate; hormone signaling modulators including estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors e.g. Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Lasofoxifene, Toremifene, Bicalutamide, Flutamide, Anastrozole, Letrozole and Exemestane; histone deacetylase inhibitors, e.g. Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat, Belinostat and Chidamide; and Ingenol mebutate; and other Notch enhancers not encompassed by the compounds of the present invention, e.g. Valproic acid, Resveratrol, hesperetin, chrysin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, thiocoraline, N-methylhemeanthidine chloride and Notch Signaling-activating peptides or antibodies; and immune response modulating agents e.g. Imiquimod, Ipilimumab, Atezolizumab, Ofatumumab, Rituximab, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab; and anti-inflammatory agents including glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g. cortisol-based preparations, Dexamethason, Betamethason, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolon-hexacetonid, M ometasonfuroat, Clobetasolpropionat, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid and other salicylates, Diflunisal, Ibuprofen, Dexibuprofen, Naproxen, Fenoprofen, Ketoprofen, Dexketoprofen, Loxoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Oxaprozin, Indomethacin, Ketorolac, Tolmetin, Diclofenac, Etodolac, Aceclofenac, Nabumetone, Sulindac, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamic acid, Flufenamic acid, Tolfenamic acid, Celecoxib, Parecoxib, Etoricoxib and Firocoxib; and ACE inhibitors; and beta-blockers; and myostatin inhibitors; and PDE-5 inhibitors; and antihistamines. For a combination therapy, the active ingredients may be formulated as compositions containing several active ingredients in a single dose form and/or as kits containing individual active ingredients in separate dose forms. The active ingredients used in combination therapy may be co-administered or administered separately.


The compounds of the invention may be administered as antibody-drug conjugates.


The compounds of the invention may be administered in combination with surgery, cryotherapy, electrodessication, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, antisense therapy, cell-based transplantation therapy, stem cell therapy, physical therapy and occupational therapy.


The compounds of the invention falling under the scope of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V can be synthesized in analogy to the methods described in Reinmüller et al., 2015, EPFL Thesis 6887 by a coupling step to establish the diaryl ether scaffold, which can be prepared by a method of reacting a phenol and an electron-deficient aryl halide in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate in a non-protic organic solvent such as DMSO or DMF at room temperature or at elevated temperature or reflux, preferably at 80° C. or 100° C., with optional assistance of microwave irradiation (Li et al., Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 2169-2171);


or by a method of reacting a phenol and a nitroarene in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate in a non-protic organic solvent such as DMSO or DMF at elevated temperature or reflux, with assistance of microwave irradiation (Sarkate et al., Synlett 2013, 24, 1513-1516);


or by a method of reacting an aryl silyl ether with an electron-deficient aryl halide in the presence of a base such as DBU and trace water in a non-protic organic solvent such as DMSO or DMF at elevated temperature or reflux (Yeom et al., Synlett 2007, 146-150);


or by a method of reacting a phenol with a diaryliodonium triflate or tosylate in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate in a non-protic organic solvent such as acetonitrile at ambient or elevated temperature (Kakinuma et al., Synthesis 2013, 45, 183-184);


or by a method of reacting under Buchwald-Hartwig conditions a phenol with an aryl halide in the presence of a transition metal-based catalyst system such as palladium(II) acetate, an organophosphorus-based ligand such as dppf, a base such as potassium phosphate in an organic solvent such as toluene at elevated temperature or reflux (Burgos et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4321-4326);


or by a method of reacting under Chan-Lam conditions a phenol with an arylboronic acid or ester in the presence of air, a copper-based catalyst system such as copper(II) acetate, a base such as pyridine or triethylamine in a non-protic organic solvent such as DCM, chloroform at ambient temperature (Evans et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1998, 39, 2937-2940);


wherein all said methods of preparation may require a subsequent derivatisation step by standard chemical procedures known to the person skilled in the art, such as saponification, hydrolysis, esterification or amidation to obtain the corresponding carboxylic acids, esters, primary amides, secondary amides, tertiary amides, hydroxamic acids and hydroxamates.


For example, the corresponding carboxylic acids are synthesized by saponification of the corresponding benzoate esters, fluorobenzoate esters, nicotinate esters, or fluoronicotinate esters in the presence of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a binary solvent mixture of water and an alcohol, preferably ethanol, or water and tetrahydrofuran at ambient or elevated temperature (Becker et al., Organikum, 22nd edition 2004 (German), pp. 488, publisher: Wiley-VCH Weinheim);


the esters, primary amides, secondary amides, tertiary amides, and hydroxamic acids are synthesized by in situ transformation of the corresponding benzoic acid, fluorobenzoic acid, nicotinic acid, or fluoronicotinic acid to the corresponding acid chlorides in the presence of thionyl chloride and catalytic amounts of DMF in toluene at ambient or elevated temperature, preferably at 80° C., and under inert gas atmosphere, followed by the addition of the respective nucleophile, i.e. alcohol, ammonia, secondary amine, tertiary amine, or hydroxylamine in the presence or absence of a non-nucleophilic base such as triethylamine, at ambient temperature under inert gas atmosphere (Becker et al., Organikum, 22nd edition 2004 (German), pp. 459, publisher: Wiley-VCH Weinheim).


The perfluoroalkylcyclopropyl moiety associated with the compounds of the invention falling under the scope of formula V is synthesized in three steps according to the procedure described in Barnes-Seeman et al., ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 514-516; first, a bromoperfluoroalkenylbenzene such as 1-bromo-4-(3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-2-yl)benzene or 1-bromo-4-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobut-1-en-2-yl)benzene is obtained by a method of reacting 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-one or 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropan-1-one, respectively, in the presence of methanesulfonyl chloride and a base such as potassium fluoride in a crown ether such as 18-crown-6 in a non-protic organic solvent such as DMF at elevated temperature, preferably at 80° C.;


second, a bromophenylperfluoroalkyldihydropyrazole such as 3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazole or 3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(perfluoroethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3H -pyrazole is obtained by a method of reacting a bromoperfluoroalkenylbenzene such as 1-bromo-4-(3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-2-yl)benzene or 1-bromo-4-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobut-1-en-2-yl)benzene, respectively, in the presence of diazomethane in an ether such as diethyl ether or methyl tert-butyl ether at ambient temperature;


and third, the perfluoroalkylcyclopropylarylbromide such as 1-bromo-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)benzene or 1-bromo-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)benzene is obtained by a method of reacting 3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazole or 3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(perfluoroethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3H -pyrazole, respectively, in an organic solvent such as toluene or xylenes or a mixture thereof.


The obtained perfluoroalkylcyclopropylarylbromide can subsequently be converted into the corresponding phenol for one of the above said coupling reactions with an electron-deficient aryl halide, a nitroarene, a diaryliodonium triflate or tosylate by a method of reaction in the presence of a transition metal-based catalyst system such as Pd2dba3, an organophosphorus-based ligand such as 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (t-Bu XPhos), a base such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a biphasic solvent system such as water/dioxane or water/toluene at elevated temperature or reflux, preferably at 100° C., and under an inert gas atmosphere (Anderson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10694-10695);


or by a method of reaction in the presence of a copper-based catalyst system such as Cul, a pyridyl based ligand such as 2-methylquinolin-8-ol or preferably 8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and tetrabutyl-ammonium hydroxide or preferably cesium hydroxide monohydrate in a non-protic organic solvent such as DMSO or DMF at elevated temperature or reflux, preferably at 110° C., and under an inert gas atmosphere (Paul et al., Synthesis 2010, 4268-4272; Yang et el., Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4340-4343).


The compounds of the invention falling under the scope of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V, as well as intermediates, can be isolated by column chromatography using silica gel as stationary phase and common organic solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol, or acetic acids as eluent, preferably as binary or tertiary solvent mixtures thereof;


or by crystallization from common organic solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, toluene, or tert-butyl methyl ether, and mixtures thereof.


The compounds of the invention falling under the scope of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V, as well as starting materials and intermediates, can be identified by conventional methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), or thin layer chromatography (TLC).


Chemical Synthesis


The compounds of the invention falling under the scope of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV and formula V can be synthesized and purified by those persons skilled in the art and are preferably synthesized according to the general procedure A, or general procedure B, or general procedure C, or general procedure D, respectively, and according to the detailed synthesis procedures described herein;


Abbreviations


Ac acetyl


BRSM based on recovered starting material (yield)


Bu butyl


δ chemical shift in parts per million (ppm)


dba dibenzylideneacetone


DCE 1,2-dichloroethane


DCM dichloromethane


DMF N,N-dimethylformamide


DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide


Et ethyl


ESI electron spray ionization


M mol/L


Me methyl


Ms methanesulfonyl


PE petroleum ether


TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride


THF tetrahydrofuran


TMS trimethylsilyl


General Procedure A: Synthesis of Diaryl Ether Esters


Diaryl ether esters according to formula I, formula III, and formula V can be prepared by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, e.g. by reaction of an alkyl 4-fluorobenzoate, or an alkyl 3,4-difluorobenzoate, or an alkyl 6-chloronicotinate, or an alkyl 6-chloro-5-fluoronicotinate, with a phenol derivative (nucleophile, see Table XIV) in the presence of a base like potassium carbonate in a solvent like dimethyl sulfoxide at a temperature between 80° C. and 150° C. and in an inert atmosphere such as argon.


General Procedure B: Synthesis of Diaryl Ether Acids


Diaryl ether acids according to formula I, formula III, and formula V can be prepared by saponification, e.g. by reaction of the corresponding diaryl ether esters with an aqueous base solution like sodium hydroxide (nucleophile, see Table XIV) in a solvent like ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran or a mixture thereof at a temperature between room temperature and reflux.


General Procedure C: Synthesis of Diaryl Ether Esters


Diaryl ether esters according to formula I, formula III, and formula V can be prepared by esterification via the corresponding acid chloride, e.g by reaction of a diaryl ether acid with thionyl chloride in the presence of catalytic amounts of DMF in a solvent like toluene ata temperature between 50° C. and 100° C. and in an inert atmosphere such as argon. After removal of the volatiles, the such obtained acid chloride intermediate is reacted with the alcohol corresponding to the desired ester (nucleophile, see Table XIV) in the presence of an organic base like triethylamine at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature and in an inert atmosphere such as argon.


Alternatively, diaryl ether esters according to formula I, formula III, and formula V can be prepared by esterification via the corresponding acid chloride, e.g. by reaction of a diaryl ether acid with thionyl chloride in the presence of the alcohol corresponding to the desired ester (nucleophile, see Table XIV), preferably as the solvent at a temperature between 50° C. and reflux.


General Procedure D: Synthesis of Diaryl Ether Amides


Diaryl ether amides according to formula II, formula IV, and formula V can be prepared by amidation via the corresponding acid chloride, e.g by reaction of a diaryl ether acid with thionyl chloride in the presence of catalytic amounts of DMF in a solvent like toluene ata temperature between 50° C. and 100° C. and in an inert atmosphere such as argon. After removal of the volatiles, the such obtained acid chloride intermediate is reacted with the amine corresponding to the desired amide (nucleophile, see Table XIV) in a solvent like methanol, ethanol, or tetrahydrofuran at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature and in an inert atmosphere such as argon. The presence of an organic base like triethylamine is needed if the hydrochloride salt of the amine is used.









TABLE XIV







List of Synthesized compounds











Compound

ESI Ion
General
Nucleophile used


Number
m/z
Type
Procedure
in the General Procedure





002
241.17
[M − H]
B
NaOH


003
255.18
[M − H]
B
NaOH


004
269.18
[M − H]
B
NaOH


005
283.21
[M − H]
B
NaOH


019
307.28
[M − H]
B
NaOH


020
321.34
[M − H]
B
NaOH


023
243.09
[M + H]+
C
methanol


024
257.10
[M + H]+
C
methanol


025
271.11
[M + H]+
C
methanol


026
285.13
[M + H]+
C
methanol


027
299.20
[M + H]+
C
methanol


029
271.11
[M + H]+
C
methanol


030
299.20
[M + H]+
C
methanol


041
311.21
[M + H]+
C
methanol


043
323.24
[M + H]+
C
methanol


044
337.25
[M + H]+
C
methanol


045
362.32
[M + H]+
C
methanol


048
257.11
[M + H]+
A
4-methylphenol


049
271.12
[M + H]+
A
4-ethylphenol


050
285.15
[M + H]+
A
4-n-propylphenol


051
299.21
[M + H]+
A
4-n-butylphenol


052
313.26
[M + H]+
A
4-n-pentylphenol


054
285.15
[M + H]+
A
4-isopropylphenol


056
311.17
[M + H]+
A
4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol


066
337.25
[M + H]+
A
(±)-4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-






2-yl)phenol (7:1 endo:exo)


067
351.26
[M + H]+
A
(±)-4-(bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-






2-yl)phenol


070
244.00
[M − H]
B
NaOH


071
258.09
[M − H]
B
NaOH


072
272.11
[M − H]
B
NaOH


073
286.16
[M − H]
B
NaOH


075
258.10
[M − H]
B
NaOH


086
308.25
[M − H]
B
NaOH


087
322.30
[M − H]
B
NaOH


091
244.07
[M + H]+
C
methanol


092
258.09
[M + H]+
C
methanol


093
272.11
[M + H]+
C
methanol


094
286.15
[M + H]+
C
methanol


095
300.19
[M + H]+
C
methanol


097
272.11
[M + H]+
C
methanol


099
300.19
[M + H]+
C
methanol


101
298.09
[M + H]+
C
methanol


110
312.19
[M + H]+
C
methanol


112
324.22
[M + H]+
C
methanol


113
338.24
[M + H]+
C
methanol


114
364.29
[M + H]+
C
methanol


117
272.12
[M + H]+
A
4-ethylphenol


118
286.16
[M + H]+
A
4-n-propylphenol


119
300.20
[M + H]+
A
4-n-butylphenol


120
314.24
[M + H]+
A
4-n-pentylphenol


122
286.16
[M + H]+
A
4-isopropylphenol


133
338.24
[M + H]+
A
(±)-4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-






2-yl)phenol (7:1 endo:exo)


134
352.28
[M + H]+
A
(±)-4-(bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-






2-yl)phenol


138
228.10
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


139
242.10
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


140
256.12
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


141
270.11
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


142
284.16
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


144
256.12
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


145
270.12
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


146
284.16
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


157
296.20
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


159
308.22
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


160
322.26
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


161
348.27
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


164
244.07
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


165
258.09
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


166
272.11
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


167
286.15
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


168
300.19
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


170
272.11
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


171
300.19
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


182
312.20
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


184
324.22
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


185
338.25
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


186
364.36
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


190
256.12
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


191
270.12
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


192
284.15
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


193
298.21
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


195
270.12
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


196
284.15
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


197
298.22
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


208
310.23
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


210
322.26
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


211
336.28
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


212
362.30
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


215
256.12
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


216
270.12
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


217
284.16
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


218
298.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


219
312.23
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


221
284.15
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


222
298.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


223
312.24
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


234
324.27
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


236
336.28
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


237
350.30
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


238
376.33
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


241
229.09
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


242
243.09
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


243
257.11
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


244
271.12
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


245
285.15
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


247
257.11
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


248
285.16
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


250
283.04
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


259
297.17
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


261
309.21
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


262
323.26
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


263
349.29
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


266
245.07
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


267
259.09
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


268
273.11
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


269
287.14
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


270
301.18
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


272
273.12
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


273
301.19
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


275
299.08
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


284,
313.20
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


286
325.21
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


287
339.24
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


288
365.29
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


291
243.10
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


292
257.11
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


293
271.12
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


294
285.15
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


295
299.21
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


297
271.12
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


298
299.21
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


300
297.08
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


309
311.22
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


311
323.25
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


312
337.26
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


313
363.32
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


316
257.11
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


317
271.12
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


318
285.15
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


319
299.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


320
313.24
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


322
285.16
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


323
313.25
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


325
311.13
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


334
325.26
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


336
337.26
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


337
351.28
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


338
377.32
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


341
245.13
[M − H]
B
NaOH


342
259.15
[M − H]
B
NaOH


343
273.17
[M − H]
B
NaOH


344
287.18
[M − H]
B
NaOH


345
301.21
[M − H]
B
NaOH


347
273.15
[M − H]
B
NaOH


348
301.24
[M − H]
B
NaOH


350
299.12
[M − H]
B
NaOH


359
313.24
[M − H]
B
NaOH


363
365.39
[M − H]
B
NaOH


374
317.22
[M + H]+
C
methanol


385
329.24
[M + H]+
C
methanol


389
381.34
[M + H]+
C
methanol


392
275.09
[M + H]+
A
4-methylphenol


393
289.13
[M + H]+
A
4-ethylphenol


394
303.17
[M + H]+
A
4-n-propylphenol


395
317.23
[M + H]+
A
4-n-butylphenol


396
331.24
[M + H]+
A
4-n-pentylphenol


398
303.19
[M + H]+
A
4-isopropylphenol


399
331.25
[M + H]+
A
4-tert-pentylphenol


401
329.17
[M + H]+
A
4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol


410
343.28
[M + H]+
A
4-cyclohexylphenol


414
395.33
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-adamantyl)phenol


417
246.12
[M − H]
B
NaOH


423
274.15
[M − H]
B
NaOH


424
288.17
[M − H]
B
NaOH


425
304.16
[M + H]+
B
NaOH


427
300.10
[M − H]
B
NaOH


436
314.24
[M − H]
B
NaOH


440
368.29
[M + H]+
B
NaOH


451
318.21
[M + H]+
C
methanol


462
330.23
[M + H]+
C
methanol


466
382.29
[M + H]+
C
methanol


469
276.08
[M + H]+
A
4-methylphenol


475
304.15
[M + H]+
A
4-isopropylphenol


476
318.20
[M + H]+
A
4-tert-butylphenol


477
332.24
[M + H]+
A
4-tert-pentylphenol


479
330.14
[M + H]+
A
4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol


488
344.24
[M + H]+
A
4-cyclohexylphenol


492
396.29
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-adamantyl)phenol


503
302.20
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


514
314.20
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


518
366.29
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


529
318.21
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


540
330.23
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


544
382.30
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


555
316.23
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


566
328.25
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


570
380.31
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


581
330.26
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


592
342.28
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


596
394.33
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


607
303.19
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


618
315.21
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


622
367.36
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


633
319.21
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


644
331.21
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


648
383.27
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


659
317.22
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


670
329.25
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


674
381.31
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


685
331.25
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


696
343.28
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


700
395.31
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


703
321.22
[M − H]
B
NaOH


704
371.30
[M − H]
B
NaOH


705
339.22
[M − H]
B
NaOH


711
355.21
[M − H]
B
NaOH


712
337.16
[M + H]+
C
methanol


714
353.31
[M − H]
C
methanol


721
351.20
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


722
401.25
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


723
369.24
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


729
385.18
[M + H]+
A
2-chloro-4-(1-






(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


730
322.22
[M − H]
B
NaOH


731
374.19
[M + H]+
B
NaOH


732
340.21
[M − H]
B
NaOH


738
358.13
[M + H]+
B
NaOH


739
338.17
[M + H]+
C
methanol


740
388.21
[M + H]+
C
methanol


741
356.19
[M + H]+
C
methanol


747
372.15
[M + H]+
C
methanol


748
352.21
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


749
402.25
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


750
370.20
[M + H]+
A
4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


756
386.17
[M + H]+
A
2-chloro-4-(1-






(trifluoromethyl)






cyclopropyl)phenol


757
322.18
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


759
340.18
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


766
338.17
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


767
388.22
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


768
356.19
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


774
372.19
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


775
336.20
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


777
354.19
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


784
350.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


785
400.26
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


786
368.22
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


792
384.23
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


793
323.17
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


794
373.21
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


795
341.17
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


801
357.14
[M + H]+
D
ammonia


802
339.17
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


803
389.22
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


804
357.17
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


810
373.17
[M + H]+
D
hydroxylamine


811
337.18
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


812
387.23
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


813
355.20
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


819
371.17
[M + H]+
D
methylamine


820
351.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


821
401.26
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


822
369.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine


828
385.21
[M + H]+
D
dimethylamine









Synthesis of Representative Compounds


Compound 005
4-(4-Pentylphenoxy)benzoic acid



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Following general procedure B, to a solution of ethyl 4-(4-pentylphenoxy)benzoate (1.69 g, 5.4 mmol) in THF (25 mL) and MeOH (3 mL) was added 2 M aqueous NaOH (10 mL, 20 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The organic solvents were evaporated and the residue acidified with 5 M aqueous HCl to adjust a pH of 1-2. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by recrystallization from hot EtOAc to give the title compound as colorless solid (1.21 g, 79%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.05-6.94 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.57 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.86 (m, 3H).13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.9, 163.3, 153.2, 139.7, 132.5, 130.0, 123.3, 120.4, 117.0, 35.4, 31.6, 31.4, 22.7, 14.2. HRMS (C18H19O3): expected: 283.1339; found: 283.1326.


Compound 030
Methyl 4-(4-(tert-Pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate



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Following general procedure C, to a solution of 4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (122 mg, 0.43 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. in a sealed vessel for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (120 mg, 94%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.05-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.92 (m, 4H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.65 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (s, 6H), 0.71 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.8, 162.3, 153.1, 146.0, 131.8, 127.6, 124.3, 119.7, 117.2, 52.1, 37.8, 37.1, 28.7, 9.3. HRMS (C19H23O3+): expected: 299.1642; found: 299.1640.


Compound 044
(±) -Methyl 4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoate



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Following general procedure C, to a solution of (±)-4-(4-(Bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (30.3 mg, 0.1 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added one drop of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.02 mL, 0.3 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. A solution of NEt3 (0.2 mL, 1.4 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 85% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (29.3 mg, 93%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 8 8.05-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.06-6.91 (m, 4H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.11-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.01 (dddd, J=12.9, 10.6, 3.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.45 (m, 10H), 1.43-1.23 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.8, 162.3, 153.3, 143.1, 131.8, 129.3, 124.3, 120.0, 117.1, 52.1, 41.4, 32.6, 31.2, 27.6, 26.1, 25.4, 24.9, 20.6. HRMS (C22H25O3+): expected: 337.1798; found: 337.1778.


Compound 051
Ethyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)benzoate



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Following general procedure A, to 4-butylphenol (1.75 mL, 11.4 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.89 g, 13.7 mmol) in DMSO (18 mL) was added ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (1.35 mL, 9.2 mmol) and the reaction was then stirred at 120° C. for 3 days in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed first with 1 M aqueous NaOH (1×) then washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 70% PE-DCM gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (1.72 g, 63%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.05-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.91 (m, 4H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.56 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.23 (m, 5H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.3, 162.3, 153.5, 139.4, 131.7, 130.0, 124.7, 120.1, 117.1, 60.9, 35.1, 33.8, 22.5, 14.5, 14.1. HRMS (C19H23O3+): expected: 299.1642; found: 299.1642.


Compound 071
6-(4-Propylphenoxy)nicotinic acid



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Following general procedure B, to a solution of ethyl 6-(4-propylphenoxy)nicotinate (2.11 g, 7.4 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) was added 2 M aqueous NaOH (10 mL, 20 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The reaction was acidified with 5 M aqueous HCl to adjust a pH of 1-2. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by recrystallization from hot EtOAc to give the title compound as colorless solid (1.26 g, 66%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 11.01 (br, s, 1H), 8.92 (dd, J=2.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.94 (dd, J=8.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J=8.7, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.58 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 8 170.5, 167.4, 151.4, 151.2, 141.2, 140.2, 129.9, 121.3, 120.3, 110.9, 37.6, 24.6, 14.0. HRMS (C15H14NO3): expected: 256.0979; found: 256.0979.


Compound 114
Methyl 6-(4-(adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)nicotinate



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Following general procedure C, to a solution of 6-(4-(adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (170 mg, 0.49 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.37 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. in a sealed vessel for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (47 mg, 27%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.84 (dd, J=2.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J=8.6, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.11 (p, J=3.0 Hz, 4H), 1.93 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 6H), 1.87-1.68 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.7, 165.6, 150.9, 150.5, 148.4, 140.5, 126.3, 121.0, 120.7, 110.7, 52.2, 43.3, 36.8, 36.0, 29.0. HRMS (C23H26NO3+): expected: 364.1907; found: 364.1900.


Compound 117
Ethyl 6-(4-Ethylphenoxy)nicotinate



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Following general procedure A, to 4-ethylphenol (1.36 g, 11.1 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.89 g, 13.7 mmol) in DMSO (18 mL) was added ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (1.65 mL, 10.9 mmol) and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 48 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed first with 1 M aqueous NaOH (1×) then washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 60% PE-MeOH gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (1.78 g, 60%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.83 (dd, J=2.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J=8.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.8, 165.2, 151.3, 150.5, 141.4, 140.6, 129.3, 121.4, 121.3, 110.7, 61.2, 28.4, 15.6, 14.4. HRMS (C16H18NO3+): expected: 272.1281; found: 272.1271.


Compound 159
(±)-4-(4-(Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzamide, mixture of endo and exo



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of (±)-4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (50.2 mg, 0.16 mmol) in toluene (0.8 mL) was added one drop of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.04 mL, 0.55 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M ammonia in MeOH (0.6 mL, 1.3 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 10% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (46.6 mg, 93%, 6:1 mixture endo:exo). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, mixture of rotamers 0.3:1, and diastereoisomers 6:1) δ 7.82-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.08-6.91 (m, 4H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 3.20 (major diastereomer, tt, J=14.0, 4.8 Hz, 0.85H), 2.79-2.70 (minor diastereomer, m, 0.15H), 2.46-2.29 (major diastereomer, m, 1.7H), 2.28-2.14 (minor diastereomer, m, 0.3H), 2.12-1.10 (m, 8H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3, mixture of rotamers 0.3:1, and diastereoisomers 6:1) δ 169.0, 161.5, 161.4, 153.5, 153.3, 144.1, 140.1, 139.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.5, 128.6, 127.5, 127.4, 119.9, 119.7, 119.6, 117.6, 117.5, 117.4, 50.3, 46.9, 46.6, 45.6, 43.6, 43.1, 42.7, 42.4, 42.2, 42.1, 41.6, 41.1, 40.7, 39.4, 37.7, 37.7, 37.0, 36.7, 36.4, 36.2, 34.6, 30.7, 30.3, 29.0, 24.7, 24.6, 23.0. HRMS (C20H22NO2+): expected: 308.1645; found: 308.1624.


Compound 186
4-(4-(Adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 4-(4-(adamantan yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (200 mg, 0.57 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.37 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (208 mg, 3 mmol) in a solution of NEt3 (1.0 mL, 7.2 mmol) and MeOH (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed first with 1 M aqueous HCl (1×) then washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 30% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (176 mg, 84%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 11.10 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.86 (m, 4H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 6H), 1.81-1.63 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 163.8, 159.7, 152.9, 146.7, 128.6, 126.7, 126.0, 118.9, 116.7, 42.6, 36.1, 35.3, 28.2. HRMS (C23H24NO3): expected: 362.1761; found: 362.1672.


Compound 195
4-(4-Isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylbenzamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 4-(4-isopropylphenoxy)benzoic acid (177 mg, 0.7 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.15 mL, 2.1 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 33 wt % methylamine in EtOH (2 mL, 16 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 40% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (178 mg, 94%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.90 (m, 4H), 6.31 (s, 1H), 2.98 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H), 2.90 (hept, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.8, 160.8, 153.8, 145.1, 128.8, 128.8, 127.9, 119.8, 117.5, 33.6, 26.9, 24.2. HRMS (C17H18NO2): expected: 268.1343; found: 268.1384.


Compound 222
4-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (154 mg, 0.57 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M dimethylamine in THF (2.5 mL, 5 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 40% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (166 mg, 98%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.03-6.91 (m, 4H), 3.06 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.4, 159.1, 153.9, 147.0, 130.6, 129.2, 126.8, 119.2, 117.8, 39.9 (br), 35.6 (br), 34.5, 31.6. HRMS (C19H24NO2+): expected: 298.1802; found: 298.1820.


Compound 241
6-(p-Tolyloxy)nicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinic acid (148 mg, 0.66 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.12 mL, 1.6 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M ammonia in MeOH (3 mL, 1.3 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 20% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (104 mg, 70%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6, mixture of rotamers 0.3:1) δ 8.89 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 0.25H, minor rotamer), 8.65 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 0.75H, major rotamer), 8.25 (dt, J=8.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (br, s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 0.25H, minor rotamer), 7.27 (br, s, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.06-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 0.75H, major rotamer), 2.35 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6, mixture of rotamers 0.3:1) δ 166.6, 165.9 (minor rotamer), 165.4 (major rotamer), 153.3 (minor rotamer), 151.5 (major rotamer), 149.7 (minor rotamer), 148.0 (major rotamer), 139.5 (major rotamer), 138.9 (minor rotamer), 134.4, 130.3, 129.3 (minor rotamer), 125.2 (major rotamer), 124.1 (minor rotamer), 121.4, 110.5 (major rotamer), 20.9. HRMS (C13H13N2O2+): expected: 229.0972; found: 229.0978.


Compound 275
N-Hydroxy-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (62.9 mg, 0.22 mmol) in toluene (1.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.06 mL, 0.82 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (94 mg, 1.35 mmol) in a solution of NEt3 (0.5 mL, 3.6 mmol) and MeOH (1 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 40% PE-EtOAc (+0.2% AcOH) gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (42.7 mg, 65%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 11.29 (s, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 163.6, 161.9, 156.2 (d, J=1.5 Hz), 146.4, 138.8, 126.6 (q, J=3.8 Hz), 125.6 (q, J=32.4 Hz), 124.2, 123.8 (q, J=273.0 Hz), 121.5, 111.1. HRMS (C13H8F3N2O3): expected: 297.0492; found: 297.0597.


Compound 284
6-(4-Cyclohexylphenoxy)-N-hydroxynicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (150 mg, 0.5 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (208 mg, 3 mmol) in a solution of NEt3 (1.0 mL, 7.2 mmol) and MeOH (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 95% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (150 mg, 95%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 11.27 (s, 1H), 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.20-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 1.74 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (q, J=11.3, 10.1 Hz, 4H), 1.35-1.16 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 163.4, 160.9, 149.8, 145.2, 142.8, 137.1, 126.2, 122.0, 119.5, 109.0, 41.9, 32.7, 25.0, 24.2. HRMS (C18H21N2O3+): expected: 313.1547; found: 313.1622.


Compound 297
6-(4-Isopropylphenoxy)-N-methylnicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (151 mg, 0.6 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.5 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. 33 wt % methylamine in EtOH (2.5 mL, 20 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 20% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (150 mg, 96%).1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.55 (dd, J=2.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (dd, J=8.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J=8.6, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3H), 2.94 (hept, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.1,165.8, 151.4, 146.6, 145.9, 139.0, 127.8, 125.3, 121.1, 111.0, 33.7, 26.9, 24.1. HRMS (C16H19N2O2+): expected: 271.1441; found: 271.1491.


Compound 322
6-(4-Isopropylphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylnicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-isopropylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (156 mg, 0.6 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.5 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M dimethylamine in THF (2.5 mL, 5.4 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 30% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (169 mg, 98%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.28 (dd, J=2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd, J=8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 2.92 (hept, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.9, 164.5, 151.4, 146.8, 145.6, 139.2, 127.7, 126.6, 121.0, 111.0, 39.7 (br), 35.6 (br), 33.6, 24.1. HRMS (C17H21N2O2+): expected: 285.1598; found: 285.1643.


Compound 344
4-(4-(Butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid



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Following general procedure B, to a solution of ethyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy) fluorobenzoate (1.42 g, 4.5 mmol) in EtOH (9 mL) was added 2 M aqueous NaOH (5 mL, 10 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. 1 M aqueous HCl was added to adjust a pH of 1-2. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (2×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by recrystallization from hot EtOAc to give the title compound as colorless solid (0.56 g, 43%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 11.18 (br, s, 1H), 7.91 (dd, J=11.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (ddd, J=8.6, 2.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.88 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.57 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.23 (m, 2H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.0 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 153.3, 152.9 (d, J=249.5 Hz), 150.8 (d, J=11.0 Hz), 139.7, 130.1, 127.3 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 124.3 (d, J=6.5 Hz), 119.4, 118.9 (d, J=19.9 Hz), 118.6 (d, J=1.4 Hz), 35.1, 33.8, 22.5, 14.1. HRMS (C17H16FO3): expected: 287.1089; found: 287.1062.


Compound 395
Ethyl 4-(4-butylphenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate



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Following general procedure A, to 4-butylphenol (1.75 mL, 11.4 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.90 g, 13.8 mmol) in DMSO (18 mL) was added ethyl 3,4-difluorobenzoate (1.37 mL, 9 mmol) and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 24 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed first with 1 M aqueous NaOH (1×) then washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 80% PE-DCM gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (1.80 g, 63%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.84 (dd, J=11.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (ddd, J=8.5, 2.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.88 (m, 3H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.55 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.23 (m, 5H), 0.94 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.4 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 153.7, 153.0 (d, J=249.0 Hz), 149.5 (d, J=11.2 Hz), 139.3, 129.9, 126.4 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 126.0 (d, J=6.3 Hz), 119.0, 119.0 (d, J=1.4 Hz), 118.3 (d, J=19.9 Hz), 61.3, 35.1, 33.8, 22.5, 14.4, 14.1. HRMS (C19H22FO3+): expected: 317.1548; found: 317.1549.


Compound 451
Methyl 5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate



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Following general procedure C, to a solution of 5-fluoro-6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (30 mg, 29%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.56 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=10.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.04 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 1.66 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 0.72 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.8 (d, J=1.6 Hz), 155.7 (d, J=11.1 Hz), 150.4, 147.1 (d, J=261.8 Hz), 146.9, 144.4 (d, J=6.1 Hz), 127.4, 125.0 (d, J=17.0 Hz), 122.1 (d, J=1.7 Hz), 120.7, 52.6, 37.9, 37.1, 28.6, 9.3. HRMS (C18H21FNO3+): expected: 318.1500; found: 318.1555.


Compound 544
4-(4-(Adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 4-(4-(adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid (110 mg, 0.3 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. NEt3 (0.7 mL, 5.1 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (148 mg, 2.1 mmol) in MeOH (1.5 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography twice, eluting first with a 100% to 40% PE-EtOAc gradient and then with a 100% to 97% DCM-MeOH gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (60 mg, 52%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 11.23 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=11.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (ddd, J=8.5, 2.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.97 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96-6.86 (m, 2H), 2.12-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.84 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 6H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 162.4, 153.2, 152.4 (d, J=247.5 Hz), 146.6, 146.3 (d, J=11.1 Hz), 128.4 (d, J=5.7 Hz), 126.0, 123.5, 119.5, 117.4, 115.5 (d, J=19.6 Hz), 42.6, 36.1, 35.3, 28.2. HRMS (C23H23FNO3): expected: 380.1667; found: 380.1541.


Compound 644
6-(4-Cyclohexylphenoxy)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxynicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy) fluoronicotinic acid (120 mg, 0.4 mmol) in toluene (2.5 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (208 mg, 3 mmol) in a solution of NEt3 (1.0 mL, 7.2 mmol) and MeOH (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 30% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (110 mg, 88%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 11.32 (s, 1H), 9.12 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.06-7.94 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.08-6.97 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.75-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.31 (m, 4H), 1.31-1.13 (m, 2H).13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 161.0, 153.2 (d, J=11.3 Hz), 150.4, 146.3 (d, J=259.6 Hz), 144.4, 140.6, 127.4, 124.5, 123.1 (d, J=16.7 Hz), 120.7, 43.2, 34.0, 26.2, 25.5. HRMS (C18H18FN2O3): expected: 329.1307; found: 329.1279.


Compound 703
4-(4-(1-(Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid



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Following general procedure B, to a solution of ethyl 4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoate (0.86 g, 2.5 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added 2 M aqueous NaOH (10 mL, 20 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. 1 M aqueous HCl was added to adjust a pH of 1-2. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (2×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 75% PE-EtOAc (+0.2% AcOH) gradient to give the title compound as slightly yellow solid (0.75 g, 95%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 11.15 (br, s, 1H), 8.15-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 4H), 1.38 (dd, J=6.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.07-1.01 (m, 2H).13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.8, 162.3, 155.7, 133.2, 132.6, 132.5, 126.5 (q, J=273.4 Hz), 124.0, 119.9, 117.8, 27.8 (q, J=33.7 Hz), 10.0 (q, J=2.4 Hz). HRMS (C17H12F3O3): expected: 321.0744; found: 321.0712.


Compound 712
Methyl 4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoate



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Following general procedure C, to a solution of 4-(4-(1-(Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (112 mg, 0.35 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3.5 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. A solution of NEt3 (0.6 mL, 4.4 mmol) in MeOH (1.2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 85% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (176 mg, 93%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.07-6.95 (m, 4H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.97 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.7, 161.4, 156.0, 133.1, 132.2, 131.9, 126.4 (q, J=273.0 Hz), 125.0, 119.7, 117.9, 52.2, 27.8 (q, J=33.6 Hz), 10.0 (q, J=2.5 Hz). HRMS (C18H16F3O3+): expected: 337.1046; found: 337.1036.


Compound 729
Ethyl 4-(2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-benzoate



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Following general procedure A, to 2-chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol (245 mg, 1.5 mmol) and K2CO3 (220 mg 1.6 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (0.15 mL, 1.1 mmol) and the reaction was then stirred at 120° C. for 2 days in an argon atmosphere. K2CO3 (220 mg 1.6 mmol) was added and the reaction was then stirred at 150° C. for 9 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 70% PE-DCM gradient to give the title compound as yellow oil (100 mg, 18%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.08-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.44-1.33 (m, SH), 1.11-1.00 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.0, 160.7, 151.3, 133.9, 133.8, 131.7, 131.1, 126.2, 126.0 (q, J=273.4 Hz), 125.5, 121.6, 116.8, 60.9, 27.6 (q, J=33.1 Hz), 14.4, 10.0 (q, J=2.3 Hz). HRMS (C19H17ClF3O3+): expected: 385.0813; found: 385.0796.


Compound 730
6-(4-(1-(Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid



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Following general procedure B, to a solution of ethyl 6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (1.47 g, 4.2 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added 2 M aqueous NaOH (10 mL, 20 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. 1 M aqueous HCl was added to adjust a pH of 1-2. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (2×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 75% PE-EtOAc (+0.2% AcOH) gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (1.21 g, 90%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 12.16 (s, 1H), 8.80 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J=8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.1, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.41-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3/DMSO-d6) δ 166.1, 165.3, 152.9, 149.8, 140.5, 132.2, 132.2, 125.9 (q, J=273.1 Hz), 121.8, 120.7, 110.5, 27.1 (q, J=33.5 Hz), 9.3 (q, J=2.4 Hz). HRMS (C16H13F3NO3+): expected: 324.0842; found: 324.0847.


Compound 749
Ethyl 6-(4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinate



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Following general procedure A, to 4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol (330 mg, 1.3 mmol) and K2CO3 (305 mg 2.2 mmol) in DMSO (2.7 mL) was added ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (0.2 mL, 1.3 mmol) and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 days in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed first with 1 M aqueous NaOH (1×) then washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as yellow oil (445 mg, 88%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.83 (dd, J=2.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.93 (dd, J=8.6, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.43-1.34 (m, 5H), 1.12-1.04 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.14, 165.10, 153.39, 150.44, 140.84, 133.21, 133.12, 121.86, 121.20, 111.12, 61.31, 25.88 (t, J=23.9 Hz), 14.42, 10.02 (t, J=4.0 Hz). The two multiplets of the CF2 (tq) and the CF3 (qt) are too weak to be resolved. HRMS (C19H17F5NO3+): expected: 402.1123; found: 402.1124.


Compound 784
N,N-Dimethyl-4-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-benzamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 4-(4-(1-(Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (101 mg, 0.3 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M dimethylamine in THF (1.2 mL, 2.5 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 15% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless oil (110 mg, 100%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.06-6.92 (m, 4H), 3.06 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 6H), 1.39-1.28 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.95 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.2, 158.2, 156.7, 133.0, 131.6, 131.4, 129.3, 126.5 (q, J=272.1 Hz), 119.0, 118.6, 39.8 (br), 35.6 (br), 27.7 (q, J=33.7 Hz), 10.0 (q, J=2.5 Hz). HRMS (C19H19F3NO2+): expected: 350.1363; found: 350.1351.


Compound 820
N,N-Dimethyl-6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)-nicotinamide



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Following general procedure D, to a solution of 6-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (162 mg, 0.5 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added two drops of DMF followed by SOCl2 (0.1 mL, 1.4 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles evaporated on a rotary evaporator. 2 M dimethylamine in THF (2.5 mL, 5 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight in an argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition 1 M aqueous HCl.


The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 90% to 30% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as colorless solid (172 mg, 100%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.28 (dd, J=2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J=8.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.18-2.96 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.10-0.98 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.8, 163.9, 153.5, 146.7, 139.3, 132.7, 132.7, 127.1, 126.3 (q, J=274.0 Hz), 121.0, 111.4, 39.7 (br), 35.63 (br), 27.7 (q, J=33.6 Hz), 9.8 (q, J=2.5 Hz). HRMS (C18H18F3N2O2+): expected: 351.1315; found: 351.1293.


Synthesis of Intermediates


(±)-4-(Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)phenol, mixture of endo and exo



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To a solution of 4-acetoxystyrene (3 mL, 20 mmol) in dicyclopentadiene (3 mL, 22 mmol) was added hydroquinone (10 mg, 0.1 mmol). The reaction vessel was purged with argon and sealed. The reaction mixture was stirred at 160° C. for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through silica and washed with DCM. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and used in the next step without further purification.


The resulting oil was dissolved in EtOAc (40 mL). Under an argon atmosphere, palladium on charcoal (5% Pd, 0.2 g, 0.1 mmol) was added and the reaction vessel was flushed with Hz. The reaction was stirred strongly for 22 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then purged back with argon, filtered through celite, washed with EtOAc, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was then filtered on silica (PE/EtOAc), concentrated in vacuo and used in the next step without further purification.


The resulting oil was dissolved in EtOH (40 mL), and 2 M aqueous NaOH (20 mL, 40 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 17 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 0% PE-DCM gradient. Recrystallization in hot PE afforded the title compound as white needles (1.5 g, 40% over three steps, 7:1 mixture endo:exo)


(±)-4-(Bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl)phenol



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To a solution of 4-acetoxystyrene (3 mL, 20 mmol) in cyclohexadiene (2.1 mL, 22 mmol) was added hydroquinone (10 mg, 0.1 mmol). The reaction vessel was purged with argon and sealed. The reaction mixture was stirred at 160° C. for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through silica and washed with DCM. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and used in the next step without further purification.


The resulting oil was dissolved in EtOAc (40 mL). Under an argon atmosphere, palladium on charcoal (5% Pd, 0.2 g, 0.1 mmol) was added and the reaction vessel was flushed with Hz. The reaction was stirred strongly for 22 h. The reaction mixture was then purged back with argon, filtered through celite, washed with EtOAc, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was then filtered on silica (PE/DCM), concentrated in vacuo and used in the next step without further purification.


The resulting oil was dissolved in EtOH (40 mL), and 2 M aqueous NaOH (20 mL, 40 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 17 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 0% PE-DCM gradient. Recrystallization in hot PE afforded the title compound as white needles (0.6 g, 15% over three steps)


4-(1-(Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol



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Following a procedure from Anderson, K. W. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 (33), 10694-10695, to a solution of KOH (2.6 g, 46.3 mmol), Pd2dba3 (278 mg, 0.30 mmol), and di-tert-butyl-[2-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyl]phosphate (510 mg, 1.20 mmol) in degassed 1,4-dioxane (7.5 mL) and water (7.5 mL) under argon was added 1-bromo-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)benzene (3.98 g, 15.0 mmol). The reaction vessel was then sealed and immerged in a pre-heated oil bath at 100° C. The reaction was stirred for 4-10 h. The reaction was quenched with 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as a yellow oil (3.0 g, 99%).


2-Chloro-4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol



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To a solution of 4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol (1.03 g, 5.1 mmol) in DCE (25 mL) under argon at 0° C. were added N-chlorosuccinimide (737 mg, 5.52 mmol) and aluminium trichloride (740 mg, 5.55 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h, before being quenched with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 80% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as a yellow oil (380 mg, 31%).


6-Chloro-5-fluoronicotinic acid



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To a solution of 2-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methylpyridine (512 mg, 3.52 mmol) in pyridine (2.5 mL) and water (2.5 mL) was added one portion of potassium permanganate (1.1 g, 6.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. Two more equal portion of potassium permanganate (for a total of 3.3 g, 20.7 mmol) were added after respectively 1 h and 2 h of stirring at 100° C. When needed, the solid accumulated in the condenser were washed down with water and pyridine. After another 1 h of stirring at 100° C., the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 and stirred 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered, then acidified to pH 2 with HCl 5 M. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 90% to 70% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as a white solid (300 mg, 49%).


6-Chloro-5-fluoronicotinic acid ethyl ester



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To a solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoronicotinic acid (5.1 g, 29.1 mmol) in EtOH (150 mL) at 0° C. was added SOCl2 (4.5 mL, 61.7 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature, and the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 80% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as a white solid (5.28 mg, 89%).


1-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-cyclohexylethan-1-imine



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Following a procedure from Mercadante, M. A., et al., Chemical Science, 2014, 5, 3983-3994, to a solution of 4′-bromoacetophenone (10.0 g, 50.2 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (100 mg, 0.53 mmol) in toluene (70 mL) was added cyclohexylamine (6.1 mL, 53.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at reflux with a Dean-Stark for 21 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and PE was added (100 mL). The p-toluenesulfonic acid precipitated and could be filtered off. The solid was washed with PE (2×). The filtrate was concentrate in vacuo to afford crude product that was recrystallized from hot PE to give the title compound as slightly yellow flakes (12.4 g, 88%).


(Iodomethyl)dimethylphenylsilane




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Following a procedure from Mercadante, M. A., et al., Chemical Science, 2014, 5, 3983-3994, to a solution of (chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane (4.9 mL, 27 mmol) in acetone (30 mL) was added sodium iodide (7.1 g, 47.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at reflux for 19 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, filtered over celite, and the solid washed with PE (60 mL). The solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 70% PE-DCM gradient to give the title compound as a yellow oil (7.1 g, 95%).


1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan-1-one



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Following a procedure from Mercadante, M. A., et al., Chemical Science, 2014, 5, 3983-3994, to a solution of 1-(4-bromophenyl)-N-cyclohexylethan-1-imine (5.6 g, 20 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. was slowly added freshly prepared LDA in THF (approximatively 1.5 M, 15 mL, 22 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred 1 h at 0° C. before adding (iodomethyl)dimethylphenylsilane (6.1 g, 22 mmol). The reaction was stirred for another 1 h at 0° C. before quenching with a buffer aqueous solution of sodium acetate (29.5 g, 360 mmol), acetic acid (10.3 mL, 180 mmol) in water (11 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes before being diluted with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 95% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as a yellow solid (5.24 g, 75%).


Trimethyl (perfluoroethyl) silane



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A solution of n-BuLi (2.3 M in cyclohexane, 9 mL, 20.7 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was stirred at −90° C. (Acetone/N2). The system was purged with an atmosphere of pentafluoroethane and the system was kept between −78° C. and −90° C. for 1 h, then slowly warmed to −65° C. and stirred for another 0.5 h. A solution of TMSCl (2.55 mL, 20 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm-up slowly in the acetone bath and stirred for 15 h at room temperature. The solution was then distilled to obtain the title compound as a solution in THF (65 mL).


4-(1-(Perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)phenol



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Following a procedure from Mercadante, M. A., et al., Chemical Science, 2014, 5, 3983-3994, to the solution of trimethyl(perfluoroethyl)silane in THF previously obtained (60 mL) at 0° C. was added 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan-1-one (4.9 g, 14.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and TBAF (1 M solution in THF, 0.14 mL, 0.14 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C., water (1.4 mL) and TBAF (1 M solution in THF, 1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with a 100% to 95% PE-EtOAc gradient to give 3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropentan-3-ol as a mixture with the starting 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan-1-one (4.9 g, 1:1 ratio by NMR) due to similar polarity.


To a solution of the previous alcohol/ketone mixture (4.5 g, containing approximatively 5.5 mmol of 3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropentan-3-ol) in THF (25 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60 wt % in oil, 565 mg, 14.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. The reaction was cooled down to 0° C. and MsCl (0.9 mL, 11.6 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. and quenched with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with water, saturated aqueous NaHCO3, brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.


To the resulting oil at 0° C. was added a mixture of pyridine (0.9 mL, 11.2 mmol) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol (8 mL). The flask was sealed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 12.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with PE (3×). The combined organics were washed with aqueous HCl 1 M, water, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (water bath at 25° C., no lower than 200 mbar, the desired product is volatile). The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% PE to give 1-bromo-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)benzene. As it is a highly volatile product, the PE was not fully removed and the product was directly subjected to the next step. By further eluting the column with 9:1 PE/EtOAc, 1.7 g of the starting 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan-1-one was recovered.


Following a procedure from Anderson, K. W. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 (33), 10694-10695, to a solution of KOH (900 m 16.0 mmol), Pd2dba3 (93 mg, 0.10 mmol), and di-tert-butyl-[2-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyl]phosphate (170 mg, 0.40 mmol) in degassed 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and water (2 mL) under argon was added 1-bromo-4-(1-(perfluoroethyl)cyclopropyl)benzene (obtained in the previous step) in 1,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL). The reaction vessel was then sealed and immerged in a pre-heated oil bath at 100° C. The reaction was stirred for 4-10 h. The reaction was quenched with 1 M aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organics were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography eluting with 100% to 90% PE-EtOAc gradient to give the title compound as ayellow oil (1.04 g, 29% over 4 steps, 44% BRSM).


The compounds listed in Table XIV have been identified by TLC using pre-coated silica TLC sheets and common organic solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol, or acetic acids as eluent, preferably as binary or tertiary solvent mixtures thereof, UV light at a wavelength of 254 or 366 nm, and/or common staining solutions such as phosphomolybdic acid, potassium permanganate, or ninhydrin.


The compounds listed in Table XIV have furthermore been identified by mass spectrometry using formic acid in the mobile phase for detection of positive ions, while no additive was used for negative ions. Ammonium Carbonate was used if the molecule was difficult to ionize. Representative compounds have also been identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemical shifts (6) were reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to residual solvent peaks rounded to the nearest 0.01 ppm for proton and 0.1 ppm for carbon (ref.: CHCl3 [1H: 7.26 ppm, 13C: 77.2 ppm], DMSO [1H: 2.50 ppm, 13C: 39.5 ppm]). Coupling constants (J) were reported in Hz to the nearest 0.1 Hz. Peak multiplicity was indicated as follows: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), hept (heptet), m (multiplet), and br (broad).

Claims
  • 1. A compound selected from the group consisting of: (i) a compound of formula I,
  • 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula I, II, III and IV, R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, 3-pentyl, —CF3, —CF2CF3, —(CF2)2CF3, —(CF2)3CF3, —CH(CF3)2, —CF(CF3)2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, and 9-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl.
  • 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula I, Ill and V, R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl and ethyl wherein said methyl and ethyl is optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated.
  • 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula II, IV and V, R3 is H or methyl, wherein said methyl is optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated.
  • 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula II, IV and V, R4 is selected from the group consisting of OH and methyl wherein in the case of Formula II and IV said methyl is fluorinated or perfluorinated and wherein in the case of Formula V said methyl is optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated.
  • 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, n is 0 as constituting cyclopropyl.
  • 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein said cyclopropyl is unsubstituted.
  • 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, R5 is a perfluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl residue.
  • 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, R5 is —CF3 or —CF2CF3.
  • 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, R6-R8 are H and R9 is selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —CI or —CH3.
  • 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, Y=benzene or pyridine being not substituted with any of the residues selected from R10-R13, or being substituted with one of the substituents selected from R10-R13 being —F at the carbon atom in ortho-position relative to the ether bond.
  • 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein in the compound of Formula V, Z═O.
  • 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein all alkyl residues of R4 can be linear or branched, and are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —CI, —Br, —I; OC1-C3 alkyl and halogenated C1-C3 alkyl.
  • 14. The compound according to claim 13, wherein said C1-C3 alkyl is perhalogenated, and said OC1-C3 alkyl is halogenated or perhalogenated.
  • 15. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a) an active agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a compound of formula I,
  • 16. The composition according to claim 15, wherein said adjuvants are selected from the group consisting of an immunotherapeutic agent or a vaccine adjuvant.
  • 17. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising a second active agent.
  • 18. The composition according to claim 17, wherein said second active agent is selected from the group consisting of chemotherapeutic agents, peptide antibiotics, alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, inhibitors and activators of signaling pathways, retinoids, hormone signaling modulators, histone deacetylase inhibitors, other Notch enhancers not encompassed by the compounds of the present invention, Notch Signaling-activating peptides or antibodies, immune response modulating agents and anti-inflammatory agents and ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, myostatin inhibitors, PDE-5 inhibitors and antihistamines.
  • 19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein said second active agent is selected from the group consisting of Cytarabin, Gemcitabine, Azathioprine, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil, Thioguanine, Hydroxyurea, Azacitidine, Capecitabine, Doxifluridine, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, Carboplatin and Nedaplatin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Valrubicin, Idarubicin, Daunorubicin, Sabarubicin, Pixantrone, Mitoxantrone, Actinomycin, Bleomycin, Mechlorethamine, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, Nitrosoureas, Dacarbazine, Temozolomide, Cyclophosphamide, Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, Abraxane, Cabazitaxel, Vinblastine, Vindesine, Vinorelbine, Vincristine, Irinotecan, Topotecan, Teniposide, Etoposide, Erlotinib, Lapatinib, Dasatinib, Imatinib, Afatinib, Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib, Nilotinib, Cetuximab, Trametinib, Palbociclib, Cobimetinib, Cabozantinib, Pegaptanib, Crizotinib, Olaparib, Panitumumab, Cabozantinib, Ponatinib, Regorafenib, Entrectinib, Ranibizumab, Ibrutinib, Trastuzumab, Rituximab, Alemtuzumab, Gefitinib, Bevacizumab, Lenvatinib, Bosutinib, Axitinib, Pazopanib, Everolimus, Temsirolimus, Ruxolitinib, Tofacitinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Aflibercept, Bortezomib, Vandetanib; Vismodegib, Sonidegib, retinol, tretinoin, isotretinoin, alitretinoin, bexarotene, tazarotene, acitretin, adapalene, etretinate, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Lasofoxifene, Toremifene, Bicalutamide, Flutamide, Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane, Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat, Belinostat, Chidamide, Ingenol mebutate, Valproic acid, Resveratrol, hesperetin, chrysin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, thiocoraline, N-methylhemeanthidine chloride, Imiquimod, Ipilimumab, Atezolizumab, Ofatumumab, Rituximab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Dexamethason, Betamethason, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolon-hexacetonid, Mometasonfuroat, Clobetasolpropionat, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid and other salicylates, Diflunisal, Ibuprofen, Dexibuprofen, Naproxen, Fenoprofen, Ketoprofen, Dexketoprofen, Loxoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Oxaprozin, Indomethacin, Ketorolac, Tolmetin, Diclofenac, Etodolac, Aceclofenac, Nabumetone, Sulindac, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamic acid, Flufenamic acid, Tolfenamic acid, Celecoxib, Parecoxib, Etoricoxib and Firocoxib.
  • 20. A kit comprising the compound according to claim 1 and a second active agent, wherein said compound and said second active agent are in separate dose forms which can be co-administered or administered separately.
  • 21. A compound selected from the group consisting of:
Priority Claims (2)
Number Date Country Kind
17160326.9 Mar 2017 WO international
17205950.3 Dec 2017 WO international
Parent Case Info

This application is a divisional from Ser. No. 16/488,458 filed Aug. 23, 2019, which is a 35 U.S.C. 371 National Phase Entry Application from PCT/EP2018/054686 filed Feb. 26, 2018, which claims priority to European Application No. 17160326.9 filed Mar. 10, 2017 and European Application No. 17205950.3 filed Dec. 7, 2017, and claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/463,212, filed on Feb. 24, 2017, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
62463212 Feb 2017 US
Divisions (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 16488458 Aug 2019 US
Child 18064576 US