Novel synthesis of irbesartan

Abstract

Provided are a method of making irbesartan via a Suzuki coupling reaction and a novel intermediate, 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one, for such process. The novel process includes the step of reacting such intermediate with a protected imidazolephenylboronic acid.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Irbesartan is a known angiotensin II receptor antagonist (blocker). Angiotensin is an important participant in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (RAAS) and has a strong influence on blood pressure. The structure of irbesartan is shown below (I). 1

[0003] The synthesis of irbesartan is discussed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,270,317 and 5,559,233; both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. In the synthesis therein disclosed, the prepenultimate reaction step (exclusive of work-up and purification) involves the reaction of a cyano group on the biphenyl ring with an azide, for example tributyltin azide. Reaction time as long as 210 hours can be required. See, e.g., '317 patent.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,331 also discloses a synthesis of irbesartan from a precursor 2-n-butyl-3-[(2′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl]—1,3-diazaspiro [4,4]non-1-ene4one with sodium azide using a dipolar aprotic solvent. As acknowledged in the '331 patent, there are safety risks involved in the use of azides (column 4, line 39). Also, dipolar aprotic solvents (e.g. methyl pyrrolidone) are relatively high boiling and can be difficult to remove.

[0005] There is a need for an improved synthetic route to irbesartan.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making 2-butyl-3-[[2′-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphen-4-yl]methyl]1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one (IRB-03) including the steps of reacting 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromophenyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one (IRB-05) with 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid (IRB-07),in the presence of a first solvent, especially tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethoxyethane, a second solvent, especially water, particularly combined with a base, and a catalyst that includes especially a palladium complex, e.g., Pd(O(O)CCH3)2 and a phosphine, especially a triarylphosphine, e.g. triphenyl phosphine (PPh3).

[0007] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a process for making a 3-(haloaryl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one compound, especially 3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one, including the step of reacting (combining), in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst (e.g. tetrabutylammonium sulfate), an acid addition salt, especially a hydrochloride, of 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-l-ene4-one with a haloaryl compound, especially a bromobenzyl halide compound (e.g. 4-bromobenzyl), in a solvent system including a first solvent, especially an aromatic hydrocarbon, and a second solvent, especially brine containing a base.

[0008] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the compound 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one, especially when prepared according to the forgoing process.

[0009] In still a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making a 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole compound including the step of reacting 5-phenyl-1-H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane (trityl chloride) in a solvent, especially tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a base, especially triethylamine.

[0010] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid including the step of reacting 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1 H-tetrazole with a borate, especially a trialkyl borate (e.g. tri-isopropyl borate) in a solvent, especially tetrahydrofuran, and in the presence of a base, especially n-butyllithium.

[0011] In still yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making irbesartan that includes the step of reacting 2-butyl-3-(4′bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one with 2(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid in a two-phase solvent system having a first solvent, especially THF or dimethoxyethane or a mixture of these, and a second solvent, especially water, in the presence of a catalyst, especially a palladium complex or a nickel complex.

[0012] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a process of making irbesartan that includes the step of reacting an acid addition salt, especially the hydrochloride, of 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one with a haloaryl compound, especially 4-bromobenzyl bromide in the presence of a base, especially KOH or NaOH, in a two-phase solvent system having a first solvent, especially toluene, and a second solvent, especially water or brine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present invention provides a novel synthesis of irbesartan and analogues thereof, including the step of reacting a 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid with a 3-(haloaryl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one. The step is carried out in the presence of a palladium or nickel catalyst. Such a synthetic step is known by one of skill in the art as a Suzuki coupling reaction. See, e.g., N. Miyaura et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1979, 3437. See also, N. Miyaura, A. Suzuki, Chem. Commun. 1979, 866. The step can be carried out in a two-phase reaction system having first and second liquid phases.

[0014] The first and second phases include first and second solvents, respectively, which are substantially immiscible in each other so that, when combined in a reaction vessel, a two-phase system is formed. Solvents are substantially immiscible in each other when equal volumes of them are mixed together, a two-phase system is formed in which the volume of the two phases is essentially equal. Preferably, substantially immiscible solvents are soluble in each other to the extent of about 1% (weight basis) or less.

[0015] The first solvents are organic solvents. Examples of preferred organic solvents include, but are not limited to: ether solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), diethoxymethane, (glymes ), and tetrahydrofuran THF); formals such as diethyl formal; and hydrocarbon solvents such as, toluene, m-xylene, o-xylene, the tetralins; and mixtures of any of the foregoing. Other hydrocarbons useful as first solvents in the practice of the present invention will be apparent to the skilled artisan. Diethyl formal is the preferred formal. 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) is the preferred glyme and is particularly preferred as an ether first solvent, especially in combination with THF when the catalyst includes a palladium complex.

[0016] The second solvent can be water, or, preferably, an inorganic base combined with water. When an inorganic base is used, the preferred inorganic base is potassium carbonate. Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are other examples of inorganic bases.

[0017] The novel synthesis of irbesartan, and analogues thereof, of the present invention includes the step of reacting a protected (e.g. tritylated) 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid with a 3-haloaryl-1,3diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one. A preferred 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid is 2-(5-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazole))phenylboronic acid (IRB-07), Structure II. A preferred 3-haloaryl-1,3—diazaspio[4,4]non-1-ene-3-4-one is 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-3-one (IRB-05), Structure III. 2

[0018] The step is carried out in a two-phase reaction system having first and second liquid phases.

[0019] A catalyst is combined with the first liquid phase, preferably including an ether solvent. Any known catalyst for the Suzuki reaction can be used. Preferably, the catalyst is selected from palladium and nickel complexes. Most preferred catalysts include Pd(O(O)CCH3)2, Pd Cl2 and NiCl2. When a palladium complex such as Pd(O(O)CCH3)2 [e.g. PdOAc2] is used, the catalyst also includes a triaryl phosphine, especially triphenyl phosphine. When the catalyst includes a palladium complex, the first solvent preferably includes an ether solvent, like DME, that can form a complex with Pd.

[0020] As described above, the first liquid phase is an organic solvent phase, most preferably and particularly when the catalyst includes a palladium complex, the first liquid phase is a mixture of 1,2-dimethoxyethane and THF. The ratio of 1,2-dimethoxyethane: THF can be from about 10:1 to about 1:5, the most preferred ratio of 1,2-dimethoxyethane: THF is from about 6:1 to about 2:1. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst.

[0021] Subsequently, IRB-07 is combined with the solvent mixture. Water, a base, and IRB-05 are added, preferentially sequentially, to the reaction mixture, and a two-phase reaction system having a first organic solvent phase and a second aqueous phase is formed. The reaction mixture is heated under reflux conditions for a reaction time of between 2 to 4 hours.

[0022] After the reaction time, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool, and the two phases are separated. If desired, the aqueous phase can be extracted one or more times with toluene and the extract(s) combined with the first (aromatic hydrocarbon) phase. The first phase is evaporated to obtain crude residue of product IRB-03. 3

[0023] In embodiments in which 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid, (IRB-07), is the phenylboronic acid, the synthetic method of the present invention can and preferably does include a further step in which the trityl group is cleaved from the tetrazole ring to produce irbesartan (IRB-00), or an analogue thereof. Crude residue produced in the synthetic step described above is dissolved in a suitable water-miscible solvent. A solvent is water miscible if it is miscible with water at least in any proportion from 80:20 to 20:80 (weight basis). Acetone is a preferred water-miscible solvent. The resulting solution is acidified and agitated at a temperature between about 15° C. and about 30° C. The time of the cleavage reaction can be conveniently monitored using thin layer chromatography. The acid is neutralized with a molar excess of base, preferably aqueous KOH or NaOH, and the water-miscible solvent is evaporated, preferably at reduced pressure. The trityl alcohol formed is separated and the liquid phase is acidified (e.g. to a pH of about 4), preferably with mineral acid, most preferably with HCI or H2SO4. The resulting suspension is cooled and the product recovered by, for example, filtration. If desired, the isolated product can be washed with an organic solvent, preferably a lower aliphatic alcohol, most preferably iso-propanol or butanol, and dried, preferably at reduced pressure.

[0024] The 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid and 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-3-(haloaryl)4-one which are reacted in the method of the present invention to produce irbesartan or an analogue thereof, can be prepared by methods known in the art, or by the following synthetic procedures.

[0025] The 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid can be prepared by first reacting a 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane in the prresence of a base, especially an amine (e.g. triethylamine) in a suitable solvent system to provide a 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole. A preferred 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole is IRB-06 (structure shown in Examples). Suitable solvents for the solvent system include organic solvents. A particularly preferred solvent system is a mixture of THF and triethyl amine as the base. Following removal of by-products, the 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole, such as IRB-06, can be isolated prior to use in the next step of the synthesis, or used in solution form. The protected tetrazole so formed is subsequently reacted with a suitable borate in the presence of a base, to form the desired boronic acid derivative, such as 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid (IRB-07; structure shown in Examples). The reaction is carried out in solution, preferably in an organic solvent. The organic solvent is most preferably THF. Suitable bases will be apparent to the skilled artisan. A preferred base is butyllithium. The preparation can be at any suitable temperature, preferably at a temperature lower than about −20° C. The reaction is allowed to proceed for a time that the skilled artisan will know to adjust according to the reaction temperature.

[0026] The 3-haloaryl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one can be prepared by combining a 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one acid addition salt, preferably a hydrochloride salt, with a haloaryl compound. A preferred 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one acid addition salt is 2-butyl—1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one hydrochloride (IRB-01). A preferred haloaryl compound is 4-bromobenzyl bromide. Reaction of 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro [4,4]non-1-ene4-one hydrochloride (IRB-01) with 4-bromobenzyl bromide leads to the production of 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one (IRB-05). 2-Butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one is known in the art and is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,233, which is) incorporated herein by reference.

[0027] The reaction is carried out in a two-phase reaction system having first and second liquid phases.

[0028] A first liquid phase comprising the haloaryl compound and a phase transfer catalyst in a suitable solvent is prepared. The solvent may be an organic solvent. A most preferred solvent is toluene.

[0029] Phase transfer catalysts are well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Phase transfer catalysts are of particular utility when at least first and second compounds to be reacted with each other have such different solubility characteristics that there is no practical common solvent for them and, accordingly, combining a solvent for one of them with a solvent for the other of them results in a two-phase system.

[0030] Typically, when such compounds are to be reacted, the first reactant is dissolved in a first solvent and the second reactant is dissolved in a second solvent. Because the solvent for the first reactant is essentially insoluble in the solvent for the second reactant, a two-phase system is formed and reaction occurs at the interface between the two phases. The rate of such an interfacial reaction can be greatly increased by use of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC).

[0031] Several classes of compounds are known to be capable of acting as phase transfer catalysts, for example quaternary ammonium compounds and 10 phosphonium compounds, to mention just two. Tetrabutylaminonium hydrogensulfate is a preferred PTC for use in the practice of present invention.

[0032] A second liquid phase comprising a 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one acid addition salt, water and a base, preferably an inorganic base, most preferably, KOH. The base is present in an amount between about 1 and about 6 molar equivalents relative to the number of moles of 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one acid salt.

[0033] The first and second solutions are combined to form a reaction system (mixture) that has first and second phases. The combining can be in any suitable vessel that is equipped with means for vigorous agitation of the reaction system to maximize the interfacial area between the two phases. The combining can be at any temperature from about 20° C. to about 95° C., preferably at about 90° C. The reaction is allowed to proceed in the two phase system for a time that the skilled artisan will known to adjust according to the reaction temperature. When the reaction temperature is about 90° C., a reaction time between about 1 and about 2 hours is usually sufficient.

[0034] After the reaction time, the reaction system is allowed to cool, the two phases are separated. If desired, the aqueous phase can be extracted one or more times with toluene and the extract(s) combined with the first (aromatic hydrocarbon) phase. The first phase is evaporated to obtain crude residue.

[0035] The present invention can be illustrated in one of its embodiments by the following non-limiting example.

EXAMPLE IA

[0036] Preparation of IRB-05

4
5
		Weight;
	Mw	volume	Mmol	Eq.
IRB-01	230.73	57.7	g	250	1.25
4-Bromobenzyl bromide	249.49	50.0	g	200	1.0
Potassium hydroxide, 85%	56.11	49.6	g	750	3.75
Water		200	mL
Bu4NHS04	339.54	8.5	g		0.125
Toluene		800	mL

[0037] To a preheated (90° C.) solution of 4-bromobenzyl bromide and phase transfer catalyst (Bu4NHSO4) in toluene was added a prestirred (40 min at room temperature) solution of KOH and IRB-01 in water. The resulting two-phase mixture was heated for 1 hour at 90° C. with vigorous stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, water (500 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for additional 30 min. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with an additional portion of toluene (100 mL). The combined organic portions were washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. 74.0 g of IRB-05 was obtained as a colorless oil. The yield was 94%, with a purity of 94%.

EXAMPLE 1B

[0038] Preparation of IRB-06

6
		Weight;
	Mw	volume	Mmol	Eq.
5-Phenyl-1H-tetrazol	146.15	56.0	g	383	1.0
Chlorotriphenylmethane	278.78	112.0	g	402	1.05
Et3N	101.2	61.0	ml,	440	1.15
THF		400	mL

[0039] To a solution of 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazol and triethylamine in dry THF was 15 added, in one portion, chlorotriphenylmethane. The reaction was slightly exothermic, about 40° C. The resulting suspension was stirred under argon for 2 hours (TLC monitoring; Hex/EtOAc 4:1). The mixture was cooled to 0° C., stirred for 30 min and the precipitated triethylammonium chloride was filtered and washed with cold THF (100 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the yellow solid residue (approx. 180 g) was crystallized from acetonitrile (800 mL) to give 141.5 g. The yield was 94%, with a purity of 94%.

EXAMPLE 1C

[0040] Preparation of 2-(5-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol)phenylboronic acid (IRB-07)

7
8
		Weight,
	Mw	volume	mmol	Eq.
IRB-06	388.46	39.0	g	100	1.0
BuLi (1.6 M in hexane)		75.0	mL	120	1.2
Triisopropyl borate	188.08	30.0	mL	130	1.3
THF		250	mL

[0041] The solution of 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole (IRB-06) in dry THF (Prepared in Example 1 B) was cooled to −20° C. under Argon. Traces of water were quenched with n-butyllithium (approx. 5 mL). When the mixture remained red for 5 minutes the addition was stopped. The main charge of n-butyllithium was then added dropwise at temperature below −15° C. and the resulting red suspension was stirred for additional 30 minutes at −20° C. The mixture was cooled to −30° C., and triisopropyl borate was slowly added, with the reaction temperature maintained at below −20° C. At this point, the slurry was dissolved and the resulting red solution was stirred for 30 minutes at −25° C., and then warmed to room temperature over 40 minutes. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the yellow semisolid residue was extracted with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Saturated aqueous NH4Cl (40 mL, approx. 180 mmol) was slowly added, keeping the temperature below 10° C., and the slurry of boronic acid was warmed to room temperature. Water (160 mL) was added over 20 minutes, and the resulting suspension was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The solid was filtered, washed with IPA/H2O/Et3N 50:50:2 (2×50 mL) and dried under reduced pressure at 40° C. until constant weight to give 47.Og of IRB-07 as the 1:0.5 THF-H2O solvate (off-white solid) that was used without additional purifications. The yield was 92%, with a purity of 94.5%.

EXAMPLE 1D

[0042] Preparation of 2-butyl-3-[2′-(triphenylmethyltetrazol-5-yl)-biphenyl4-yl methyl]-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one (IRB-03)

9
10
11
		Weight,
	Mw	volume	mmol	Eq.
2-butyl 1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-	363.3	0.96	g	2.64	1.0
1-ene-3-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-
one (IRB-05)
IRB-07-THF-0.5 H20	513.3	1.42	g	2.77	1.05
Pd(OAc)2	224.49	5.7	mg	0.026	1.15
Triphenylphosphine	262.5	27.3	mg	0.104
1,2-Dimethoxyethane		8	mL
THF		2	mL
Potassium carbonate	138.21	0.912	g	6.60	2.5
Water	18.0	0.119	mL	6.60	2.5

[0043] A mixture of DME and THF was degassed by vacuum/nitrogen purges (3 times) and Ph3P was added in one portion. After the triphenylphosphine dissolved, Pd(OAc)2 was added, and the yellow-green mixture was degassed again (2 times), and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. IRB-07 was suspended, and stirring was continued for 10 min at room temperature. The water was added, and the slurry was stirred for additional 30 min. Powdered K2CO3 and IRB-05 were then added sequentially and the resulting mixture was degassed (3 times), and refluxed (approx. 80° C.) for 3 hours (TLC monitoring:Hex/EtOAc 2:1). The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and toluene (20 mL) and water (20 mL) were added. After separation, the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene (10 mL) and the combined organic phases were washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2.1 g of the semisolid residue. The crude material was crystallized from IPA (15 mL) to give 1.6 g of IRB-03 as a white solid. The yield was 90%, with a purity of 98%.

EXAMPLE 1E

[0044] Preparation of Irbesartan (IRB-00)

12
13
		Weight,
	Mw	volume		mmol	Eq.
	IRB-03	670.84	1.0	g	1.49	1
	HCl, 3N		1.5	mL	4.5	3
	Acetone		3	mL
	KOH, 85%	56.11	0.42	g		5

[0045] IRB-03 (as produced in Example 1D) was dissolved in acetone and 3N HCl, and stirred for 2 hours at room temperature (TLC or HPLC monitoring). A solution of KOH in 3 mL of water was slowly added, and acetone was evaporated under reduced pressure. The precipitate (Trityl alcohol) was filtered and washed with water (2×5 mL). The combined aqueous filtrate washed with 5 mL of ethyl acetate, and slowly acidified to pH 4 with 3N aqueous HCI. The resulting suspension was cooled down to 0-4° C., stirred for additional 30 min and filtered. The cake was washed several times with water and dried under reduced pressure at 50-60° C. The yield was 0.58 g of IRB-00.

Claims

1. A process of making 2-butyl-3-[2′-(1-triphenylmethyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-biphenyl4-yl methyl]-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one, comprising the step of reacting 2-butyl-3-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one with 2-((1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl))phenylboronic acid in a solvent system comprising first and second solvents in the presence of a catalyst.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of palladium complexes and a nickel complexes.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the catalyst comprises a combination of a palladium complex and a triaryl phosphine.

4. The process of calim 3, wherein the palladium complex is Pd(OAc)2 and the triaryl phosphine is triphenyl phosphine.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethers, formals, hydrocarbons, the tetralins or mixtures thereof.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of: dimethoxyethane (DME), diethoxymethane (diethyl formal), tetrahydrofuran, toluene, m-xylene and o-xylene.

7. The process of claim 6, wherein the first solvent is a mixture of dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran.

8. The process of claim 7, wherein the ratio of dimethoxyethane to tetrahydrofuran is about 10:1 to about 1:5 on a volume basis.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the ratio of dimethoxyethane to tetrahydrofuran is about 6:1 to about 2:1 on a volume basis.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the second solvent comprises water and an inorganic base.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein the base is potassium carbonate.

12. The process of claim 1, wherein the reacting is at about reflux for a reaction time of about 2 hours to about 4 hours.

13. A process of making a 3-(haloaryl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one compound comprising the step of: combining a 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one acid addition salt with a haloaryl compound in a two-phase solvent system comprising first and second solvents, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.

14. The process of claim 13, wherein the 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one acid addition salt is 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]-1-ene-4-one hydrochloride and the 3-(haloaryl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one compound is 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one.

15. The process of claim 13, wherein the 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one acid addition salt is in combination with salt water and a base.

16. The process of claim 13, wherein the haloaryl compound is in combination with toluene and a phase transfer catalyst.

17. The process of claim 16, wherein the haloaryl compound is 4 bromobenzyl bromide.

18. The process of claim 15, wherein the inorganic base is KOH.

19. The process of claim 13, wherein the phase transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds and phosphonium compounds.

20. The process of claim 19, wherein the phase transfer catalyst is tetrabutylaminonium hydrogensulfate.

21. The process of claim 13, wherein the combining is at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 95° C.

22. The process of claim 21, wherein the temperature is about 90° C.

23. 2-butyl 1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-3-(4-bromobenzyl)4-one prepared according to the process of claim 13.

24. 2-butyl-3-(4′bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one.

25. A process of making a 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole compound comprising the steps of reacting 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane in the presence of a solvent and a base; and recovering 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole.

26. The process of claim 25, wherein the solvent is tetrahydrofuran and the base is triethylamine.

27. A process of making 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid comprising the step of: reacting 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole with a borate, in the presence of a solvent and a base.

28. The process of claim 27, wherein the solvent is tetrahydrofuran and the base is butyllithium.

29. The process of claim 27, wherein the reacting is at a temperature not higher than about −20° C.

30. A process of making 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid comprising the steps of: a) combining 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane in the presence of a solvent and a first base; b) combining the product of step a with a borate, in the presence of a solvent and a second base; and c) recovering 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid.

31. The process of claim 30, wherein the solvent is tetrahydrofuran.

32. The process of claim 30 wherein the first base is triethylamine, and the second base is butyllithium.

33. A process for preparing irbesartan comprising the steps of: a) providing a solution of 2-butyl-3-[2′-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl4-yl methyl]-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one in a solvent; b) acidifying the solution; c) neutralizing the solution and separating the trityl alcohol, whereby a second solution is obtained d) acidifying the second solution; e) cooling the acidified second solution; and f) recovering irbesartan.

34. The process of claim 33, wherein the solvent in step a is acetone.

35. The process of claim 33, wherein the second solution is cooled to about 0° C. to about (4° C.).

36. In a process for making irbesartan, step of: reacting 2-butyl-3-(4-bromobenzyl)-1, 3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one with 2-(5-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazole))phenylboronic acid in a solvent system comprising first and second solvents in the presence of a catalyst.

37. In a process for making irbesartan, comprising the steps of reacting a 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one acid addition salt with a haloaryl compound in a two-phase solvent system comprising first and second solvents, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.

38. In a process for making irbesartan, the step of: combining 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane in the presence of a solvent and a base.

39. In a process for making irbesartan the step of reacting 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole with a trialkylborate in the presence of a base.

40. A process for making irbesartan, comprising the steps of: a) combining 5-phenyl-1-trityl-1H-tetrazole with a borate, in the presence of a solvent and a base; b) recovering 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid; and c) converting the product of step b to irbesartan.

41. A process for making irbesartan, comprising the steps of: a) combining 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with chlorotriphenylmethane in the presence of THF and triethylamine; b) combining the product of step a with a borate, in the presence of THF and butyllithium; c) recovering 2-(5-tetrazoyl)phenylboronic acid; d) combining 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one acid addition salt with a bromobenzyl bromide in a solvent system comprising first and second solvents, wherein the first solvent is a mixture of salt water and KOH, and the second solvent is toluene in admixture with a phase transfer catalyst selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds and phosphonium compounds; e) separating the two phases obtained; f) recovering 2-butyl-3-(4′bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one; g) reacting the product recovered in step c with the product recovered in step f in a two-phase solvent system comprising first and second solvents, in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethers, formals, hydrocarbons, tetralins or mixtures thereof, and the second solvent comprises water and potassium carbonate, and wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a palladium complex and a nickel complex; h) separating the two phases obtained; i) recovering 2-butyl-3-[2′-(triphenylmethyltetrazol-5-yl)-biphenyl4-yl methyl]-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene-4-one; j) dissolving the product of step i in acetone; k) acidifying the solution; l) neutralizing the solution and separating the trityl alcohol, whereby a second solution is obtained; m) acidifying the second solution; n) cooling the acidified second solution; and o) recovering irbesartan.

42. A process for making irbesartan comprising the steps of: reacting an acid addition salt of 2-butyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one with 4-brombenzyl bromide in a two-phase solvent system having a first, organic phase and a second; aqueous phase in the presence of an inorganic base, whereby 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one is obtained, and converting the 2-butyl-3-(4′-bromobenzyl)-1, 3-diazaspiro[4,4]non-1-ene4-one to irbesartan by reacting it with 2-(1-trityl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenylboronic acid and, subsequently, cleaving the trityl group from the tetrazole ring.