Patent Application
20110245534
The present invention relates to a novel polymorphic forms of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (CHDMAPP-Na2) compounds, to method for making them, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to the use in therapy.
When crystallized, a given molecule may give rise to a variety of polymorphs and solvates each presenting distinct crystal structures and physical properties like solubility, melting points, desolvation temperatures, X-ray diffraction patterns, solid state NMR spectra, apparent and true densities, crystal friability, powder flowability, and/or powder compressibility.
As a result, a change in the crystalline form of a given drug may affect the safety and efficacy of the drug product (Knapman et al, K. Modern Drug Discoveries, March 2000:53). For example, many antibiotics, antibacterials, tranquilizers, etc., exhibit polymorphism and the polymorphic forms of a given drug may exhibit superior bioavailability and therefore have higher activity compared to other polymorphs. It is therefore crucial, upon the development of a novel therapeutic drug, to determine which polymorphic form or solvate is the most suited for the administration to a subject.
Phosphoantigens comprises a large group of phosphate-containing compounds that activate 76 T cells (Fournié et al, Res. Immunol., 1996, 147(5), 338-347, Belmant et al, FASEB, 2000, 14(12), 1669-1670, Espinosa et al, Microbes and Infections, 2001). CHDMAPP and related organo-phosphorous compounds, and their method of preparation and their therapeutic use, have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,756. These organo-phosphorous compounds are useful in the activation of γδ T cells and are therefore promising agents for the treatment and prevention of cancer, infectious diseases and auto-immune diseases. One compound in particular, CHDMAPP, also named (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate, (Boëdec A. et al, J Med. Chem. 2008 Mar. 27; 51(6):1747-54) has been proven to be a very potent activator of γδ T cells. Its in vitro activity is approximately 100 times higher than that of another known highly active γδ T cell compound BrHPP (Phosphostim™).
Traditional preparation of CHDMAPP is made in a convergent manner, in four steps according to publications from Hecht et al. (Hecht et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 43 (2002) 8929-8933) for the preparation of (E)-4-chloro-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol, Miyashita et al. (Miyashita et al., J. Org. Chem. 42 (1977) 3772-3774) for the preparation of (E)-4-chloro-2-methylbut-2-en-1-(pyranyl-2′-oxy), this intermediate compound is coupled with a phosphonylating agent (obtained according to Valentijn et al., Synlett (1991) 663-664 and demethylated as reported by Phan and Poulter (J. Org. Chem. (2001), 66, 6705-6710)) to obtain the pyranyl-2′-oxy derivative.
Recent development have shown that phosphoantigens can form salts with selected organic bases, e.g. benzathine, to obtain a highly pure product in crystalline form, as disclosed in PCT publication no. WO 07/039,635. However, the solubility of theses salts in water is sometimes poor, which does not favour bioavailability (BCS class 2 or 4). Interestingly, only organic salts were found to be suitable for preparing pure crystalline phosphoantigens (such as the weak agonist IPP). BrHPP (commonly named Phosphostim™) does not appear to yield a stable crystalline form with a mineral base.
Because sodium is particularly well suited for pharmaceutical use, the organic salt of CHDMAPP is typically processed on an ion exchange resin to obtain CHDMAPP sodium salt as a solution in water. The obtained solution can be concentrated; ultimately, in certain cases the compound may be crystallized. This crystallisation step, conducted in standard conditions, leads to either a hygroscopic anhydrous solid compound or to a heterogeneous mixture of ill defined solid phases, the crystallisation of one form or the other being particularly hard to control. However, the obtained compound is not homogenous and may greatly vary upon two successive crystallisation steps. CHDMAPP can also be stored in liquid form. However; solid forms are in many cases preferable to liquid compositions for pharmaceutical purposes.
There remains therefore a need for novel phosphoantigen compound that is well characterized, in a homogenous solid form, presenting a very high stability, having improved processing properties, being water soluble and safe for direct administration to a patient.
The present invention is based on the selective crystallization of a novel monohydrate form of CHDMAPP disodium salt (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O). This novel crystalline form presents many advantages, such as improved stability of the active compound, very low hygroscopicity of the bulk drug product powder, high chemical and structural purity, ease of powder handling and high water solubility, thereby improving its processing properties, its storage, its sampling, and its administration to the patient.
The present invention also provides a controlled, high yield, industrial scale, manageable process for crystallisation of CHDMAPP disodium monohydrate salt.
CHDMAPP monohydrate preferably exists as a crystallized solid. This pure solid phase constitutes a powder, having improved properties compared to other solvates or polymorphic forms of the sodium salt.
For the above mentioned reasons, any modification of the solid state of a drug substance for oral administration in the form of a more stable and pure product is expected to provide a consistent advantage over less stable forms of the same drug.
The present invention provides a substantially pure CHDMAPP composition in crystalline form. In an aspect of the invention, the CHDMAPP crystalline form is the crystallisation product of a CHDMAPP and a mineral base. In another aspect, said mineral base is sodium. In a preferred aspect, sodium is present as 2 atoms per CHDMAPP molecule. The present invention provides a crystalline of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium composition (CHDMAPP-Na2), in one embodiment, said composition is a monohydrate polymorph (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O), in another embodiment, said composition is an anhydrous polymorph (CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O).
The monohydrate polymorph (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) can be characterized by the following parameters individually or in any combination or two, three, four or more, or all of, such parameters: the XRPD pattern; stabilization property at temperatures up to 115° C.±2° C.; a DSC pattern which comprises an endothermic peak having an onset temperature of about 115° C.±2° C. and a maximum peak temperature of about 130° C.±2° C.; a DSC pattern substantially the same as the pattern of
The anhydrous polymorph (CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O) can be characterized by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: the XRPD pattern depicted in
The present invention provides CHDMAPP crystallized as a monohydrate.
In an embodiment, the crystalline form of CHDMAPP monohydrate is characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising at least one of the peaks (2-theta angles) selected from the group consisting of the peaks at about: 7.25; 10.81; 12.32; 14.04; 14.54; 16.06; 16.61; 17.61; 18.68; 19.44; 19.80; 20.13; 21.34; 21.84; 23.36; 24.52; 25.26; 25.98; 26.84; and 27.16. In a preferred aspect, the crystalline form of CHDMAPP monohydrate is characterised by an XRPD pattern comprising at least four, at least five, at least six of the above listed peaks.
The present invention provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP disodium monohydrate characterized by an XRPD pattern as depicted in
The present invention further provides a crystalline form of anhydrous CHDMAPP characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising at least one of the peaks (2-theta angles) selected from the group consisting of the peaks at about: 6.83; 10.49; 15.04; 16.88; 17.99; 18.33; 19.12; 19.73; 19.97; 20.45; 20.86; 21.10; 22.67; 24.18; 25.95; 26.84; 27.18; 27.36; 28.90; and 29.18. In a preferred aspect, the crystalline form of anhydrous CHDMAPP is characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising at least four, at least five, at least six of the above listed peaks.
The invention provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP that is stable until 115° C.±2° C.
The invention further provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP characterized by a DVS pattern as described in
The invention further provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP characterized by a DSC pattern as described in
The invention further provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP characterized by a TGA pattern as described in
The invention further provides a crystalline form of CHDMAPP characterized by at least one of the following crystallographic parameters:
Also provided is a CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition which is stable for a period of time of at least 3 months, at least 12 months, at ambient temperature. Also provided is a CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition which is substantially non-hygroscopic.
The CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition according to the present invention does not vary by more than 5% at 80% relative humidity when CHDMAPP is analyzed over a relative humidity range from 0 to 90% in 3 steps and where each step is brought to equilibrium before moving to next step, with equilibrium assessed as a weight change of less than 0.002 mg (0.02%) for five consecutive points at 1 point per 120 seconds.
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50%, at least 90% by weight of the CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition, based upon 100% total weight of delivery agent and salts thereof in the composition. In a further aspect, said pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, or a capsule. Also envisaged are kits comprising any of the foregoing.
A unit dosage form comprising CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition contains between 0.5 mg and 200 g of CHDMAPP, and the CHDMAPP having purity or at least 99%. Said unit dosage form is preferably in the form of a tablet or a capsule.
The invention also provides a composition or kit comprising: CHDMAPP monohydrate in a crystalline form; and at least one second active agent. In a preferred embodiment, said second active agent is IL-2, IFNα, ribavirin or any other therapeutically active agent.
The CHDMAPP composition, particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2 composition, more particularly a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition according to the invention is also provided in a dosage unit form further comprising an excipient, a diluent, a disintegrant, a plasticizer, a colorant, a dosing vehicle, or any combination thereof.
The present invention provides a process to obtain a solid crystalline CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition, comprising:
1. diluting CHDMAPP-Na2 in water,
2. adding an organic solvent until the formation of crystals,
3. isolating the crystals, and optionally,
4. drying the crystallized CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O.
In a preferred aspect, the process comprises an optional step of seeding the medium with CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O crystals. In another aspect, CHDMAPP-Na2 is initially diluted in water at 25% wt. In another aspect, step (2) is be stopped when the hydro-organic solution has a composition close to 35% water/65% organic solvent. In a further aspect, the addition step (2) lasts for about at least one hour. In another aspect, step (3) takes place for a length of time of at least about 4 hours. In an aspect, in step (3) the organic solvent was added until the composition of the solution reaches 90% organic solvent/10% water. In a preferred aspect, the organic solvent is a water-miscible organic solvent, preferably ethanol.
The invention also provides a process to further purify CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
The invention also provides a CHDMAPP composition under a crystallized form comprising less than 1% of impurities. In an aspect, said impurity is essentially CethylPP (B). The invention provides a substantially pure CHDMAPP disodium monohydrate (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) composition, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising it. The invention provides a CHDMAPP composition free of CethylPP, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising it.
Where “comprising” is used, this can preferably be replaced by “consisting essentially of”, more preferably by “consisting of”.
As used in the specification, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. As used in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word “comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one. As used herein “another” may mean at least a second or more.
Where hereinbefore and hereinafter numerical terms are used, they are meant to include the numbers representing the upper and lower limits. For example, “between 1 and 3” stands for a range “from and including 1 up to and including 3”, and “in the range from 1 to 3” would stand for “from and including 1 up to and including 3”. The same is true where instead of numbers (e.g. 3) words denoting numbers are used (e.g. “three”).
The term “about” or “approximately” usually means within 20%, more preferably within 10%, and most preferably still within 5% of a given value or range.
Within the context of the present invention, the term “% in total weight” means the mass of product incorporated in the formulation as compared to the total mass of the formulation.
Within the context of the present invention, a compound is considered stable as long as its initial purity has not decreased by more than 5%.
Within the context of the present invention, the shelf-life of the product is equal to the time necessary to reach the upper limit of the confidence interval for a relative purity of 95%.
Within the context of the present invention, “chemical purity” is defined as the chromatographic area purity obtained by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography analysis of said compound.
Within the context of the present invention, “phase purity” is defined as the amount of a given solid phase in a mixture of different phases.
Within the context of the present invention, “structural purity” is defined as the crystalline quality of a given phase (often given as a qualitative characteristic in comparison with a reference material). The reference Coquerel, Chemical Engineering and Processing 45 (2006) 857-862 discusses concepts of structural purity.
The composition of the invention is “substantially pure” when at least 98% of a sample is the particular phosphoantigen. Preferably, the phosphoantigen is “substantially pure” when at least 99% of a sample is the particular phosphoantigen.
The composition of the invention is “essentially pure” when at least 99.5% of a sample is the particular phosphoantigen. Preferably, the phosphoantigen is “essentially pure” when at least 99.9% of a sample is the particular phosphoantigen.
The composition of the invention is “substantially free” of another compound when the other compound(s) are present in an amount that is no more than 1% of the amount of the phosphoantigen composition.
The composition of the invention is “essentially free” of another compound when the other compound(s) are present in an amount that is no more than 0.5% of the amount of the phosphoantigen composition.
The composition of the invention is “free” of another compound when the other compound(s) are present in an amount that is no more than 0.1% of the amount of the phosphoantigen preparation. Alternatively, a phosphoantigen is “free” of another compound when the compound cannot be detected by HPAEC under conditions of maximum sensitivity in which a limit of detection is approximately 0.05% or less of the amount of the phosphoantigen preparation. Exemplary HPAEC methods are described herein in the section titled “Examples”.
“Purified” CHDMAPP composition refers to substantially pure phosphoantigen, essentially pure phosphoantigen, or a salt thereof, or to phosphoantigen, or a salt thereof which is substantially free, essentially free, or free of another compound.
“Partially purified” CHDMAPP composition refers to phosphoantigen, or a salt thereof that is less than 90% pure.
The purity of CHDMAPP or another compound refers to the CHDMAPP or other compound prior to its formulation in a pharmaceutical composition. The purity may be measured by any means including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) or microbiological assays. A preferred means for measuring the purity of CHDMAPP is by analytical high pressure liquid chromatography such as HPLC or HPAEC which measures the anionic purity.
Relative purity can be defined as the purity ratio between samples at tx and t0 (t0 being the initial date of quality control for batch delivery and tx the actual date of analysis).
The term crystalline (or crystallized) characterizes a solid phase in which a given compound (i.e. one or several molecules, or salt(s), or complex(es)) is periodically stacked with always the same spatial orientation, creating repeated intermolecular interactions with adjacent molecules.
The term polymorphism characterizes the ability for one given molecule (or salt, or solvate) to crystallize with different crystalline structures. It is worth noting that two polymorphic forms have exactly the same developed chemical formula. By extend, polymorphism may include the extreme case in which the molecule is in the amorphous state (i.e. not crystallized).
The term solvates (including hydrates) sometimes also referred to as pseudo-polymorphs, constitute another class of solids phases which differ from the genuine polymorphism by the presence of solvent molecules in stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amount inside the crystal lattice of the solid.
Exemplary CHDMAPP compounds include monohydrates and anhydrous forms, as further described herein. The chemical name of CHDMAPP is (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate and the chemical name CHDMAPP-Na2 is (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (hydrated or not). CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O can be expressed as anhydrous (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium, while CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O can be expressed as (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium monohydrate.
An object of the present invention is a novel crystalline monohydrate of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) compound of Formula (A):
(2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate (CHDMAPP) and methods for preparing the compound are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,756, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The counter-ion used with CHDMAPP is a sodium ion; sodium counter-ions are hydrophilic and present an enhanced solubility compared to organic salts described for example in patent application WO 07/039,635. Additionally, sodium counter-ions are physiologically innocuous and safe for administration to a subject; sodium counter-ion thus represents in that case the best compromise between biocompatibility, bioavailability, purity and stability.
The CHDMAPP molecule presents three acidic functions, of which two functions have a strong pKa (pKa=2.1), and one function has a weak pKa (pKa=7.1). Each of these acidic functions can be coupled with a cation. Therefore, three stoichiometries of sodium salts of CHDMAPP may be prepared: A monosodium salt, a disodium salt and a trisodium salt.
It was observed however, that the monosodium form has a low quality XRPD diagram, indicating a low crystallinity compound, as evidenced by comparison with the XPRD diagram of the CHDMAPP-Na2-monohydrate, as shown in
CHDMAPP Disodium Monohydrate Salt CHDMAPP disodium can be provided as highly crystalline compositions. Several different forms of CHDMAPP disodium can be produced, either as an anhydrous salt or as a monohydrate salt, each of which will have distinct physical properties.
The crystallization of the disodium salt in an organic solvent deprived of water (i.e. less than 1% in weight), will lead to the anhydrous phase CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O. The specific XRPD pattern of this anhydrous phase is presented in
6.83
6.78
12.924
13.02
100
100.00
10.49
10.49
8.428
8.42
1
2.01
15.04
15.03
5.885
5.89
2.4
19.71
16.88
16.85
5.248
5.26
0.7
2.22
17.99
17.99
4.927
4.93
2
18.10
18.33
18.32
4.834
4.84
2.8
31.54
19.12
19.12
4.639
4.64
2.4
18.92
19.73
19.73
4.496
4.50
1.2
5.93
19.97
19.93
4.441
4.45
1.4
12.11
20.45
20.44
4.3384
4.34
5.4
8.53
20.86
20.87
4.2535
4.25
1.2
10.30
21.10
21.08
4.2056
4.21
1.1
12.43
22.67
22.62
3.9181
3.93
0.7
3.41
24.18
24.20
3.6770
3.67
2.9
42.83
25.95
25.93
3.4299
3.43
6.3
21.94
26.84
26.82
3.3180
3.32
2.4
30.00
27.18
27.20
3.2773
3.28
1.8
25.44
27.36
27.36
3.2565
3.26
3.0
13.42
28.90
28.90
3.0863
3.09
0.7
3.07
29.18
29.17
3.0571
3.06
0.7
2.48
The anhydrous phase presents a well defined XRPD diagram, underlining a crystalline character. However,
The XRPD diagram of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O (cf.
Table 4 below shows some characteristic XRPD peaks (experimental (bolded) and theoretical (italic) values are presented) of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O. This form has been obtained in a water/ethanol mixture.
7.25
12.18
100
10.81
8.18
11.7
12.32
7.18
7.6
14.04
6.30
3.4
14.54
6.09
11.4
16.06
5.51
4.2
16.61
5.33
11.8
17.61
5.03
5.4
18.68
4.75
14.4
19.44
4.56
7.5
19.80
4.48
5.3
20.13
4.41
4.6
21.34
4.16
14
21.84
4.07
12.8
23.36
3.80
8.7
24.52
3.63
4.1
25.26
3.52
3.7
25.98
3.43
3.9
26.84
3.32
3.5
27.16
3.28
9.2
The monohydrate CHDMAPP disodium salt exhibits very interesting properties that are detailed below.
DVS analysis of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O does not show any significant uptake of water up to 80% RH (shown in
Furthermore the monohydrate disodium salt provides a very efficient means to purify CHDMAPP. Synthesis of CHDMAPP yields ethylpyrophosphonate disodium (CethylPP-Na2, compound of Formula B) as a main impurity, and purification by crystallization can be used to exclude impurities such as CethylPP-Na2 from being incorporated in the crystals of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O. CHDMAPP compositions can therefore be obtained that are substantially free of, essentially free of, or free of, CethylPP-Na2. Using the process according to the invention, the CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O can be obtained with less than 1%, preferably without any detectable amount (i.e. amount of impurity below the detection limit) of CethylPP-Na2.
Another advantage of the process of the invention is also that the crystallization step has a very good yield, e.g. a yield of more than 90%, more than 95%.
This novel crystalline form is also thermodynamically very stable; one does not observe any spontaneous phase transformation after more than 6 months, even in harsh conditions (25° C., 60% RH) and the above mentioned intrinsic phase properties are preserved over a wide range of experimental conditions (i.e. high R.H., high and low temperatures). As shown in example 3 and
By means of comparison, CHDMAPP compound in solution in water at 5% in weight (1.25 g of CHDMAPP in 25 g of water) has a half-life of 2.6 days at 55° C. The crystalline phase thus provides a dramatic improvement of the stability and of the storage capabilities of the drug product.
The monohydrate disodium salt is also very stable upon raise in temperature and can be heated up to 115° C. without undergoing dehydration or fast degradation, as shown in
The compound according to the invention also presents very desirable handling properties, as the inventors obtain a fine, non aggregated and homogeneous white powder. Furthermore, no interactions with commonly used excipients have been underlined; the compound can be processed according to standard formulation techniques.
The crystalline monohydrate of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) compound was characterized by various physical and chemical analyses, as follows. While it will be appreciated that the physical form of the CHDMAPP compositions can be defined by any one or combination of physical characteristics, the XRPD pattern and melting point data, independently or in combination, provide convenient and accurate means for characterizing the solid phase. However any other physical characteristics, either alone or in combination, or furthermore in combination with XRPD and/or melting point analysis, can be used to describe the compounds, including for example water content, DVS and crystallographic parameters.
Karl Fischer analysis of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O indicates a water content at approximately 6% in weight, which corresponds to the stoichiometry of a monohydrate of the CHDMAPP-Na2 compound (one water molecule per CHDMAPP molecule in the crystal lattice).
The stability range was assessed using Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC), using a Netzsch STA 449C apparatus, as is described in detail hereinafter, and having a standard deviation of ±0.5° C. The person skilled in the art will appreciate that alternative readings of the melting point may result from the use of other types of DSC equipment and/or the use of other system under conditions different to those described below.
The compound is stable up to the onset of the endothermic peak at 115.7° C. Under the onset temperature of about 115.7° C., equilibrium takes place and a slow and reversible partial dehydration of the crystal occurs, without modifying the crystal structure of the compound. The peak is at its maximum at a temperature of about 13.2° C. When the temperature is above 115.7° C., the dehydration is completed (loss of mass 5.62%, corresponding to one molecule of water detected by thermogravimetry (TGA)), destabilizing the crystalline structure and initializing the chemical degradation of the compound (second loss in mass in the TGA analysis, occurring continuously and rapidly). In a preferred aspect, the physical form of the present invention is defined by means of the XRPD and by means of its thermal behaviour.
The crystalline monohydrate of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) can be characterized as having a physical form stable up to a temperature of 115.7° C., where an endothermic peak, characterized as a dehydration peak, is detected.
DVS analysis at 20° C. indicated, as shown in
The XPRD pattern of the crystalline monohydrate of (2E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-enyl-pyrophosphonate disodium (CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O) which physical form has X-ray diffraction peaks at 28 (2-theta)=7.25; 10.81; 12.32; 14.04; 14.54; 16.06; 16.61; 17.61; 18.68; 19.44; 19.80; 20.13; 21.34; 21.84; 23.36; 24.52; 25.26; 25.98; 26.84; 27.16.
The XRPD pattern was obtained using a Siemens D5005 equipment as described in details herein. The person skilled in the art will appreciate that different equipment and/or different conditions may result in different data as mentioned hereinafter. It will also be appreciated that some peaks may not be detectable when the product is in a pharmaceutical formulation. It will be appreciated that a CHDMAPP crystalline phase according to the invention is identified when at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or all of the peaks (2-theta angles) of the XRPD pattern are detected in a XRPD diagram.
Crystallographic parameters obtained according to the described procedure allow resolving the crystal structure of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O. The reliability factor R is 0.00358, which underlines a very good description of the crystal structure of the solid phase.
The CHDMAPP compounds according to the invention can be made using the methods described in the Examples section herein. Briefly, methods for making CHDMAPP compounds of the invention may generally comprise:
(1) diluting CHDMAPP-Na2 in water,
(2) adding an organic solvent until the formation of crystals, and
(3) isolating the crystals,
(4) drying the crystallized CHDMAPP compound.
In particular, the invention provides methods of making CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O compound comprising:
(1) diluting CHDMAPP-Na2 in water,
(2) adding an organic solvent until the formation of crystals, and
(3) isolating the crystals,
(4) drying the crystallized CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O.
The invention also provides a method of further purifying CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) crystallizing CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O, preferably according to preceding steps (1) to (4); and
(b) recrystallizing the CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O to obtain a substantially or essentially pure CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O or CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition, and/or advantageously a CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O or CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O composition substantially or essentially free of impurities.
Optionally, the process comprises a step (3′), where the filtration cake is washed.
Optionally any of the methods can further comprise a step of formulating a drug product, preferably by adding a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for example formulating the CHDMAPP-Na2-1H2O composition as a drug product in a unit dosage form such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, sterile solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, auto-injector devices or suppositories.
The method used herein to prepare the compounds generally involved the steps of:
In a preferred embodiment, in step (1), CHDMAPP is initially diluted in water at 25% wt. The CHDMAPP-Na2 in solution can be obtained in an embodiment by stemming from an ion exchange resin.
The addition of the organic solvent in step (2) can optionally be stopped when the hydroorganic solution has a composition close to 35% water/65% organic solvent. In the particular protocols used herein, the addition step (2) lasts for about at least one hour. The medium is gently stirred and then allowed to rest until the formation of crystals. In particular, the kinetics of anti-solvent addition of step (2) is adjusted so that the solid which crystallizes does not exhibits XRPD peaks at 7.2°, 10.6° and 16.4° (2 theta scale copper anticathode). These undesirable peaks are observed when the addition of the anti-solvent is done is a precipitated manner
An optional step (2′) can be included, where the medium is seeded with CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O crystals to expedite the nucleation step.
In the particular protocols used herein, step (3) takes place for a length of time of at least about 4 hours. The organic solvent was added in step (3) until the composition of the solution reaches 90% organic solvent/10% water.
In another aspect, the invention provides methods of making CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O compound comprising:
(1) suspending CHDMAPP-Na2 in on organic solvent,
(2) triturating the suspension and allowing it to rest for some time,
(3) isolating the crystals, and
(4) drying the crystallized CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O.
In one embodiment, the suspension is allowed to rest for 6, 9, 12 or more hours before performing step (3).
For all methods of the invention, the isolation step can be performed by filtration or centrifugation. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is a water-miscible organic solvent, such as but not limited to acetone, methanol, ethanol. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is ethanol. In an embodiment, step (4) is performed by filtration, and the crystals are dried cautiously.
Once a CHDMAPP-Na2 compound is obtained, it can be formulated as a drug product, i.e. an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), typically by adding a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. With all pharmaceutical compounds and compositions, the chemical and physical stability of a drug compound is important in the commercial development of that drug substance. The stability is crucial for example in determining the validity period of the pharmaceutical specialty; this period is that in which the drug can be administered without any risks either due to the presence of an excessive amount of potentially dangerous degradation products or risks due to an unacceptably low content of the active principle with respect to the stated amount. The high stability of a drug substance in the above pharmaceutical compositions at different conditions of storage represents therefore an additional advantage both to the patient and to the manufacturer since storage in controlled conditions is avoided as well as the frequent replacement of expired specialty. The CHDMAPP-Na2 compounds, and especially CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O, in view of their stability, are particularly well adapted to the preparation of solid dosage forms; such dosage forms often involve manufacturing processes which requires milling of the drug or other particle size reduction steps such as micronization to achieve drug material with uniform particle size and surface area. Unstable materials often undergo polymorphic changes, and other undesirable properties such as hygroscopicity, stickiness, chemical changes, etc. Likewise, purity is important, and compositions having few impurities (e.g. ethylpyrophosphonate (CethylPP)) will be advantageous for the preparation of both solid and other dosage forms (e.g. solutions). Furthermore, the compound obtained according to the invention also presents desirable properties for manipulation, including being in a solid form, having a good compressibility, no electrostatic burden, rendering the compound suited for many formulations i.e. tabletting, measure and dilution, etc. The compound according to the invention is also well defined and characterized enabling improved control of the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient administered to a patient. CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O can therefore be easily formulated as a drug product in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, or suspensions. The compositions can be used for oral, parenteral, intranasal, sublingual, or rectal administration or for administration by inhalation or insufflation. Formulation of the compositions according to the invention can be carried out according to methods known from the art, for example, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa. (1990). The compound according to the invention can be formulated using one, more or all of the following pharmaceutically acceptable materials: an excipient, a diluent, a disintegrant, a plasticizer, a colorant, a dosing vehicle, or any combination thereof.
CHDMAPP compositions of the invention are advantageous for preparing pharmaceutical forms suitable for oral administration because these are often presented as tablets (including without limitation scored or coated tablets), pills, granules, lozenges, caplets, capsules, chewable tablets, powder packets, cachets, troches, wafers, etc. Tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous solid oral dosage unit forms, in which case solid pharmaceutical excipients are used. If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or non-aqueous techniques. These dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient(s) with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary. For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient(s) in a free-flowing form, such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more excipients. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
Optionally, in another aspect, the present invention relates to a novel monohydrate crystalline phase of CHDMAPP-Na2, intended for the treatment of a disease, especially a proliferative disease, and more preferably a solid tumor, particularly a solid tumor having metastases. The composition according to the invention is also suited for the treatment of infectious diseases. Preferably, the monohydrate crystalline phase of CHDMAPP-Na2, is administered in an amount and under conditions sufficient to stimulate the expansion of the γδ T cell population in a subject, particularly to reach 30-90% of total circulating lymphocytes, typically 40-90%, more preferably from 50-90%. Percentage of total circulating lymphocytes can be determined according to methods known in the art.
In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a monohydrate crystalline phase of CHDMAPP-Na2 administered in an amount and under conditions sufficient to stimulate the expansion of the γδ T cell population in a subject, particularly to increase by more than 2-fold the number of γδ T cells in a subject, typically at least 4, 5 or 10-fold, more preferably at least 20-fold, conjointly or not with a IL-2 at a dose of about 1 to 9 MIU total daily in human.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods for the treatment of a disease, especially a proliferative disease, and more preferably a solid tumor, particularly a solid tumor having metastases, where a monohydrate crystalline phase of CHDMAPP-Na2 is administered in an amount and under conditions sufficient to stimulate the expansion of the γδ T cell population in a subject, particularly to reach a circulating γδ T cell count of at least 500 γδ T cells/mm3 in a subject, typically at least 1000 γδ T cells/mm3, more preferably at least 2000 γδ T cells/mm3.
In another aspect, the compound of the invention can be administered together with at least a second therapeutic agent, as disclosed in PCT publication no. WO2004/050096, WO2005/102385, WO2007/057440, WO2008/059052 or WO2008/006895.
Examples of dosages, uses, and administration regimens of CHDMAPP compositions for use as γδ T cell activators are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,756, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, for the treatment of cancer in PCT publication no. WO2004/050096, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and for use as adjuvant in combination with an antigen for the treatment or prevention of disease, particularly infectious disease and cancer, in PCT publication no. WO 2005/102385, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Further aspects and advantages of this invention are disclosed in the following experimental section, which should be regarded as illustrative and not limiting the scope of this application.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction measurements were carried out by using a SIEMENS D5005 diffractometer (Bruker analytical X-Ray Systems, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany) with a Bragg Brentano geometry, in theta-theta reflection mode. The instrument is equipped with a X-Ray tube (copper anticathode, 40 kV, 30 mA, Kα1 radiation: 1.5406 Å, Kα2 radiation: 1.5444 Å), a nickel filter and a scintillation detector. The diffraction patterns were collected by steps of 0.04° (2-theta) over the angular range 3°-30°, with a counting time of 4 s per step. No internal standard was used but a sample of quartz was analyzed as an external standard. The temperature of the sample was either the room temperature or accurately monitored when heating was required. DIFFRAC PLUS Edit Job software (v. 2.00) was used as control software and data processing was performed by using the Eva software (v. 9.0 and v. 10.0).
TG/DSC measurements were carried out by using a NETZSCH STA 449C Jupiter Thermogravimetric Analyzer (NETZSCH, D-95100 Selb, Germany) equipped with a low temperature furnace. The purge gas used was helium (gas flow=50 mL/min) and the reference material was an empty aluminum pan without cap. The samples were weighed in open aluminum pans, and then placed in the analyzer. The analyses were performed within various temperature ranges using a 2°.min−1 heating rate. PROTEUS software was used for the acquisition and data processing (v. 4.7.0).
Moisture sorption isotherms of the crystalline phases were obtained by using a DVS-1 automated water sorption analyzer (Surface Measurements Systems, Alperton, Middlesex, United Kingdom). The reference material was an empty glass pan and the total gas flow was 200 sccm.min−1 (Standard Cubic Centimeters per minute). Temperature of analysis was 20° C. For each measurement, precisely ca. 15 mg of the sample were weighed in a glass pan beforehand allowed for the tare, then placed in the analyzer.
As a first stage, dry nitrogen (0% R.H) was applied until constant weight of the sample in order to eliminate adsorbed or absorbed water (potential dehydration). Then, mass variations were recorded while R.H. was increased by steps of 10% R.H. The automated analyzer was allowed to start the following step as soon as the mass variation of the sample was less than 5.10−4 mg.min−1. The upper limit was adjusted below the deliquescence of the compound and never exceeded 90% R.H.
DVSWin (v 2.18) was used as control and data collection software whereas data processing was performed by using DVS Standard Analysis Suite (v 4.3).
Further parameters used in DVS procedures are as follows:
Protocole Dynamic Vapor Sorption/Appareil ‘Surface Measurements Systems)=
Automated Water Sorption Analyzer’/model: DVS−1
Analysis method:
The chemical purity of phosphoesters (including the isomeric purity for geometric isomers) is determined using High Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC) with suppressed conductivity detection. The HPAEC device comprises a DIONEX DX600 system (DIONEX Corporation, Sunnyvale Calif., USA) connected to computer loaded with DIONEX Chromeleon® chromatography software. A DIONEX CD25 conductivity detector is used with an anion self regenerating suppressor (ASRS®-ultra II-4 mm), which is set to either auto-suppression mode or external water mode. The HPAEC column used is a DIONEX Ion Pac® AS11 column (4×250 mm) equipped with an AG11 guard column (4×50 mm). In this procedure, phosphoesters are eluted (as anionic form) from the anion exchange column with a sodium or potassium hydroxide step gradient.
The crystals were obtained by a slow crystallisation in a saturated gel of tetramethylsiloxane (TMOS) as detailed here. A saturated solution of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O at 28° C. in H2O-EtOH (40-60, wt %) was filtered and placed at 50° C. with 5% (vol). of TMOS. After 24 h in the oven (50° C.), the gel was set. Then, the tube was placed at 28° C., after seeding at the top by fine compound A, a linear cooling was applied from 28° C. to 22° C. in 50 h.
The crystal structure of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O has been determined from single crystal X-Ray diffraction. The chosen crystal was stuck on a glass fiber and mounted on the full three-circle goniometer of a Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer with a CCD area detector. Three sets of exposures (a total of 1800 frames) were recorded, corresponding to three Ω scans (steps of 0.3°), for three different values of φ. Crystal data and details of data collection are given in table 5 and 6.
The cell parameters and the orientation matrix of the crystal were determined by using SMART Software. Data integration and global cell refinement were performed with SAINT Software. Intensities were corrected for Lorentz, polarization, decay and absorption effects (SAINT and SADABS Software) and reduced to Fo2. The program package WinGX was used for space group determination, structure solution and refinement.
Data processing involved determining the non standard space group P21/a (n° 14) from systematic extinctions and relative Fo2 of equivalent reflections. After a matrix transformation the standard space group P21/c was obtained. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods (SIR 92). Anisotropic displacement parameters were refined for all non-hydrogen atoms. Every hydrogen atom was located from subsequent difference Fourier syntheses and refined isotropically (SHELXL5). The final cycle of full-matrix least-square refinement on F2 was based on 2612 observed reflections and 175 variable parameters and converged with unweighted and weighted agreement factors of: R1=0.0358, wR2=0.0879 for [F2>2σ(F)] and R1=0.0411, wR2=0.0909 for all data.
Following the method of Hecht et al. (Hecht et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 43 (2002) 8929-8933) commercially available 2-methyl-2-vinyloxirane is converted into (E)-4-chloro-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol by treatment with TiC14 at −80° C. to −90° C.
Following the method of Miyashita et al. (Miyashita et al., J. Org. Chem. 42 (1977) 3772-3774), the allylic alcohol is converted into a protected form by reaction of (E)-4-chloro-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol with Dihydropyrane (DHP) in the presence of Pyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate (PPTs).
Following the method of Valentijn et al. for the preparation of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate analogues (Valentijn et al., Synlett (1991) 663-664), the phosphonylating agent is prepared by treatment of commercially available methylphosphonic dichloride with morpholine and methanol.
Following the method of Valentijn et al. (Valentijn et al., Synlett (1991) 663-664), intermediate is prepared by reaction of (E)-4-chloro-2-methylbut-2-en-1-(pyranyl-2′-oxy) with methyl lithiomethylphosphonomorpholidate obtained in situ from the phosphonylating agent methyl methylphosphonomorpholidate.
A crude solution of C-HDMAPP is obtained in a 3 step procedure:
50 g of CHDMAPP disodium (purity 98.49%) have been diluted in 150.3 g of purified and deionized water (R=18.5 MΩ). The solution has been introduced slowly in a double-shell reactor (internal diameter 100 mm). Temperature was carefully controlled and maintained at 20° C. using a cryo-thermostat device (Huber® polystat CC240). The mixture has been stirred using a glass stirrer (200-300 rpm-diameter 70 mm, rotation speed 250 rpm). 279 g of ethanol has been added drop wise to the medium during 60 minutes, until the intermediate composition of the medium was 35/65; water/ethanol. A white suspension was obtained and the medium has been gently stirred for 60 additional minutes before another ethanol addition. 1071 g of ethanol have been added drop wise during 4 hours, leading to a final medium composition of 90/10; water/ethanol. The obtained solid has been filtrated on a fritted glass (porosity 3, diameter 190 mm) and dried under a constant flux of nitrogen until a constant mass has been observed. The crystallized CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O crystalline compound has been obtained as a white solid with an overall yield of 96.42% (48.21 g).
Stability tests of CHDMAPP-Na2,1H2O have been conducted according to ICH guideline Q7a, Section 19.11, under various storage conditions: 5° C., and 25° C./60% RH, both in closed glass vials. Purity has been assessed at regular time intervals (t0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months) by HPAEC using a Dionex Ion Pac AS11, 4.0×250 mm column and a Dionex Ion Pac AG11, 4.0×250 mm pre-column and by eluting with a gradient of water and NaOH solution.
1.067 g of CHDMAPP-Na2 (purity 98.08%) were added in 10.064 g of pure ethanol. The final composition in solute/solvent was 9.6/90.4 respectively. The suspension was stored in a jacket carefully controlled and maintained at 20° C. using a cryo-thermostat device (Huber® polystat CC240). The mixture was stirred for 24 hours using a magnetic stirrer (rotation speed 300 rpm). The obtained solid was filtrated on a fritted glass (porosity 3) and dried under a constant flux of nitrogen until a constant mass was observed. The CHDMAPP-Na2,0H2O crystalline compound was obtained as a white solid with an overall yield of 99%.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/061607 | 9/8/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/11/2011 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61095746 | Sep 2008 | US |
