Novel IFN receptor 1 binding proteins, DNA encoding them, and methods of modulating cellular response to interferons

Abstract

Novel proteins IR1B1 and IR1B4 have been isolated which bind to the type I IFN receptor IFNAR1 and function in the cellular response to IFNs. DNA encoding such proteins in either the sense or anti-sense orientation can be administered to either enhance or inhibit the cellular response to IFNs. Antibodies to the proteins can be used for isolation of the new protein or for immunodetection thereof.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the molecular mechanisms of interferon action and, more specifically, to novel interferon receptor 1-binding proteins, recombinant DNA molecules encoding them, and methods for modulating cellular response to interferon.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Type I interferons (IFN-α and -β subtypes) produce pleiotropic effects on cells, such as inhibition of virus replication (antiviral effect), inhibition of cell proliferation (anti-tumoral effects), and modulation of immune cell activities (immunoregulatory effects). These multiple effects of interferons (IFNs) are correlated with morphological and biochemical modifications of cells (Revel, 1984, for review).

[0004] Interferons exert their activities through species-specific receptors. For type I IFNs, two transmembranal receptor chains have been identified: IFNAR1 (Uze et al, 1990) and IFNAR2-2 (or IFNAR2-c, Domanski et al, 1995). Transduction of the signal generated by IFN-α, β, ω involves protein tyrosine kinases of the Janus kinases (Jak) family and transcription factors of the Stat family (Darnell et al, 1994). Proteins of the Jak-Stat pathways are activated by binding to the intracytoplasmic (IC) domains of the IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 receptor chains. Among the proteins binding to the IFNAR1 IC domain are tyk2 and Stat2 (Abramovich et al, 1994). Stat2 would then recruit Stat1 to form the IFN-induced ISGF3 transcription complex which activates IFN-induced cenes (Leung et al, 1995). Transcription complexes containing Stat3 are also induced by IFN-β (Harroch et al, 1994) and an IFN-dependent binding of Stat3 to IFNAR1-IC was observed (Yang et al, 1996). Protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1C and D reversibly associate with IFNAR1 upon IFN addition (David et al, 1995a). In addition, two serine/threonine protein kinases, the 48 kDa ERK2 MAP kinase (David et al, 1995b) and the cAMP activated protein kinase A (David et al, 1996) bind to the isolated membrane-proximal 50 residues of IFNAR1-IC. Therefore, the type I IFN receptor IC domains serve as docking sites for multiple proteins which serve to generate and regulate the biological effects of IFNs on cells.

[0005] Two-hybrid screening in yeast is a potent method for identifying new proteins which bind to defined polypeptide sequences (Fields and Song, 1989). Briefly, the two-hybrid screen is performed by transfecting yeast cells with (a) a plasmid DNA in which the defined polypeptide (bait) is fused to the DNA-binding domain of the Gal4 transcription factor, and (b) a cDNA library fused to the activation domain of Gal4 in a pACT plasmid. Yeast cells transfected with a cDNA that encodes for a protein which binds to the polypeptide bait will then reconstitute the Gal4 activity. The presence of such a protein which binds the polypeptide bait is revealed by expression of an enzymatic activity, such as β-galactosidase, from a GAL1-lacZ construct that is preferably introduced into the yeast genome. From yeast clones which are positive in this test, it is possible to isolate the pACT plasmid, to determine the nucleotide sequence of its insert and to identify the protein which it encodes. This method has allowed the identification of novel proteins which interact with the IC domain of cytokine receptors (Boldin et al, 1995).

[0006] Citation of any document herein is not intended as an admission that such document is pertinent prior art, or considered material to the patentability of any claim of the present application. Any statement as to content or a date of any document is based on the information available to applicants at the time of filing and does not constitute an admission as to the correctness of such a statement.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention relates to two novel human proteins, herein designated IR1B1 and IR1B4, which have been identified to be IFN Receptor 1 (IFNAR1) binding proteins, and to the DNA encoding these two proteins. Each of IR1B1 and IR1B4 proteins interacts with the intracytoplasmic (IC) domain of IFNAR1 and mediates the cellular responses to interferon.

[0008] The present invention is directed to a recombinant DNA molecule containing a nucleotide sequence encoding either the IR1B1 or IR1B4 proteins, or fragments thereof, as well as the proteins encoded thereby. In the recombinant DNA molecules, the nucleotide sequence encoding the IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein, or fragments thereof, is operably linked to a promoter in either a sense orientation or an anti-sense orientation.

[0009] By administering the recombinant DNA molecule containing a promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding a novel IFNAR1 binding protein in the sense orientation directly into tumors, the response to exogenous interferon therapy in the treatment of cancer is enhanced.

[0010] Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method of prolonging tissue graft survival by introducing the recombinant molecule containing a promoter operably-linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding a novel IFNAR1 binding protein, or fragment thereof, in the anti-sense orientation into the graft tissue prior to grafting to the patient.

[0011] Thus, the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such DNA, RNA or protein and therapeutic methods for using same.

[0012] The present invention also relates to antibodies specific to the novel proteins of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] FIG. 1 shows the interaction of IR1B1 with the IFNAR1-IC domain as measured by the two-hybrid genetic interaction analysis in yeast. In the boxed lower portion of the figure, the cDNA insert in pACT as combined with various “baits” are indicated.

[0014] FIG. 2 shows the interaction of IR1B4 with the IFNAR1-IC domain as measured by the two-hybrid genetic interaction analysis in yeast. In the boxed lower portion of the figure, the cDNA insert in pACT as combined with various “baits” are indicated.

[0015] FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:1) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:2) sequence of IR1El.

[0016] FIG. 4 shows the homology and alignment of the amino acid sequence of IR1B1 (SEQ ID NO:2) with the amino acid sequences of two calcium-binding proteins, calcineurin B (abbreviated CALB; SEQ ID NO:3) and caltractin (abbreviated CATR; SEQ ID NO:4). Identical amino acids in IR1B1 and CALB or between CALB and CATR are shown by the symbol “|” therebetween. Identity between IR1B1 and CATR, but not with CALB, is shown by the symbol “:” therebetween. Regions shown in bold type are the calcium binding helix-loop-helix EF-hand domains.

[0017] FIG. 5 shows Northern blots of IR1B1 mRNA and 18S rRNA (lower line) in human myeloma U266S cells hybridized to IR1B1 cDNA and the rapid and transient induction of IR1B1 upon treatment of the cells with either IFN-α8 or IFN-β for 2 hrs. or 18 hrs. The first line is a control without IFN treatment after 2 hrs.

[0018] FIGS. 6A and 6B are SDS-PAGE lanes showing the in vitro interaction of IR1B4 with the isolated IFNAR1-IC domain (FIG. 6A) and with cell extracts from human U266S and U266R cell membranes (FIG. 6B). In FIG. 6A, the [35S]methionine-labeled translation products with or without flag-IR1B4 in vitro transcripts were either immunoprecipitated (1 μl) with anti-flag M2 beads (lanes 1 and 4), or reacted (50 μl) with glutathione beads coupled to GST fused to the 100 amino acid long IFNAR1-IC domain (lanes 2 and 5) or coupled to GST alone (lanes 3 and 6). After overnight incubation at 4° C. (final volume 100 μl), the beads were washed and SDS-eluted proteins boiled in reducing conditions before SDS-PAGE. In FIG. 6B, U266S (lane 1) or U266R cells (lane 2) were extracted with Brij buffer and antiproteases (Abramovich et al, 1994) and 0.35 ml (107 cells) was incubated with 75 μl of [35S]methionine-labeled translation products of flag-IR1B4 transcripts overnight at 4° C. Anti-IFNAR1 mAb R3 immobilized on protein G beads (25 μl) was added for 2.5 hr, washed in Brij buffer, and SDS-eluted, boiled and reduced proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A control with anti-flag M2 beads as above was run (lane 3). The dried gels were visualized in a Phosphor-Imager. In the first three lanes of FIG. 6A, no IR1B4 mRNA was added to the in vitro translation reaction. In the second three lanes of FIG. 6A, mRNA encoding IR1B4 protein fused to the flag protein was translated in an in vitro system.

[0019] FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:7) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) of IR1B4.

[0020] FIG. 8 shows the amino acid alignment of IR1B4 (SEQ ID NO:8) and PRMT1 (SEQ ID NO:9) and their differences.

[0021] FIG. 9 shows the amino acid alignment of IR1B4 and HCP-1 (SEQ ID NO:10) and their differences.

[0022] FIG. 10 shows a methyltransferase assay. Extract of U266S cells were reacted with beads coated with Protein A and anti-IFNAR1 antibody (lane 1) or with Protein A alone (lane 2). Methyltransferase activity was measured by labeling of histones with 14C(methyl)-S-adenosyl methionine and analyzing radioactivity in the histone band by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE.

[0023] FIG. 11 shows an assay of protein-argintne methyltransferase activity in U266S cells. In lane 1, the protein-arginine methyltransferase activity of human U266S cells was measured by methylation of peptide R1, having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:11. In lane 2 an anti-sense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO:12, complementary to the sequence of nucleotides 12-33 around the initiation codon of IR1B4 cDNA, was added. In lane 3 the corresponding sense oligonucleotide was added. It is seen that the anti-sense oligonucleotide substantially inhibits the protein-arginine methyltransferase activity while the control sense oligonucleotide has little effect.

[0024] FIG. 12 is a graph showing the growth inhibition of human U266S cells in response to IFN-β treatment in the presence or absence of the anti-sense oligonucleotide used in FIG. 11 (AS-1), the corresponding sense oligonucleotide (S-3), and another anti-sense oligonucleotide directed to the middle of IR1B4 cDNA (AS-2). Cell density was quantitated by a color test with Alamar Blue (see Example 7) and the reduction in cell density was calculated in percent of control wells untreated, and plotted as growth inhibition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The present invention relates to the discovery of two novel human proteins which interact with the intracytoplasmic domain (IC) of the IFNAR1 chain of the interferon type 1 (IFN-α, β or ω) receptor and are designated herein as IFN Receptor Binding protein 1 (IR1B1) and IFN Receptor Binding Protein 4 (IR1B4). The interaction of these two novel proteins with IFNAR1 was demonstrated with a two-hybrid genetic test in yeast where transfection of the yeast reporter strain SFY526 (Bartel et al, 1993) with IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA fused to the Gal4 activation domain resulted in β-galactosidase activity only when the IFNAR1-IC domain (fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain) was used as bait.

[0026] The sequence of IR1B1 cDNA encodes a 191 amino acid polypeptide. Computer searches of sequence databases revealed that IR1B1 is a novel protein which shows marked homology, e.g., calcium binding sites (E-F handles), to the calcium binding proteins, calcineurin P and caltractin. Calcineurin P (Guerini et al, 1989) is a 19 kDa subunit of a serine/threonine phosphatase which plays a key role in activating the translocation of transcription factor NFAT to the nucleus of T-lymphocytes, and which is inhibited by immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin. Caltractin (Lee and Huang, 1993), a 21 kDa protein, is a cytoskeleton-associated protein found in centrosomes, and is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis, and more generally in microtubule organization centers. Thus, the novel IR1B1 protein is a new member of the calcineurin and caltractin family of calcium-regulated proteins.

[0027] The gene for IR1B1 was surprisingly found to be rapidly activated in human cells by IFN treatment. Thus, this is the first example of a calcium-binding protein which is induced by IFN. Since calcium ions regulate cell morphology, adhesion and division, modulation of IR1B1 activity in cells could affect the response of normal and malignant cells to IFN. The role of IR1B1 in mediating the action of IFN in cells is supported by the interaction of IR1B1 with the IC-domain of an IFN receptor chain.

[0028] While IR1B4, like IR1B1, was found to be a novel protein as determined by computer searches of sequence databases, it was also found that IR1B4 has sequence homology to enzymes which utilize S-adenosyl methionine for methylating arginine residues in proteins and are designated as protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT1; Kagan and Clarke, 1994; Lin et al, 1996). IR1B4 was found to bind directly to the IC-domain of IFNAR1 in vitro, and the constitutive association of PRMT activity with the IFNAR chain of the IFN-α, β receptor isolated from human cells was demonstrated by methylation of histones. When anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides from the IR1B4 cDNA was added to human cell cultures, depletion of PRMT activity in the cell culture was observed. Human myeloma cells that were treated in this manner showed a much reduced response to IFN as measured by growth-inhibition. Therefore, IR1B4/PRMT is involved in the pathway by which the IFN receptor causes growth-inhibition in tumor cells and is also involved in other functions of the IFN receptor. Known substrates of PRMT include a number of RNA and DNA binding proteins, and in particular heterologous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are involved in mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, and post-transcriptional controls (Liu and Dreyfuss, 1995). Accordingly, the novel human IR1B4/PRMT cDNA and protein, which were discovered by its association with the IFN receptor, can be used to modify the response of human or animal cells to IFN.

[0029] A recombinant DNA molecule according to the present invention contains a nucleotide sequence that encodes the IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein, or a fragment thereof, and can be used either to increase the cellular response to IFN by increasing expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA or to decrease the cellular response to IFN by decreasing the expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 proteins with anti-sense RNA molecules.

[0030] The increased in vivo expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA would be useful in cancer therapy where the increased cellular response to IFN would result in a decrease in malignant cell growth and an enhanced response to exogenous IFN therapy. To obtain increased in vivo expression of IR1B1 and IR1B4 at the target location for increased cellular response to IFN, expression vectors containing IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA operably-linked in a sense orientation to a strong constitutive promoter can be injected directly at the target location, such as into brain tumors or metastatic tumor nodules (e.g., melanoma or breast cancer).

[0031] Conversely, the decreased in vivo expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 proteins would be useful in prolonging the survival of tissue grafts as the rejection of these grafts in the host is mediated by the histocompatibility antigens (MHC class I) whose synthesis depends on the IFN stimulus. When the cDNA of IR1B1 or IR1B4, or fragments thereof, carried on a suitable vector and operably-linked in an anti-sense orientation to a promoter, is introduced into cells of the tissue to be grafted, the expression of anti-sense RNA leads to the degradation of IR1B1 or IR1B4 mRNA (or sense RNA for IR1B1/IR1B4) and a consequent decrease in the cellular levels of IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein.

[0032] Anti-sense RNA is transcribed from an upstream promoter operably-linked to a coding sequence oriented in the anti-sense direction, i.e., opposite the normal or sense direction of the DNA and its transcribed sense RNA (mRNA). The expression of anti-sense RNA complementary to the sense RNA is a powerful way of regulating the biological function of RNA molecules. Through the formation of a stable duplex between sense RNA and anti-sense RNA, the normal or sense RNA transcript is rendered inactive and untranslatable.

[0033] Recombinant DNA molecules, as embodiments of the present invention, contain the cDNA of IR1B1 or IR1B4, or fragments thereof, operably-linked to a promoter in either a sense or anti-sense orientation. The term “promoter” is meant to comprehend a double-stranded DNA or RNA sequence which is capable of binding RNA polymerase and promoting the transcription of an “operably linked” nucleic acid sequence. Thus, a DNA sequence would be operably linked to a promoter sequence if the promoter is capable of effecting the transcription of the DNA sequence, regardless of the orientation of the DNA sequence.

[0034] The types of promoters used to control transcription may be any of those which are functional in the host/target cells. Examples of promoters functional in mammalian cells include the SV40 early promoter, adenovirus major late promoter, herpes simplex (HSV) thymidine kinase promoter, rous sarcoma (RSV) LTR promoter, human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) LTR promoter, interferon β promoter, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) promoter, as well as many others well known in the art.

[0035] A promoter operably linked to IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA in the sense orientation for expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein is preferably a strong constitutive promoter. This allows for a high level of IR1B1 or IR1B4 regardless of the presence of endogenous cellular mechanisms for regulating the expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4.

[0036] Likewise, the promoter, which is operably linked to IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA in the anti-sense orientation, is preferably a strong promoter, such as the promoter present in the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) regulating region which allows for high levels of anti-sense RNA expression (Deiss and Kimchi, 1991).

[0037] The anti-sense sequence is preferably only expressible in the host/target cells, which are preferably human cells and the expressed anti-sense RNA should be stable (i.e., does not undergo rapid degradation). The anti-sense RNA should only specifically hybridize to the sense mRNA expressed in host/target cells, and form a stable double-stranded RNA molecule that is essentially non-translatable. In other words, the anti-sense RNA expressed in host/target cells prevents the expressed sense mRNA from being translated into IR1B1 or IR1B4 proteins. The vector-borne anti-sense sequence may carry either the entire IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA sequence or merely a portion thereof, as long as the anti-sense portion is capable of hybridizing to sense mRNA and preventing its translation into IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein. Accordingly, an “anti-sense” sequence as used throughout the specification and claims is defined as the entire anti-sense sequence or a portion thereof which is capable of being expressed in transformed/transfected cells, and which is also capable of specifically hybridizing to “sense” IR1B1 or IR1B4 mRNA to form a non-translatable double-stranded RNA molecule.

[0038] The anti-sense sequence need not hybridize to the entire length of the IR1B1 or IR1B4 mRNA. Instead, it may hybridize to selected regions, such as the 5′-untranslated non-coding sequence, the coding sequence, or the 3′-untranslated sequence of the “sense” mRNA. Preferably, the anti-sense sequence hybridizes to the 5′-coding sequence and/or 5′-non-coding region, such as at cap and initiation codon sites, since it has been observed it has been observed with many examples of anti-sense oligonucleotides that targeting the initiation codon is more effective, whereas targeting internal sequences within the coding region is not as effective (Wickstrom, 1991). The effectiveness of an anti-sense sequence in preventing translation of IR1B4 sense mRNA can easily be tested in an assay for protein-arginine methyltransferase activity in U266S cells as described in Example 7. In view of the size of the mammalian genome, the anti-sense IR1B1 or IR1B4 sequence is preferably at least 17, more preferably at least 30 base pairs in length. However, shorter sequences may still be useful, i.e., they either fortuitously do not hybridize to other mammalian sequences, or such “cross-hybridization” does not interfere with the metabolism of the cell in a manner and to a degree which prevents the accomplishment of the objects of this invention.

[0039] Both the preferred hybridization target and the preferred anti-sense sequence length are readily determined by systematic experiment. Standard methods such as described in Ausubel et al, eds. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc., New York, N.Y., 1987-1996, and Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) can be used to systematically remove an increasingly larger portion of the anti-sense sequence from the vector. Besides the full length anti-sense sequence, a series of staggered deletions may be generated, preferably at the 5′-end of the anti-sense sequence. This creates a set of truncated anti-sense sequences that still remain complementary to preferably the 5′-end of the sense mRNA and as a result, still forms an RNA molecule that is double-stranded at the 5′-end of the sense mRNA (complements the 3′-end of an anti-sense RNA) and remains non-translatable. Moreover, anti-sense oligonucleotides, such as oligonucleotide AS-1 (SEQ ID NO:12), can be readily synthesized chemically and introduced onto a vector in operable linkage with a promoter for use in decreasing the in vivo cellular expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 protein.

[0040] The vectors of the present invention may be any suitable eukaryotic or prokaryotic vector normally used for transfecting mammalian cells, such as episomal, replicable, or chromosomally integratable vectors well-known in the art. A particularly preferred vector for the expression of IR1B1 or IR1B4 anti-sense RNA is the episomal plasmid containing the Epstein-Barr Virus regulatory region (Deiss and Kimchi, 1991) to serve as the promoter that is operably-linked to IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA arranged in an anti-sense orientation relative to this regulatory region. The use of anti-sense vectors and oligonucleotide phosphorothioates are addressed in Annals of the New York of Sciences: Gene Therapy for Neoplastic Diseases. eds. B. E. Huber and J. S. Lazo, Vol. 716, 1994 (e.g. Milligan et al, pp. 228-241).

[0041] According to the present invention, the survival of tissues or organs grafted to a patient in need of such a graft can be prolonged by decreasing the cellular response to IFN. Rejection of graft tissue is mediated by the histocompatibility antigens, with the synthesis of these MHC class I antigens being dependent on IFN stimulus. Thus, a decrease in cellular response to IFN stimulus will prolong the survival of graft tissue. The method for prolonging tissue graft survival according to the present invention involves introducing into cells of a tissue or organ to be grafted to a patient a recombinant DNA molecule containing a IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA sequence, or fragment thereof, operably linked to a promoter in the anti-sense orientation, whereby anti-sense IR1B1 or IR1B4 RNA is expressed in such transfected/transformed cells. The recombinant DNA molecule can be introduced into the cells of a tissue or organ in any manner well-known in the art to be suitable for this purpose. Following the introduction of the recombinant DNA molecule into cells of the tissue or organ, the tissue or organ can be grafted to the patient in need of such a graft.

[0042] A pharmaceutical composition containing a recombinant DNA molecule, which is an expression vector and which carries IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA operably linked to a promoter in a sense orientation, can be injected directly into tumors, e.g., brain tumors and metastatic tumor nodules, to make the cells within these tumors more responsive to exogenous IFN therapy as a treatment for cancer. The enhanced cellular response to exogenous IFN therapy would lead to an inhibition of malignant cell growth.

[0043] Gene transfer in vivo or ex vivo is well-reported, i.e., in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Gene Therapy for Neoplastic Diseases, Vol. 716, 1994; see, for example, “Direct Gene Transfer for the Understanding and Treatment of Human Disease” by G. E. Plautz on pages 144-153, and “Mechanisms of Action of the p53 Tumor suppressor and Prospects for Cancer Gene Therapy by Reconstitution of p53 Function” by Roemer et al, on pages 265-282. Methods of inserting recombinant DNA molecules into cells of a tissue or organ to be grafted or of a tumor include adenovirus, retrovirus, adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) vectors, as well as direct DNA injection or oligonucleotide-liposome injection. Clinical trials where retroviral vectors are injected into brain tumors or where adenovirus is used to infect upper respiratory tract cells of a patient with cystic fibrosis are well-known.

[0044] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the recombinant DNA molecule encoding IR1B1 or IR1B4 cDNA, or a fragment thereof, either in a sense or anti-sense orientation with respect to an operably linked promoter, is intended to include all compositions where the recombinant DNA molecule is contained in an amount effective for achieving its intended purpose. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients which stabilize the recombinant DNA molecule or facilitate its administration.

[0045] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to molecules which include the antigen-binding portion of an antibody specific for IFNAR1-binding proteins IR1B1 or IR1B4, or fragments thereof, for use in diagnostics, such as immunodetection methods to assay for the level of IR1B1 or IR1B4 proteins in tumor tissue obtained from biopsies or for use in affinity chromatography purification of the protein.

[0046] The term “antibody” is meant to include polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), chimeric antibodies, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, single-chain antibodies, and recombinantly produced humanized antibodies, as well as active fractions thereof provided by any known technique, such as, but not limited to enzymatic cleavage, peptide synthesis or recombinant techniques.

[0047] Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of animals immunized with an antigen. A monoclonal antibody contains a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies specific to antigens, which population contains substantially similar epitope binding sites. MAbs may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. See, for example Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495-497 (1975); U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Ausubel et al, eds., supra, Harlow and Lane ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); and Colligan et al, eds., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience, N.Y., (1992, 1993), the contents of which references are incorporated entirely herein by reference. Such antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, GILD and any subclass thereof. A hybridoma producing a mAb of the present invention may be cultivated in vitro, in situ or in vivo. Production of high titers of mAbs in vivo or in situ makes this the presently preferred method of production.

[0048] Chimeric antibodies are molecules different portions of which are derived from different animal species, such as those having the variable region derived from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Chimeric antibodies are primarily used to reduce immunogenicity in application and to increase yields in production, for example, where murine mAbs have higher yields from hybridomas but higher immunogenicity in humans, such that human/murine chimeric mAbs are used. Chimeric antibodies and methods for their production are known in the art (Cabilly et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3273-3277 (1984); Morrison et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:68516855 (1984); Boulianne et al, Nature 312:643-646 (1984); Cabilly et al, European Patent Application 125023 (published Nov. 14, 1984); Neuberger et al, Nature 314:268-270 (1985); Taniguchi et al, European Patent Application 171496 (published Feb. 19, 1985); Morrison et al, European Patent Application 173494 (published Mar. 5, 1986); Neuberger et al, PCT Application WO 8601533, (published Mar. 13, 1986); Kudo et al, European Patent Application 184187 (published Jun. 11, 1986); Morrison et al, European Patent Application 173494 (published Mar. 5, 1986); Sahagan et al, J. Immunol. 137:1066-1074 (1986); Robinson et al, International Patent Publication, WO 9702671 (published May 7, 1987); Liu et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3439-3443 (1987); Sun et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:214-218 (1987); Better et al, Science 240:1041-1043 (1988); and Harlow and Lane, ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, supra.

[0049] An anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibody is an antibody which recognizes unique determinants generally associated with the antigen-binding site of an antibody. An Id antibody can be prepared by immunizing an animal of the same species and genetic type (e.g., mouse strain) as the source of the mAb with the mAb to which an anti-Id is being prepared. The immunized animal will recognize and respond to the idiotypic determinants of the immunizing antibody by producing an antibody to these idiotypic determinants (the anti-Id antibody). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,880.

[0050] The anti-Id antibody may also be used as an “immunogen” to induce an immune response in yet another animal, producing a so-called anti-anti-Id antibody The anti-anti-Id may be epitopically identical to the original mAb which induced the anti-Id. Thus, by using antibodies to the idiotypic determinants of a mAb, it is possible to identify other clones expressing antibodies of identical specificity.

[0051] It should be understood that antibodies of the present invention may be intact antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, but that it is the epitope binding site of the antibody which provides the desired function. Thus, besides the intact antibody, proteolytic fragments thereof such as the Fab or F(ab′)2 fragments can be used. Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and may have less non-specific tissue binding than an intact antibody (Wahl et al, J. Nucl. Med. 24:316-325 (1983)). Such fragments are typically produced by proteolytic cleavage, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab′)2 fragments).

[0052] Furthermore, the DNA encoding the variable region of the antibody can be inserted into other antibodies to produce chimeric antibodies (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567) or into T-cell receptors to produce T-cells with the same broad specificity (see Eshhar, Z. et al, Br. J. Cancer Suppl., 10:27-9, 1990; Gross, G. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:10024-8, 1989). Single chain antibodies can also be produced and used. Single chain antibodies can be single chain composite polypeptides having antigen binding capabilities and comprising a pair of amino acid sequences homologous or analogous to the variable regions of an immunoglobulin light and heavy chain (linked VH-VL or single chain Fv). Both VH and VL may copy natural monoclonal antibody sequences or one or both of the chains may comprise a CDR-FR construct of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,513. The separate polypeptides analogous to the variable regions of the light and heavy chains are held together by a polypeptide linker. Methods of production of such single antibodies, particularly where the DNA encoding the polypeptide structures of the VH and VL chains are known, may be accomplished in accordance with the methods described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778, 5,091,513 and 5,096,815.

[0053] Thus, the term “a molecule which includes the antigen-binding portion of an antibody” is intended to include not only intact immunoglobulin molecules of any isotype and generated by any animal cell line or microorganism, but also the reactive fraction thereof including, but not limited to, the Fab fragment, the Fab′ fragment, the F(ab′)2 fragment, the variable portion of the heavy and/or light chains thereof, and chimeric or single-chain antibodies incorporating such reactive fraction, as well as any other type of molecule or cell in which such antibody reactive fraction has been physically inserted, such as a chimeric T-cell receptor or a T-cell having such a receptor, or molecules developed to deliver therapeutic moieties by means of a portion of the molecule containing such a reactive fraction.

[0054] Having now fully described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples which are provided by way of illustration and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

[0055] Two Human Proteins, IR1B1 and IR1B4, Bind to the IFN Receptor

[0056] A cDNA fragment encoding the entire IFNAR1-IC domain amplified by PCR using a BamH1-sense primer (5′ctgaggatccAAAGTCTTCTTGAGATGCATC (SEQ ID NO:5)) and an EcoRI anti-sense primer (5′tgacgaattcctaTCATACAAAGTC (SEQ ID NO:6)), was cloned in a Bluescript vector (BS-SK+, Stratagene). The BamHI-SalI fragment from this BS-IFNAR1-IC was introduced in the pGBT10 vector (CloneTech) and fused in-phase after the Gal4 DNA binding domain (pGBT10-IFNAR1-IC) for two-hybrid screening. The two-hybrid screening method (Fields and Song, 1989) was carried out with the modified procedure of Durfee et al (1993) using the pACT plasmid cDNA library from human Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocytes to co-transform yeast reporter strain Y153 with pGBT10-IFNAR1-IC. The yeast Y153 strain has two reporter genes under the control of GAL1 Upstream Activating Sequences (UAS) which are transcribed only if the activity of the Gal4 transcription factor is reconstituted. This requires that the fusion protein encoded by the pACT plasmid which was introduced into this particular yeast clone have affinity for the IFNAR1-IC domain from the pGBT10 plasmid. One of the reporter genes is GAL1 His3, which allows for growth in a medium lacking histidine; the other reporter gene is GAL-lacZ, which provides β-galactosidase activity. In addition, the pACT plasmids have the Leu2 gene and the pGBT10 plasmid has the TRP1 gene which allows for growth in a medium lacking leucine and tryptophan, respectively. Colonies were selected in synthetic medium SC minus Trp, Leu, His in the presence of 25 mM 3-aminotriazole (which further selects for histidine prototrophy). The growing colonies were then tested for β-galactosidase activity using the X-gal filter assay (Breeden and Naysmith, 1985).

[0057] Nine positive yeast clones were obtained and their pACT plasmids were recovered by transfection into E. coli HB101 and selection for leu+ transformants. For each yeast DNA, two such E. coli HB101 clones were isolated. Partial DNA sequencing of the pACT plasmids from these E. coli clones showed that they fell into two groups of cDNA sequences which were designated IR1B1 and IR1B4. The pACT plasmids of the IR1B1 and IR1B4 groups were subjected to specificity tests by co-transformation of the SFY526 yeast reporter strain (Bartel et al, 1993) with pAS plasmids harboring lamin, cdk2 and p53 or other control inserts (CloneTech). Colonies which grew in SC −trp, −leu were tested for β-galactosidase expression. From the specifically positive pACT plasmids, inserts were excised with XhoI, cloned into BS-KS (Stratagene) and subjected to sequencing from T7 and T3 promoters using the DyeDeoxy Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit in a 373A DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems).

[0058] FIG. 1 shows the results for pACT clone IR1B1 co-transfected into yeast SFY526 with different pAS or pGBT10 plasmid baits. Yeast cells grew in the selective SC medium −trp, −leu in streaks 1 to 9 of the filter. Staining by X-gal reagent (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) was positive only in streaks 2 and 4. As indicated in FIG. 1, streak 4 is a control yeast with an active lacZ gene. Streak 2 is the combination of IR1B1 and IFNAR1-IC fusion proteins. IR1B1 alone (streak 9), or any other combination besides IR1B1 and IFNAR1-IC, did not exhibit β-galactosidase activity. Therefore, IR1B1 is specifically able to combine with the IC domain of the IFNAR1 IFN receptor chain.

[0059] Similarly, FIG. 2 shows the results for pACT clone IR1B4 co-transfected into yeast SFY526 with different pAS or pGBT10 plasmid baits. Yeast cells grew in SC medium trp, leu in streaks 1 to 8 of the filter and staining by Xgal reagent was positive only in streaks 3 and 7. As indicated in the lower boxed portion of FIG. 2, streak 7 is a control yeast with an active lacZ gene. Streak 3 is the combination of IR1B4 and IFNAR1-IC fusion proteins. Like the results obtained with IR1B1, IR1B4 alone (streak 1), or any other combination besides IR1B4 and IFNAR1-IC, did not exhibit β-galactosidase activity. Therefore, IR1B4 is also specifically able to combine with the IC domain of the IFNAR1 IFN receptor chain.

EXAMPLE 2

[0060] IR1B1 Protein Sequence Shows Calcium-Binding EF Hand Sites

[0061] The cDNA insert of the pACT-IR1B1 plasmids, was excised with restriction enzyme XhoI, cloned into a Bluescript BS-KS vector and subjected to sequencing from T7 and T3 promoters using the DyeDeoxy Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit in a 373A DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The longest plasmid had a sequence of 830 nucleotides (FIG. 3) following the Gal4 Activation domain and linker sequence of the pACT plasmid and an open reading frame of 191 amino acids was found therein (FIG. 3). An online search of the protein databases was performed using the Blast algorithm (Altschul et al, 1990) as well as the Bioaccelerator Alignment (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1992). The highest scores were obtained for caltractin (CATR_HUMAN, accession Swiss Protein SW New P41208) with 62.1 1% similarity and 32.4% identity from amino acids 52 to 173, and for calcineurin B (CALB NAEGR, accession Swiss Protein P42322; CALB_HUMAN, accession P06705) with 59.8% similarity and 32.5% identity from amino acids 50 to 171.

[0062] FIG. 4 shows the alignment of IR1B1 with human calcineurin B (CALB) and caltractin (CATR). The calcium binding, helix-loop-helix EF-hand domains are shown in bold and underlined characters. IR1B1 has two EF-hand sites but the first two EF-hand domains are not conserved. IR1B1 shows homology to both calcineurin B (represented by vertical lines in FIG. 4) and caltractin (represented by colons in FIG. 4). However, IR1B1 is clearly a novel and different human protein which has not been previously identified.

EXAMPLE 3

[0063] IR1B1 is an IFN-Induced Gene Product

[0064] Human myeloma U266S cells (about 3×106 cells in 5 ml suspension cultures) were treated with recombinant IFN-α8 (2×108 IU/mg from bacteria) or with recombinant IFN-β (3×108 IU/mg from CHO cells) at 750 IU/ml for 2 hours or for 18 hours. After treatment with IFN, the cells were collected and extracted with Tri-reagent (Molecular Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), which is a product containing guanidinium thiocyanate and phenol. The extracted RNA was ethanol precipitated, denatured with formaldehyde, analyzed by electrophoresis in formaldehyde-agarose gels (10 μg RNA/slot), and blotted on GeneScreen Plus (Dupont, New England Nuclear, Billerica, Mass.). The Northern blot was reacted with 106 cpm of IR1B cDNA labeled with the Rediprime kit (Amersham, UK) using 32P-dCTP and random priming.

[0065] FIG. 5 shows that the IR1B1 cDNA hybridized to a 1.1 kb RNA. The amount of IR1B1 mRNA was markedly increased 2 hours after IFN-β treatment of U266S cells. However, at 18 hours after IFN treatment, the IR1B1 mRNA had disappeared from the cells, indicating that the induction is both rapid and transient. Many IFN-induced mRNAs continue to accumulate in the cells for over 24 hours after IFN treatment (Revel and Chebath, 1986).

[0066] It was verified that the same amount of RNA was present in each lane. As shown on the lower part of FIG. 5, hybridization of the same U266S (rich in IFN receptor) RNA to an 18S ribosomal cDNA probe reveals the same amount of 18S rRNA in each lane (only the part of the blot where 18S rRNA runs is shown). In another experiment using 1,200 U/ml of IFN for induction, IR1B1 mRNA was also observed with IFN-α8 at 2 hours, but not at 30 minutes (not shown).

[0067] The IR1B1 mRNA was found to have the same 1.1 kb size in different human cells (U266, Daudi and THP-1 cells). It is notable that this size is close to that of caltractin mRNA but not to that of calcineurin B mRNA (2.5 kb) The small size of the mRNA is consistent with IR1B1 being a small protein of about 20 kDa.

EXAMPLE 4

[0068] IR1B4 Protein Binds to IFNAR1 in vitro

[0069] The binding of IR1B4 to the IC-domain of IFNAR1 was tested by synthesizing the IR1B4 protein with a protein tag (flag sequence) using in vitro translation in reticulocyte lysates and reacting this protein with a recombinant IFNAR1-IC fusion protein in E. coli. The pact-IR1B4 DNA from Example 1, cut with XhoI and filled-in by Klenow enzyme, was cloned in the PECE-flag expression vector (Ellis et al, 1986) cut with EcoRI and filled-in. The NotI-BamHI fragment containing the in-frame flag-IR1B4 fusion was recloned in BS-SK cut with NotI-BamHI and downstream from the T3 promoters. The sequence of the flag fusion was verified by sequencing from the T3 promoter. In vitro transcription (Promega kit) was done with T3 polymerase and 1 μg of BamHI-linearized BS-flag-IR1B4 DNA. In vitro translation was carried out in rabbit reticulocyte lysates (Promega kit) with [35S]methionine (Amersham) and 5 μg of RNA transcripts for 1 h. at 30° C. The products were RNase treated before use. The GST-IFNAR1-IC fusion protein was prepared by cloning the BamHI-EcoRI, insert of BS-IFNAR1-IC (see above) into the same sites of pGEX2 (Pharmacia Biotech). GST and GST-IFNAR1-IC were expressed in E. coli and recovered bound to Glutathione-Agarose beads (Sigma).

[0070] Anti-flag M2 agarose beads were from Kodak Scientific Imaging Systems. Monoclonal antibodies IFNaR3 to the α-component of the IFN receptor (IFNAR1) were a kind gift of Dr. O. Colamonici (Colamonici et al, 1990) and were used at 1:100 dilution. Rabbit antibodies to the C-terminal peptide of IFNAR1-IC (Ab 631) were prepared and used for immunoprecipitation of IFNAR1 from Brij extracts (0.75 ml) of 2×107 human myeloma U266S and U266R cells with antiproteases previously detailed (Abramovich et al, 1994) except that protein G beads (Pharmacia) were used with mAb IFNaR3 SDS-PAGE and analysis in a Fujix BAS1000 Phosphor Imager were as before (Harroch et al, 1994).

[0071] It was first verified that a protein product of about 32 kDa is obtained when the translation products were immunoprecipitated by anti-flag antibodies (FIGS. 6A and 6B). In FIGS. 6A and 6B, whenever the use of anti-flag antibodies is noted (by + sign), it means that the radioactive translation product of the IR1B4-flag fusion mRNA (in vitro transcribed from the corresponding DNA construct) was reacted with anti-flag M2 antibody bound to agarose beads (product of Kodak Scientific Imaging Systems). The translated protein which contains IR1B4 fused to the flag amino acid sequence was bound to these anti-flag antibody beads and after centrifuging down the beads, the protein was eluted with SDS buffer and applied onto SDS-PAGE. These reactions serve as a control to demonstrate that the expected fused protein is present.

[0072] Beads of Glutathione-Sepharose (Sigma), to which the Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused to IFNAR1-IC was bound, were added to the reticulocyte lysate translation reaction. The beads were centrifuged and washed and the proteins bound to GST beads were released by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS 1%) and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The 32 kDa protein labeled by 35S-methionine was observed to be bound to GST-IFNAR1-IC but not to GST alone (FIG. 6A). This demonstrates that IR1B4 directly binds to the isolated IFNAR1-IC peptide region.

[0073] To verify that IR1B4 interacts with the IFNAR1 protein as present in human cell membranes, detergent extracts of human myeloma U266 cells were mixed with the 35S-methionine labeled translation products of IR1B4 mRNA from reticulocyte lysates. The IFNAR1 protein was immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody IFNaR3 specific to the ectodomain of IFNAR1 (from Colamonici et al, 1990). Analysis by SDS-PAGE showed the presence of the 32 kDa IR1B4-flag band (FIG. 6B) when the detergent extracts originated from U266S (rich in IFN receptor), but not when originating from U266R cells—a mutant IFN-α, β-resistant derivative cell line from U266 deficient in IFN receptors (Abramovich et al, 1994). The 32 kDa band similarly was seen when U266S extracts were reacted with Ab 631 against the C-terminal peptide of IFNAR1, and IFNAR1 was precipitated by anti-flag when Cos-7 cells were transferred by flg-IR1B4 and human IFNAR1 cDNAs. These results demonstrated that IR1B4 binds to intact IFNAR1 from human cells in a specific manner.

EXAMPLE 5

[0074] IR1B4 cDNA and Protein Sequences

[0075] The nucleotide sequence of the IR1B4 cDNA has an open reading frame encoding a 361 amino-acid long protein (FIG. 7). This human cDNA recognized a 1.5 kb constitutively expressed poly-A+ mRNA in various human cells including U266 myeloma cells. An online search of the protein databases was performed using the BlastP algorithm (Altschul et al, 1990) as well as the Bioaccelerator Alignment (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1992), and it was found that IR1B4 is a unique member of the protein-arginine methyltransferase family. The rat PRMT1 cDNA described by Lin et al (1996, Genbank sequence I.D. 1390024; Accession U60882) is only 81.4% homologous when analyzed by the ALIGN computer program. At the amino acid level (FIG. 8), the human IR1B4/PRMT differs clearly in its amino terminus from PRMT1, with the first 19 amino acids being completely different. N-terminal sequencing of IR1B4 alone would not have provided any indication that IR1B4 is homologous to PRMT1. Another human protein which has been described, HCP-1 (Nikawa et al, 1996; Genbank accession D66904) was also found to have homology to IR1B4. However, HCP-1 has a different amino acid sequence from residues 147-175 (FIG. 9). HCP-1 was originally identified based on its ability to complement the ire15 mutation in yeast and its enzymatic function was not previously identified (Nikawa et al, 1996). Therefore, IR1B4 is a novel human protein.

EXAMPLE 6

[0076] IR1B4 Protein Bound to IFNAR1-IC Has Methyltransferase Activity

[0077] Methyltransferase activity could be co-immunoprecipitated from human cell extracts with the IFNAR1 receptor. Brij-detergent extracts of U266S cells were reacted overnight at 4° C. with or without anti-IFNAR1 antibody Ab 631 (Abramovich et al, 1994). Protein A beads (40 μl of a 50% of IPA-400 fast flow, Repligen) were added for 1 hour. The beads were washed and incubated in 0.1 ml of 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 50 μM (0.25 μCi) 14C-(methyl)-S-adenosyl-methionine (Amersham), and 100 μg histones (Type IIA from calf thymus, Sigma) for 30 min. at 30° C. The in vitro rethylation of histones was carried out under the conditions described by Lin et al (1996). The radioactivity in the histone band was analyzed after SDS PAGE (15% acrylamide) and exposure in the Phosphor-imager. A 14C-methyl labeling of the histones was observed with the beads that were coated with anti-IFNAR1, but not with those in the control reaction (FIG. 10). Therefore, protein methyl-transferase activity is constitutively associated with the IFN receptor chain of these human cells. A similar enzyme activity was recovered when IFNAR1 was immunoprecipitated five minutes after addition of IFN-β to the U266S cells.

EXAMPLE 7

[0078] Involvement of IR1B4/PRMT1 in IFN Action

[0079] An anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate (Stein et al, 1989) complementary to the sequence of nucleotides 12-33 around the initiation codon of IR1B4 cDNA (AS-1, anti-sense sequence 5′TGGCTACAAAATTCTCCATGATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:12) was synthesized chemically. The oligonucleotides were added to U266S cells seeded in 96-well microplates (8000 cells/well/0.2 ml RPMI, 10% FCS) at a final concentration of 10 μM on day 0 and re-added at 5 μM on day 2. IFN-β was added at 64 or 125 IU/ml on day 0. After 3 days of culture, 20 μl of Alamar Blue, a colorimetric cell density indicator based on oxido-reduction (BioSource, Camarillo, Calif.), was added to each well and incubation continued for 6-7 h. Color was measured in a microplate ELISA reader (test filter 530 nm, reference filter 630 nm) with multiple reading of duplicate wells. Correlation of the growth curves by live cell number and by OD was verified. To measure methyltransferase, cells from pooled wells were lysed by freeze-thawing in 25 μl/well of 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 40 μg/ml leupeptin and aprotinin, 20 μg/ml pepstatin, 1 UM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Reactions were in 50 μl with 25 μl of cell extracts, 100 μM peptide R1 (Najbauer et al, 1993; obtained from Genosys, Cambridge, UK), 3 μCi of [3H](methyl)S-adenosylmethionine (Amersham, 73 Ci/mmol) for 30 min at 30° C. After electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide (16%) gel, fixation in 50% methanol, 10% acetic acid and treatment by Amplify (Amersham), autoradiography was carried out for 8 days. This AS-1 anti-sense DNA was able to strongly reduce the protein-arginine methyltransferase activity in U266S cells as measured by incorporation of tritiated-methyl groups to the R1 peptide substrate (FIG. 11), and was used to investigate the role that this enzyme may play in IFN action. The growth-inhibitory activity of IFN was chosen because it can be most directly quantified on cells and because an interaction of rat PRMT1 with growth-related gene products has been observed (Lin et al, 1996). Addition of the antisense-l oligonucleotide AS-1, which is complementary to the sequence around the initiation codon of IR1B4/PRMT cDNA, reduced the growth inhibitory effect of IFN-β on human myeloma U266S cells (FIG. 12). This means that, in the presence of anti-sense AS-1, the IFN-treated cells exhibited a higher growth (excluding any toxic effect of phosphorothioates). The growth in the absence of IFN was not significantly affected. The sense oligonucleotide S-3 corresponding to the same cDNA region had only a small effect (S-3, FIG. 12) as compared to antisense-l. Sense S-3 also had only a slight inhibitory effect on the level of enzyme activity (FIG. 11). Another anti-sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide AS-2 (SEQ ID NO:13), directed to the middle of the cDNA and complementary to nucleotides 572-592 of SEQ ID NO:7, had almost no effect (FIG. 12). The up to 5 fold reduction in the growth inhibitory effect of IFN-β on myeloma cells, which were rendered partially deficient in PRMT activity by antisense-l oligonucleotide demonstrates that the association of the IR1B4/PRMT enzyme with the IC domain of the IFNAR1 receptor is functionally significant for IFN action on cells.

[0080] These experiments also demonstrate that the IR1B4 protein methylates peptide substrates of the PRMT class of enzymes, such as the R1 peptide Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly (SEQ ID NO:11; Najbauer et al, 1993), which was used in the experiment illustrated in FIG. 11. Methylation of proteins on arginine residues next to glycine residues (e.g., as in the above peptide) could be a type of protein modification which, like phosphorylation, serves to transducer signals into the cell. The hnRNP group of proteins is a target for PRMT enzymes, and since these proteins affect mRNA processing, splicing, transport and stability (Liu and Dreyfuss, 1995), their methylation may play a role in post-transcriptional controls of gene expression. The IR1B4/PRMT protein, discovered here as binding to a chain of the IFN receptor, could mediate changes in gene expression in response to IFN. Other protein substrates may become methylated through the IFN receptor, including other components of the IFN receptor complex and transcription factors. Lin et al (1996) have observed that the binding of rat PRMT1 to growth factor-induced proteins activates PRMT1 and modifies its substrate specificity, possibly by removal of some inhibitory proteins associated with PRMT1 in the cytoplasm of cells. A similar activation of IR1B4 bound to the IFNAR1 chain of the IFN receptor can be expected.

[0081] Conclusions

[0082] A new protein IR1B1 is described which interacts with the intracytoplasmic domain of the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon receptor. This protein is induced very rapidly and transiently following IFN treatment of human cells. IR1B1 is characterized by the presence of helix-loop-helix EF-handle sites which are the hallmark of calcium-binding proteins. Calcium ion fluxes have been implicated in the mechanism of action of IFNs, and in particular for the initial cell responses and changes in cell morphology and in cytoskeleton organization (Tamm et al, 1987). Calcium ion-activated enzymes could produce second messengers, such as diacyl-glycerol, in response to IFNs. Furthermore, calmodulin-like proteins regulate a number of protein kinases and these pathways have been observed to function in IFN-treated cells (Tamm et al, 1987). It is likely that the IFN receptor binding protein IRIB1 is involved in such Ca++-dependent effects of IFNs on cells.

[0083] The two-hybrid screening for proteins interacting with the IFNAR1-IC domain also identified another protein IR1B4, which turned out to be a member of the protein-arginine methyl transferase family of enzymes (PRMT1; Lin et al, 1996). This enzyme is known to methylate a number of RNA and DNA binding proteins, in particular heterologous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are involved in mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm, alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, and post-transcriptional controls (Liu and Dreyfuss, 1995). The IR1B1 and IR1B4/PRMT1 proteins which dock onto the IFNAR1-IC domain reveal novel signaling mechanisms of IFNs that exist besides the known Jak-Stat pathways described by Darnell et al (1994).

[0084] Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation.

[0085] While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the inventions following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

[0086] All references cited herein, including journal articles or abstracts, published or corresponding U.S. or foreign patent applications, issued U.S. or foreign patents, or any other references, are entirely incorporated by reference herein, including all data, tables, figures, and text presented in the cited references. Additionally, the entire contents of the references cited within the references cited herein are also entirely incorporated by reference.

[0087] Reference to known method steps, conventional methods steps, known methods or conventional methods is not in any way an admission that any aspect, description or embodiment of the present invention is disclosed, taught or suggested in the relevant art.

[0088] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art (including the contents of the references cited herein), readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

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Claims

1. A method of prolonging tissue graft survival, comprising the steps of: introducing into cells of a tissue or organ to be grafted to a patient in need thereof, an expression vector comprising a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a DNA molecule, or a corresponding RNA molecule, comprising the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:1 in the anti-sense orientation, or comprising the nucleotide sequence of a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 in the anti-sense orientation, which fragment is of a size such that the transcription product of said nucleotide sequence hybridizes to sense mRNA encoding the interferon inducible IFNAR1 receptor binding protein of SEQ ID NO:2, to form a non-translatable double-stranded RNA molecule; and grafting the tissue or organ to the patient.

2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a recombinant DNA molecule further comprising a promoter operably linked to said anti-sense nucleotide sequence.

3. A method in accordance with claim 2, wherein said nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or fragment thereof, when in the sense orientation, includes the initiation codon at the 5′-end of SEQ ID NO:1.

4. A method of enhancing response to exogenous interferon therapy in treating cancer, comprising the steps of: administering directly into a tumor a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an expression vector comprising the recombinant DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an IFN-α or IFN-β inducible IFNAR1 receptor binding protein, wherein the protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 operably linked to a promoter which is a constitutive promoter in human cells, such that said promoter promotes the transcription of said nucleotide sequence when the recombinant DNA molecule is in an appropriate expression host; and subsequently administering exogenous interferon therapy.

5. A method in accordance with claim 4, wherein said nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:1.

6. An IFNAR1-binding protein having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:8.

7. A molecule comprising the antigen binding portion of an antibody specific for an IFNAR1-binding protein in accordance with claim 6.

8. A molecule according to claim 7, consisting of a monoclonal antibody.