Patent Application
20050002951
The present invention relates to novel methods of inducing antigen-specific T cells. In particular, the present invention relates to methods of inducing antigen-specific T cells, which administering a composition comprising a cell wall skeleton integrant of the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis (hereinafter, as referred to as BCG-CWS) in advance and then administering a composition comprising an antigen protein or an antigen peptide. In addition, the present invention relates to compositions for treating and/or preventing cancers that are characterized in that they comprise a cancer antigen protein, WT1, or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein in combination with a BCG-CWS.
Cellular immunity mediated by, among others, cytotoxic T cells (also sometimes referred to as killer T cells or CTLs) or helper T cells, which are antigen-specific T cells, plays a central role in elimination of cancer cells or virus-infected cells from a living body. An antigen-specific T cell recognizes, using its T cell receptor, a bound complex between an MHC molecule (also referred to as an HLA molecule in case of human) on the cell surface of an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cell or macrophage and an antigen peptide which is a fragment peptide of an antigen protein derived from a cancer or virus, and thereby differentiates and proliferates. Antigen peptides presented on the MHC molecules are known to be usually about 8 to 20 amino acids in length. Antigen-specific T cells that thus have differentiated and proliferated exert their anti-tumor or anti-viral effects by specifically injuring cancerous or virus-infected cells that present the complex bound between the antigen peptide and the MHC molecule, or by producing various cytokines.
So-called vaccine therapies in which an antigen protein or an antigen peptide derived from a cancer or virus is administered to potentiate antigen-specific T cells are believed useful for treatment or prevention of cancers and viral infections. Cancerous or viral antigens recognized by T cells have been screened to date for various cancers and virus infections, and many cancer antigen proteins, virus-derived antigen proteins, and antigen peptides derived therefrom have been already identified (Immunogenetics 1995, 41:178; Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2001, 50:3). For example, one of those antigens, WT1, was originally identified as a causative gene for a childhood renal tumor, that is, Wilms tumor (Nature 1990, 343:774). In normal tissues, the WT1 gene is weakly expressed only in restricted tissues such as kidney, testis, and ovary, whereas it has been shown to be highly expressed in various cancers such as leukemia as well as lung, breast, ovarian, prostatic, bladder, uterine, cervical, gastric, colon, germ cell, hepatic, and skin cancers (JP Kokai H09-104627, JP Kokai H11-35484). Recently, it has been shown that WT1-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) were induced by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A2.1- or HLA-A24.2-positive human donors with a 9-mer WT1 peptide comprising an MHC class I binding motif (Immunogenetics 51:99-107, 2000; Blood 95:2198-203, 2000; Blood 95:286-93, 2000). It has also been shown that WT1-specific CTLs were induced by in vivo immunization of mice with a 9-mer WT1 peptide (J Immunol 164:1873-80, 2000; Blood 96:1480-9, 2000) or WT1 cDNA (J Clin Immunol 20:195-202, 2000), and further that the immunized mice reject transplanted tumor cells highly expressing WT1 (J Immunol 164:1873-80, 2000; J Clin Immunol 20:195-202, 2000). These findings demonstrate that WT1 protein is one of cancer antigen proteins, and may provide a measure for cancer vaccines against fluid or solid cancers.
In order to efficiently induce a specific immunity by vaccination, it is effective to administer an antigen protein or an antigen peptide as a principal agent in combination with a non-specific immunopotentiator. Known non-specific immunopotentiators include bacterium-derived components, cytokines, plant-derived components, and marine organism-derived components. Bacterium-derived components include a dead body of the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a cell wall skeleton integrant of said BCG strain (BCG-CWS), a human tubercle bacillus-derived polysaccharide material (e.g. Ancer), a hemolytic streptococcus powders (e.g. Picibanil), a bacterium-derived polysaccharide (e.g. lentinan, Krestin), a dead microbial suspension cocktail (e.g. Broncasma Berna), a muramyldipeptide (MDP)-related compound, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a lipid A-related compound (MPL), a glycolipid trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and a DNA derived from the bacteria as mentioned above (e.g. CpG oligonucleotides). Among them, a BCG-CWS has been known to exhibit an effective immunopotentiating action when dispersed in an oil such as mineral oils (Cancer Res., 33, 2187-2195 (1973); J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 48, 831-835 (1972); J. Bacteriol., 94, 1736-1745 (1967); Gann, 69, 619-626 (1978); J. Bacteriol., 92, 869-879 (1966)).
In addition, the dosage form of vaccine is also an important factor for efficient induction of specific immunity. For example, aluminium preparations, lipid particles, emulsion preparations, and microspheres are known as dosage forms of vaccines.
These substances and dosage forms that effect the enhancement of vaccine efficacies are collectively called adjuvants (Nature Biotech. 1999, 17:1075). At present, the most widely used adjuvant among those as approved for human use is an aluminium preparation, but its ability to induce antigen-specific T cells is low, and side effects such as IgE production have been pointed out as problems.
In the light of the great ability of dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells to induce antigen-specific T cells, research on cell vaccines has been also conducted in recent years, in which dendritic cells derived from a patient are pulsed in vitro with an antigen protein or an antigen peptide to cause antigen presentation, and then put back into the patient (Nature Med. 1998, 4:328). However, there are many problems to be solved before the cell vaccine therapy is widely available; it is technically difficult and costly to obtain a large amount of dendritic cells required for the therapy.
Under such circumstances, there has been a need for developing a novel vaccine that enables simple, convenient, and efficient induction of antigen-specific T cells as well as a method of administering the same.
An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method by which antigen-specific T cells can be efficiently induced. The object is thus to provide a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells which comprises administering a composition comprising a non-specific immunopotentiator, BCG-CWS, in advance, and then administering a composition comprising an antigen protein or an antigen peptide. A further object of the present invention is to provide a composition for treating and/or preventing cancers that is characterized in that it comprises a cancer antigen protein, WT1, or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein in combination with a BCG-CWS.
In order to elicit immune responses to a vaccine, it is important to timely administer an antigen in combination with an appropriate non-specific immunopotentiator. As described above, however, there has not been known any method of administering a vaccine that efficiently induces antigen-specific T cells and thereby produces anti-tumor or anti-viral effects.
The present inventors therefore concentrated their efforts on examining therapeutic effects on an in vivo cancer model, of the use of cancer antigen peptides derived from the cancer antigen protein WT1, as used as an example, in combination with a non-specific immunopotentiator, BCG-CWS. As a result, it was found for the first time that a drastic improvement in the induction of antigen-specific T cells, leading for example to anti-tumor effects, can be obtained by a novel approach wherein a BCG-CWS is administered in advance and, after a certain period, an antigen peptide is administered, compared to the approaches wherein an antigen or a BCG-CWS is solely administered. The inventors believe that this administration method should provide a similar effect whatever antigen protein or antigen peptide is combined with a BCG-CWS.
Furthermore, in the present invention, the cancer antigen protein WT1 was, for the first time, examined for its effects in a cancer model that reflects, so to speak, “a therapeutic system in which a cancer antigen peptide derived from WT1 is administered after the transplantation of tumor cells into an animal. As a result, it was demonstrated for the first time that WT1 is therapeutically effective. In addition, it was found that cancer antigen peptides derived from said WT1 protein produce remarkable anti-tumor effects when administered in combination with a BCG-CWS.
The present invention is based on such findings as described above.
Thus, the present invention relates to:
in relation to the embodiment as mentioned above,
in another embodiment,
in relation to the embodiment as mentioned above,
As described above, according to a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing antigen-specific T cells in a patient comprising administering to said patient in need thereof composition (a) which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of an antigen protein or an antigen peptide as an active ingredient and composition (b) which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a cell wall skeleton integrant of the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis as an active ingredient, wherein said composition (b) is administered in advance and then said composition (a) is administered. This method is characterized in that it comprises an administration procedure in which the BCG-CWS as an adjuvant is administered in advance, and then, after a certain period, an antigen (an antigen protein or antigen peptide derived from said antigen protein) is administered. The administration procedure of the present invention can drastically improve an anti-tumor effect, antiviral effect, and disease free survival rate, compared to the administration of the antigen alone, or the BCG-CWS alone.
The term “antigen protein or antigen peptide” comprised as an active ingredient in composition (a) refers to an antigen protein and an antigen peptide derived from said antigen protein, and is not specifically limited so long as it is capable of inducing T cells specific for an antigen peptide. In addition, the term “antigen protein or antigen peptide” also includes within its scope both those capable of inducing antigen-specific T cells directly by forming a complex with an MHC molecule (HLA molecule) on the cell surface of an antigen-presenting cell as well as those capable of inducing antigen-specific T cells indirectly, that is, by being incorporated into the cell and intracellularly degraded to a peptide fragment which in turn binds an MHC molecule to form a complex presented on the cell surface.
Antigen proteins include, for example, antigen proteins derived from viruses, antigen proteins derived from bacteria, or cancer antigen proteins (also referred to as tumor antigen proteins). Several proteins already known as antigen proteins are listed below. Examples of antigen proteins derived from viruses are those derived from HIV, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, HPV, HTLV, and EBV. Examples of antigen proteins derived from bacteria are those derived from tubercle bacilli. Representative examples of cancer antigen proteins are those listed in Table 1 of Immunity, vol. 10: 281, 1999, or those listed in Tables 1 to 6 of Cancer Immunol. Immunother., vol.50, 3-15, 2001. More specifically, melanoma antigen proteins include MAGE (Science, 254:1643, 1991), gp100 (J. Exp. Med., 179:1005, 1994), MART-1 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:3515, 1994), and tyrosinase (J. Exp. Med., 178:489, 1993); and cancer antigen proteins other than those derived from melanoma includes tumor makers such as HER2/neu (J. Exp. Med., 181:2109, 1995), CEA (J. Natl. Cancer. Inst., 87:982, 1995), and PSA (J. Natl. Cancer. Inst., 89:293, 1997), as well as SART-1 derived from squamous cell carcinoma (J. Exp. Med., vol. 187, p. 277-288, 1998; WO 97/46676), cyclophilin B (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 88:1903, 1991), SART-3 (Cancer Res., vol. 59, 4056 (1999)), and WT1 (Immunogenetics, vol. 51, 99, 2000; Blood 95:2198-203, 2000; Blood 95: 286-93, 2000, or human WT1 set forth in the Sequence Listing of the present application as SEQ ID NO: 1). In addition to the above antigen proteins in their full-length forms, partial polypeptides or alterations thereof are also included so long as they are capable of inducing T cells specific for an antigen peptide.
Such antigen proteins may be obtained through the following steps: cloning a cDNA encoding a desired antigen protein, ligating the cDNA into an expression vector, introducing the resulting recombinant expression vector into a host cell, and expressing the antigen protein, according to the references cited above or to standard texts such as Molecular Cloning 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989). More specifically, for example, a cDNA encoding a desired antigen protein is cloned by hybridization or a PCR method. The cloned cDNA is then incorporated into an appropriate expression vector (e.g. pSV-SPORT1). The resulting recombinant expression vector is introduced into a host cell, and the transformants thus obtained may be cultured in an appropriate medium to express and produce the desired antigen protein. In this context, host cells include, for example, prokaryotes such as E. coli, unicellular eukaryotes such as yeasts, and multicellular eukaryotic cells such as those of insects or animals. Methods of gene transfer into host cells include, for example, the calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, and electric pulse methods. Polypeptides thus obtained can be isolated and purified using standard biochemical techniques.
The in vitro ability of such antigen proteins to induce antigen-specific T cells can be examined, for example, in the case of cancer antigen proteins, by a test as described below. Thus, first, certain cells which express no cancer antigen protein such as COS-7 derived from African green monkey kidney (ATCC CRL1651) or fibroblast VA-13 (RIKEN Cell Bank, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) are double transfected with a recombinant expression vector which comprises cDNA encoding a desired cancer antigen protein and a recombinant expression vector which comprises DNA encoding an HLA antigen. Such transfection may be achieved by the Lipofectin method using Lipofectamine reagent (GIBCO BRL). Subsequently, tumor-reactive CTLs restricted by the HLA molecule used are added and allowed to act. The amounts of various cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ) produced by said CTLs in response may be then measured, for example, by an ELISA method, in order to evaluate an activity of the desired cancer antigen protein to induce antigen-specific T cells.
Antigen peptides derived from antigen proteins (hereinafter simply referred to as antigen peptides) include, for example, peptides of about 8 to 20 amino acid residues which are part of said antigen proteins, or altered peptides thereof having functionally equivalent properties, or polytopes in which two or more of said peptides or altered peptide thereof are linked together. In this definition, the range “8 to 20” is based on the common knowledge among those skilled in the art that antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules are usually about 8 to 20 amino acids in length. The term “altered peptide having functionally equivalent properties” means an altered peptide in which one to several amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence of an antigen peptide have been substituted, deleted, and/or added (including addition to the amino acid at the N- or C-terminal end of the peptide) and which is capable of inducing T cells specific for an antigen peptide.
In cancer antigen peptides and virus-derived antigen peptides, certain rules (motifs) in the sequences of antigen peptides bound and presented by an HLA molecule are known for certain HLA types such as HLA-A1, -A0201, -A0204, -A0205, -A0206, -A0207, -A11, -A24, -A31, -A6801, -B7, -B8, -B2705, -B37, -Cw0401, and -Cw0602 (see, e.g., Immunogenetics, 41:178, 1995). For example, regarding a motif for HLA-A24, it is known that the amino acid at position 2 in a peptide consisting of 8 to 11 amino acids is tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, or tryptophan, and the amino acid at the C-terminal end is phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, or methionine (J. Immunol., 152, p. 3913, 1994; Immunogenetics, 41, p. 178, 1995; J. Immunol., 155, p. 4307, 1994). Likewise, regarding HLA-A2, motifs listed below in Table 1 are known (Immunogenetics, 41, p. 178, 1995; J. Immunol., 155, p. 4749, 1995).
(the peptides are 8 to 11 amino acids in length)
Furthermore, in recent years, peptide sequences expected to be able to bind HLA antigens can be searched on the Internet by using a software of BIMAS at NIH (http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/). Such peptide sequences also can be searched by using BIMAS HLA peptide binding prediction analysis (J. Immunol., 152, 163, 1994).
It is therefore easy to select antigen peptide portions involved in these motifs from the amino acid sequences of the cancer antigen proteins or virus-derived antigen proteins as described above. Specific examples of antigen peptides thus selected, in particular, for example, of cancer antigen peptides, are as follows. Examples of cancer antigen peptides derived from WT1 are peptides listed in Table II to Table XLVI of WO 2000/18795, and in particular, peptides having the HLA-A24 and HLA-A2 binding motifs set forth in the Sequence Listing of the present application as SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3. Examples of cancer antigen peptides derived from SART-1 are peptides listed in the Sequence Listings of WO 97/46676, WO 2000/02907, and WO 2000/06595. Examples of cancer antigen peptides derived from cyclophilin B are peptides listed in the Sequence Listing of WO 99/67288. Examples of cancer antigen peptides derived from SART-3 are peptides listed in the Sequence Listing of WO 2000/12701. By subjecting the above peptides to an activity measurement described below, one can select antigen peptides having an activity to induce antigen-specific T cells.
In addition, where certain rules (motifs) in the antigen peptide sequences that are bound and presented by an HLA molecule are known as described above, altered peptides having properties functionally equivalent to those of the above antigen peptides may be exemplified by altered peptides in which one or more of amino acids have been substituted on the basis of said motifs. Thus, in the case of a binding motif for HLA-A24, for example, it is known as described above that the amino acid at position 2 in a peptide consisting of 8 to 11 amino acids is tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, or tryptophan, and the amino acid at the C-terminal end is phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, or methionine (J. Immunol., 152, p. 3913, 1994; Immunogenetics, 41, p. 178, 1995; J. Immunol., 155, p. 4307, 1994). Therefore, altered peptides bound and presented by the HLA-A24 antigen may be exemplified by those in which one or more amino acids at position 2 and at the C-terminal end of an HLA-A24-restricted wild-type peptide have been substituted within the amino acids listed above. Specific examples of such altered peptides, for example, in connection with cancer antigens, are as follows. Examples of altered peptides derived from WT1 are those obtained by modifying the peptides listed in Table II to Table XLVI of WO2000/18795 on the basis of the above motif, and in particular, a peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in the Sequence Listing of the present application as SEQ ID NO: 4. Likewise, examples of altered peptides derived from, for example, SART-1, cyclophilin B, or SART-3 are those obtained by modifying respective antigen peptides disclosed in the above references on the basis of the motif.
Antigen peptides (including altered peptides) as described above may be prepared according to the methods usually used in peptide chemistry. Examples of such methods are those described in references, for example, “Peptide Synthesis”, Interscience, New York, 1966; “The Proteins”, Vol. 2, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1976; “Peputido-Gosei”, Maruzen, 1975; “Pepuchido-Gosei-no-Kiso-to-Jikken”, Maruzen, 1985; and “Iyakuhin-no-Kaihatu, Zoku, Vol. 14, Peputido-Gosei”, Hirokawa Shoten, 1991. Alternatively, such peptides may also be prepared according to “Molecular Cloning” cited above by expressing a recombinant peptide from a DNA encoding the antigen peptide and purifying it using routine procedures.
The in vitro ability of such antigen peptides to induce antigen-specific T cells can be examined, for example, in the case of cancer antigen peptides, by an assay described, for example, in J. Immunol., 154, p. 2257, 1995. In particular, peripheral blood lymphocytes may be isolated from an HLA antigen-positive human, and stimulated in vitro by adding a peptide of interest. If CTLs that specifically recognize the HLA-positive cells pulsed with the peptide are induced, the peptide can be thereby confirmed to have an activity to induce antigen-specific T cells. The presence or absence of CTL induction may be determined, for example, by measuring the amount of IFN-γ produced by CTLs in response to the antigen peptide-presenting cells using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Alternatively, the amount of TNF-α produced by CTLs in response to the antigen peptide-presenting cells may be determined by measuring the survival rate of a TNF-α sensitive cell line (e.g. WEHI164S cells; ATCC Cat. No. CRL-1751).
Determination may also be achieved by a method in which the cytotoxicity of CTLs against antigen peptide-presenting cells labeled with 51Cr is measured (51Cr release assay; Int. J. Cancer, 58:317, 1994). Alternatively, for example, COS-7 (ATCC No. CRL1651) or VA-13 (RIKEN Cell Bank, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) cells into which an expression plasmid expressing cDNA for HLA has been introduced are pulsed with a peptide of interest. Then, for example, the CTLs prepared as described above may be reacted with the pulsed cells, and the amounts of various cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ or TNF-α) produced by said CTLs may be measured.
The term “polytope” means a recombinant peptide in which two or more antigen peptides have been linked together (see, e.g. , Journal of Immunology, 160, p. 1717, 1998), and particularly in the present invention refers to a polypeptide which appropriately combines one, two or more kinds of the above antigen peptides. A polytope is obtained by a procedure in which a recombinant DNA prepared by linking together one, two or more kinds of DNAs encoding the above antigen peptides is inserted into an appropriate expression vector, and the recombinant vector obtained is then expressed in a host cell. Activity of the polytope to induce antigen-specific T cells may be confirmed by subjecting it to the assay for antigen protein as described above.
At least one kind of antigen protein or peptide as described above is selected and used as an active ingredient in the above composition (a). Depending on the purpose, two or more kinds of antigen proteins or peptides may be present. Although a therapeutically effective amount of such antigen proteins or peptides is not specifically limited so long as it is capable of inducing in vivo antigen-specific T cells, it is preferably usually 0.0001 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably 0.001 mg to 100 mg, still more preferably 0.01 mg to 10 mg.
The above composition (a) is preferably formulated into a dosage form that achieves desired pharmacological effects. Dosage forms suitable for this purpose include, for example, formulations such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions, as well as liposome formulations, microsphere formulations, microcapsule formulations, solid injections and liquid formulations.
Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion formulations take the form in which an active ingredient is dispersed in an aqueous dispersed phase. Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion formulations take the form in which an active ingredient is dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium. Likewise, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion formulations take the form in which an active ingredient is dispersed in the inner-most aqueous dispersed phase. Preparation of such formulations may be achieved by referring to, for example, JP Kokai H08-985, JP Kokai H09-122476, etc.
Liposome formulations comprise microparticles in the form in which an active ingredient is incorporated in an aqueous phase or within membranes by means of liposomes having a lipid bilayer structure. Examples of principal lipids for preparing liposomes are phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, to which, for example, dicetyl phosphate, phosphatidic acid, or phosphatidylserine is added to provide liposomes with electric charges for stabilization. Exemplary methods for preparing liposomes are ultrasonication, ethanol injection, ether injection, reverse-phase evaporation, and French press extraction methods.
Microsphere formulations comprise microparticles made of a homogeneous polymer matrix in which an active ingredient is dispersed. Examples of components for the matrix are biodegradable polymers such as albumin, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, starch, polylactic acid, and polyalkyl cyanoacrylate. Preparation of microsphere formulations may be carried out according to known methods (Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50:129-146, 2000; Dev. Biol. Stand. 92:63-78, 1998; Pharm. Biotechnol. 10:1-43, 1997) and is not specifically limited.
Microcapsule formulations comprise microparticles in the form in which an active ingredient as a core substance is covered with an encapsulating substance. Examples of a coating material used as an encapsulating substance are membrane-forming polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, ethylcellulose, gelatin, gelatin-acacia, nitrocellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and hydroxypropylcellulose. Microcapsule formulations may be prepared according to, for example, the coacervation or interfacial polymerization method.
Solid injections are dosage forms in which an active ingredient is included in a base material such as collagen or silicone to solidify the forms. Solid injections may be prepared according to, for example, a method described in a reference (Pharm. Tech. Japan, 7 (1991), p. 402-409).
Liquid formulations are dosage forms in which an active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, carrier, or the like. Examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent include water, a glucose solution, and physiological saline. In addition, liquid formulations may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary agent such as a pH regulating agent or buffer, a tonicity adjusting agent, or a swelling agent.
Furthermore, composition (a) may also take the form of a lyophilized formulation corresponding to the above dosage forms. Other agents such as a stabilizing agent (e.g. polysaccharides, amino acids, proteins, urea, or sodium chloride), an excipient (e.g. sugars, amino acids, urea, or sodium chloride), an antioxidant, an antiseptic, an isotonizing agent, or an buffer may also be added if necessary.
Such composition (a) as described above may be used as a pre-formulated product or may be prepared before use for administration to a patient. Thus, the antigen protein or the antigen peptide as an active ingredient of composition (a) as well as an emulsion or other preparation as the dosage form may be used as a pre-formed product in which the constituents have already been mixed together, or may be prepared before use for administration to a patient.
Composition (b), that is a composition comprising as an active ingredient a BCG-CWS is described below.
BCG-CWS that is a CWS of the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis may be isolated and prepared according to known literatures such as Cancer Res., 33, 2187-2195 (1973), J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 48, 831-835 (1972), J. Bacteriol., 94, 1736-1745 (1967), Gann, 69, 619-626 (1978), J. Bacteriol., 92, 869-879 (1966), and J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 52, 95-101 (1974). In brief, those CWSs may be obtained in a form of insoluble residue by a purification process which comprises crashing the cells with a physical means, removing nucleic acids and proteins from the cell debris, and then delipidating the resultant material.
Said BCG-CWS is preferably formulated into a dosage form that achieves a desired pharmacological effect. In order to attain the purpose, an emulsion is preferable, and an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion is more preferable. Oils as a constituent component of the oil-in-water emulsion include mineral oils or animal and vegetable oils as described in Immunology, 27, 311-329 (1974). The mineral oil is exemplified by a liquid petrolatum, a bayol (Bayol F), Drakeol-6VR, and the like. The vegetable oil is exemplified by a peanut oil, a sesame oil, AD-65 (a mixture of a peanut oil, Arlacel, and aluminum monostearate), and the like. The animal oil is exemplified by squalane, and a terpenoid derivative such as squalene, and the like. Among them, Drakeol-6VR and squalane are preferred.
BCG-CWS is preferably comprised in the oil-in-water emulsions in a concentration range of 0.1 to 10 mg/ml. Oil is suitably comprised in a concentration range of 0.01 to 30% w/w, preferably 0.01 to 10% w/w, and more preferably 0.01 to 5.0% w/w.
Oil-in-water emulsion formulations may comprise a surfactant, a stabilizer, an excipient or the like, if necessary. In this context, a surfactant is not limited to a particular species as long as it may be used in a pharmaceutical formulation. It includes a phospholipid, a nonionic surfactant, and the like. Specific examples include phospholipids such as egg-yolk phosphatidyl amine, egg-yolk lecithin, soybean lecithin, nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g. Polysorbate 80, and sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g. Span 40. Each surfactant may be used solely, or in combination with any other several ones, if necessary.
Said stabilizers include a polysaccharide, an amino acid, a protein, urea, a sugar alcohol, and sodium chloride. Specific examples include polysaccharides such as dextran, starch, cellulose, and amino acids such as a neutral amino acid, e.g. alanine, glycine and proline. Proteins include albumin, a gelatin, and a collagen. Sugar alcohols include mannitol and sorbitol. Each stabilizer may be used solely, or in combination with any other several ones, if necessary.
Said excipients include a saccharide, an amino acid, urea, and sodium chloride. Specific examples include saccharides such as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a sugar alcohol. Monosaccharides include glucose, and fructose, and disaccharides include maltose, lactose, and trehalose. Sugar alcohols include mannitol, and sorbitol. Amino acids includes alanine, and glycine. Each excipient may be used solely, or in combination with any other several ones, if necessary.
In addition, an antioxidant, an antiseptic, an isotonizing agent, or an buffer, each of which may be used in pharmaceutical formulations may be comprised, if necessary.
Oil-in-water emulsion formulations that comprise BCG-CWS as described above may also take the form of a lyophilized formulation. A dispersion solvent to be used to re-disperse the lyophilized formulation is a medium for dispersing emulsion particles, and includes injectable water (injectable distilled water), a physiological saline and the like, but is limited to a particular species as long as it can be injected as a dispersion solvent.
Details for the processes of preparation of such an oil-in-water emulsion formulation that comprises BCG-CWS as described above are discussed in WO00/3724. Specifically, the emulsion may be prepared by, for example, adding a BCG-CWS to an oil as described above, adding further an aqueous solution of a surfactant, an excipient, a stabilizer and another additive, and then emulsifying the resultant mixture with a dispersing or emulsifying device such as a Potter-Elvehjem type homogenizer, a homomixer, an ultrasonic homogenizer, Microfluidizer, or the like, followed by lyophilizing the oil-in-water emulsion to give finally a lyophilized formulation.
Such composition that comprises a BCG-CWS as an active ingredient in composition (b) as prepared as shown above may be used as a pre-formulated product, or may be prepared before use for administration to a patient. Therapeutically effective amount of BCG-CWS is not limited to specific one as long as it facilitates the enhancement of the activity to induce antigen-specific T cells, and may be preferably 0.1 to 200 μg, and more preferably 1 to 100 μg per administration.
A method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention which comprises administering compositions (a) and (b) as described above is characterized in that composition (b) is administered in advance and then composition (a) is administered. In particular, composition (a) is preferably administered 6 or more hours after the administration of composition (b), and more preferably composition (a) is administered 12 or more hours after the administration of composition (b). Further preferably, composition (a) is administered about 12 to 48 hours after the administration of composition (b), and still more preferably, composition (a) is administered about 24 to 48 hours after the administration of composition (b). The most preferable timing of administration is such that composition (a) is administered about 24 hours (ca. 1 day; 20 to 28 hours) after the administration of composition (b).
In this connection, administration may be carried out in any manner so long as the timing of administration is such that composition (b) is administered in advance and then composition (a) is administered, as described above, and examples of the administration procedure include:
In this regard, when composition (b) is administered two or more times, the number of administrations may be in particular 2 to 10, and preferably 2 to 5.
Taking the above administrations of (a) and (b) as one administration cycle, such an administration cycle may be repeated two or more times in order to further improve the effect on induction of T cells. Thus, the administration cycle may be repeated two or more times as appropriate depending, for example, on the disease to be treated, the symptoms, age, and weight of the patient. The interval between the repeated administration cycles may also be determined as appropriate in the range from about one week to about one year depending, for example, on the symptoms of the patient.
The route of administration for compositions (a) and (b) used in a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention may be, for example, intradermal administration, subcutaneous administration, continuous subcutaneous administration, intravenous injection, intraarterial injection, intramuscular injection, local infusion, or intraperitoneal administration. It is also possible to continuously and slowly administer using, for example, an osmotic pump, or to prepare a sustained-release formulation (e.g. a mini-pellet formulation) and implant it. Preferred is intradermal or subcutaneous administration. It is particularly preferred to intradermally administer both of compositions (a) and (b). In that case, it is preferred to intradermally administer compositions (a) and (b) at the same site.
Exemplary combinations of the active ingredients of the above compositions (a) and (b) in a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention may be combinations of an antigen protein with a BCG-CWS, or may also be combinations of an antigen peptide with a BCG-CWS. Among these combinations, when the antigen is a cancer antigen, specific examples include a combination of WT1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) with a BCG-CWS and a combination of a cancer antigen peptide derived from WT1 with a BCG-CWS. In this context, the cancer antigen peptide derived from WT1 may be those peptides found in the amino acid sequence of human WT1 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 which have a motif structure as described above that is bound and presented by an HLA antigen, as well as altered peptides thereof. Particular examples are the peptides listed in Table II to Table XLVI of WO 2000/18795 and altered peptides based on the motifs, and more preferable, Arg Met Phe Pro Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu (SEQ ID NO: 2) and Cys Met Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 3) which have a binding motif for HLA-A2 and HLA-A24, or altered peptides thereof based on the HLA-A24 or HLA-A2 binding motif. A specific example of such altered peptides is Cys Tyr Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 4) in which Met at position 2 of the peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 has been replace by Tyr, an amino acid consistent with the motif.
A method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention as described above may be examined for its ability to induce antigen-specific T cells as follows.
Composition (b) according to the present invention is injected intradermally into a laboratory animal, and after 24 hours, composition (a) is injected intradermally. Taking these administrations as one course, vaccination is conducted once or several times at intervals of one to two weeks. One week after the last administration, the spleen is removed, and lymphocytes are prepared from the spleen. Splenocytes from unprimed mice are also prepared in parallel, and pulsed with an antigen peptide for several hours followed by X-irradiation at a dose of about 2000 to 5000 rad to use as antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes from immunized mice are restimulated with the antigen peptide in a culture system by adding thereto the antigen-presenting cells. If necessary, similar stimulation is conducted several times at a frequency of once a week. One week after the last stimulation, lymphocytes are recovered, and may be examined for their ability to induce antigen-specific T cells using target cells such as cells pulsed with the antigen peptide or cells positive for the antigen, for example, by determining the amounts of various cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ) produced in response by antigen peptide-specific T cells induced among lymphocytes, or by measuring the cytotoxicity of antigen peptide-specific T cells against target cells labeled with 51Cr according to the 51Cr release assay (J. Immunol., 139:2888, 1987). For human, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from peripheral blood, for example, by the Ficoll method may be used instead of splenic lymphocytes of laboratory animals in order to examine, in a similar manner, the ability to induce antigen peptide-specific T cells.
It is also possible to examine the ability to induce cancer antigen-specific T cells by the procedures described below in the Examples. Briefly, cDNA encoding a cancer antigen protein of interest is introduced into a tumor cell to prepare tumor cells highly expressing the cancer antigen protein of interest. The tumor cells are administered intraperitoneally, and vaccination is started on the next day. Vaccination is achieved by four courses of administration conducted at intervals of one week; one course of administration consisting of first intradermally injecting composition (b) as described above, and after 24 hours, intradermally injecting composition (a). Then, anti-tumor effects based on the ability to induce antigen-specific T cells may be examined by measuring a tumorigenic rate, a survival rate, or a disease-free survival rate using a routine method. Alternatively, an administration procedure similar to that described above may be conducted on a tumor patient instead of a laboratory animal to examine the ability to induce antigen peptide-specific T cells.
When applied to an antigen-positive patient, a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention can cause an antigen peptide to be presented at a high density with an HLA antigen on antigen-presenting cells and can thereby induce proliferation of T cells specific for the presented HLA antigen-peptide complex, leading to killing of target cells (cells positive for the antigen peptide) or activation of immunity by production of various cytokines. A method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention, where the antigen is a cancer antigen, is used for treatment or prevention of a cancer. In particular, it is used for treatment or prevention of, for example, lung, ovarian, and prostatic cancer as well as leukemia. Likewise, the method is used for treatment or prevention of viral infections, where the antigen is a virus-derived antigen.
In treatment or prevention of a cancer, a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention can induce and enhance specific cellular immunity against cancer cells, and thereby treat a cancer or prevent proliferation and metastasis of a cancer. In addition, a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention may be used in combination with a conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy to enhance the therapeutic effects. In treatment or prevention of a viral infection, a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention can induce and enhance specific cellular immunity against virus-infected cells, and can thereby treat or prevent a virus infection.
Although the timing of starting a method of inducing antigen-specific T cells according to the present invention is not specifically limited, the method may be preferably carried out, for example, after a patient with leukemia has attained complete remission (CR), or during situations in which the number of tumor cells has been reduced by a solid cancer surgery, that is, the patient has achieved a state of minimal residual disease (MRD).
In connection with the above embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatment and/or prevention of a cancer in a patient comprising a method for inducing antigen-specific T cells in the patient according to the present invention.
In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an activity of an antigen protein or an antigen peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells, which comprises a BCG-CWS as an active ingredient, and which is administered before the administration of the antigen protein or the antigen peptide; and
to a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of a BCG-CWS, which comprises an antigen protein or an antigen peptide as an active ingredient and which is administered after the administration of said non-specific immunopotentiator, wherein the anticancer activity is enhanced by the activity to induce antigen-specific T cells. The compositions comprising a BCG-CWS as described above may be prepared and used according to the above descriptions for composition (b), while the compositions comprising an antigen protein or an antigen peptide as described above may be prepared and used according to the above descriptions for composition (a).
In connection with the above embodiments, the present invention provides a use of a BCG-CWS for preparing a medicament which is administered before the administration of an antigen protein or an antigen peptide and which enhances an activity of the antigen protein or the antigen peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells, as well as a use of an antigen protein or an antigen peptide for preparing a medicament which is administered after the administration of a BCG-CWS and which enhances an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of said BCG-CWS, wherein the anticancer activity is enhanced by the activity of the cancer antigen protein or the cancer antigen peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells.
In particular embodiments, the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an activity of WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein to induce antigen-specific T cells, which comprises a BCG-CWS as an active ingredient, as well as a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of a BCG-CWS, which comprises as an active ingredient WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein wherein the anticancer activity is enhanced by the activity of the protein or the peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells. The present embodiments encompass a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an activity of WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein to induce antigen-specific T cells, which comprises WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein along with a BCG-CWS, and a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of a BCG-CWS, which comprises WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein along with a BCG-CWS.
As shown in Examples hereinafter, when used in combination with BCG-CWS for the first time, WT1 has been demonstrated to have the effects on the treatment of tumors and the effects on the improvement in disease free survival rate. The effects were much better than those on the approaches wherein an antigen or a BCG-CWS is solely administered. It is therefore expected that a therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent for cancer which involves a combination of WT1 and BCG-CWS, or a therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent for cancer which involves a combination of a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 would exert clinical effects as an excellent anti-tumor-specific immunotherapeutic agent. When WT1 is used in combination with BCG-CWS, any one of WT1 and BCG-CWS may be administered first, or they may be mixed together before the administration.
In this context, cancer antigen peptides derived from WT1 may be those peptides found in the amino acid sequence of human WT1 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 which have a motif structure as described above that is bound and presented by an HLA antigen, as well as altered peptides thereof. Particular examples are the peptides listed in Table II to Table XLVI of WO 2000/18795 and altered peptides based on the motifs, and more preferable, Arg Met Phe Pro Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu (SEQ ID NO: 2) and Cys Met Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 3) which have a binding motif for HLA-A2 and HLA-A24, or altered peptides thereof based on the HLA-A24 or HLA-A2 binding motif. A specific example of such altered peptides is Cys Tyr Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 4) in which Met at position 2 of the peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 has been replace by Tyr, an amino acid consistent with the motif.
Regarding the therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent for cancer involving a combination of WT1 and the bacterium-derived component as described above, the administration methods, the doses, the dosage forms and the like are similar to those described above for the method of inducing antigen-specific T cells.
In connection with these embodiments, the present invention relates to:
a method for enhancing, in a patient, an activity of WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein to induce antigen-specific T cells, which comprises administering to said patient a BCG-CWS in an amount effective to enhance the activity to induce antigen-specific T cells;
a method for enhancing, in a patient, an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of a BCG-CWS, which comprises administering to said patient WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein in an amount effective to enhance the anticancer activity, wherein the anticancer activity is enhanced by the activity of the protein or the cancer antigen peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells; preferably the method wherein the cancer antigen peptide is selected from the group consisting of Arg Met Phe Pro Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu (SEQ ID NO: 2), Cys Met Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 3), and Cys Tyr Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 4); and the method as described above for treatment and/or prevention of a cancer.
In connection with those embodiments, the invention relates to a use of a BCG-CWS for preparing a medicament which enhances an activity of WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein to induce antigen-specific T cells; and a use of WT1 protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a cancer antigen peptide derived from said WT1 protein for preparing a medicament which enhance an anticancer activity based on the immunopotentiating action of a BCG-CWS, wherein the anticancer activity is enhanced by the activity of the protein or the cancer antigen peptide to induce antigen-specific T cells; preferably the use wherein the cancer antigen peptide is selected from the group consisting of Arg Met Phe Pro Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu (SEQ ID NO: 2), Cys Met Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 3), and Cys Tyr Thr Trp Asn Gln Met Asn Leu (SEQ ID NO: 4); and the use as described above for preparing a medicament for treatment and/or prevention of a cancer.
The present invention is illustrated below by reference to the following Examples. The present invention is not, however, limited to such Examples.
C1498, a leukemia cell line, which did not express WT1 derived from a C57BL/6 mouse was purchased from ATCC (Rockville, Md.). C1498 (WT1-C1498) cells which expressed mouse WT1 were prepared by transfecting the C1498 cells with the cDNA of mouse WT1 (WO 00/06602) in the usual manner.
A 9-mer peptide which represents a cancer antigen peptide derived from WT1 (sequence: Arg Met Phe Pro Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu; SEQ ID NO: 2) was synthesized using Fmoc chemistry on an ABI 430A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster), and then purified by reverse phase chromatography using a C18 Microbondasphere (Waters Japan, Osaka) column. The synthesized peptide was confirmed on an API IIIE triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Sciex, Toronto, Canada), and the concentration was determined by MicroBCA assay (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) using BSA as a standard.
BCG-CWS was used as a non-specific immunopotentiator. BCG-CWS was formulated into a form of oil-in-water emulsion according to the previously report (Cancer Res 24: 121-141, 1979). In brief, 9.6 μl of squalane was added to 2 mg of BCG-CWS, and the mixture was homogenized (1200 rpm×1 minute). To the homogenate was added 1 ml of 0.2% Tween80 PBS, and the mixture was again homogenized (3000 rpm×8 minutes) to give an emulsion. Recovery rate of BCG-CWS in the emulsion was determined on the basis of concentration of the galactose that was its sugar chain by phenol-sulfuric acid method, and the emulsion having a recovery rate of 30% or more was collected. In the present experiment, the emulsions having a recovery rate between 30% and 40% were used.
Male C57BL/6 mice, 6 to 8 weeks old (H-2Db, H-2Kb), were purchased from CLEA Japan, Inc.
Into mice, 5×105 WT1-C1498 cells were injected intraperitoneally, and vaccination was started on the next day. Into flanks of the mice, 100 μg of BCG-CWS was injected intradermally, and after 24 hours, the WT1 peptide was injected intradermally at the same site. Taking these administrations as one course, four courses were conducted in total at intervals of one week (
Colony assay was conduced in the usual manner. In brief, myeloid cells from the mice were seeded on α-MEM containing 20% fetal calf serum, 1% bovine serum albumin Fr5, 1.5% methyl cellulose, and various cytokines (100 ng/ml SCF, 10 ng/ml G-CSF) at 3×104 per dish (35 mm), and incubated for 14 days, after which colonies having 50 cells or more were counted.
The spleens were removed from the three mice in which the coadministration of WT1 peptide and BCG-CWS prohibited any tumor from establishing, and the splenocytes were prepared. Similarly, the splenocytes were also prepared from a control, the untreated mice that had not been vaccinated. WT1-C1498 cells and C1498 cells were labeled with 51Cr. CTL activity was determined using the splenocytes as effector cells and using the labeled cells as target cells by the 51Cr release assay (J. Immunol., 159: 4753, 1997).
According to the schedule shown in
The method of the present invention enables efficient induction of antigen-specific T cells. The method of inducing antigen-specific T cells and related pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can efficiently, simply and conveniently induce antigen-specific T cells, and are thus useful as anticancer or antiviral agents.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001-301224 | Sep 2001 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP02/09997 | 9/27/2002 | WO |
