Patent Application
20080286394
A novel synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, improvement of memory and treatment of amnesia and in recalling of thoughts.
A major discovery of the past two decades in the field of neurosciences has been the elucidation of behavioral, neurobiological and cellular basis of learning and memory processes. The brain is an assembly of interrelated neural systems that regulates their owns and each other's activity in a dynamic, complex fashion. Morphological properties of central neurons have been very useful for the description of the functional characteristics. Learning is defined as the acquisition of information and skills, and subsequent retention of that information is called memory. The subsequently deterioration of retention of information which in medical term is known as “amnesia”. Accordingly, effect of a wide variety of pharmacological agents or brain lesion on cognitive behavior have been studied and most validly interpreted as “enhancement or impairment” of learning and memory process. Learning and memory can be conceived as both psychological process as well as a change in synaptic neural connectivity. The development of scientifically validated models of ischemia induced-amnesia is vital to the analysis of the functional consequences of ischemic damage and to testing the behavioral efficacy of potentially therapeutic drugs. The role of medicinal plants in increasing the memory and acting as a brain tonic is still much underestimated. Besides this, certain oils have been found to be used as sedatives, central nervous system stimulants, adaptogens, bronchodilators, anti-stress and muscle relaxants (Singh et al, 2000). During late prenatal and early postnatal brain development, the cholinergic system in the central nervous system plays an important role in learning and memory function and that brain cholinergic hypofunction causes dementia with symptoms such as memory loss and disorientation in cerebrovascular or alzheimers disease (Coyle et al 1983). Following cerebral ischemia, a reduction in the cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen occur. It has also been reported that hypoxia induces a reduction of memory and judgement that is associated with a decrease in acetylcholine synthesis (Gibson and Duffy, 1981). Principally, main characteristic of memory formation in animals, as well as in human being, is its progression from a short-lived labile form to a long-lasting stable form. During this period of consolidation, memory can be disrupted by administration of a wide variety of amnesia-inducing agents. Electroconvulsive shock, hypothermia and hypoxia are non-invasive procedures that can render the animal unconscious, inducing retrograde amnesia through mechanisms correlated to the practical utility to the clinical drugs. The retrieval hypothesis postulates that amnesic agents disrupt memory recall rather than storage, as the effect of some agents diminish over time resulting in the reappearance of normal memory retention. The consolidation of information is mediated by limbic structures, with the hippocampal formation particularly playing a key role in memory processing. The major pathways have been proposed in the limbic system and cortical structures as being responsible for the neuronal interconnection of information processing. Drugs like amphetamine, caffeine-containing substances which has a stimulant activity on memory. Accordingly, studies shown that the herbal formulation(s) having the property of improving the memory and used in treatment of amnesia as a brain tonic and acting as a central antioxidant.
The main object of the present invention provides a synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, recalling of thoughts and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory.
Another object of the present invention provides a method of preparing a synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, recalling of thoughts and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory.
Yet another object of the present invention provides a use of synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, recalling of thoughts and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory.
The present invention provides a herbal formulation useful in the treatment of herbal dosage form from the seed oil of Sesamum indicum used as a brain tonic and cognition. The herbal oil comprising of sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol (a phenolic antioxidant) vitamins, proteins and aminoacids. Sesame oil varies from light to deep reddish yellow in colour. It is used as nourishing food and flavoring agent. Sesamum seeds are considered as emollient, diuretic, lactagogue and a nourishing tonic and said to be useful in curing bleeding piles and also from the fresh leaves extract of centilla asiatica that is having a potential memory enhancing role and also we have found to produce tranquilizing effects. The extracts comprising of centoic acid, centellic acid, oleic acid linolic acid, linolenic and lingocericacid. It is used as acures for leucoderma, bronchitis, kapha, enlargement of spleen (Ayurveda). It is also used as a cardio tonic diuretic and also used to improve appetite (Yunani). It was shown that it produce a significant improvement in general ability and behavioural pattern.
Sesamum indicum Linn. Family: Pedaliacae
Botanical description: A genus of annual or perennial herbs or occasionally shrubs found in the warmer regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. About six species are recorded in India of which Sesamum indicum is widely cultivated. An erect, branched or unbranched annual 60-180 cm high, cultivated throughout the plains of India and up to an altitude of 1,200 m. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm simple (or) when variable, with upper ones narrowly oblong, middle ones ovate and toothed and the lower ones lob ate or pedatisect. Flowers white, pink or mauve pink with darker markings, borne in racemes in the leaf axils, fruit capsular, oblong. Quadrangular, slightly compressed, deeply 4-grooved, 1.5-5 cm long, seeds black, brown or white 2.5-3 mm long and 1.5 mm broad. (Wealth of India, 1992)
Medicinal uses: seasame seed is used as a nourishing food and also as flavouring agent. It is invariably dehulled for use of food. The method of dehulling consists in soaking the seed in cold water overnight, followed by partial drying and rubbing against a rough surface. Sesamin and sesamolin exhibit little antioxidant activity. (Wealth of India, 1992)
Phytochemistry: The oleaginous edible seeds of Sesamum indicum esteemed for their oil, have acquired, in recent years, additional importance as a source of protein for human nutrition. It varies in colour from white, through brown, to black. Analyses of seeds grown in various parts of the world for their proximate composition gave values which lies within the ranges (in g/100 g, of dry seed): moisture, 4.1-6.5; ether extr., 43.0-56.8; protein 17.6-26.4; crude fibre, 2.9-8.6; carbohydrates, 9.1-25.3; it also contain vitamins, fairly rich in thiamine and niacin. It also contains other vitamins like riboflavin, nicotinic acid, 80.0; pantothenic acid, 9.5; and ascorbic acid in trace amount. It also contains carbohydrates from the alcoholic extraction of deffated seed meal (% dry-matter basis) like glucose, 2.6; sucrose, 0.57; galactose, 1.1; and raffinose in trace amount. I contain the principal protein globulin (alpha and beta globulin). Sesame oil is rich in oleic and linoleic acids, which together constitute account for 85 percent of total fatty acids. The main constituent of studying its minor constituents of the oil contain two constitutes, sesamin and sesamolin, which are not found in any vegetable oil and responsible for the synergistic effect on the action of insecticides. Another compound, sesamol, aphenolic antioxidant, is usually present in traces.
Pharmacology: The sesamum oil having the antioxidant activity. Sesamum seeds are considered emollient, diuretic, lactagogue and a nourishing tonic. They are said to be helpful in piles, a paste of seeds mixed with butter being used in bleeding piles. A decoction of seeds is said to be an emmenagogue and also use in cough. Combined with linseed, the decoction of seeds is used as an aphrodisiac. A plaster made of ground seeds are applied to burns, scalds, and etc. and a poultice of the seeds is applied to ulcers. Powdered seeds are used in amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea (Kirt, & Basu, II, 1859; Nadkarni, I, 1128).
Centella asiatica Family:
Botanical description: A slender herbaceous creeping; stem long, prostate coming off from the leaf-axils of a vertical rootstock, filiform, often reddish, and with long internodes, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1.3-6.3 cm in diameter, several from the rootstock which often have much elongated petioles, and 1-3 from each nodes of the stems, orbulicar, reniform, rather broader than long, more or less cupped, entire or shallowly crenate, glabrous on both sides, and with numerous slender nerves from a deeply cordate base; petioles very variable in length 7.5-15 cm long or more, channeled, glabrous or nearly so; stipule short, adnate to the petioles forming a sheating base. Flower in fasicicled umbel consisting of 3-4 pink, sessile (rarelt pedicelled) flowers;
peduncles pubescent or glabrous, short, pink bracts ovate, acute, concave, 2 beneath each umbel. Calyx-teeth 0. petals minute, pink, ovate acute. Fruit 4 mm. Long, longer than broad, ovoid, hard, with thickened pericarp, reticulate-rugose, often crowned by the persistent petals, the primary and secondary ridges distinct. Distributed through India, Ceylon and also in tropical and subtropical region of the world.
Medicinal uses: The plant is Acrid, bitter, digestible, laxative, cooling effect, tonic, and antipyretic, improve appetite (Yunani), cures leucoderma anemia, urinary discharge, disease of blood, use in insanity (Ayurveda). The plant has bad taste; soporific, sedatives to the nerves, acts as a cardiotonic clears the voice and the brain; cures hiccough, headache. The plant is considered as a useful alternative and tonic in diseases of skin, nerves. In some part of India, the people are in the habit of taking the powdered dried leaves with milk for improving their general intelligence the leaves are said to be useful in syphilitic skin diseases, both externally and internally; and on the malabar coast, the plant is one of the remedies for leprosy. It is also a popular remedy for slight dysenteric derangement of bowls to which children are subject: three or four leaves are given with cumin and sugar, and the pounded leaves are applied to navel. In konkan, one or two leaves are given every morning to cure stuttering; and the juice is applied (generally as a lep with Cadamba bark, and black cumin) to skin eruption supposed to arise from heat of blood.
Phytochemistry: The alcoholic extract of herb an essential oil, green in colour and possing the strong odour of the herb, fatty oil, sitosterol and a resinous substance have been obtained. The fatty oil consists of the glyceride, linolic, lignoceric, palmitic and stearic acid. An alkaloid hydrocortylin has been obtained from the dried plant. Vellarine, pectic acids are present in the leaves and roots. The plants also contain ascorbic acid in a conc. Of 13.8 mg %. A glycoside asiaticoside has been isolated from the plant. The major component of the triterpine mixture is centoic acid.
Pharmacology: The usual dose for the oral administration is 5-10 grains of the plant powder thrice daily. In larger doses, the drug is a simplifying narcotic, producing giddiness and some times coma. The alcoholic extract produce tranquillising effect in rats. It was found non-toxic up to a dose of 350-mg/kg i.p. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts antagonise spontaneous contraction and also caused relaxation of musculature of isolated ileum of rat. The alcoholic extract was found to have depressant effect in rat in toxic doses. The glycosidal fractions have a sedative action in rats. It decreases the tone and diminished the amplitude of contractions of isolated ileum of rabbit and albino rat. In anaesthetised dogs, it produces slight respiratory stimulation, hypotension and bradycardia. The alcoholic extract of entire plant was found to possess anti-protozoal activity against E. histolytica. (Wealth of India, 1992, 115-118; Kirtikar and Basu, Indian Medicinal Plant, Vol 5, 2001 p. 219). Accordingly, the main embodiment of the present invention relates to a synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, recalling of thoughts and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory, said formulation comprising pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of extracts from plants Centella asiatica and Sesamum indiucm optionally along with acceptable salt/s, carrier/s or dilutent/s.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of preparing a synergistic herbal formulation as a brain tonic, cognition, recalling of thoughts and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory as a brain tonic and as an antioxidant capable of treating or preventing amnesia and having property for improving memory, said method comprising steps of:
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the aqueous alcohol in steps (a) and (d), wherein the aqueous alcohol is ethanol
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the aqueous alcohol in step (a) wherein the aqueous alcohol is about 60%.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the aqueous alcohol in step (a) wherein the aqueous alcohol is about 50%.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the temperature wherein the temperature in the step (b) is about 50° C.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the carbohydrates, wherein the carbohydrates in step (d) are selected from sucrose or lactose.
In one more embodiment of the present invention relates to the carbohydrates, wherein carbohydrate concentration is about 66%.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the method of treating and or preventing amnesia and improving memory in mammals, particularly humans said method comprising administering synergistic herbal formulation of extracts from plants Centella asiatica and Sesamum indicum optionally along with pharmaceutically acceptable salt/s, carrier/s or dilutent/s to a subject.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to Sesamum indicum oil and Centella asiatica oil wherein Sesamum indicum oil is in the range of about 2-20% and Centella asiatica oil is in the range of about 1-15%.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to Sesamum indicum oil and Centella asiatica oil wherein Sesamum indicum oil is about 10% and Centella asiatica oil is 5%.
In another embodiment of the present invention relates to the extract of the formulation wherein the said formulation comprises Sesamum indicum oil is about 4% and Centella asiatica oil is about 2%.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable dilutent/s, carrier/s, salt/s, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable dilutent/s, carrier/s, salt/s are selected from group comprising of lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose, sodium citrate, sodium chloride or dicalcium phosphate.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein the said formulation has a high antioxidant, cooling, oleaginous, diuretic and nerve relaxant properties.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation may be delivered in form of capsule, tablet, syrup, suspension, pills or elixirs.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the extract of the formulation wherein said extract of the formulation is obtained from leaves of Centella asiatica and seeds of Sesamum indicum.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the plant parts, wherein plant parts are selected from a group consisting of seeds of white and black varieties and leaves.
In another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of formulation wherein said formulation is used for curing migraine, vertigo, leucoderma, anemia and improve appetite.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein formulation may be used for curing wounds, fractures, syphilitic skin diseases, both externally and internally and also in treatment of leprosy and to ameliorate the symptoms of disease and to improve the general health of the patient.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation is used to reduce the pain of piles, stomachic, and enlargement of spleen.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the dosage of the formulation wherein said dosage of the formulation in the range of about 20-110 mg/kg does not show abnormality of the locomotor activity, on passive avoidance test showed significant and dose dependent activity, showed significant and dose dependent antioxidant activity of the frontal cortex and of striatum regions of the brain.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the dosage of the formulation wherein said dosage of the formulation in the range of about 25-100 mg/kg does not show abnormality of the locomotor activity, on passive avoidance test shows significant and dose dependent activity and shows significant and dose dependent antioxidant activity of the frontal cortex and of striatum regions of the brain.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein formulation reduces the latency period in the range of about 0.05 to 2.0 seconds.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein formulation reduces the latency period in the range of about 0.18 to 1.22 seconds.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation lowers the number of mistakes in the range of about 1 to 35.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation lowers the number of mistakes in the range of about 6.1 to 27.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein the said formulation enhances the body weight in the range of about 140 to 170 gms
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein the said formulation enhances the body weight in the range of about 141.6 to 168.7 gms
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein the said formulation enhances the kidney weight in the range of about 0.80 to 1.5 gms.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation, wherein said formulation enhances the kidney weight in the range of about 0.82 to 1.03 gms.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation enhances the liver weight in the range of about 4 to 7 gms.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation enhances the liver weight in the range of about 5.26 to 6.42 gms.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation enhances the spleen weight in the range of about 0.60 to 0.80 gms.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation enhances the spleen weight in the range of about 0.63 to 0.76 gms.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation under non-stress conditions lowers the lipid peroxidase (LPO) activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 1.0 to 5.0.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation under non-stress conditions lower the lipid peroxidase (LPO) activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 0.74 to 3.48.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation under non-stress conditions enhances the catalase (CAT) activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 22 to 40.
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation under non-stress conditions enhances the catalase (CAT) activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 24.5 to 35.3.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation under non-stress conditions enhances the superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain activity in the range of 22 to 40.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein said formulation non-stress conditions enhance the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 23.2 to 30.3.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation under stress conditions lower the LPO activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of about 1 to 7.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation under stress conditions lower the LPO activity in the range of about 2.8 to 4.86.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates tot the formulation wherein the said formulation under chronic stress conditions enhance CAT activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 10 to 25.
One more embodiment of the present invention relates tot the formulation wherein the said formulation under chronic stress conditions enhance CAT activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 12.4 to 22.5.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation under chronic stress conditions lower the SOD activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 20 to 35.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the formulation wherein the said formulation under chronic stress conditions lower SOD activity in the frontal cortex and stratium regions of the brain in the range of 21 to 33.
The following examples are given by way of illustration of the present invention and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention.
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
Sesamum indicum
Centella asiatica
Sesamum indicum
Centella asiatica
Sesamum indicum, and Centella asiatica were collected and dried in shade. The dried material (1 Kg) is then powdered and extracted with 50% aqueous alcohol (3 L) for 5 days. At the end of this, the solvent is decanted and filtered if necessary to remove the plant debris. The extract is then concentrated under vacuum at less than 50° C. Then the extract is lyophilised to obtain the extract in powder form. Mix the plant extracts and dissolve them in 500 ml 10% alcohol, filter the solution and add specified quantity of sugar and heat the until the sugar dissolves and then cool and make up the volume with required amount of water to make 100 ml.
The formulation is useful to a brain tonic and cognition. Accordingly, the investigation deals with the oral dosage form has been described in detail giving the formula of the ingredients along with the method and mode of usage of the standardized edible oil.
The locomotor activity was measured by an open-field method. The apparatus put in the soundproof, darkened room was a round open field (bottom diameter, 60 cm; height, 50 cm). The bottom was divided into 19 parts that were equal in area. A 100 W lamp was positioned 80 cm above the bottom each rat was placed at the center of the open field and the spontaneous activity (ambulation and rearing) was recorded for 5 min.
A step-down passive avoidance was examined using apparatus consisted of a box (25×25×40 cm), a floor with stainless-steel grid 2 mm in diameter at 8-mm intervals, and a rubber platform (4 cm diameter, 4 cm height) set on the grid in one corner. Electric stimulation was given through the grid connected with a scrambled shock generator. After 24 hr of cerebral ischemia/scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.), an acquisition trail was performed. For this trial, each rat was placed gently on the platform and allowed to habituate freely for 3 min, and then electric shock (0.4 mA) were delivered to the grid. If the rat stepped down from the platform, the electric shock was delivered to the rat on the grid floor. The cut off time was 2 min. A retention trail was performed 24 hr after the acquisition trail. Each rat was again placed on the platform. The time (step-down latency) that elapsed until the rats stepped down from the electric grid of the platform to shock free zone was recorded. If the rat did not step down from the platform within 2 min's, the retention trail was terminated and the maximal step down latency of 2 min was recorded. An error was counted when ever the rat stepped down from the platform and the number of error made in 2 min was recorded (Tables 1 to 4).
The rats were subjected to daily 1 hr footshock through a grid floor in a Perspex box for 21 days. The duration of each shock (2 mA) and the intervals between the shock was randomly programmed between 3-5 sec and 10-110 sec, respectively and brain tissue was separated for the detailed central antioxidant enzymes (Tables 5 to 6).
2.81 ± 0.8x
This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 10/810,484, filed Mar. 26, 2004, which is a Continuation of PCT/IB03/06206 filed Dec. 26, 2003, and which application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10810484 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Child | 12121327 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/IB03/06206 | Dec 2003 | US |
| Child | 10810484 | US |
