This invention relates generally to high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray metallic coating systems, and more particularly to the construction of the nozzle.
High velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray torches are known for use in applying a metallic coating to the cylinder bores of an engine block. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,014,916 and 5,080,056. Part of the HVOF system of the type which the invention is concerned is the nozzle. The nozzle serves to guide a feed wire to a high temperature, high velocity combustion zone developed by a high velocity mixture of oxygen and gaseous fuel. The gases are fed through the nozzle and are combusted in the combustion zone which melts the tip of the feed wire. The molten material is subsequently atomized as it is discharged from the torch at high velocity against the walls of the cylinder bores.
Commercially-available nozzles for such HVOF wire feed systems use either a fully mixed flow of oxygen and fuel that is directed into the combustion chamber where it is burned (fully mixed), or provide separate flows of oxygen and fuel that are introduced into the combustion chamber where mixing of the gases and ignition occur simultaneously (external mixing type). While the fully mixed-type nozzle produces a desirable high temperature flame, such an arrangement is subject to flashback wherein combustion propagates from the combustion chamber up the nozzle and into the mixing chamber where it is prone to damaging seals and other hardware of the nozzle. The external mixing type of nozzle avoids the problem of flashback, but at the expense of performance. The simultaneous mixing and combustion of the individually delivered gases operates at a lower temperature and consumes the feed wire at a lower rate, decreasing the deposition rate of the material.
Another drawback to known HVOF systems is that the package size of the nozzle is fairly bulky due to the arrangement of the gas delivery tubes and wire feed tube, which must be dealt with when coating cylinder bores, and in some cases could limit its application based on size.
A nozzle assembly constructed according to the invention for an HVOF thermal metallic spray coating system comprises an inner tube extending along an axis and defining a feed passage for a feed wire of metallic spray coating material. An outer tube is disposed concentrically about the inner tube. An intermediate tube is disposed concentrically between the inner and outer tubes and defines annular axially extending concentric gas flow passages in the space between the tube walls for the flow of oxygen and fuel.
The concentric arrangement of the tubes provides a very compact, efficient construction for handling the flow of the combustion gases and feed material and enables improved control of the mixing and combustion of the oxygen and fuel gases in a manner that minimizes the problem of flashbacks associated with prior mixed-type nozzles, yet delivers the efficiency and performance of such mixed-type nozzles.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the inner tube is fitted at its end with a slotted nib that cooperates with a plug fitted to the outer tube to define a plurality of slotted mixing chambers. According to this further aspect, the intermediate tube extends over an upper end portion of the nib, whereby the oxygen and gaseous fuel are kept separate until the oxygen is directed into the slots of the nib, where quick, efficient mixing of the gases occur such that the gases exiting the slots of the nib and entering the combustion zone are fully mixed. Such a nozzle construction enables precise control over the mixture of the gases and serves to eliminate or greatly minimize occurrence of flashback, since the flame can travel no further than the slots due to the incomplete noncombustible mixing of the gases in the upper end of the slots. The geometry of the slots and the velocity of gas flow through the slots also prevents formation of mixed pockets of gases which would hold the flame.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily appreciated when considered in connection with the following detailed description and appended drawings, wherein:
A nozzle assembly 10 constructed according to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention forms part of an overall high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray metallic coating apparatus 12 which is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 and is used to coat the cylinder bore wall surfaces 14 of an engine block 16 with a thin layer 18 of thermally sprayed metal to impart a wear-resistant running surface to the cylinder bores 14.
A feed wire 20 used in making the coating layer 18 is fed down through the nozzle assembly 10 toward a combustion chamber where a mixture of oxygen and gaseous fuel is supplied to melt and atomize the tip end of the feed wire which is then expelled at high velocity in a radial outward direction through an opening 22 in an air cap 24 while the air cap 24 is rotated about a longitudinal axis A of the assembly 10 and while the assembly 10 is reciprocated along its axis with the air cap 24 extended into the cylinder bore 14 to develop the coating layer 18 on the bores 14.
The invention is particularly concerned with the construction and operation of the nozzle assembly 10. As shown best in
The inner tube 26 defines a central passage 32 concentric with the axis A which is open at a receiving end 34 of the inner tube 26 to receive the feed wire 20 into the passage 32 such that the feed wire 20 extends along the axis A in concentric relationship to the tubes 26, 28, 30.
The intermediate tube 28 has an inner surface which is preferably cylindrical and is spaced radially outwardly from an outer and preferably cylindrical surface of the inner tube 26 to define an annular, longitudinally extending first gas flow passage 36 which surrounds the inner tube 26 and is concentric with the respect to the axis A.
The outer tube 30 likewise has an inner, preferably cylindrical surface which is spaced radially outwardly from an outer, preferably cylindrical surface of the middle tube 28 to define an annular, longitudinally extending second gas flow passage 38 which is disposed concentrically about the first gas flow passage 36 and separated therefrom by the middle tube 28.
The nozzle assembly 10 includes a tubular tail piece support 40 which mounts and supports the tubes 26, 28, 30 in their concentric, spaced arrangement. The tail piece support 40 has a stepped inner bore 42 with an inner portion 44 aligned with and forming an extension of the central passage 32 of the inner tube 26 to provide lateral support and guidance to the wire 20 within the nozzle assembly at the top end 50 of the nozzle assembly 10.
The upper end of the inner tube 26 is secured at a thread joint 52 within the bore 42 of the tail piece 40. Downstream of the thread joint 52 toward the discharge end 54 of the nozzle assembly, the bore 42 widens and is connected at thread joint 56 to the upper end of the middle tube 28, defining an annular space 58 between the thread joints 52, 56 encircling an extended portion of the inner tube 26 projecting from the middle tube 28 and an open flow communication with the first gas flow passage 36 formed between the middle tube 28 and inner tube 26.
Below the thread joint 56, the bore 42 further widens so as to be spaced radially from the outer surface of the middle tube 28. A tubular tail piece extension 60 is fixed in gas-tight relation to the upper end of the outer tube 30, which is spaced axially from the thread joint 52. The tail piece extension 60 is releasably coupled by a thread joint 62 to the main body of the tail piece support 40. The bore 42 of the tail piece 40 is open between the thread joint 56 and the upper end of the outer tube 30, defining an annular space 64 therebetween and circling the extended portion of the middle tube 28 projecting beyond the end of the outer tube 30 and an open flow communication with the second gas flow passage 38.
As shown best in
The tail piece support 40 is formed with at least one and preferably a second set of a plurality of circumferentially spaced openings 76 communicating with the annular space 58 and with an annular groove 78 and fed by at least one gas flow passage 80 provided in the stationary support 72 for supplying a flow of fuel gas to the first gas flow passage 36. A set of O-rings 82 arranged on opposite sides of the groove 78 seal the passages against leakage.
The tail piece 40 preferably includes at least one and preferably a third set of a plurality of circumferentially spaced, radially inwardly extending openings 84 communicating with the annular space 64 and with an annular groove 86 and fed by at least one gas flow passage 88 provided in the stationary support 72, and sealed on opposite sides of the groove 86 by a set of O-rings 90, for supplying a flow of gas to the second gas flow passage 38. Preferably, the first gas flow passage 36 is operatively coupled to a source of gaseous fuel 92, which may comprise any of a number of gaseous fuels, such as propane, propylene, natural gas, etc. The second gas flow passage 38 preferably communicates with a source of oxygen 94. As the gaseous fuel 92 and oxygen 94 enter in flow along the first and second gas flow passages 36, 38, they are kept separate by the intervening middle tube 28 and thus do not mix along the substantial length of the nozzle assembly 10. However, toward the discharge end 54, the gases do come together and do mix prior to entry into the combustion chamber in the manner now to be described.
As best shown in
The plug 108 is formed with an annular shoulder 112 spaced axially downstream from the distal end 106 of the middle tube 28, at which point the plug 108 tapers inwardly to engage a distal mixing end portion 114 of the slots 102 downstream of the shoulder 112. Between the shoulder 112 and the distal end 106 there is formed an axially extending annular space 116 encircling the outer surface of the nib 100 in an open flow communication with the slots 102 of the nib as well as the first and second gas flow passages 36, 38. This annular space 116 upstream of the mix end portion 114 serves as an annular premix chamber where the previously separated gases exiting the first and second gas flow passages 36, 38 beyond the distal end 106 of the middle tube 28 come together and are partially but not fully mixed in a turbulent atmosphere of the space 116 caused by the gas flow and the geometry of the space, including the abrupt shoulder 112, prior to entry of the partially mixed gases into the mix end portion 114 of the slots 102 where full mixing occurs, such that the gases exiting the nib are fully mixed. The pre-mix zone 116 serves to provide a partial mixing of the gases which is advantageous for efficient downstream mixing and combustion, while serving as a buffer zone to minimize or prevent flashback of the burning gases into the nozzle assembly from the combustion chamber 118 downstream of the nozzle assembly 10. Should conditions arise where the mixed gases in the nib 100 combust, it is easily eliminated by altering the gas flow to effectively blow the flame back out of the nib. The incomplete mixing in the premix zone 116 prevents the zone 116 from serving as a flame catcher, which would hold the flame within the nozzle assembly and cause possible overheating and damage if not eliminated. The present construction minimizes the detrimental effects of such flashbacks and, when properly operating, eliminates flashbacks to the extent that they might cause damage to the nozzle assembly 10.
The mixed gases exiting the nib slots 114 enter a combustion chamber 118 formed within the air cap 24 installed on the distal end of the outer tube 30. As shown best in
It is preferred that the air cap 24 be fitted to the outer tube 30 in such manner as to accommodate a flow of air into the combustion chamber to form a protective boundary layer of air against the walls of the chamber during operation. The boundary layer operates to cool the walls of the chamber during operation, and serves to minimize or prevent the atomized wire feed material from applying itself to the walls of the combustion chamber 118. Instead, the flowing boundary layer of air moves the material across the surface and out through the opening 22. By reducing the heat and the sticking of wire feed material to the combustion chamber walls, the cost of maintenance and replacement of the air cap is greatly reduced.
As shown best in
Obviously, many modifications and variation of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. The invention is defined by the claims.
The invention claimed in this application was made under Government Contract No. CRADA SC92/1104, in which the government may have rights.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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5014916 | Trapani et al. | May 1991 | A |
5148986 | Rusch | Sep 1992 | A |
5271967 | Kramer et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
5275336 | Stasi et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
5380564 | VanKuiken, Jr. et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5592927 | Zaluzec et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
5626674 | VanKuiken, Jr. et al. | May 1997 | A |
5820938 | Pank et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
Number | Date | Country |
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2111420 | Jul 1983 | GB |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20030160109 A1 | Aug 2003 | US |