Novel selectable marker in plants and other organisms

Abstract

Novel protein useful as a selectable marker resistant to the antibiotic nourseothricin and corresponding polynucleotides for insertion of genes and other genetic material into a variety of organisms, including plants are described.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a novel protein useful as a selectable marker and corresponding polynucleotides for insertion of genes and other genetic material into a variety of organisms, including plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Selectable markers are genes that impart a characteristic to an organism to see the results of a biochemical or chemical assay or test. Such markers are known as labels. One of the basic principles of recombinant DNA technology is the use of biological markers to identify cells carrying recombinant DNA molecules. In bacteria, these are commonly drug resistance genes. In bacteria, drug resistance is used to select bacteria that have taken up cloned DNA from the much larger population of bacteria that have not. For example, a commonly used marker in mammalian cells is a bacterial drug-resistance gene that confers resistance to a neomycin-related drug, G418, which kills mammalian cells by blocking protein synthesis. The marker gene encodes an enzyme that destroys the drug. Although numerous markers exist for bacterial and mammalian cells, fewer gene markers are available for organisms such as plants. It would be desirable to provide a gene marker that could enable one to differentiate between plants that carry particular recombinant DNA molecules from plant that do not.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed towards a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1. The nucleic acid sequence may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS. 2, 3 and 4.

[0004] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a DNA construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0005] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed towards a plasmid comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0006] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed towards a eukaryotic cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1. The eukaryotic cell can be a plant cell, such as a dicot plant cell or a monocot plant cell.

[0007] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0008] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward seed that can produce a plant comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1. The present invention is also directed towards seed from the plant of this embodiment.

[0009] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a method of conferring resistance to the antibiotic nourseothricin, comprising providing to an organism t a nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0010] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a protein either comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1. The protein can be in an isolated or non-isolated form.

[0011] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed towards a eukaryotic cell that can express a protein either comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0012] In another embodiment, the present invention a plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell that can express a protein either comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0013] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed towards seed that can produce a plant comprising a protein either comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

[0014] In any of the above embodiments, the eukaryotic cells, plant or plant part can be from an organism such as a microorganism or a plant, such as a dicot plant, e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana or a monocot plant, e.g. Oryza sativa.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] This invention describes the use of a novel nourseothricin N-acetyltransferase (NRG) with the aminoacid sequence SEQ. ID No. 1, encoded by a novel nucleotide sequence as exemplified, but not limited to SEQ. ID Nos. 2, 3 and 4, useful as a selectable marker in an organism such as microorganisms and plants. The conditions for its use as selectable marker with rice and Arabidopsis thaliana are described herein.

[0016] Unless otherwise defined, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0017] Ag7 term—the Ag7 terminator sequence is a sequence of 213 nucleotides from the 3′ end of the gene number 7 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The sequence is derived from plasmid vector pGPTV-HPT as described by Becker et al. in 1992 (Plant Mol Biol 20:1195-1197).

[0018] aph4—selectable marker gene for hygromycin resistance. The sequence is derived from plasmid vector pGPTV-HPT as described by Becker et al. in 1992 (Plant Mol Biol 20:1195-1197).

[0019] AvrII refers to a restriction enzyme site.

[0020] “clonNAT” is the dihydrogen sulphate of the weakly basic antibiotic nourseothricin, consisting of streptothricin components F and D. The chemical name is 2-[4-O-Carbamoyl-2-deoxy-2-(3,6-diaminohexan-amido)-B-D-gulopyranoslamino)-3,3a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5-hydroxy-4H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one dihydrogensulphate. The structural formula is set forth as follows: 1

[0021] GUS Intron refers to the GUS marker gene containing an intron, as disclosed in plamids pPG361 and pPG363.

[0022] HindIII refers to a restriction enzyme site.

[0023] nos prom—a promoter sequence from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as disclosed in plasmids pPG354, pPG361, pPG362, pPG363.

[0024] nos term—a terminator sequence from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as disclosed in plasmids pPG354, pPG361, pPG362, pPG363.

[0025] “Nourseothricin” refers to the streptothricin antibiotic components F and D, produced in cultures from a strain of Streptomyces noursei.

[0026] “nrg gene” refers to a generic group of nucleic acid sequence that can encode for the NRG protein. Selected species of the genus include, but are not limited to, nrg1, nrg2 and nrg3 described herein.

[0027] “NRG protein” or “Nourseothricin Resistance Gene protein” refers to the polypeptide or amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1. This protein has the ability to confer resistance to the antibiotic known as nourseothricin.

[0028] 35S prom—a promoter sequence from the genome of cauliflower mosaic virus, as disclosed in plasmids pPG361 and pPG363.

[0029] ocs LB or “Left Border” refers to the DNA sequence that flanks the “left end” of the T-DNA and is disclosed in pPG361 and pPG363. The ocs LB is derived from octopine synthase (ocs) tumor inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

[0030] ocs RB or “Right Border” refers to the DNA sequence that flanks the “right end” of the T-DNA and is disclosed in pPG361 and pPG363. The ocs LB is derived from octopine synthase (ocs) tumor inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The osc RB and osc LB are recognized by Agrobacterium as sites for “cutting” or excision to enable the T-DNA to be inserted into a plant cell.

[0031] PmII refers to a restriction enzyme site.

[0032] The microorganism can be, for example, a fungus or bacteria. Where the organism is a fungus, the fungus can be from, but not limited to, any of the following genera: Magnaporthe, Mycosphaerella, Candida, Botrytis, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Peronaspora, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia, Phythium, Puccinia, Erysiphe, Ustilago, Fusarium, Phytophthora and Penicillium. Where the organism is a bacteria, the bacteria can be from Agrobacterium, Escherichia, Xanthomonas, Staphlococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Bacillus.

[0033] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of the nrg Gene and Protein

[0034] Using the nat1 gene as the starting material from the plasmid pINS1, as delivered from the Hans Knoell Institute, the nrg gene is obtained in a PCR reaction, using the following primers:

[0035] forward primer: 5′nat1 HindIII; ccgaagcttATGACCACTCTTGACGACACG [SEQ ID NO. 5]

[0036] reverse primer: 3′nat1 AvrII; aaccctaggCTAGGGGCAGGGCATGCTCATG [SEQ ID NO. 6]

[0037] These primers add a HindIII or a AvrII restriction site right upstream, or downstream of the coding region of the nat1 gene, respectively. The PCR products of two independent reactions are cloned into a pUC vector derived plasmid (pPG354, digested with HindIII and AvrII), adding a nos promoter and a nos terminator upstream, and downstream of the nat1 gene, respectively. The resulting plasmid is called pPG362. The resultant gene is sequenced in the resulting plasmid pPG362 [SEQ ID NO. 7], sequencing three plasmid clones, derived from two independent PCR reactions. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the sequence of all three clones yields the following new resultant gene, hereafter called the nrg2 gene (SEQ ID NO. 3), with following three nucleotide changes: the nucleotide cytosine (“C’) is replaced with adenine (“A”) at position at position 209, the nucleotide guanine (“G”) is replaced with guanine (“G”) adenine (“A”) at position 569 and the nucleotide adenine (“A”) is replaced with guanine (“G”) at position 570. Also surprisingly and unexpectedly, in the resultant NRG protein, the amino acid, glycine (A), is replaced with arginine (D) at position 70 in the protein or polypeptide sequence. Also surprisingly and unexpectedly, the new NRG protein retains the ability to impart resistance to the nourseothricin antibiotic.

EXAMPLE 2

Cloning the nrg gene into a binary vector

[0038] The nrg gene, controlled by the nos promoter and nos terminator elements from pPG362, is further cloned as a PmII fragment into the PmII sites of the binary vector pPG361, replacing the aph4 expression cassette, to give the new vector, pPG363, a binary vector containing the nrg expression cassette. In addition to the nrg expression cassette, the pPG363 plasmid [SEQ ID NO. 8] contains pRi Agrobacterium elements, ColEI elements for replication in E. coli, a kanamycin resistance gene, octopine-type left and right T-DNA border elements, and a GUS gene with an intron, controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter and the Ag7 terminator, as presented below. The description of the plasmid pPG363 is provided below and as SEQ ID NO. 8:

[0039] wherein the ocs LB, PmI I, nos prom, nrg, nos term, 35S prom, GUS Intron, Ag7 term, ocs RB are known in the art or described herein. The numbers in parentheses indicate the nucleotide position within the plasmid at which the respective restriction enzymes cut the plasmid DNA.

EXAMPLE 3

Rice Transformation Using a Binary Vector with the nrg Marker Gene

[0040] a) Dose response. For selection of transgenic calli based on resistance to clonNAT following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice callus material, a dose response experiment is made to determine the concentration of clonNAT in callus growth medium in order to inhibit the growth of rice callus, or to kill the rice cells. Growth media (GM) used for rice callus comprise the following basic components: N6 salts (Duchefa) 3.95 g/l; B5 vitamins (Duchefa) 112 mg/l; proline (Duchefa) 500 mg/l; glutamine (Duchefa) 500 mg/l; casein hydrolysate (Duchefa) 500 mg/l. For the dose response experiment, medium plates are prepared that contain, apart from the basic components (GM), the following components: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Duchefa) 2 mg/l; maltose (Sigma) 30 g/l; cefotaxime 200 mg/l; agarose (type I, Sigma) 5 g/l; pH 5.6. Medium plates are prepared with 25 ml of filter-sterilized medium per 10 cm petridishes. Variable amounts of a clonNAT stock solution of 200 mg/ml in water is added to these plates before filter-sterilization to obtain medium plates with clonNAT concentrations of 0, 5, 20, 100, 500, 1000 mg/l. Several pieces of rice callus, derived from immature rice embryos of the variety TP309 (National Small Grain Collection, USDA, ARS, Aberdeen, Id.) are put on these plates, the plates are incubated at 26° C. in the dark, and survival of the embryos and proliferation of the embryo cells are observed every day. Based on the survival rate of the embryos on the media plates containing different concentrations of clonNAT, a useful concentration of clonNAT for selection of transgenic rice is determined to be within a range of about 20 to about 1000 mg/l or more, preferably about 200 mg/l or less.

[0041] b) Agrobacterium Transformation. For Agrobacterium-mediated rice transformation, the pPG363 plasmid is electroporated into electroporation-competent Agrobacterium cells of the strain LBA4404 (Life Technologies) and the electroporated cells are plated on LB medium (10 g/l Bactopeptone (Difco), 5 g/l Yeast Extract (Difco), 5 g/l NaCl, 15 g/l Bactoagar (Difco), 50 mg/l kanamycin; pH 7.0) and are incubated at 30° C. Two days after electroporation, a colony is picked from the LB plate and is used to inoculate 5 ml of liquid LB medium (LB medium without Bactoagar). The 5 ml culture is incubated at 30° C. on a shaker at 200 rpm. After 16 hours, 0.05 ml of this 5 ml culture is transferred to 100 ml of liquid LB medium and is then incubated at 30° C. on a shaker at 200 rpm. After 16 hours, the bacteria cells are spun down by centrifugation at 3000 rpm, resuspended in 100 ml of induction medium (GM basic medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/l; 10 g/l glucose; 120 g/l maltose; pH 5.2), and incubated at room temperature on a shaker at 100 rpm. After 1 hour, rice immature embryos that are cultured on GM plates for 6 days after isolation are immersed in the bacteria suspension. After 20 minutes, the embryos are transferred to cocultivation medium plates (GM basic medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/l; 10 g/l glucose; 120 g/l maltose; 50 g/l agarose; pH 5.2) and are incubated for 3 days at 24° C. in the dark. The cultivated embryos are transferred to growth medium (GM) plates (GM basic medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/l; maltose 30 g/l; cefotaxime 400 mg/l; agarose 5 g/l; pH 5.6) and incubated at 26° C. in the dark. After 5 days the cultivated embryos are transferred to a selection medium, known as clonNAT200 selection plates (GM basic medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/l; maltose 30 g/l; cefotaxime 200 mg/l; clonNAT 200 mg/l; agarose 5 g/l; pH 5.6) and are incubated at 26° C. in the dark. After 4-5 weeks, colonies of clonNAT-resistant callus are growing from the pieces of embryo-derived callus that died on the clonNAT-containing medium plates. These resistant callus colonies are picked from these plates and are transferred to fresh selection medium with increased maltose concentration (clonNAT200 6%M, GM basic medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/l; maltose 60 g/l; cefotaxime 200 mg/l; clonNAT 200 mg/l; agarose 5 g/l; pH 5.6). Small parts of the isolated callus colonies are used in a histological GUS assay to test for GUS activity. Positive GUS staining is a direct indication that these callus pieces are transgenic (and have been selected on clonNAT selection) with the nrg resistance gene. After 10 days, the resistant calluses are transferred to fresh medium of same composition to increase the callus mass. After 1 week, the callus is transferred to regeneration medium (GM basic medium with maltose 20 g/l; sorbitol 30 g/l; NAA (naphtalene acetic acid) 0.5 mg/l; BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) 3 mg/l; agarose 8 g/l; pH 5.6) and these plates are incubated at 25° C. under 16 hours light. After 4 weeks, small regenerated plantlets are then transferred to rooting medium (½-strength MS (Murashige & Skoog) medium (micro and macro elements and vitamins), 2% sucrose, 0.15% phytagel (Sigma); pH 5.6) and grown to a height of 5-10 cm. Such plants are transferred to soil and are grown to maturity in the greenhouse. The transgenic state of these plants is tested by performing a histological GUS assay with leaf tissue, and a Southern analysis with plant genomic DNA probing with the nrg resistance gene.

EXAMPLE 4

Arabidopsis thaliana Transformation with the nrg Marker Gene

[0042] a) Dose response. The selection conditions for plants that are transgenic with the nrg gene are determined in a dose response experiment. From about 2000 to 3000 wildtype Arabidopsis thaliana seeds per pot are sown in 5″×5″ (13 cm×13 cm) soil pots. When the first true leaves of the seedlings have emerged after approximately 7 days, the seedlings are sprayed with a hand-held sprayer until all leaf material is completely wet on three consecutive days with a solution of 0.005% Silwet L-77 (50 ul/l) in water and variable concentrations of clonNAT (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg/l). The results are assessed 36 hours after the last spray. A useful range of concentration of clonNAT for selection of transgenic Arabidopsis plants (as assessed as concentrations that kill non-transgenic Arabidopsis plants after applying the described sprayings) is determined within a range of about 20 to about 1000 mg/l or more, preferably about 200 mg/l or less.

[0043] b) Arabidopsis thaliana transformation. The binary plasmid pPG363 is transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, GV3101, and the transformed cells are plated on LB medium (10 g/l Bactopeptone (Difco), 5 g/l Yeast Extract (Difco), 5 g/l NaCl, 15 g/l Bactoagar (Difco), 50 mg/l kanamycin; pH 7.0) and are incubated at 30° C. Two days after transformation, a colony is picked from the LB plate and is used to inoculate 5 ml of liquid LB medium (LB medium without Bactoagar). The 5 ml culture is incubated at 30° C. on a shaker at 200 rpm. After 16 hours, 0.05 ml of this 5 ml culture is transferred to 100 ml of liquid LB medium and is then incubated at 30° C. on a shaker at 200 rpm. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the T-DNA containing the nrg gene and the GUS gene from pPG363 to Arabidopsis thaliana via a flower dipping protocol (Clough S J, Bent A F, Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 1998 Dec;16(6):735-43), the primary bolts of about five-weeks old Arabidopsis thaliana plants are removed. Five days later, subsequently emerged secondary bolts have grown. The leaves and bolts of these plants are dipped or submerged for five minutes in a suspension, consisting of 30 ml of an over-night culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (ecotype GV3101, containing the binary vector pPG363) in LB medium, diluted 3-fold with a 5% sucrose solution containing 0.005% Silwet L-77. The dipped plants are then kept for over-night in the dark at 22° C. and are then transferred back to a location in the growth room were they grow to maturity under normal growth conditions. The T1 seed is harvested and then used for selection. 2000-3000 seeds are sown on a 5″×5″ pot filled with soil and are stratified for 2 days at 4° C. The pots are then transferred to the growth room with 16 hours light and 22° C. The seedlings are sprayed with a solution containing 0.005% Silwet L-77 and 200 mg/l clonNAT on three consecutive days when the first true leaves have emerged. Surviving seedlings are transferred to individual pots one week after selection and are grown to maturity under normal growth conditions. The transgenic state of the plants and their progenies is tested by performing a histological GUS assay using leaf tissue and by performing Southern analysis using genomic DNA isolated from the Arabidopsis plants and probing the DNA blots with a labelled probe from the nrg gene.

Preparation of Starting Materials

[0044] Origin, cloning, and sequence of the starting materials for preparing the nrg gene. The nat1 gene starting material is obtained from the Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany, in plasmid pINS1. The sequence of the nat1 gene is described as the sequence X73149.1 (emb|X73149.|SNNAT1 S. noursei gene for nourseothricin acetyltransferase) found in the database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

[0045] The binary vector pPG363 (SEQ ID. NO. 8) can be prepared from the vectors pPG361 (SEQ ID NO 9) and pPG362 (SEQ ID NO. 7).

[0046] Methods for preparing DNA constructs or plasmids is known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1989). The description of the plasmid pPG361 is provided below and as SEQ ID NO 9:

[0047] wherein ocs LB, nos term, aph4, nos prom, 35S prom, GUS Intron, Ag7 term, ocs RB, and PmII are known in the art or as described herein. The numbers in parentheses indicate the nucleotide position within the plasmid at which the respective restriction enzymes cut the plasmid DNA.

[0048] The description of the plasmid pPG362 is provided below and as SEQ ID NO 7:

[0049] wherein the nos prom, the nrg gene, the Nos term, and PmII are known in the art or described herein. The numbers in parentheses indicate the nucleotide position within the plasmid at which the respective restriction enzymes cut the plasmid DNA.

[0050] Plasmid pPG362 (SEQ ID NO 7) can be prepared from plasmid pPG354 and the nrg gene, as derived in a PCR reaction, by cloning the nrg gene PCR product as HindIII, AvrII-fragment into the HindIII and AvrII restriction sites of pPG354, replacing the aph4 gene.

[0051] The description of the plasmid pPG354 is provided below and as SEQ ID NO 10:

[0052] wherein nos term, aph4, nos prom, PmII, HindIII, and AvrII are as known in the art or as described herein. The numbers in parentheses indicate the nucleotide position within the plasmid at which the respective restriction enzymes cut the plasmid DNA.

Claims

1. A nucleic acid sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

2. The nucleic acid sequence of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS. 2, 3 or 4.

3. A DNA construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1. A DNA construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 2.

4. A plasmid comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1.

5. A plasmid comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 2.

6. The plasmid of claim 4 that is pPG363.

7. The plasmid of claim 5 that is pPG363.

8. A eukaryotic cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1.

9. A eukaryotic cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 2.

10. The eukaryotic cell of claim 8 that is a plant cell.

11. The eukaryotic cell of claim 9 that is a plant cell.

12. The eukaryotic cell of claim 8 that is a dicot plant cell.

13. The eukaryotic cell of claim 9 that is a dicot plant cell.

14. The eukaryotic cell of claim 8 that is a monocot plant cell.

15. The eukaryotic cell of claim 9 that is a monocot plant cell.

16. A plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1.

17. A plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 2.

18. A plant or plant part of claim 16 that is, or is from, a dicot plant.

19. A plant or plant part of claim 17 that is, or is from, a monocot plant.

20. The plant or plant part of claim 16 that is, or is from, Arabidopsis thaliana or Oryza sativa.

21. The plant or plant part of claim 17 that is, or is from, Arabidopsis thaliana or Oryza sativa.

22. Seed that can produce a plant comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1.

23. Seed that can produce a plant comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 2.

24. Seed from a plant of claim 16.

25. Seed from a plant of claim 17.

26. A method of conferring resistance to the antibiotic nourseothricin, comprising administering the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1 to an organism.

27. A protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

28. A protein consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 1.

29. The protein of claim 27 in an isolated form.

30. The protein of claim 28 in an isolated form.

31. A eukaryotic cell that can express the protein of claim 27.

32. A eukaryotic cell that can express the protein of claim 28.

33. The eukaryotic cell of claim 31 that is a plant cell.

34. The eukaryotic cell of claim 32 that is a plant cell.

35. The eukaryotic cell of claim 31 that is a dicot plant cell.

36. The eukaryotic cell of claim 32 that is a dicot plant cell.

37. The eukaryotic cell of claim 31 that is a monocot plant cell.

38. The eukaryotic cell of claim 32 that is a monocot plant cell.

39. A plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell that can express the protein of claim 27.

40. A plant or plant part having a eukaryotic cell that can express the protein of claim 28.

41. A plant or plant part of claim 39 that is, or is from, a dicot plant.

42. A plant or plant part of claim 40 that is, or is from, a monocot plant.

43. The plant or plant part of claim 39 that is, or is from, Arabidopsis thaliana or Oryza sativa.

44. The plant or plant part of claim 40 that is, or is from, Arabidopsis thaliana or Oryza sativa.

45. Seed that can produce a plant comprising the protein of claim 27.

46. Seed that can produce a plant comprising the protein of claim 28.

47. Seed from a plant of claim 45.

48. Seed from a plant of claim 46.