Patent Application
20120220756
The present invention relates to a novel brazzein multi-variant having high sweetness and the use thereof, and more particularly, to a brazzein variant having higher sweetness than minor types of a wild-type brazzein protein, a method of preparing the same, and a food composition for enhancing a sugar content comprising the same.
White sugar (refined sugar) is a disaccharide referred to as a kind of saccharose (a chemical term referring to sugar) composed of a simple carbohydrate called “sucrose.” Sugar has been frequently used as a sweetener for a long period of time. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a recommendation to limit the use of sugar to 10% of the recent consumption because of problems of sugar such as harmfulness to the human body, and state governments of the United States have prohibited to sell foods including sugar as a major ingredient and drinks including a high content of sugar (July 2003 in New York City, September 2004 in New Jersey, March 2006 in Illinois, and April 2006 in Connecticut). In Korea, the National Obesity Taskforce has also been organized to announce to sugar manufacturers to mark warning labels about sugar risks on their products, and scheduled to regulate advertisements for foods containing sugar exceeding a standard sugar content after 2010. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new sweetener that can be substituted for sugar.
In 1879, Ira Remsen (USA) and Constantin Fahlberg (Germany) discovered saccharin, which is considered to be approximately 500 times sweeter than sugar. Saccharin has an advantage in that it is not digested in the human body but excreted from the human body. However, there is controversy over whether saccharin is a carcinogenic substance. Finally, although saccharin was proven to be harmless to the human body, it is still hardly used due to its bitter aftertaste. In 1937, the University of Illinois (USA) found that sodium cyclohexylsulfamate has a sweet taste. With the trade name cyclamate, it was first used in the beginning of 1950, and swept through the global sweetener market in the 1960s. However, as the sodium cyclohexylsulfamate was proven to be a carcinogenic substance, it has been completely prohibited since the 1970s in Korea. An artificial sweetener most widely used in recent years is aspartame that was discovered in 1965 by James Schlatter. Aspartame has a sugar content approximately 180 to 200 times that of sugar. Aspartame is included in a majority of currently commercially available diet drinks, and thus is subjected to a metabolic pathway to generate phenylalanine when it is taken up into the human body. Therefore, because of a congenital deficiency in the enzyme that serves to break down phenylalanine, i.e., phenylalanine hydroxylase, phenylketonuric patients cannot use the enzyme.
There has been continuous research conducted to develop not only artificial sweeteners but also natural sweeteners. As a result, a compound referred to as stevioside was found to be present in the leaves of a perennial plant (i.e., Stevia rebaudiana) in the aster family, which is classified as an herb. The natives living in the border between Paraguay and Brazil have used stevioside as a sweetener for over 400 years. In Korea, stevioside is sometimes added to a traditional distilled liquor called “soju” and is 200 times as sweet as sugar.
Meanwhile, increasing attention has been paid to a sweetener protein extracted from a tropical fruit. Thaumatin is a kind of protein included in the fruit of a perennial plant (i.e., Thaumatococcus daniellii) referred to as a miracle fruit in Western Africa, and is 2,000 to 3,000 times as sweet as sugar. Monellin is a protein obtained from the fruit of a viny plant called a serendipity berry growing in the rain forest area of Africa, and is 3,000 times as sweet as sugar. However, it is very difficult to cultivate the serendipity berry and also to extract monellin from its fruit. Moreover, monellin has a problem in that it has low thermal stability. Therefore, when monellin is heat-treated in a food processing process, it does not show sweetness due to the breakdown of its 3-dimensional protein structure. In order to solve these problems, there has been research conducted to enhance the thermal stability of the monellin using a protein engineering technique.
Meanwhile, brazzein is a sweetener protein extracted from the fruit of Pentadiplandra brazzeana (Baillon) growing in West Africa (Ming et al., FEBS Letters, 355: 106-108, 1994). Brazzein shows sweetness approximately 500 to 2,000 times that of sucrose (Jin et al., Chem. Senses. 28: 491-498, 2003), and is divided into two types: a major type and a minor type. The major type accounting for a majority of brazzein extracted from the plant has 54 amino acids including a pyroglutamic acid residue bound to an amino-terminal region. On the other hand, the minor type of brazzein has 53 amino acid residues without a pyroglutamic acid residue bound to an amino-terminal region, and shows stronger sweetness, approximately twice that of the major type of brazzein (Assadi-Porter et al., Arch., Biochem. Biophys. 376: 259-265, 2000). Brazzein has a molecular weight of approximately 6.5 kDa, which is the smallest among the sweetener proteins, and is a monomer composed of one kind of subunit. Also, brazzein consists of a single polypeptide and has one α-helix and two β-pleated sheets. Brazzein has very high thermal stability since it has 8 cysteine residues to form 4 disulfide bonds in the molecule. Also, brazzein shows very high solubility and pH stability in water (Gao et al., Int. J. Biol. macromol. 24: 351-359, 1999).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,707 B1 and Assadi-Porter et al. (Assadi-Porter et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 376: 259-265, 2000) disclose a method of producing recombinant brazzein using a genetic engineering method by which the above-described brazzein is produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here, the method includes synthesizing a gene coding for brazzein, inserting the gene into a recombinant vector containing a SNase gene to construct a new transformation vector, introducing the transformation vector into E. coli, and expressing and finally purifying a fusion protein linked with the SNase. However, the brazzein fused and expressed with the SNase is produced as an insoluble inclusion body. Therefore, the insoluble inclusion body should be refolded, separated and purified by removing SNase and methionine (Met) using cyanobromide (CNBr). Therefore, it is very difficult to commercialize the recombinant brazzein since it may not be mass-produced due to technically complex and very difficult processes. Accordingly, the present inventors have conducted research to solve the prior-art problems, and filed an application disclosing a polynucleotide including an E. coli pelB signal sequence and a brazzein gene and a method of preparing brazzein using the same (Korean Patent Application No. 2006-97619).
Therefore, in order to search for a natural sweetener showing high thermal stability and excellent sweetness, the present inventors have prepared variants and multi-variants by mutating wild-type brazzein through substitution of amino acids at certain positions which are expected not to affect a structure in an amino acid sequence of brazzein, and screening a brazzein variant or multi-variant having equivalent properties such as thermal stability, pH stability and high water solubility and showing higher sweetness compared to the conventional brazzein. Therefore, the present invention was completed based on the above-described facts.
The present invention is directed to providing a novel brazzein variant or multi-variant having equivalent properties such as high thermal and pH stabilities and high water solubility compared to a minor-type protein of the conventional brazzein and showing stronger sweetness at least 2 times and up to 20 times that of the minor-type protein.
One aspect of the present invention provides a novel brazzein variant having more excellent sweetness than a conventional wild-type brazzein.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a polynucleotide coding for the brazzein variant or multi-variant.
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector including the polynucleotide, an E. coli strain transformed with the recombinant expression vector, and a method of preparing a brazzein variant using the E. coli strain.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a food composition for enhancing a sugar content including the brazzein variant or multi-variant as an effective component.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The present invention is directed to providing a novel brazzein variant or multi-variant having a higher sugar content than a conventional wild-type brazzein.
According to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, 40 recombinant vectors coding for brazzein variants are constructed using site-directed mutagenesis by substituting a 5th amino acid residue (lysine), a 28th amino acid residue (aspartic acid), a 30th amino acid residue (histidine), a 35th amino acid residue (glutamic acid), a 40th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) or a 42nd amino acid residue (arginine) of minor-type brazzein with other amino acids.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the recombinant vectors constructed thus are used to express brazzein variants, and the expressed brazzein variants are purified to obtain high-purity brazzein variants.
According to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the activities (sweetness) and thermal stabilities of the brazzein variants prepared thus and a minor-type brazzein protein are measured. As a result, the brazzein variants, in which a 30th amino acid residue (histidine) and a 35th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) of the minor-type brazzein protein are substituted with arginine and aspartic acid residues, respectively, and a 40th glutamic acid residue is substituted with alanine, aspartic acid, lysine or arginine residue, have a higher activity (sweetness) and an equivalent thermal stability compared to the minor-type brazzein protein. Therefore, the brazzein variants are selected to prepare brazzein multi-variants showing higher sweetness, but it can be seen that the brazzein variants themselves may be used as an excellent sweetener.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the brazzein variants prepared thus are properly combined to construct 17 recombinant vectors coding for brazzein multi-variants including 9 secondary brazzein variants, 4 tertiary brazzein variants and 4 quaternary brazzein variants obtained by inserting a lysine residue between a 29th lysine residue and a 30th histidine residue of the minor-type brazzein on the basis of the tertiary brazzein variants. Then, the brazzein variants are expressed from the 17 recombinant vectors, purified and measured for activities (sweetness) in the same manner as in the above-described exemplary embodiments. As a result, it is possible to obtain high-purity brazzein variants, and to prepare brazzein variants having an equivalent stability to the minor-type brazzein protein and showing higher sweetness at least 4 and up to 20 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein. From these facts, it can be seen that the brazzein multi-variants prepared using the screened brazzein variants are also used as an excellent sweetener.
Therefore, the present invention is directed to providing a brazzein variant in which a 30th amino acid residue (histidine), a 35th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) or a 40th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) of the minor-type brazzein is substituted with one of other amino acids.
According to one exemplary embodiment, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be, for example, a brazzein variant having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100 in which a 30th amino acid residue, histidine, is substituted with an arginine residue, a brazzein variant having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109 in which a 35th amino acid residue, glutamic acid, is substituted with an aspartic acid residue, or a brazzein variant having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 115 or SEQ ID NO: 117 in which a 40th glutamic acid residue is substituted with an alanine residue, an aspartic acid residue, a lysine residue or an arginine residue, respectively.
According to another exemplary embodiment, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be a brazzein multi-variant in which at least two of the 30th amino acid residue (histidine), the 35th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) and the 40th amino acid residue (glutamic acid) are substituted, for example a brazzein variant having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153 or SEQ ID NO: 154.
Also, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be obtained by inserting a lysine residue between a 29th lysine residue and a 30th histidine residue of the brazzein variant having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153 or SEQ ID NO: 154, and may preferably have an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157 or SEQ ID NO: 158.
Meanwhile, the present invention is directed to providing a polynucleotide coding for the brazzein variant. The polynucleotide may be a polynucleotide coding for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 115 or SEQ ID NO: 117, and may preferably have a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 72 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 73 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74 73 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, or a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
Also, the polynucleotide coding for the brazzein multi-variant according to the present invention may be a polynucleotide coding for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157 or SEQ ID NO: 158, and may preferably have a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 124 123 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 125 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 144, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 126 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 146, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 149, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 150, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 151, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 134 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 153, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 135 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 154, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 138 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 139 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 156, a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 140 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157, or a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141 for an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158.
In addition, the present invention is directed to providing a recombinant expression vector for expression of a brazzein variant or multi-variant including a promoter and the polynucleotide operably linked with the promoter.
The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence to which a nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to control expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a certain host cell, and the term “operably linked” means that one nucleic acid fragment is bound to another nucleic acid fragment such that functions and expression of the one nucleic acid fragment are affected by the latter nucleic acid fragment. In addition, the promoter may further include an optional operator sequence configured to control transcription, a sequence encoding a suitable mRNA ribosome-binding site, and sequences controlling the termination of transcription and translation. Here, the promoter may be a constitutive promoter which constitutively induces the expression of a target gene constantly, or an inducible promoter which induces the expression of a target gene at a specific site for a specific time. Examples of the promoter include an E. coli pelB promoter, a U6 promoter, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, an SV40 promoter, a CAG promoter (Hitoshi Niwa et al., Gene, 108:193-199, 1991; Monahan et al., Gene Therapy, 7:24-30, 2000), a CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812, 1985), an Rsyn7 promoter (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/991,601), a rice actin promoter (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2:163-171, 1990), a ubiquitin promoter (Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632, 1989), and an ALS promoter (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/409,297). In addition to the promoters, promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144, 5,604,121, 5,569,597, 5,466,785, 5,399,680, 5,268,463 and 5,608,142 may be used herein. An E. coli pelB promoter may be preferably used as the promoter.
The E. coli pelB signal sequence is a kind of periplasmic signal sequence derived from E. coli (Rietsch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 130408-13053, 1996, Raina et al., Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 51: 179-202, 1997, Sone et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272: 10349-10352, 1997). When the brazzein according to the present invention is synthesized, the E. coli pelB signal sequence may serve to translocate the brazzein into the E. coli periplasm and induce formation of an exact disulfide bond, to inhibit formation of an insoluble inclusion body of a brazzein protein, and to facilitate a purification process by minimizing unnecessary expression of E. coli-derived proteins. The E. coli pelB signal sequence according to the present invention preferably has a base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 137, and is linked to a 5′ upstream end of a nucleotide sequence of the brazzein variant according to the present invention so that it can have the same frame upon translation into a protein.
According to the present invention, the term “recombinant expression vector” refers to a vector that can express a target protein or transcribe a target RNA in a host cell, and also to a gene construct that includes an essential regulatory factor operably linked thereto to express a gene insert.
The vector according to the present invention includes a plasmid vector, a cosmid vector, a bacteriophage vector and a viral vector, but the present invention is not particularly limited thereto. In addition to the expression control sequences such as a promoter, an operator, an initiation codon, a termination codon, a polyadenylation signal and an enhancer, a suitable expression vector may include a signal or leader sequence for membrane targeting or secretion, and be prepared through various methods, when necessary. Also, the expression vector includes a selection marker for selecting a host cell with the vector, and a replication origin when it is a replicable expression vector.
As such, the recombinant expression vector for expression of the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be preferably pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D), pET26B(+)-B razzein(E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40K) or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40R), which may be constructed through site-directed mutagenesis using pET26B(+)-Brazzein(Met-) as a template and SEQ ID NO: 19 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R), SEQ ID NO: 28 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D), SEQ ID NO: 32 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40A), SEQ ID NO: 33 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40D), SEQ ID NO: 34 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40K), or SEQ ID NO: 36 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E40R).
As such, the recombinant expression vector for expression of the secondary brazzein variant out of the brazzein multi-variants according to the present invention may also be preferably pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40K) or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40R), which may be constructed through site-directed mutagenesis using pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R) as a template and SEQ ID NO: 28 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D), SEQ ID NO: 32 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40A), SEQ ID NO: 33 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40D), SEQ ID NO: 34 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40K), or SEQ ID NO: 36 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E40R).
As such, the recombinant expression vector for expression of the other secondary brazzein variant out of the brazzein multi-variants according to the present invention may also be preferably pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40K) or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40R), which may be constructed through site-directed mutagenesis using pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D) as a template and SEQ ID NO: 32 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40A), SEQ ID NO: 33 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40D), SEQ ID NO: 34 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40K), or SEQ ID NO: 36 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(E35D_E40R).
As such, the recombinant expression vector for expression of the tertiary brazzein variant out of the brazzein multi-variants according to the present invention may also be preferably pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40K) or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40R), which may be constructed through site-directed mutagenesis using pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D) as a template and SEQ ID NO: 32 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40A), SEQ ID NO: 33 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40D), SEQ ID NO: 34 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40K), or SEQ ID NO: 36 for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40R).
As such, the recombinant expression vector for expression of the quaternary brazzein variant out of the brazzein multi-variants according to the present invention may also be preferably pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40K) or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40R), which may be constructed through site-directed mutagenesis using SEQ ID NO: 136 as a primer and pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40K), or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(H30R_E35D_E40R) as a template for pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40A), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40D), pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40K), or pET26B(+)-Brazzein(29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40R), respectively.
Also, the present invention is directed to providing an E. coli strain including the recombinant expression vector. The E. coli strain is transformed with the recombinant expression vector according to conventional transformation methods. In this case, the transformation may be performed using a suitable standard technique according to the kind of host cells known in the art, including any methods of introducing a nucleic acid into a host cell. Such a standard technique includes electroporation, calcium phosphate (CaPO4) precipitation, calcium chloride (CaCl2) precipitation, microprojectile bombardment, PEG-mediated fusion, microinjection, and a liposome-mediated method, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The present invention is directed to providing a method of preparing a brazzein variant. Here, the method according to the present invention includes culturing the transformed E. coli strain, isolating a periplasmic protein from the cultured E. coli strain, and heat-treating the isolated periplasmic protein to purify brazzein.
The E. coli strain transformed to include the polynucleotide according to the present invention may be cultured in a suitable medium under the suitable conditions to express a polynucleotide encoding a brazzein variant. Here, the culture conditions are identical or similar to the conventional conditions used to culture an E. coli strain. As the transformed E. coli strain is cultured, a brazzein protein containing a pelB signal sequence is expressed under control of an expression control sequence in the expression vector. According to the present invention, such expression of the brazzein is performed without using a compound, such as isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), which facilitates the expression of a conventional inducible promoter. The expressed brazzein containing the pelB signal sequence is translocated into the E. coli periplasm by the action of the signal sequence, and the signal sequence is removed by an E. coli signal peptidase to synthesize brazzein.
In order to isolate the brazzein expressed in the transformed cell from the E. coli periplasm, a known method of isolating a protein from the E. coli periplasm (Snyder et al., J. Bacteriology, 177: 953963, 1995) may be used, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the isolation method may be performed by collecting the cultured E. coli strain, suspending the collected E. coli strain in a 30 mM Tri-HCl (pH 8) solution supplemented with 20% sucrose and eluting an E. coli periplasmic protein using an EDTA (pH 8) solution and MgSO4.
The method of isolating the brazzein according to the present invention from the E. coli periplasmic protein may be performed using various isolation and purification methods known in the art. For example, the brazzein according to the present invention may be isolated using techniques such as salting out (ammonium sulfate precipitation and sodium phosphate precipitation), solvent precipitation (precipitation of a protein fraction using acetone or ethanol), dialysis, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase column chromatography and affinity chromatography, which may be used alone or in combination. Since the brazzein according to the present invention is stable to heat, the method of isolating the brazzein may be preferably performed using heat treatment. The heat treatment may be preferably performed by heating a cell homogenate at 70 to 90° C. for 15 to 60 minutes to thermally denature proteins other than the brazzein and centrifuging the cell homogenate at 4° C. and 18,000 g for 30 minutes to isolate the thermally denatured proteins and the brazzein, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
For reference, the above-described nucleotide and protein works may be carried out with reference to the following documents (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989); Deutscher, M., Guide to Protein Purification Methods Enzymology, vol. 182. Academic Press. Inc., San Diego, Calif. (1990)).
As described above, the enzymological properties of the brazzein variant according to the present invention having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 115 or SEQ ID NO: 117; and the brazzein multi-variant according to the present invention having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157 or SEQ ID NO: 158, which have higher sweetness and high thermal stability, are summarized as follows.
1) Molecular weight: 6.5 kDa
2) High thermal stability and acid resistance
3) High water solubility
4) Brazzein variants having higher sweetness at least 2 to 3.3 times that of a brazzein protein of a minor-type brazzein
5) Brazzein variants having higher sweetness at least approximately 4,000 to approximately 6,600 times that of 1 g/100 ml of sucrose
6) Brazzein multi-variants having higher sweetness at least 4 to 20 times that of a brazzein protein of a minor-type brazzein
7) Brazzein multi-variants having higher sweetness at least approximately 8,000 to approximately 40,000 times that of 1 g/100 ml of sucrose
As such, comparing the brazzein variant or multi-variant according to the present invention to a minor-type brazzein protein expressed and purified as disclosed in Korean Patent Application No. 2006-97619 filed by the same applicant as the present invention, that is, a wild-type minor-type brazzein protein, and a brazzein variant expressed and purified as disclosed in Korean Patent Application No. 10-2007-0117013, the brazzein variant according to the present invention and the brazzein multi-variant prepared based on the brazzein variant have novel amino acid sequences so that they can have equivalent properties such as thermal stability, acid resistance and water solubility and show higher sweetness, compared to the wild-type brazzein.
According to the present invention, the brazzein variant also shows higher sweetness than a brazzein variant known in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,274,707B 1 and 7,153,535, and has other effects.
Therefore, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be used instead of a natural sweetener such as sugar, fructose or oligosaccharide or an artificial sweetener such as aspartame. Accordingly, the present invention is also directed to providing the use of the brazzein variant for production of a sweetener, the use of the brazzein variant for enhancing a sugar content in food, a sweetener including the brazzein variant, and a food composition including the brazzein variant as a sweetener.
The food composition according to the present invention includes all kinds of a functional food, a nutritional supplement, a health food and a food additive. These kinds of food compositions may be prepared into various formulations using conventional methods known in the art.
For example, the formulations may be prepared by adding the brazzein variant according to the present invention to beverages (including alcoholic beverages), fruits and their processed foods (for example, canned fruit, bottled fruit, jam, marmalade, etc.), fishes, meats and their processed foods (for example, ham, sausage, corned beef, etc.), breads and noodles (for example, udon, buckwheat noodles, ramen, spaghetti, macaroni, etc.), fruit juices, various drinks, cookies, wheat-gluten, dairy products (for example, butter, cheese, etc.), edible vegetable fats and oils, margarine, vegetable proteins, retort foods, frozen foods, various condiments (for example, soybean paste (doenjang), soy sauce, sauces, etc.).
In addition, the food composition including the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be prepared in the form of a powder or concentrated solution, and used as a food additive such as a sweetener.
In the food composition according to the present invention, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be preferably included at a content of approximately 0.01 to 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the food composition.
As described above, the brazzein variant according to the present invention has excellent properties such as thermal stability, acid resistance and water solubility compared to a conventional brazzein and also shows higher sweetness at least 2 times and up to 3.3 times that of the conventional brazzein. Like the brazzein variant, the brazzein multi-variant according to the present invention also has the same stability as the minor-type brazzein protein and shows higher sweetness at least 4 times and up to 20 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein. Therefore, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be widely used as a sweetener in food compositions since a greater amount of other sweeteners may be replaced with a smaller amount of the brazzein variant.
Lane 1: Relative activity of minor-type brazzein after heat treatment
Lane 2: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (H30K) after heat treatment
Lane 3: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (H30R) after heat treatment
Lane 4: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E35D) after heat treatment
Lane 5: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E40A) after heat treatment
Lane 6: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E40D) after heat treatment
Lane 7: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E40K) after heat treatment
Lane 8: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E40H) after heat treatment
Lane 9: Relative activity of a brazzein variant (E40R) after heat treatment
Lane M: Molecular weight marker
Lane 1: Purified secondary brazzein variant (H30R_E35D)
Lane 2: Purified secondary brazzein variant (H30R_E40A)
Lane 3: Purified secondary brazzein variant (H30R_E40D)
Lane 4: Purified secondary brazzein variant (H30R_E40K)
Lane 5: Purified secondary brazzein variant (H30R_E40R)
Lane 6: Purified secondary brazzein variant (E35D_E40A)
Lane 7: Purified secondary brazzein variant (E35D_E40D)
Lane 8: Purified secondary brazzein variant (E35D_E40K)
Lane 9: Purified secondary brazzein variant (E35D_E40R)
Lane 10: Purified tertiary brazzein variant (H30R_E35D_E40A)
Lane 11: Purified tertiary brazzein variant (H30R_E35D_E40D)
Lane 12: Purified tertiary brazzein variant (H30R_E35D_E40K)
Lane 13: Purified tertiary brazzein variant (H30R_E35D_E40R)
Lane 14: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40A)
Lane 15: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40D)
Lane 16: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40K)
Lane 17: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40R)
A: Purified minor-type brazzein
B: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40A)
C: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40D)
D: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40K)
E: Purified quaternary brazzein variant (29-ins30 Lys_H30R_E35D_E40R)
As described above, the brazzein variant according to the present invention has excellent properties such as thermal stability, acid resistance and water solubility compared to a conventional brazzein and also shows higher sweetness at least 2 times and up to 3.3 times that of the conventional brazzein. Like the brazzein variant, the brazzein multi-variant according to the present invention also has the same stability as the minor-type brazzein protein and shows higher sweetness at least 4 times and up to 20 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein. Therefore, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be widely used as a sweetener in food compositions since a greater amount of other sweeteners may be replaced with a smaller amount of the brazzein variant.
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various forms. The following embodiments are described in order to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to embody and practice the present invention.
In order to prepare a brazzein variant having higher sweetness than a wild-type brazzein protein, first, one certain amino acid of an amino acid sequence of a minor-type brazzein protein was selected and exchanged into another certain amino acid.
First, external amino acid residues (side chain) of brazzein facing outwards and having polarity were selected as the certain amino acid to be substituted through structural analysis of the brazzein. Based on this structural information, 40 primers having complementary sequences to the forward primers as listed in the following Table 1 were constructed so that a minor-type brazzein protein could be synthesized in E. coli used in Korean Patent Application No. 2006-97619 filed by the same applicant as the present invention using a recombinant expression vector (pET26B(+)-Brzzein(Met-), see Example 6) as a template. Here, the recombinant expression vector has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from which an unnecessary “ATG” sequence is removed. The forward and reverse primers were designed in consideration of the length of electrical properties of external amino acid residues of a certain amino acid sequence of the minor-type brazzein protein (see Table 1). A total of 40 expression vectors, each of which includes a nucleotide sequence coding for a brazzein variant, were constructed by substituting certain positions of the minor-type brazzein protein according to the manufacturer's guide using the primers listed in the following Table 1 and a QuikChange™ site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, USA). In this case, the underlined regions in the primer sequences listed in the following Table 1 represent sequences modified for preparation of brazzein variants.
More particularly, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total of 50 μl of a reaction solution containing 10 ng of a pET26B(+)-Brazzein(Met-) vector, a mixture of dNTPs (each having a final concentration of 0.2 mM), 125 ng of each primer listed in Table 1, 5 μl of a 10× reaction buffer, and 1 μl of PfuTurbo DNA polymerase (2.5 U/μl, Stratagene, USA). The PCR reaction was performed by pre-denaturing at 95° C. for 1 minute, followed by 20 cycles of amplification (at 95° C. for 30 seconds; at 55° C. for 60 seconds; and at 68° C. 15 minutes) and one final cycle of extension at 68° C. for 15 minutes. When the PCR reaction was completed, the amplified PCR products were confirmed through 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis, and then treated with a restriction enzyme DpnI at 37° C. for 1 hour. Immediately after the digestion, a supercompetent cell, E. coli XL1-Blue, was transformed with the amplified PCR products. The transformed XL1-Blue strain was cultured for 12 hours in an LB-agar plate containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin to screen antibiotic-resistant colonies. Then, the screened colonies were incubated in an LB-agar medium to isolate full-length DNA from E. coli. The genetic analysis indicated that a nucleotide sequence coding for each brazzein variant was limited to a pelB signal sequence in the case of the isolated DNA. These were represented by sequence numbers, and given nucleotide names, as listed in the following Table 2 which will described later, for example, the term “K5D” means that a lysine residue at position 5 of a minor-type brazzein protein is substituted with an aspartic acid residue. A one-letter code representing each amino acid was designated according to the known amino acid code.
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K5A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K5D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K5E) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K5H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K5R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(D28A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(D28H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(D28K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(D28R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(D28E) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K29A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K29R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K29H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K29D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(K29E) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30E) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R32A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R32K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R32H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R32D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R32E) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E40A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E40D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E40K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E40H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E40R) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R42A) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R42K) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R42H) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R42D) gene
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(R42E) gene
From the experiment results, it was confirmed that all kinds of the expression vectors for brazzein variants were constructed, and E. coli BL21(star) was transformed with each of the expression vectors and used to mass-express the brazzein variant (see
2-1. Expression of Primary Brazzein Variant Each of the E. coli BL21(star) strains obtained by introducing 32 expression vectors for primary brazzein variants prepared in Example 1 was incubated in 11 of an LB medium supplemented with 30 μl/ml kanamycin at 37° C. for 12 hours without adding a protein inducer, isopropyl β-D-thoigalactopyranoside (IPTG) to express each brazzein variant in each transformed E. coli strain.
2-2. Purification of Brazzein Variant
Each E. coli strain incubated in Example 2-1 was collected by centrifugation at 8,000 g for 10 minutes. After the collection, the E. coli strain was suspended in a 30 mM Tri-HCl (pH 8.0) solution including 20% sucrose, and a 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) solution was added so that its final concentration could account for 1 mM, and slowly stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The resulting reaction solution was centrifuged at 10,000 g and 4° C. for 10 minutes, and a supernatant was removed. Then, cold 5 mM MgSO4 was added, and slowly stirred on ice for 10 minutes. In this procedure, periplasmic proteins were separated from a buffered solution. Thereafter, the resulting mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 g and 4° C. for 10 minutes to separate a pallet and a supernatant, and the pallet was heat-treated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to purify a brazzein variant present in the periplasm. Then, the brazzein variant was dialyzed in distilled water for 24 hours, and freeze-dried to obtain a purified primary brazzein variant represented by each sequence number as listed in the following Table 3. Also, a purification fold of the primary brazzein variant was primarily confirmed through SDS-PAGE.
From the experiment results, it was confirmed that the brazzein proteins were purified with high purity, and had a molecular weight of approximately 6.5 kDa.
2-3. Confirmation of Purification Folds and Structural Changes of Primary Brazzein Variants
In order to analyze the structural difference of the purified minor-type brazzein protein and the respective brazzein variants purified in Example 2-2 after confirmation of the purification folds, the analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (Varina) and a reverse-phase chromatography column (Vydac 214TP54, USA). A solvent condition was set as follows. Solvent A in which 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid was included in water and solvent B in which 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid was included in acetonitrile were eluted at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute for 30 minutes so that solvent B could flow in a linear gradient from 10% to 50%. The eluted solution was observed for a change in absorbance at 210 nm.
As a result, it was confirmed that the most brazzein variants were eluted after a retention time of 15 minutes, which indicates that there is hardly any change in structural difference of the expressed brazzein variants.
3-1. Measurement of Sweetness of Primary Brazzein Variants
Since the recombinant brazzein according to the present invention is not a sucrose-based compound having a cyclic ring, the sweetness of the recombinant brazzein was not measured using a saccharometer. Therefore, the activity of the recombinant brazzein was measured using the human sense of taste. Sugar content measurement was performed on 20 subjects who were trained to feel substantially the same minimum concentration of sucrose in which they could sense sweetness using a sucrose solution. That is, a concentration of each brazzein variant in which the subjects could sense sweetness for the first time was measured. Also, a sweetness ratio of the sucrose solution to the wild-type brazzein was 1 g/100 ml, which was a minimum stimulation level in which the subjects could sense sweetness. Also, a sweetness ratio of the minor-type brazzein protein to the wild-type brazzein was 500 μg/100 ml, which was a minimum stimulation level in which the subjects could sense sweetness. Therefore, the sweetness was calculated using the sweetness ratios (That is, 1/0.0005=2000 for the minor-type brazzein).
As a result, it was confirmed that the brazzein variants, that is, brazzein(H30K) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99, brazzein(H30R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, brazzein(E35D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, brazzein(E40K) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, brazzein(E40H) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116 and brazzein(E40R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, had higher sweetness at least 2 times and up to 3.3 times (at least approximately 4,000 times and up to approximately 6,600 times that of 1 g/100 ml sucrose) that of the minor-type brazzein protein, as listed in Table 4. In particular, the brazzein variant (E40D) showed the highest increase in sweetness.
3-2. Measurement of Thermal Stabilities of Primary Brazzein Variants
On the basis of the results measured in Example 3-1, 100 mg of each of the brazzein variants having high sweetness, that is, brazzein(H30K) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99, brazzein(H30R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, brazzein(E35D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, brazzein(E40K) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, brazzein(E40H) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116 and brazzein(E40R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, was dissolved in a 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) solution, and heated at 80° C. for 4 hours. Based on the sweetness measured before the heat treatment of the respective primary brazzein variants, a sweetness change level of each primary brazzein variant was then measured by the 20 subjects in the same manner as in Example 3-1. The sweetness change level was calculated as relative activity, and is shown in
As a result, it was confirmed that the brazzein variants such as brazzein(H30R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, brazzein(E35D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40A) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, brazzein(E40D) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, brazzein(E40K) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115 and brazzein(E40R) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117 maintained their thermal stabilities, as shown in
On the basis of the results measured in Example 3-2, secondary brazzein variants having higher sweetness were prepared using the primary brazzein variants (H30R, E35D, E40A, E40D, E40R and E40K) having equivalent stability compared to the minor-type brazzein protein and showing higher sweetness than the minor-type brazzein protein.
More particularly, in order to prepare secondary brazzein variants, a total of 9 polynucleotide sequences coding for secondary brazzein variants were constructed through the site-directed mutagenesis used in Example 1 using the templates listed in the following Tables 5 to 7 (expression vectors including polynucleotide sequences coding for the primary brazzein variants) and the primers used to prepare the primary brazzein variants. In the nomenclature of the templates listed in the following Tables 5 to 7, for example, the term “H30R_E35D” means that a histidine residue at position 30 of a minor-type brazzein protein is substituted with an arginine residue and a glutamic acid residue at position 35 of the minor-type brazzein protein is also substituted with an aspartic acid residue, and the term “29ins30 Lys_” means that a lysine residue is inserted between positions 29 and 30 of the minor-type brazzein protein. Also, the underlined regions in the primer sequences refer to sequences modified for preparation of brazzein variants.
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
In order to prepare tertiary brazzein variants showing higher sweetness, a total of 4 polynucleotide sequences coding for tertiary brazzein variants were constructed through the site-directed mutagenesis used in Example 1 using the templates listed in Table 5 (expression vectors including polynucleotide sequences coding for the secondary brazzein variants) and the primers used to prepare the primary brazzein variants.
On the assumption that the lysine and histidine residues at positions 29 and 30 of the minor-type brazzein protein are important in conferring sweet taste through the sweetness test results of the primary brazzein variants described in Example 3, a lysine residue was inserted between the positions 29 and 30 of the tertiary brazzein variants to prepare quaternary brazzein variants. For this purpose, the templates listed in Table 5 (expression vectors including polynucleotide sequences coding for the tertiary brazzein variants) and primers including bases coding for a lysine residue as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 136 were synthesized, and a total of 4 polynucleotide sequences coding for quaternary brazzein variants were constructed through the site-directed mutagenesis used in Example 1. These were represented by sequence numbers, and given nucleotide names, as listed in the following Table 8.
As a result, a total of 17 expression vectors for expression of brazzein multi-variants were constructed, and E. coli BL21(star) was transformed with each of the expression vectors and used to mass-express the brazzein variants.
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R_E35D)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R_E40A)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R_E40D)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R_E40K)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(H30R_E40R)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35D_E40A)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35D_E40D)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35D_E40K)
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(E35D_E40R)
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB +
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(29ins30
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(29ins30
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(29ins30
E. coli pelB + Brazzein(29ins30
Purified brazzein multi-variants represented by sequence numbers listed in Tables 9 to 11 were expressed and purified in the same manner as in Examples 2-1 and 2-2 using E. coli BL21(star) obtained by introducing each of the 17 expression vectors for expression of the brazzein multi-variants prepared in Example 4. Then, the purification folds of the brazzein multi-variants were primarily confirmed through SDS-PAGE.
As a result, it was seen that the brazzein proteins were purified with high purity, and had a molecular weight of approximately 6.5 kDa, as shown in
Also, the structural differences in the brazzein multi-variants were analyzed in the same manner as in Example 2-3 using high performance liquid chromatography (Varina). As a result, it was confirmed that the most brazzein multi-variants except for the quaternary brazzein variants were eluted after a retention time of 15 minutes, which was identical to those of the brazzein variants. However, it was confirmed that the quaternary brazzein variants were eluted after a retention time of approximately 20 minutes. From these results, it was seen that the structural difference from the wild-type brazzein protein was caused as the lysine residue was inserted between the lysine residue and the arginine residue at positions 29 and 30 of the tertiary brazzein variant (see
Also, the brazzein multi-variants were measured for activity (sweetness) in the same manner as in Example 3-1. The measurement results are listed in the following Table 12.
As listed in Table 12, it was seen that all the brazzein multi-variants had higher sweetness at least 4 times and up to approximately 20 times (at least approximately 8,000 times and up to approximately 40,000 times that of 1 g/100 ml sucrose) that of the minor-type brazzein protein.
Also, the brazzein multi-variants were measured for thermal stability in the same manner as in Example 3-2. From these results, it was seen that all the brazzein multi-variants showed the same thermal stability as the minor-type brazzein protein. From the high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the quaternary variants out of the brazzein multi-variants, it was confirmed that the quaternary variants maintained their constant thermal stability in spite of the fact that the quaternary variants had different structural properties than the minor-type brazzein protein.
In summary, the external amino acid residues of the brazzein protein facing outwards and having polarity were selected through the structure and amino acid sequence of the minor-type brazzein protein to prepare 40 primary brazzein variants. Then, the 6 primary brazzein variants (H30R, E35D, E40A, E40D, E40R and E40K), which had equivalent thermal stability and showed higher sweetness at least 2 times and up to 3.3 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein, were selected from the primary brazzein variants. The brazzein multi-variants showing equivalent thermal stability and higher sweetness compared to the minor-type brazzein protein were prepared using the selected primary brazzein variants. Except for the quaternary brazzein variants in which a lysine residue was inserted between a lysine residue and an arginine residue at positions 29 and 30 of the tertiary brazzein variant, the most brazzein multi-variants had the same structure as the minor-type brazzein protein. The structural difference in the quaternary brazzein variants was considered to be affected by the inserted lysine residue. However, all the brazzein multi-variants including the quaternary brazzein variants showed the same thermal stability as the minor-type brazzein protein, and had increased sweetness at least 4 times and up to 40 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein.
6-1. Synthesis of Novel Artificial Gene Coding for Brazzein
On the basis of the amino acid sequence except for the first amino acid (pyroglutamic acid) in the amino acid sequence (Genbank Accession No. P56552) of brazzein obtained from a fruit extract of Pentadiplandra brazzeana (Baillon), a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159 was designed using codons (E. coli usage codon) affluent in E. coli, as follows. In this case, the bold-faced letters represent bases modified from the sequence of Genbank Accession No. P56552, based on the codons affluent in E. coli:
TGGAGAATGCTTTTACGATGAAAAGAGAAATCTTCAATGCATTTGCGAT
A polynucleotide sequence of a brazzein gene was artificially synthesized by Takara Korea Biomedicals Inc., based on the sequence information of SEQ ID NO: 159.
6-2. Construction of Primers
In order to link each of the synthesized polynucleotide sequences to a pelB signal sequence of pET26B(+) (Novagen, USA), primers were synthesized so that they could include the same restriction enzymes Nco I and Xho I included in a multi-cloning site (MCS) of pET26B(+), and set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160 (forward primer: CATGCCATGGATAAGTGCAAGAAGGTTTAC) and SEQ ID NO: 161 (reverse primer: CCGCTCGAGTTAGTATTCGCAGTAATCG). Here, the NcoI and XhoI restriction enzyme sites are underlined, respectively.
6-3. Amplification of Brazzein Gene Using PCR
A brazzein gene was amplified using the brazzein gene synthesized in Example 6-1 as a template and the two primers synthesized in Example 6-2. A PCR reaction was carried out in a final volume of 50 μl of a reaction solution including 1.5 μl of a template gene (a synthesized brazzein gene, SEQ ID NO: 159), 2 μl of a forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 160), 1 μl of a reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 161), 3 μl of 25 mM MgCl2, 4 μl of 2.5 mM dNTP, 5 μl of a 10×Ex-taq buffer, 1 μl of an Ex-taq polymerase (Takara, Japan) and 31.5 μl of H2O. The PCR reaction was performed by pre-denaturing at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of amplification (at 98° C. for 30 seconds; at 58° C. for 2 minutes; and at 74° C. for 3 minutes) and one final cycle of extension at 74° C. for 10 minutes. When the PCR reaction was completed, the amplified brazzein gene was confirmed through 2.0% agarose gel electrophoresis, recovered from the agarose gel, and then extracted and purified using a QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). The extracted brazzein gene was inserted into a pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, USA) (which was referred to as pGEM-T Easy-Brazzein), and E. coli JM109 was transformed with the brazzein gene-inserted pGEM-T Easy vector. This was incubated in a solid L-broth medium supplemented with 50 μg/ml ampicillin to screen the transformed E. coli JM109 strain. Then, the transformed E. coli JM 109 strain was incubated again in a liquid L-broth medium, and a large amount of the brazzein gene-inserted pGEM-T Easy vector was obtained from the cultured medium.
6-4. Construction of Recombinant Expression Vector pET2613(+)-Brazzein(Met-)
The pGEM-T Easy-Brazzein vector cloned in Example 6-3 was digested with restriction enzymes Nco I and Xho I (using 10×K buffer and 0.1% BSA) at 37° C. for 6 hours. An expression vector pET26B(+) vector containing a T7 promoter was also digested under the same conditions.
A brazzein gene fraction from the pGEM-T Easy-Brazzein vector and the digested pET26B(+) vector were purified using a QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). The brazzein gene and the pET26B(+) vector were blended, and reacted with T4 DNA ligase (Takara, Japan) at 16° C. for 12 hours. Then, a JM 109 supercompetent cell was transformed with the resulting brazzein gene blend (see
Meanwhile, the recombinant brazzein according to the present invention was translocated into the E. coli periplasm as the recombinant brazzein was translated after transcription, and a pelB signal sequence fused with the recombinant brazzein was removed by signal peptidase in E. coli. However, one amino acid residue Met translated from ATG of the restriction enzyme Nco I present in the primer was not removed by the signal peptidase.
Therefore, in order to express the brazzein as the minor-type brazzein extracted from a natural substance, internal bases “ATG” of the restriction enzyme (Nco I) downstream of the pelB signal sequence were removed from the pET26B(+)-Brazzein vector through the site-directed mutagenesis using PCR (see
The approximately 15 same base pairs (bp) flanking both sides of a base sequence to be deleted from a brazzein gene were designed to synthesize primers set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 (CAGCCGGCGATGGCCGACAAATGCAAAAAA) and SEQ ID NO: 163 (11111 TGCATTTGTCGGCCATCGCCGGCTG), respectively. The synthesized primers may complementarily bind with single-stranded sequences of brazzein except for ATG to be removed, respectively. An expression vector, pET26B(+)-Brazzein(Met-), in which ATG was removed from the pET26B(+)-Brazzein vector, was obtained according to the manufacturer's guide as described above, by employing a QuikChange™ site-directed mutagenesis kit(Stratagene, USA) using the pET26B(+)-Brazzein vector as a template and primers set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and SEQ ID NO: 163. That is, PCR was performed in a total of 50 μl of a reaction solution including 10 ng of a pET26B(+)-Brazzein vector, a mixture of dNTPs (each having a final concentration of 0.2 mM), 125 ng of each of primers set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and SEQ ID NO: 163, 5 μl of a 10× reaction buffer and 1 μl of Pfu-Turbo DNA polymerase (2.5 U/μl, Stratagene, USA). The PCR reaction was performed by pre-denaturing at 95° C. for 2 minute, followed by 15 cycles of amplification (at 98° C. for 30 seconds; at 55° C. for 60 seconds; and at 68° C. for 15 minutes) and one final cycle of extension at 68° C. for 10 minutes. When the PCR reaction was completed, the amplified PCR products were confirmed through 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis, and then treated with a restriction enzyme DpnI at 37° C. for 1 hour. Immediately after the digestion, a supercompetent cell, E. coli XL1-Blue, was transformed with the amplified PCR products. The transformed E. coli XL1-Blue strain was cultured for 12 hours in an LB-agar plate containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin to screen antibiotic-resistant colonies. Then, the screened colonies were incubated in an LB-agar medium to isolate full-length DNA from E. coli. The isolated full-length DNA was subjected to base sequence analysis, and E. coli BL21(DE3)-Star was transformed with an expression vector proven to contain an ATG-free brazzein variant, and used to mass-express the brazzein. The recombinant expression vector constructed through the site-directed mutagenesis was named pET26B(+)-Brazzein(Met-).
As described above, the brazzein variant according to the present invention has excellent properties such as thermal stability, acid resistance and water solubility compared to a conventional brazzein and also shows higher sweetness at least 2 times and up to 3.3 times that of the conventional brazzein. Like the brazzein variant, the brazzein multi-variant according to the present invention also has the same stability as the minor-type brazzein protein and shows higher sweetness at least 4 times and up to 20 times that of the minor-type brazzein protein. Therefore, the brazzein variant according to the present invention may be widely used as a sweetener in food compositions since a greater amount of sugar (sucrose) may be replaced with a smaller amount of the brazzein variant.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2009/004855 | 8/28/2009 | WO | 00 | 2/24/2012 |
