Nuclear excitation transfer via phonon-nuclear coupling

Abstract

An apparatus includes a support and a radioactive source on the support. The radioactive source includes nuclei. An excitation element is coupled to the support. Upon activation of the excitation element, radiation emission from the radioactive source is reduced. The excitation element includes a vibration source. Excitation is transferred from nuclei of the radioactive source to nuclei of the support. The excitation transfer occurs in bulk from multiple nuclei of the radioactive source. The excitation transfer causes emissions from the support.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to condensed matter and nuclear sciences. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to excitation transfer.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form concepts that are further described in the following detailed descriptions. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it to be construed as limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In at least one embodiment, an apparatus includes: a support; a radioactive source on the support, the radioactive source comprising nuclei; and an excitation element coupled to the support. Upon activation of the excitation element, radiation emission from the radioactive source is reduced.

In at least one example, the excitation element includes a vibration source.

In at least one example, excitation is transferred from nuclei of the radioactive source to nuclei of the support.

In at least one example, the excitation transfer occurs in bulk from multiple nuclei of the radioactive source.

In at least one example, the excitation transfer causes emissions from the support.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The previous summary and the following detailed descriptions are to be read in view of the drawings, which illustrate particular exemplary embodiments and features as briefly described below. The summary and detailed descriptions, however, are not limited to only those embodiments and features explicitly illustrated.

FIG. 1 is a down-conversion diagram according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is an up-conversion diagram according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a homonuclear diatomic Ta₂ according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a model for excitation transfer according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a Mossbauer spectra of the prior art.

FIG. 6 is an excitation transfer scheme according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a process apparatus according to at least one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a decay scheme of the prior art, in which W-181 decays to Ta-181.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of the process apparatus of FIG. 7, in which gamma emission emanates from the location of the radioactive W-181 source.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the process apparatus of FIG. 7 in which excitation transfer occurs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

These descriptions are presented with sufficient details to provide an understanding of one or more particular embodiments of broader inventive subject matters. These descriptions expound upon and exemplify particular features of those particular embodiments without limiting the inventive subject matters to the explicitly described embodiments and features. Considerations in view of these descriptions will likely give rise to additional and similar embodiments and features without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matters. Although the term “step” may be expressly used or implied relating to features of processes or methods, no implication is made of any particular order or sequence among such expressed or implied steps unless an order or sequence is explicitly stated.

Any dimensions expressed or implied in the drawings and these descriptions are provided for exemplary purposes. Thus, not all embodiments within the scope of the drawings and these descriptions are made according to such exemplary dimensions. The drawings are not made necessarily to scale. Thus, not all embodiments within the scope of the drawings and these descriptions are made according to the apparent scale of the drawings with regard to relative dimensions in the drawings. However, for each drawing, at least one embodiment is made according to the apparent relative scale of the drawing.

These descriptions relate to novel and non-obvious advancements in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. Experiments have provided evidence of a number of observations:

• • Heat energy, thought to be a nuclear effect, but without commensurate energetic nuclear radiation;
  • He-4 commensurate with and correlated with heat energy;
  • Tritium production;
  • Collimated x-ray and gamma emission.

An explanatory theory as described herein uses developed models to account for heat energy and other anomalies. The approach is based, according to inventive embodiments, on the notion of massive up-conversion and down-conversion. According to inventive embodiments, conversion occurs between large nuclear quanta and large numbers of low-energy vibrational quanta.

FIG. 1 is a down-conversion diagram according to at least one embodiment. A simplest conceptual approach may be used, but math favors intermediate steps where many metastable nuclei with a lower energy transition are excited.

FIG. 2 is an up-conversion diagram according to at least one embodiment. With respect to the simplest possible up-conversion experiment, this mechanism is proposed as responsible for collimated x-ray emission in the Karabut experiment.

Parts of the model according to at least one embodiment follow. One part of the theoretical approach involves models for two-level systems coupled with a highly-excited oscillator. Prior models that may be known in the literature to up-convert and down-convert do not anticipate this. Prior approaches don't expect (macroscopic) phonon exchange with (subatomic) nuclear transitions. Relativistic interaction for this coupling is proposed. Relativistic coupling are known in the literature, but in other disparate non-analogous applications.

An approach according to embodiments herein: Includes a model that results in and is capable of describing anomalies systematically; Theory is connected with experiment, one piece at a time; Includes focus on collimated x-ray emission as a test problem in recent years; and Includes phonon-nuclear coupling.

Phonon-Nuclear Coupling—Relativistic Problem:

$\hat{H}=\sum _j{a}_j·c\left[p_j-q_{j}A\left(r_j\right)\right]+\sum _j{\beta }_j{\mathrm{mc}}^2+\sum _{j<k}{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}\left(r_k-r_j\right)+\sum _j{q}_j\Phi \left(r_j\right)$ $\mathrm{MR}=\sum _j{\mathrm{mr}}_j$ $\hat{P}=\sum _j{\hat{p}}_j$ $Q=\sum _j{q}_j$ ${\xi }_j=r_j-R$ ${\hat{\pi }}_j={\hat{p}}_j-\frac{P}{N}$ $\hat{H}=\sum _j{a}_j·c\left[\frac{\hat{P}}{N}+{\pi }_j-q_{j}A\left(R+{\xi }_j\right)\right]+\sum _j{\beta }_j{\mathrm{mc}}^2+\sum _{j<k}{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}\left({\xi }_k-{\xi }_j\right)+\sum _j{q}_j\Phi \left(R+{\xi }_j\right)$ Foldy-Wouthuysen type of rotation:

$\begin{array}{c}{\hat{H}}^{\prime }=e^{i\hat{S}}\left(\hat{H}-i\hslash \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\right)e^{-i\hat{S}}\\ =\hat{H}+i\left[\hat{S},\hat{H}\right]-\frac{1}{2}\left[\hat{S},\left[\hat{S},\hat{H}\right]\right]+\dots -h\frac{\partial \hat{S}}{\partial t}-\frac{i}{2}\left[\hat{S},h\frac{\partial \hat{S}}{\partial t}\right]+\dots \end{array}$ $\hat{S}=-i\frac{1}{2\mathrm{Mc}}\sum _j{\beta }_j{\alpha }_j·\left[{\hat{P}}_j-\mathrm{QA}\left(R\right)\right]$ Rotation works on the center of mass degrees of freedom.Nucleus as a particle:

${\hat{H}}^{\prime }=\frac{{\hat{P}-\mathrm{QA}}^2}{2M}\frac{1}{N}\sum _j{\beta }_j+Q\Phi -\frac{\hslash Q}{2M}\frac{1}{N}\sum _j{\beta }_j{\hat{\sum }}_j·B-\frac{{\hslash }^{2}Q}{8M^2{c}^2}\nabla ·E+\frac{\mathrm{\hslash Q}}{8M^2{c}^2}\sum _j\underset{j}{\hat{\sum }}·\left[\left(\hat{P}-\mathrm{QA}\right)\times E-E\times \left(\hat{P}-\mathrm{QA}\right)\right]$ Internal nuclear structure:

$+\sum _j{\beta }_j{\mathrm{mc}}^2+\sum _j{\alpha }_j·c{\hat{\pi }}_j+\sum _{j<k}{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}+\sum _j\left[q_j\Phi \left(R+{\xi }_j\right)-\frac{Q}{N}\Phi \left(R\right)\right]-\sum _j{\alpha }_j·c\left[q_{j}A\left(R+{\xi }_j\right)-\frac{Q}{N}A\left(R\right)\right]+\sum _j{\beta }_j\frac{\left(\hat{P}-\mathrm{QA}\right)·{\hat{\pi }}_j}{M}+\frac{1}{2\mathrm{Mc}}\sum _{j<k}\left[\left({\beta }_j{\alpha }_j+{\beta }_k{\alpha }_k\right)·\left(\hat{P}-\mathrm{QA}\right),{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}\right]+\dots$ nucleus as a particle internal nuclear structure

${\hat{H}}^{\prime }=\frac{{\hat{P}}^2}{2M}+\sum _j{\beta }_j{\mathrm{mc}}^2+\sum _j{\alpha }_j·c{\hat{\pi }}_j+\sum _{j<k}{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}+a·c\hat{P}+\dots$ $\mathrm{Where}$ $a·c\hat{P}=\left\{\sum _j{\beta }_j\frac{{\hat{\pi }}_j}{M}+\frac{1}{2\mathrm{Mc}}\sum _{j<k}\left[\left({\beta }_j{\alpha }_j+{\beta }_k{\alpha }_k\right),{\hat{V}}_{\mathrm{jk}}\right]\right\}·\hat{P}\uparrow$ (↑—accounting for coupling between center of mass motion and internal nuclear degrees of freedom)

Phonon-nuclear coupling is present in relativistic models. Interaction can be rotated out for a composite in free space. For interacting nuclei, for some examples it is inconvenient to rotate it out. Examples where this is true are connected with the anomalies.

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule:

Motivation for diatomic molecule: Interested in simplest possible version of problem involving phonon-nuclear coupling; Work with nuclear transitions in two nuclei (fewest possible); Work with identical nuclei (energy levels degenerate); Make use of diatomic molecule (simplest system that can vibrate); Would like electric dipole (E1) transition if possible; and would like lowest energy nuclear transition, to maximize effect.

Low Energy Nuclear Transitions:

	Excited state
Nucleus	energy (keV)	Half-life	Multipolarity
201Hg	1.5648	81	ns	M1 + E2
181Ta	6.24	6.05	μs	E − 1
169Tm	8.41017	4.09	ns	M1 + E2
83KR	94,051	154.4	ns	M1 + E2
187Os	9.75	2.38	ns	M1(+E2)
73Ge	13.2845	2.92	μs	E2
57Fe	14.4129	98.3	ns	M1 + E2

Low Energy E1 Candidates:

isotope	T1/2 (ground)	E(keV)	T1/2 (excited)	Multipole
Ta-181	Stable	6.237	6.05	μs	E1
Dy-161	Stable	25.651	29.1	ns	E1
Pa-229	1.5	d	11.6	(not known)	E1
Ac-227	21.77	y	27.369	38.3	ns	E1 (+M2)
Ta-179	1.82	y	30.7	1.42	μs	E1
Ra-225	14.9	d	31.56	2.1	ns	E1
Ir-190	11.78	d	36.154	>2	μs	E1
Th-227	18.70	d	37.063	(not known)	E1

FIG. 3 shows a homonuclear diatomic Ta₂.

Model for Diatomic Molecule:

$\mathrm{molecule}$ $\hat{H}=M_1{c}^2+M_2{c}^2+\frac{{P_1}^2}{2M}+\frac{{P_2}^2}{2M}+U\left(R_2-R_1\right)+a_1·c\hat{P}+a_2·c\hat{P}$ $\mathrm{nuclear}\mathrm{states}$ $\mathrm{phonon}\text{-}\mathrm{nuclear}\mathrm{coupling}$

A model for excitation transfer according to at least one embodiment is shown in FIG. 4.

Indirect coupling coefficient—Carry out a calculation for the vibrational ground state, and for degenerate nuclear states:

$\langle I^{*}{M}_1,{\mathrm{IM}}_2,n=0{\hat{V}}_{12}{\mathrm{IM}}_1,I^{*}{M}_2,n=0\rangle =-\frac{\mu {c^2\left({\mathrm{\hslash \omega }}_0\right)}^2}{\Delta E^2}\frac{M_1{M}_2}{\sqrt{I\left(I+1\right)\left(2I+1\right)I^{*}\left(I^{*}+1\right)\left(2I^{*}+1\right)}}{\left(I^{*}aI\right)}^2$ Equivalent Hamiltonian:

${\hat{H}}_{12}=-\frac{\mu {c^2\left({\mathrm{\hslash \omega }}_0\right)}^2}{\Delta E^2}\frac{{\left(I^{*}aI\right)}^2}{{\left(I^{*}\hat{I}I\right)}^2}\frac{\left(I_1·R_{12}\right)\left(I_2·R_{12}\right)}{{R_{12}}^2}$

A homonuclear diatomic Ta₂ presents a physics problem for phonon-nuclear coupling. Good analysis of indirect coupling for excitation transfer is provided. Excitation transfer leads to a splitting that may be observable. New splitting is different than electric field gradient quadrupole splitting, closer to, but different than, nuclear spin-spin splitting.

Diatomic ⁵⁷Fe in an argon matrix—Analog in diatomic ⁵⁷Fe:

Mossbauer experiments have been done in diatomic Fe-57. Molecules formed in argon matrix near liquid helium temperature. Mossbauer spectra observed for diatomic Fe₂. Large quadrupole splitting due to electric field gradient may be observed. Phonon-nuclear coupling may be observed in diatomic Ta2 Mossbauer process.

FIG. 5 is a Mossbauer spectra of the prior art (P H Barrett and T K McNab, Phys Rev Lett 25 (1970) 1601)).

Regarding diatomic Ta₂: Mossbauer effect has been studied for Ta-181 transition at 6240 eV; Diatomic Ta₂ molecule has been observed; Optical measurements have been done on Ta₂ in an argon matrix; analogous Mossbauer experiments have not been done for Ta₂ in an argon matrix; the ground state of diatomic Fe₂ is an electronic spin singlet, but ground state of Ta₂ may not be, presenting a challenge.

Excitation transfer with ¹⁸¹Ta—Possibility of observing excitation transfer: Elegant observation of phonon-nuclear coupling in ¹⁸¹Ta₂; Issues with ²⁰¹Hg₂ at 1565 eV, since not an E1 transition, are considered; and various ways to verify phonon-nuclear coupling are considered.

FIG. 6 is an excitation transfer scheme according to at least one embodiment, by which to transfer excitation from one nucleus to another, where there are many others to go to.

Excitation transfer with more nuclei gives a more complicated mathematical problem, but includes similar physics as for up-conversion and down-conversion models. If off-resonant loss is different than on-resonant loss, then one would expect an acceleration of excitation transfer effect. This could be observed by looking at different positions in space.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a process apparatus 100, according to at least one embodiment, that includes a radioactive W-181 source 102.

FIG. 8 is a decay scheme of the prior art, in which W-181 decays to Ta-181.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of the process apparatus 100 of FIG. 7, in which gamma emission emanates from the location of the radioactive W-181 source 102.

Excitation transfer—stimulation by vibrations has the potential to cause excitation transfer effect. As excitation transfer occurs, less emission from the location of radioactive source 102 occurs as excitation is transferred to other nuclei which see common excited vibrational modes. Thus emissions are seen from other parts of a support plate 104.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the process apparatus of FIG. 7 in which excitation transfer occurs. If the plate is thick, then most of the radiation would be absorbed internally.

Embodiments for excitation transfer include: Putting the W-181 source 102 on surface of Ta-181 support plate 104; Check that 6240 eV emission occurs from location of source; Then vibrate using a vibration source 106 coupled to the support plate 104 to cause excitation transfer; Measure reduction of emission from location of source; Measure emission from locations where no source is present; Effect suggests that loss be different in off-resonant states in order to be a big effect.

A candidate for observed anomalies is provided. A potential is to account systematically for all anomalies. A model for massive up-conversion and down-conversion effects is provided. A model for phonon-nuclear coupling is provided. Level shift due to phonon-nuclear coupling in a diatomic molecule may occur. Ta₂ is promising. Challenges are present due to the electronic ground state not being a singlet.

In an at least one embodiment, excitation transfer occurs in a W-181 source device to produce excited state Ta-181. Excitation transfer is used to move the excitation from the source location to other nuclei. Vibrations are to stimulate excitation transfer effect to reduce emission at source location. Emission is seen from other parts of the plate.

Particular embodiments and features have been described with reference to the drawings. It is to be understood that these descriptions are not limited to any single embodiment or any particular set of features, and that similar embodiments and features may arise or modifications and additions may be made without departing from the scope of these descriptions and the spirit of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising: a support comprising first nuclei of an isotope;a source device on the support, the source device comprising second nuclei of the isotope, the second nuclei in an excited nuclear state of the isotope; andan excitation element coupled to the support,wherein upon activation of the excitation element, at least some of the first nuclei are level shifted to at least one nuclear state above a ground state of the isotope by excitation transfer from the second nuclei to the first nuclei.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the excitation element comprises a vibration source.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source device comprises a radioactive source, wherein the second nuclei are produced as decay product nuclei of the radioactive source, and wherein the excitation transfer moves excitation from the decay product nuclei of the radioactive source to the first nuclei of the support.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the excitation transfer occurs in bulk from multiple second nuclei of the source device.

5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the excitation transfer causes emissions from the support.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source device comprises a radioactive source, wherein the second nuclei are produced as decay product nuclei of the radioactive source.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the excitation is transferred by a process in which energy is transferred from the decay product nuclei in the excited nuclear state to one or more of the first nuclei of the support.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the one or more first nuclei of the support to which the energy is transferred are each in a ground state of the isotope before the energy is transferred.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, said at least one nuclear state to which at least some of the first nuclei are level-shifted by excitation transfer is the excited nuclear state of the isotope.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the excitation transfer from the second nuclei to the first nuclei occurs via phonon-nuclear coupling.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the excitation transfer moves excitation from the second nuclei to the first nuclei.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least some of the first nuclei are level shifted via phonon-nuclear coupling in diatomic molecules each comprising one of the first nuclei and one of the second nuclei.