Patent Application
20240057651
The present invention relates to nutritional formulations comprising a pea protein isolate.
More particularly, the invention relates to the application of these nutritional formulations:
In the context of the revegetation of market products and of cost reduction, it may be proposed to develop novel solutions based on pea protein as an alternative to milk protein.
To do this, the pea protein must satisfy certain functionalities such as good solubility, low viscosity in solution, good resistance to heat treatments for the heat-treated liquids, and also good viscosity stability over time.
It must also satisfy the nutritional recommendations recommended by the FAO/WHO, in terms of amino acid profile and digestibility profile.
A yoghurt is a milk seeded with lactic acid ferments in order to thicken it and to conserve it for longer.
In order to be called a yoghurt, it must necessarily, and only, contain two specific ferments, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, which give it its taste specificity and its texture, and also provide certain nutritional and health benefits.
Other fermented milks (with a yoghurt texture) have been created in recent years. They may or may not contain these two bacteria, and in addition strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Biffdobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis and B. breve.
Yoghurts are thus an excellent source of probiotics, i.e. of live microorganisms, which, when ingested in sufficient amount, exert positive health effects, beyond the conventional nutritional effects.
Whether it is set, stirred or liquid, the name yoghurt is retained since, in point of fact, beyond the regulatory definitions, it is its manufacture which conditions its final texture.
Thus, to obtain a set yoghurt, the milk is seeded directly in the pot.
On the other hand, in the case of a stirred yoghurt (also called “bulgarian” yoghurt), the milk is seeded in a tank and then stirred, before being poured into its pot.
Finally, liquid yoghurt, also called drinking yoghurt, is stirred and then blended until the appropriate texture is obtained, and is poured into bottles.
However, other types of plain yoghurt also exist, such as Greek yoghurt, which has a thicker texture.
The percentage of fat may also modify the texture of the yoghurt, which may be manufactured based on whole milk, semi-skimmed milk or skimmed milk (a label comprising only the word “yoghurt” necessarily denotes a yoghurt made with semi-skimmed milk).
In all cases, its expiry date cannot exceed 30 days and it must always be stored in a refrigerator between 0° and 6°.
Three main classes of yoghurt are distinguished as follows:
More liquid, it is often more acidic than plain yoghurt. Only its texture differs. It is also known as bulgarian yoghurt—in reference to the supposed origins of yoghurt and to Lactobacillus bulgaricus, one of the two ferments involved in the transformation of milk into yoghurt. It Is manufactured in a tank before being packaged in pots.
It is particularly suitable for making beverages, such as lassis, fruit cocktails, etc.
This particularly thick yoghurt is a plain yoghurt that has been considerably strained (traditional technique) or enriched with cream. This very tasty, gourmet yoghurt is essential for the preparation of tsatsiki and for Eastern European dishes, and quite simply mixed with fines herbes, it is a delicious aperitif dip. Used cold, it can be used as a replacement for thick crème fraîche.
Although it exists in plain form, it is usually sweetened and flavored, and manufactured with a blended stirred yoghurt. Conceived of in 1974, it has enabled adolescents to rediscover the pleasure of milk, by eating yoghurt without a spoon, direct from the bottle. “Pouring yoghurt”, in a 950 g carton, has also recently come into existence, for those who wish to combine cereals and yoghurt for breakfast.
This low-energy—52 kcal for a fat-free yoghurt made from skimmed milk; 88 kcal for a whole-milk yoghurt—“plain” yoghurt is naturally low in fat and carbohydrates, but contains a fair amount of protein. It is also a source of micronutrients (especially calcium and phosphorus), as well as vitamins B2, B5, B12 and A. Yoghurt, which is constituted of 80% water, participates actively in hydrating the body.
Regular consumption of yoghurt is thus acknowledged to improve the digestion and absorption of lactose (EFSA opinion of Oct. 19, 2010). Other studies show potential benefits on improving diarrhea in children and on the immune system in certain persons such as the elderly.
However, the consumption of cow's milk is subject to increasing criticism änd questioning, and an increasing number of people are quite simply deciding to cut it out of their diet, for example for reasons of lactose intolerance, or for allergenicity problems.
Plant-milk-based yoghurt solutions have thus been proposed, since plant milks are much easier to digest than cow's milk, and are rich in vitamins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids.
In the rest of the present description, for the sake of simplicity, the term “yoghurt” will continue to be used, even if the origin of the protein is not dairy (officially, “yoghurts” that are manufactured from ingredients other than fermented milk, dairy ingredients or conventional ferments such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus do not have the right to be named as such).
The plant source most commonly used is soybean. However, although soybean milk has the highest richness in calcium and protein, it is also very indigestible; this is why it is not recommended for children.
Furthermore, it is not recommended either to excessively consume soybean-based products since their effects on health may be counter-productive when they are consumed in large amount.
Moreover, it is commonly accepted that 70% of the worldwide production of soybean is from GMO sources.
Dairy creams are products containing more than 30% fat, obtained by concentrating milk, and are in the form of an emulsion of oil droplets in skimmed milk. They may be used for various applications, either directly as a consumer product (for example used as a coffee cream) or as an industrial raw material for the manufacture of other products such as butter, cheese, chantilly creams, sauces, ice creams, or alternatively cake toppings and decorations.
Various varieties of creams exist: crème fraîche, low-fat cream, single cream, double cream, pasteurized cream. Creams differ according to their fat content, their conservation and their texture.
Raw cream is cream obtained from the separation of milk and cream, directly after skimming and without performing a pasteurization step. It is liquid and contains from 30 to 40% fat.
Pasteurized cream, which is still of liquid texture, has undergone the pasteurization process. It has thus been heated at 72° C. for about 20 seconds so as to remove the microorganisms that are harmful to humans. This cream is particularly suitable for expanding. It thus takes on a lighter and more voluminous texture on being whipped to incorporate air bubbles therein. It is perfect for chantilly creams, for example.
Certain fluid creams sold in shops are termed as being “long-life”. They may be stored for several weeks in a cool, dry place. To be conserved for such a long time, these creams have either been sterilized, or heated via the UHT process. For sterilization, it is a matter of heating the cream for 15 to 20 minutes at 115° C. With the UHT (or Ultra-High Temperature) process, the cream is heated for 2 seconds at 150° C. The cream is then rapidly cooled, the result of which is that its taste qualities are better conserved.
Cream is naturally fluid, once it has been separated from milk, after skimming. In order for it to take a thick texture, it passes through the seeding step. Lactic acid ferments are thus incorporated and, after maturation, give the cream a thicker texture and a more acidic and richer taste.
Along with the conventional techniques (dating back millennia or centuries) for obtaining cream from milk, techniques for assembling or reconstituting cream from dairy ingredients have been developed in the last decade.
These novel techniques for reconstituting dairy creams have obvious advantages in industrial processes, compared with crème fraîche: low cost of storage of the raw materials, greater formulation flexibility, independence from the seasonal effect on the composition of the milk.
Thus, reconstituted dairy creams can benefit from the natural image generally attributed to dairy products, since the regulations stipulate for their manufacture the exclusive use of dairy ingredients with or without addition of drinking water and the same finished product characteristics as milk cream (Codex Alimentarius, 2007).
The development of the field of reconstituted dairy creams has opened up new possibilities in the formulation of creams, and more particularly that of the birth of the concept of plant-based creams.
Plant-based creams are products that are similar to dairy creams, the dairy fat of which is replaced with plant fat (Codex Alimentarius, codex Stan 192, 1995).
They are formulated starting with well-defined amounts of water, plant fat. dairy or plant protein, stabilizers, thickeners and emulsifiers of low molecular weight.
The physicochemical parameters, such as the particle size, the rheology, the stability and the expandability, are the characteristics which are of chief interest to manufacturers and researchers in the field of substitution of dairy creams with plant-based creams.
For example, as in any emulsion, the size of the dispersed droplets (particle size) is a key parameter in the characterization of creams since it has an appreciable impact firstly on the other physicochemical properties such as the theology and the stability, and secondly on the sensory properties such as the texture and color of creams.
The influence of the type of emulsifier includes both low molecular weight emulsifiers such as monoglycerides, diglycerides and phospholipids, and high molecular weight emulsifiers such as proteins, and also protein/low molecular weight emulsifier interactions.
It is thus known that the concentration of the lipid emulsifier also has an influence on the droplet size of creams. In protein-stabilized systems, a very high concentration of the lipid emulsifier can cause a high increase in the mean droplet size, due to substantial aggregation of the droplets following desorption of the proteins.
The type of protein used in the formulation may also affect the particle size of creams. Specifically, under the same emulsification conditions, creams based on casein-rich protein sources, such as skimmed milk powder, generally have smaller mean droplet diameters than those based on whey protein-rich protein sources, such as whey powder.
The particle size differences between creams prepared from the two protein sources (caseins or whey proteins) are linked to the differences in interfacial properties at the oil/water interface, caseins having a higher capacity to lower the interfacial tension than whey proteins.
Moreover, the protein concentration in the formulation has an influence on the particle size of creams. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, for a constant mass fraction of oil, the droplet size decreases as the protein concentration increases, up to a certain concentration beyond which the size varies very little.
The simultaneous presence of amphiphilic molecules of low molecular weight (surfactant) and high molecular weight (proteins) in a cream formulation is generally reflected by a decrease in the droplet size during emulsification. Moreover, competitive adsorption at the oil/water interface between surfactants and proteins generally leads during maturation to desorption of the proteins at the surface of the droplets, which may entail particle size changes.
Finally, it appears that the emulsification conditions, the choice of the ingredients (both proteins and lipids) used in the formulation, and the temperature. have an influence on the final properties of creams.
It appears that plant-based creams may lead to novel techno-functional properties. Thus, the resistance to freezing, which may impart great stability on ice creams, is an example thereof. They may also show cook-and-serve or cook-and-chill stability, which is a considerable advantage, since these creams may be used either in the preparation of hot or cold meals.
While plant-based creams may afford novel functionalities and show textural properties comparable to or even more interesting than those of dairy creams, it nevertheless remains that they may have sensory defects, especially with regard to their taste and their odor, even sometimes after the addition of flavorings (which is the case for soybean protein or pea protein).
The Applicant Company thus conducted studies on plant-based creams (including the field of “nondairy” coffee creamers) so as to further the understanding regarding the influence of their ingredients, such as pea protein, and their interactions with each other (protein-protein, protein-fat, protein-water, etc.) on the final properties of the creams.
The Applicant Company also developed vegan cheese recipes.
Cheese is normally a food obtained from coagulated milk or from dairy cream, followed by straining and then optionally fermentation and optional maturing.
Cheese is thus manufactured mainly from cow's milk, but also from the milk of goats, sheep, buffaloes or other mammals. The milk is acidified, generally using a bacterial culture. An enzyme, rennet, or a substitute such as acetic acid or vinegar, is then added so as to bring about coagulation and to form clotted milk and whey.
It is known practice to prepare vegan alternatives to cheese (especially mozzarella-type cheeses) by replacing milk caseinates with native and modified starches, more particularly acetate-stabilized starches.
However, it is still sought to improve the shreddability or the capacity to be shredded, the melting, the stability to freezing/thawing and the taste (especially in the United States for pizza preparations).
Tests were conducted combining oil, modified starches and pea protein, but were not entirely satisfactory.
The Applicant Company found that the use of the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention made it possible to satisfy these specifications, especially in terms of shreddability, melting and taste.
Ice creams conventionally contain animal or plant fats, protein (milk protein, egg protein) and/or lactose.
The protein then acts as texturizer in addition to giving the ice cream taste.
They are essentially produced by weighing out the ingredients, premixing them, homogenizing, pasteurizing and refrigerating them at 4° C. (allowing maturation), followed by freezing before packaging and storing.
However, many people suffer from intolerance to dairy products or other ingredients of animal origin, which prevent them from consuming milk or conventional ice cream.
For this group of consumers, there has hitherto been no alternative to ice cream containing milk which has comparable sensory value.
In the ice cream preparations known hitherto containing plant ingredients, mainly based on soybean, attempts were made to replace the animal emulsifiers with plant proteins.
Dried plant proteins, obtained in conventional aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extraction processes and in powder form after drying, were often used.
These proteins prove to be heterogeneous mixtures of polypeptides, certain fractions of which have variable degrees of particularly good properties such as emulsifiers or gel-forming agents, as water-binding agents, foaming agents or texture-improving agents.
Hitherto, plant protein products were obtained almost exclusively from soybean, without fractionation as a function of their specific functional properties.
Moreover, the taste of ice creams prepared with said soybean protein is offputting.
The Applicant Company thus conducted studies on plant-based creams and found that the pea protein isolates according to the invention made it possible to satisfy the desired specifications.
The present invention proposes novel nutritional formulations of yoghurt, cream, dessert cream, cheese or ice cream type containing a pea protein isolate that can totally or partly substitute for milk or soybean protein, of neutral taste, and which have suitable properties such as a low viscosity and improvement of the solubility of the pea protein.
In particular, in the context of nutritional formulations of the fermented milk type or of yoghurt (stirred, Greek, drinking, etc. yoghurt) or dairy/plant-based cream (such as “coffee whitener”). iced dessert or sorbet type, the emulsifying capacity of said pea protein isolate is advantageous for its use in the matrices of these dairy products in partial or total replacement for dairy protein. In the context of vegan cheeses, the addition of said pea protein isolate makes it possible to improve the shreddability (the capacity to be shredded), the melting and the taste of mozzarella-type vegan cheeses.
The invention also leads to improving the taste of the pea protein (reducing the pea notes, green notes) in order to be more neutral in the applications/finished products (with a high content of protein and standard) using the pea protein isolate in partial or total substitution for milk protein, which is an important property for all types of dairy products, dairy or plant-based beverages, fermented milks of yoghurt type, dairy or plant-based creams, dessert cream, cheese or ice cream, etc.
The subject of the invention is, precisely, a nutritional formulation selected from a fermented milk of yoghurt type, a cream, a dessert cream, an iced dessert or sorbet and a cheese and comprising a pea protein isolate which:
Preferably, the pea protein isolate has a digestibility expressed according to the Coefficient of Digestive Use (CDU) of between 93.5 and 95%.
Preferably, the pea protein isolate has a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of between 5 and 10%.
In particular, the pea protein isolate is presented, according to the SYMPHID test, as a protein of “rapid viscosity”, reflecting rapid duodenal assimilation of the constituent amino acids of said isolate.
Preferably, the pea protein isolate has been pasteurized at high temperature for a short time before being dried by atomization.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the pea protein isolate represents 0.1-10% by weight of the nutritional formulation, preferably 0.5-6% by weight.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the pea protein isolate represents 20-30%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90% or 90-100% by weight of the total protein in the nutritional formulation.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the nutritional formulation comprises at least one pea protein isolate and at least one milk protein. The milk protein preferably represents at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70 or 80% by weight relative to the total weight of proteins, in particular in the nutritional formulation in powder form.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the nutritional formulation comprises at least one pea protein isolate, another plant protein, such as a soybean, rice and/or wheat protein, and at least one milk protein.
The pea protein isolate represents:
For vegan cheeses, about 5% by weight of pea protein isolate in the recipe is sufficient to improve their technical and organoleptic characteristics.
For example, the pea protein isolate according to the present invention may represent 0.1-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90% or 90-100%, in particular by weight, of the total protein in the nutritional formulation, or any combination of these percentage ranges.
A subject of the invention is also a nutritional formulation as described above, for use as a single protein source or as a food supplement, intended for infants, children and/or adults.
A subject of the invention is also the use of this nutritional formulation as a single protein source or as a food supplement, intended for infants, children and/or adults.
The present invention relates to nutritional formulations comprising a pea protein isolate according to the present invention. The invention also relates to the isolate according to the present invention, and in particular to the use of the isolate according to the present invention for the preparation of the nutritional formulations
More particularly, the invention relates to the application of these nutritional formulations as fermented milks of yoghurt type (stirred, Greek or drinking yoghurt) and as dairy or plant-based creams, dessert creams, iced desserts or sorbets or as cheeses.
It was found that the incorporation into said nutritional formula of the pea protein isolate of the invention makes it possible to improve the taste of the pea protein by reducing the pea note and the vegetable note.
All the percentages, parts and ratios, as used herein, relate to the weight of the total formulation, unless otherwise indicated.
The food formulations and the corresponding manufacturing processes of the present invention may comprise, consist of or essentially consist of the essential components of the invention as described herein, and also any additional or optional component described herein or otherwise useful in the applications of the nutritional formulation.
In the field of the (total or partial) replacement of dairy protein in yoghurts, dairy creams, ice creams or sorbets, plant protein whose functional properties are equivalent to or even better than those of dairy protein is sought.
In the present patent application, the term “functional properties” means any non-nutritional property which influences the usefulness of an ingredient in a dairy product.
These various properties contribute toward obtaining the desired final characteristics of the dairy product. Some of these functional properties are the solubility, the viscosity, the foaming properties and the emulsifying properties.
Protein also plays an important role in the sensory properties of the food matrices in which it is used, and there is a real synergy between the functional properties and the sensory properties.
The functional properties of protein, or functionalities, are therefore the physical or physicochemical properties which have an effect on the sensory qualities of the food systems generated during technological transformations, storage or domestic culinary preparations.
It is noted that, whatever the origin of the protein, said protein has an influence on the color, the flavor and/or the texture of a product. These organoleptic characteristics have a determining influence on the choice made by the consumer and they are, in this case, strongly taken into account by manufacturers.
The functionality of protein is the result of molecular interactions of the latter with its environment (other molecules, pH, temperature, etc.).
In this instance, it is a matter of the surface properties, which group together the properties of interaction of the protein with other polar or nonpolar structures in the liquid or gas phase: this covers the emulsifying, foaming, etc., properties.
The Applicant Company has noted that there is a real, unsatisfied, need for a nutritional formulation which has advantageous functional properties, and which can be used in dairy product preparation as an at least partial substitute for dairy protein.
By virtue in particular of their properties of taste improvement, pea protein isolates, as a source of protein, are particularly suitable for this use.
More particularly, in these particular fields of application, i.e.:
the Applicant Company has found that:
The pea protein isolates according to the invention are first characterized by their content of free amino acids (determined according to standard NF EN ISO13903:2005).
This value is between 0.5 and 2%. For example, this value may be between 0.5-1%, 1-1.5% or 1.5-2%, or any combination of these percentage ranges.
For comparative purposes, pea protein (such as NUTRALYS® S85F) has a content of free amino acids of about 0.18%.
The pea protein isolates have a total protein content expressed as N.6.25 of more than at least 70% by weight of dry product, preferably at least 80% by weight, for example between 80 and 99%, 80 and 95%, 80 and 90% or 80 and 85%.
The pea protein isolates according to the invention are also characterized by
For the determination of the viscosity profile in water, the measurements are taken.
The shear rates produced in the rheometer make it possible to mimic the treatment conditions to which the solutions of pea protein isolate according to the Invention may be subjected:
Thus, the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention have a viscosity:
This reflects noteworthy stability of said isolates, irrespective the shear force to which they are subjected.
The pea protein isolates are then characterized by their water solubility profile, as a function of the pH.
The principle of the method used is as follows, as will be developed in the example section;
The solubility of the pea protein isolates is thus:
which reflects their noteworthy solubility within these pH zones.
For comparative purposes, pea protein (such as NUTRALYS® S85F) has;
The pea protein isolates are also characterized by their total digestibility profile, with regard to an intact pea protein, and by their digestion kinetics.
As will be illustrated hereinbelow, the digestibility measured in vivo makes it possible to attribute to the pea protein isolates according to the invention a Coefficient of Digestive Use (CDU) with a value of between 93.5 and 95%.
To measure the digestion kinetics of the pea protein isolates, an in vitro model of dynamic digestion under physiological conditions equivalent to the stomach and then the small intestine is used (see example 1, section 4).
As will be illustrated hereinbelow, the behavior of the isolates according to the invention In such a model shows their original positioning between intact pea protein (digestion of “rapid intermediate” type) and whey protein (digestion of “rapid” type).
The pea protein isolates are finally characterized in an in vitro digestibility model as “rapid-digestibility protein”.
To obtain this result; the gastric behavior of five proteins. (pea protein, whey protein and sodium caseinates, and two batches of pea protein isolates according to the invention) is evaluated in an in vitro digestion model (see example 1, section 5).
The digestion kinetics of the proteins depend to a large extent on the residence time in the stomach and on the gastric emptying time.
The viscosity is an important characteristic determining the gastric emptying rate. Thus, in vitro viscosity measurements under gastric conditions are selected as pertinent parameters for characterizing the proteins.
The protein preparations are introduced into an in vitro system which simulates gastrointestinal digestion, in the present case the system developed by the company NIZO (SIMPHYD system, meaning SIMulation of PHYsiological Digestion) as presented on the website www.nizo.com in their brochure entitled Bioavailability of your ingredients which makes reference to the article published in Appl. Envĭron. Microbiol., 2007, January; 73(2): 508-15.
This device presents a system of online rheological measurements for comparing the behavior of the test proteins.
The viscosity profiles over time are measured under gastric pH and enzyme release conditions.
As illustrated hereinbelow, when compared with whey protein (classified in the: “low viscosity” category) and sodium caseinates (classified among the “prolonged high viscosity” proteins):
Based on their in vitro gastric behavior, the pea protein isolates according to the invention are thus rapidly transported into the duodenum, which will result in rapid assimilation of their amino acids.
Evaluation of the emulsifying properties of the pea protein isolates is performed in comparison with pea protein and milk protein.
It was performed using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000E particle size analyzer via the liquid route.
The measurement principle is based on light scattering.
The powders are dissolved at 1% by weight in azide-containing water with stirring for 6 hours at 750 rpm.
4 ml of edible oil combining four plant oils (sunflower, rapeseed, “oléisol” hybrid sunflower, grapeseed) (for example the oil Lesieur Isio 4) are added to 20 ml of proteins (or protein isolate) at 1%.
The whole is blended in a homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax) for 3 minutes at 13 500 rpm, and the emulsions thus formed are then analyzed with a particle size analyzer so as to determine the size of the fat globules thereof.
As will be illustrated hereinbelow, the pea protein isolates according to the invention have better emulsifying properties than the milk protein.
Moreover, their emulsifying property equivalent to that of caseinates makes them most particularly advantageous for the preparation of dried emulsions of “coffee whitener” type.
The present invention relates to the pea protein isolate as described above and to the use thereof for preparing a nutritional formulation.
The preparation of the pea protein isolates according to the invention comprises enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the pea protein, so that said pea protein isolate has a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of between 5% and 10%, preferably between 6% and 8% and even more specifically from 6.5% to 7%.
In a first embodiment, the hydrolysis is performed with an endopeptidase.
A nonspecific endopeptidase is chosen, derived from a strain of Aspergillus, in particular a strain of Aspergillus spp or Aspergillus oryzae.
An endopeptidase EC 3-4-11 is more particularly chosen.
The exact amount of enzyme added to the suspension to obtain the desired characteristics of the pea protein isolates will vary as a function of specific characteristics such as:
Given that these parameters are known, a person skilled in the art can readily determine the appropriate conditions for obtaining the desired characteristics of the pea protein isolate.
In one particular embodiment, the initial pea protein used to prepare the pea protein isolate according to the invention is a pea protein composition as described in patent application WO 2007/17572 or prepared via a process as described in patent application WO 2007/17572 (the teaching being incorporated by reference). In one particular embodiment, the initial pea protein composition is the composition sold by Roquette Frères under the brand name NUTRALYS® S85F.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pea protein suspension is brought to a value of 5 to 20% by weight of solids, in particular from 15 to 20%.
The reaction temperature is adjusted to a value of between 50 and 60° C., preferably about 55° C.
As a general rule, the enzyme system or an enzyme is added to the suspension in amounts in the range from about 0.3 to 1% weight/volume.
The hydrolysis reaction is typically performed over a desired time so as to obtain the desired degree of hydrolysis and/or desired molecular weight profile, in the present case for a time from about 45 minutes to about 2 hours 30 minutes. preferably about 1 hour.
Once again, the time required for the hydrolysis reaction depends on the characteristics as indicated above, but may be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
In other embodiments, the suspension containing pea, protein may be hydrolysed using non-enzymatic means, for example by mechanical (physical) and/or chemical hydrolysis. This technique is also well known in the prior art.
Once the pea protein has been hydrolyzed to the desired degree, the hydrolysis reaction is stopped, for example by inactivating the enzyme, or via other standard means.
In one embodiment, the inactivation of the enzyme is performed by heat treatment.
In accordance with the established practice, the enzyme preparation may be suitably inactivated by increasing the temperature of the incubation suspension to a temperature at which the enzymes become inactivated, for example to about 70° C. for about 10 minutes;
The pea protein isolates thus obtained are then treated at high temperature for a short time (HTST) and then pasteurized and optionally concentrated to a solids content from 10 to 30%, before being dried by atomization. For example, the isolate may be pasteurized at a temperature of between 130° C. and 150° C. for a time from about 1 second to about 30 seconds.
The present invention thus relates to a pea protein isolate that is obtained or that may be obtained via the process as described above.
The present invention also relates to a nutritional formulation comprising a pea protein isolate according to the invention and also to the use of this isolate for preparing a nutritional formulation.
The nutritional formulation may comprise between 20 and 95% of protein relative to the total weight of the nutritional formulation, for example between 20-90%, 30-80% or 40-60%.
The pea protein isolates according to the invention are present in the nutritional formulation according to the invention in an amount ranging up to 100% by weight, especially in an amount of between 52 and 60% by weight, in particular of the nutritional formulation. For example, the pea protein isolate according to the present invention may represent 10-20%, 20-30%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90% or 90-100% of the total protein of the nutritional formulation, or any combination of these percentage ranges. For example, the pea protein isolate according to the present invention may represent 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90% or 90-100% of the total protein of the formulation, or any combination of these percentage ranges.
Moreover, the pea protein isolate according to the present invention may represent 0.1-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90% or 90-100% by weight of the nutritional formulation, or any combination of these percentage ranges. Preferably, it represents 0.1-60%, 1-50%, 1-20% or 1-10% or any combination of these percentage ranges. Preferably, the pea protein isolate represents 0.1-10% by weight of the nutritional formulation, preferably 0.5-6% by weight.
In a particular embodiment, the nutritional formulation in powder form comprises a combination of a pea protein isolate and of a milk-based protein.
In one example of this particular embodiment, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in an amount of at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70 or 80% by weight relative to the total weight of protein, preferably from about 50 to 75% by weight relative to the total weight of protein, for example 45% by weight relative to the total weight of protein. For example, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in powder form in an amount of 10-60%, 20-50%, 30-40% or 50-75% by weight relative to the total weight of protein. Preferably, the rest of the protein is provided by the pea protein isolate according to the invention.
In another example of this particular embodiment, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in liquid form for clinical nutrition in an amount of at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45 or 50% by weight relative to the total weight of protein, preferably about 50% by weight. For example, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in liquid form for clinical nutrition in an amount of 10-60%, 20-50%, 30-40% or 45-55% by weight relative to the total weight of protein. Preferably, the rest of the protein is provided by the pea protein isolate according to the invention.
In another example of this particular embodiment, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in liquid form for sport in an amount of at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 75% by weight relative to the total weight of protein, preferably about 75% by weight. For example, the milk-based protein is present in the nutritional formulation in liquid form for sport in an amount of 10-60%, 20-50%; 30-40% or 45-55% by weight relative to the total weight of protein. Preferably, the rest of the protein is provided by the pea protein isolate according to the invention.
The nutritional formulations in powder form may comprise at least one fat, one protein or one carbohydrate, in which at least some of the protein is a pea protein isolate.
The liquid nutritional formulations may comprise at least one protein, carbohydrate and fat, in which at least some of the protein is a pea protein isolate.
In general, a source of fat, carbohydrate and protein, in addition to the pea protein isolate, may be used here, on condition that these macronutrients are also compatible with the essential components of the nutritional formulations according to the invention.
Although the total concentrations or the amounts of fat, protein and carbohydrate may vary according to the user's nutritional needs, these concentrations or amounts usually fall within one of the following ranges, including any other essential fat, protein, carbohydrate and/or ingredients as described herein:
Nonlimiting examples of fats (in powder or liquid form) or suitable sources thereof for use in the food formulations in powder and liquid form described herein comprise coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soybean oil, com oil, olive oil, safflower oil, safflower oil rich in oleic acid, sunflower oil, sunflower oil rich in oleic acid, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marine oils, cotton oils, fats of dairy origin, and combinations thereof.
Nonlimiting examples of carbohydrates or of suitable sources thereof for use in the food formulations in powder and liquid form described herein may comprise maltodextrins, dextrins, corn starch or hydrolyzed or modified com starch, glucose polymers, corn syrup, carbohydrates derived from rice, glucose, fructose, lactose, high-fructose syrup, honey, sugar alcohols (for example maltitol, erythritol or sorbitol), and combinations thereof.
Nonlimiting examples of proteins, including pea protein isolates, for use in the food formulations in powder and liquid form comprise hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed or non-hydrolyzed proteins or protein sources, which may be derived from any known source, such as milk (for example casein or whey), from animals (for example meat or fish), from cereals (for example rice or corn), from oleaginous plants (soybean or rapeseed), seed-bearing leguminous plants (lentils, chickpeas or beans), or combinations thereof.
Nonlimiting examples of such proteins comprise milk protein isolates, milk protein concentrates such as whey protein concentrates, casein, whey protein isolates, caseinates, whole cow's milk, skimmed milk, soybean protein, partially or totally hydrolyzed protein isolates, concentrated soybean protein, and the like.
The nutritional formulations according to the invention may also comprise other ingredients that can modify the chemical, physical, hedonic or processing characteristics of the products or serve as pharmaceutical or additional nutritional components when they are used by certain target populations.
Many of these optional ingredients are known or otherwise adapted for use in other food products and may also be used in the nutritional formulations in accordance with the invention, on condition that these optional ingredients are safe and efficient for oral administration and are compatible with the other essential ingredients of the selected product.
Nonlimiting examples of such optional ingredients comprise preserving agents, antioxidants, emulsifiers, buffers, pharmaceutical active agents, additional nutrients, dyes, flavorings, thickeners and stabilizers, etc.
The nutritional formulations in powder or liquid form may also comprise vitamins or associated nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, carotenoids, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, salts thereof and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
The nutritional formulations in powder or liquid form may also comprise minerals, such as phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, chloride, and combinations thereof.
The nutritional formulations in powder or liquid form may also comprise one or more masking agents to reduce, for example, the bitter tastes in reconstituted powders.
Suitable masking agents comprise natural and artificial sweeteners. sources of sodium, such as sodium chloride, and hydrocolloids such as guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, and combinations thereof.
The amount of masking agent in the nutritional formulation in powder form may vary as a function of the particular masking agent selected, the other ingredients of the formulation and other formulation variables or target products;
The term “about” means the value plus or minus 10%, preferably plus or minus 5%.
The invention will be understood more clearly with the aid of the following examples which are intended to be illustrative and nonlimiting.
This measurement is based on the method for determining the amino nitrogen on proteins and protein isolates according to the invention with the MEGAZYME kit (reference K-PANOPA) and calculation of the degree of hydrolysis.
The “amino nitrogen” groups of the free amino acids of the sample react with N-acetyl-L-cysteine and o-phthalydialdehyde (OPA) to form isoindole derivatives:
The amount of isoindole derivative formed during this reaction is stoichiometric with the amount of free amino nitrogen. It is the isoindole derivative that is measured by the increase in absorbance at 340 nm.
Introduce an accurately weighed test sample P* of the sample to be analyzed into a 100 ml beaker. (This test sample will be from 0.5 to 5.0 g as a function of the amino nitrogen content of the sample.)
Add about 50 ml of distilled water, homogenize and transfer into a 100 ml measuring cylinder, add 5 ml of 20% SDS and make up to the volume with distilled water; stir for 15 minutes on a magnetic stirrer at 1000 rpm.
Dissolve 1 tablet of flask 1 of the Megazyme kit in 3 ml of distilled water and stir until fully dissolved. Provide one tablet per test.
This solution No. 1 is to be prepared extemporaneously.
The reaction takes place directly in the spectrophotometer cuvettes.
Introduce 3.00 ml of solution No. 1 and 50 μl of the sample preparation.
Mix the cuvettes and read the absorbance measurements (A1) for the solutions after about 2 minutes on the spectrophotometer at 340 nm (spectrophotometer equipped with cuvettes with a 1.0 cm optical path, which can measure at a wavelength of 340 nm, and verified according to the procedure described in the manufacturer's technical manual related thereto).
Start the reactions immediately by adding 100 μl of the OPA solution flask 2 of the Megazyme kit to the spectrophotometer cuvettes.
Mix the cuvettes and place them in darkness for about 20 minutes.
Next, read the absorbance measurements for the blank, the standard and the samples on the spectrophotometer at 340 nm.
The content of free amino nitrogen, expressed as a mass percentage of product per se, is given by the following formula:
The degree of hydrolysis (DH) is given by the formula:
This measurement is based on diluting the sample in distilled water, centrifuging it and analyzing the supernatant.
Introduce 150 g of distilled water at a temperature of 20° C.±2° C. into a 400 ml beaker, mix with a magnetic bar and add precisely 5 g of the test sample.
Adjust the pH, if necessary, to the desired value with 0.1 N NaOH.
Make up the content with water to 200 g.
Mix for 30 minutes at 1000 rpm and centrifuge for 15 minutes at 3000 g.
Collect 25 g of the supernatant.
Introduce into a predried and fared crystallizing dish.
Place in an oven at 103° C.±2° C. for 1 hour.
Next, place in a desiccator (with dehydrating agent) to cool to room temperature, and weigh.
The content of soluble solids, expressed as a weight percentage, is given by the following formula:
in which:
The SIMPHYD device from NIZO Is a static model of simulation of the digestion processes along the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastric digestion is combined with an online viscosity measurement over time. Adapted to physiological conditions, gastric acidification is initiated with concentrated HCl and the enzymes of enzymatic digestion (pepsin and lipase) are added.
All the samples are subjected to the SIMPHYD device at a concentration of 3% (m/v).
The measurements are taken as follows;
The viscosity is monitored for 3 hours, using an AR-2000 TA Instruments rheometer at a shear rate of 75 s−1.
The measurements are taken in duplicate. If the difference between two measurements is too large, a third measurement is taken.
The profile of the test proteins is compared with those established by Hall et al. (2003 article entitled Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite published in Br. J. Nutr. 89: 239-248) for “rapid” and “slow” proteins (whey protein and sodium caseinates, respectively).
The viscosity profiles obtained are presented in
The apparent viscosity of the control whey protein sample does not change during the gastric process, whereas the apparent viscosity of the sodium caseinate control increases after gastric acidification and remains high after addition of the digestive enzymes.
After 5 minutes of acidification, the pea protein (NUTRALYS® $85M) shows a first viscosity peak, followed by a second at 15 minutes, and the viscosity profile then rejoins that of the whey protein, at slightly higher values.
The viscosity begins to fall before the addition of the digestive enzymes.
The pea protein isolates according to the invention show a very small increase in apparent viscosity, which decreases again to values slightly above those of the whey protein, for 30 minutes.
The behavior of the pea protein isolates according to the invention reflects their “rapid” nature characteristic of protein that is more satiety-generating than “slow” protein. This induces faster gastric emptying and a post absorptive increase in plasmatic amino acids.
As indicated above, the measurements are taken by light scattering of redissolved protein powder, the emulsions obtained being analyzed with a particle size analyzer for the size of the fat globules formed.
The results are expressed by:
The table below collates the size of the fat globules of the emulsions prepared using:
The ΔD corresponds to the difference between the D90 and the D10; it reflects the state of dispersion of the emulsions.
The smaller this value, the closer the droplet sizes, and the more homogeneous the emulsion.
The pea protein isolates according to the invention have:
Their properties moreover make them entirely transposable to applications in which a certain level of emulsifying power is required, such as iced dessert preparations or non-dairy coffee whitener, for which caseinates are sought.
1500 kg of pea protein (sold by the Applicant Company under the brand name NUTRALYS@ S85F) are mixed into 8500 liters of water preheated to 55° C.
The mixture is stirred for 3 hours at 55° C.
0.5% (weight/weight) of endoprotease FLAVORPRO 750 MDP (from the company BIOCATALYST) is added.
The mixture is stirred for 1 hour at 55° C.
The degree of hydrolysis obtained is then 7.
The reaction is inhibited by heating the medium to 70° C. and keeping it at this temperature for a minimum of 10 minutes.
A UHT treatment is applied (regime: 140° C.-10 seconds).
The mixture is dried by atomization to a solids content of about 93%.
1500 kg of pea protein (sold by the Applicant Company under the brand name NUTRALYS® S85F) are mixed into 8500 liters of water preheated to 55° C.
The mixture is stirred for 3 hours at 55° C.
0.3% (weight/weight) of endoprotease ENZECO FUNGAL PROTEASE (from the company EDC) is added.
The mixture is stirred for 1 hour at 55° C., and the degree of hydrolysis obtained is then 6.5.
The enzymatic reaction is inhibited by heating the medium to 70° C. and keeping it at this temperature for a minimum of 10 minutes.
A UHT treatment is applied (regime: 140° C.-10 seconds).
The mixture is then dried by atomization to a solids content of about 93%.
For the determination of the viscosity profile in water, the measurements are taken
Before measurement, the solution is stirred for at least 10 hours, at 750 rpm and at 20° C.
The pH is not adjusted.
The following table compares the viscosity profiles of the pea protein Isolates in accordance with the Invention with those of the control milk proteins and of the pea protein NUTRALYS® S85F;
It is found that the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention show Newtonian behavior, like that of the milk proteins, whereas the pea protein NUTRALYS® S85F shows very pronounced shear-thinning behavior.
Furthermore, the viscosities of the pea protein isolates No. 1 and 2 are very close to the viscosities of the milk proteins, or even lower.
The results are presented in the following table and are illustrated by
A study of stability over time of the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention is conducted so as to measure their behavior with regard to intact pea protein.
The study is conducted after six months of storage according to a temperature/relative humidity regime of:
The measurements are expressed as a percentage loss of solubility (measured according to the above procedure).
It is thus found that, at pH 7; NUTRALYS@ S85F loses about half of its solubility, whereas the pea protein isolates lose at most only a fifth of their solubility, and in all cases conserve higher solubility than that of the initial NUTRALYS® S85F.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the total protein digestibility of the pea protein Isolates No. 1 and 2 according to the invention and to compare it with NUTRALYS® S85F.
For this study, 48 Sprague Dawley rats (Charles River, Lyons, France) weighing 100-125 g at the start of the study were randomized as a function of their weight into four groups of 12 rats.
This experiment was performed in accordance with the European legislation on animal experimentation and with respect for animal well-being (APAFIS project No. 0000501).
On their arrival, the rats underwent a 7-day period of quarantine during which they received a standard feed for growing rats.
From the first day of the study, the rats received the following diets, for 10 days:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The consumption of feed and drink and the weight change are monitored on the first and fifth days of study and then daily up to the tenth and final day of study.
During the first five days of study, the urine and feces are also collected daily. The protein contents of the feeds and feces are determined via the Kjeldahl method (standard ISO 1871:2009).
The nitrogen analyses of the feces and feed make it possible to calculate the Coefficient of Digestive Use (CDU):
All the rats had the expected growth. It was significantly lower in the protein-deficient control group, as always in this experimental scheme.
The consumption of drink was not modified by the various diets.
The changes in the other urinary and fecal parameters are directly associated with the control or experimental diet.
As a function of the various experimental days, the following digestibilities were calculated:
From a statistical viewpoint, the protein digestibility of NUTRALYS® S85F is significantly different from that of the pea protein isolate No. 1 according to the invention (p=0.0003).
However, from a biological viewpoint, these differences are totally insignificant.
It may thus be concluded that the digestibilities are similar between NUTRALYS and the pea protein isolates No. 1 and No. 2. according to the invention with the following rounding-up:
This test uses an in vitro technique of simulation of protein digestion according to the following method.
The use of in vitro digestion methods allows efficient screening of various protein-rich food products as a function of their physicochemical properties and of their behavior during their passage through the stomach and the small intestine.
Here, a comparison is made of 3% (m/m) protein solutions for NUTRALYS® S85F, the pea protein isolates No. 1 and No. 2 according to the invention and the controls commonly used in tests of this type, namely casein and whey.
These five solutions are thus tested in an in vitro model of dynamic digestion under physiological conditions equivalent to the stomach and then the small intestine.
This digestion model is coupled with real-time monitoring of the viscosity using a controlled-stress rheometer (AR-2000, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a stainless-steel fin rotor (height 39 mm and diameter 28 mm).
The protein solutions were tested under the same conditions, namely a regular shear at 37° C. and at a rate of 150 s−1 for 3 hours.
The base viscosity was monitored for 5 minutes before performing gradual acidification of the solution down to a pH of between 1.5 and 2.
This acidification generally takes 15 minutes.
Once the pH of the solution has stabilized between 1.5 and 2, an enzymatic cocktail of stomach pepsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and of lipase (Novozyme, Gladesaxe, Denmark) is added. The viscosity monitoring curves are presented in
Monitoring of the viscosity during the in vitro digestion clearly reflects the digestion kinetics of the proteins. Thus, the digestion of whey does not give rise to a change in the viscosity since it is a rapidly digested protein. Casein, for its part, shows a greatly increased viscosity after acidification, which reflects slow digestion.
The pea protein of NUTRALYS® type demonstrates behavior intermediate between these two standards; it is qualified as being “rapid intermediate”.
However, the pea protein Isolates No. 1 and No. 2 according to the Invention show behavior that is again Intermediate between NUTRALYS® S85F and whey.
It should be noted that the combination of rapid proteins with intermediate proteins may facilitate digestion and prolong the time of diffusion of the amino acids in the blood circulation, which is advantageous for protein synthesis in muscles after a long effort.
The nutritive formulations based on milk, pea and competing pea protein and pea protein Isolates according to the invention are presented in the following table (substitution of the order of 23%):
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The nutritional values per 100 g are as follows:
The process for manufacturing the dessert creams is as follows:
The panel is qualified for tasting formulated products. It received training so as to check its performance in terms of:
The panel consisted of 26 people, among the Roquette staff, and, on the day of tasting, 11 people were present, among whom six were specifically trained on the subject of dessert creams.
The products were prepared and then stored in a refrigerator.
They were served to the panellists at room temperature.
In the sensory analysis laboratory: individual tasting cubicles, white walls, calm environment (to facilitate concentration)
The method employed to compare the products was the Flash Profile (J. M. Sieffermann, 2000).
The products are all presented simultaneously. It is a matter of comparing the products by making a succession of classifications: the panellists choose the descriptors which appear to them to be the most pertinent to discriminate between the products, and classify the products according to these descriptors: it is possible that several products are grouped in the same row.
Here is the list of descriptors presented to the panellists as a guide:
The statistical processing method suited to this type of data is multiple factor analysis (J. Pagès, 1994) on the data rows of the products. In order for the results to be clearer, the MFA was performed several times; globally, and per criterion (aspect, odor, taste, texture). The graphs presented summarize all of the results provided by this method.
The statistical processing was performed with the software R version 2.14.1 (2011 Dec. 22).
As is seen in
The milk control has the glossiest appearance and melts in the mouth, but is the least thick and has the sweetest taste.
Regarding the texture, the dessert creams with PISANE® C9 and NUTRALYS® S85F are thicker than those with the pea protein isolate according to the invention.
Regarding the taste, the dessert cream with the pea protein isolate is less pea than the test with PISANE® C9 and NUTRALYS® S85F.
Four Recipes are Developed:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The manufacturing process is as follows:
It is noted that the expandability of the preparations made with the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention is identical to that of the control and is not significantly different from that made with pea protein.
The recipe with pea protein shows the highest viscosities. The recipes with pea protein isolate in accordance with the invention are equivalent to the control recipe.
The particle size analysis was performed at various steps in the preparation of the ice cream for the purpose of evaluating the emulsifying capacity and the stability of the emulsion:
These analyses were also performed with addition of 0.1% SDS so as to determine whether the emulsion was created by aggregation/flocculation or by coalescence.
The results are presented in
For each recipe, the particle size distribution tends to decrease or to become more monomodal after maturation.
This change is very perceptible for the recipe with the pea protein NUTRALYS® S85F. This shows that the pea protein NUTRALYS® S85F is the slowest emulsifier for migrating at the interface of the fat globules.
In contrast, recipe No. 3 (with the pea protein isolate No. 2 in accordance with the invention) is just as good an emulsifier as the recipe containing 100% milk protein.
The pea protein isolate No. 1 in accordance with the invention is less emulsifying than the pea protein isolate No. 2 in accordance with the invention after homogenization, but has a tendency to become just as good after maturation.
Three recipes were developed for these vegan ice creams:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages,
The nutritional values (per 100 g) are as follows:
The manufacturing process is as follows:
Measured mass=mc in which mc is the mass of the empty crucible
Measured mass=mc+mmix in which mmix is the mass of mixture corresponding to the volume V
Measured mass=mc+mica in which mice is the mass of ice (overrun mixture taken from the freezer) corresponding to the volume V.
The overrun measurement is then given by the formula:
It is thus noted that the viscosity is lower when the recipe comprises pea protein isolates according to the invention.
It is found that the hardness is globally better for the recipes with the pea protein isolates according to the invention. More particularly, the pea protein isolate No. 2 according to the invention has a remarkably high hardness, no doubt in relation to its higher overrun power (101%).
The mixtures before and after maturation are characterized with and without SDS:
The final ice cream is introduced unthawed into the bowl of the particle size analyzer. After melting and dispersing the ice cream, the measurement is taken.
The size of the emulsion, before and after maturation, with and without SDS, is given in the following table:
Without SDS, the emulsion of the mixture containing pea protein (control) has a smaller particle size than the emulsions prepared from the pea protein isolates according to the invention.
With SDS, the fat agglomerates are dispersed, and the Dmode is thus closer for the three tests. It should be noted that the formulation with the pea protein isolate No. 1 according to the invention has a particle size analysis peak with larger particles.
No major change is observed after maturation. The formulations with the pea protein isolates according to the invention are more polydisperse than the formulation with the pea proteins.
The emulsion size of the ice cream, in unmodified form, is measured without the presence of SDS.
The size of the major peak (Dmode) is similar for the three ice creams. However, the formulations with the pea protein Isolates according to the invention are more polydisperse, especially with the isolate No. 2.
A comparative study was performed with commercial ice creams, which show that these ice creams contain an even larger number of coarse particles than the control recipes and recipes 1 and 2 in relation to their high content of fat globules.
Empirically, samples of iced desserts of a given volume are placed on a grille above a beaker. The following are then measured:
The panel consisted of 15 people.
The panel, as in the preceding examples, is qualified for fasting products formulated with pea protein. It received training so as to check its performance in terms of:
When compared with the ice creams prepared with pea protein, those of the invention are less bitter, have less of a pea taste and are less colored.
The iced desserts with the pea protein isolates No. 1 according to the invention have a few ice crystals and a more pronounced vanilla taste, are sweeter, and fatter than the other products.
The iced desserts with the pea protein isolates No. 2 according to the invention are sweet and fatty, and more creamy. They have a slightly more pronounced “green tea” taste.
During the process of manufacturing the iced desserts, the pea protein isolates according to the Invention lead to a lower viscosity in comparison with pea protein.
The texture of isolate No. 1 is harder, but is not perceived by the panellists.
The two isolates lead above all to lowering the melting of the corresponding iced desserts.
In terms of taste, the best perception is for the iced desserts prepared with isolate No. 1, of sweet taste and pronounced flavor, less bitterness and less “pea” taste.
The panel consisted of 20 people.
The panel is qualified for tasting products formulated with pea protein. It received training so as to check its performance in terms of:
Specifically, it received training in the correct use of the sensory descriptors of taste and texture, for instance:
The method also allows them to make comments on other descriptors that were not anticipated in this list.
The ice creams are recipes No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 those of Example 9.
The method employed to compare the products was the Flash Profile (J. M. Sieffermann, 2000).
The products are all presented simultaneously. It is a matter of comparing the products by making a succession of classifications: the panellists choose the descriptors which appear to them to be the most pertinent to discriminate between the products, and classify the products according to these descriptors; it is possible that several products are grouped in the same row.
The statistical processing method suited to this type of data is multiple factor analysis (J. Pages, 1994) on the data-rows of the products. In order for the results to be clearer, the MFA was performed several times; globally, and per criterion (aspect, odor, taste, texture). The graphs presented summarize all of the results provided by this method.
The analyses were performed using the R software (on open sale):
The software is a working environment which requires the loading of modules containing the calculation functions such as the FactoMineR version 1.19 package.
The results are shown in
The three samples are all evaluated in terms of creamy texture, cold and fondant and in terms of pea, vanilla and bitter taste.
However, a few descriptors allow them to be differentiated:
The object here is to substitute 100% of the sodium caseinates and to obtain a product that is stable in coffee.
Measurement of the viscosity of the emulsions after pasteurization and measurement of the stability in coffee make it possible to illustrate the improvement in the functional properties of the pea protein isolates relative to NUTRALYS® in their ability to substitute for sodium caseinates.
The recipes developed are as follows:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The manufacturing process is as follows:
The analyses performed on the formulation are as follows:
The viscosity measurements on the concentrated emulsions after the heat treatment step are performed at 65° C., the usual atomization temperature.
The results obtained on the various recipes are as follows:
The viscosities of the emulsions of recipes 2 and 3 after pasteurization are closer to the milk control than that of recipe 4 prepared with pea protein, which makes it possible to dry a low-viscosity emulsion with a high solids content as here at 60% by weight.
The flocculation in the coffee appears to be less substantial with the recipes containing the pea protein isolates according to the invention; relative to that obtained with pea protein. However, this may be correlated with the improvement in solubility of said isolates relative to pea protein.
The object here is to substitute 50% of the sodium caseinates and to obtain a product that is stable in coffee.
Measurement of the viscosity of the emulsions after pasteurization and measurement of the stability in coffee make it possible to illustrate the improvement in the functional properties of the pea protein isolates relative to NUTRALYS® in their ability to substitute for sodium caseinates.
The recipes developed are as follows:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The nutritional values per 100 g are as follows.
The manufacturing process is as follows;
The analyses performed on the formulation are as follows:
Measurement of the size of the lipid globules (with a laser particle size analyzer) makes it possible to determine the capacity of the pea protein isolates according to the invention to form lipid globules of the smallest possible size.
These results clearly show that the 50/50 mixture has a particle size distribution similar to the 100% caseinate control.
Physica MCR 301 Anton Paar rheometer
The lowest viscosity of the 50/50 mixture makes it possible to atomize at a solids content higher than that conventionally required for caseinates.
The stability of the emulsion in coffee is determined by measuring the color variation of the preparation—color measurement according to the L (white balance), a (yellow balance) and b (green balance) coordinates, the white color in coffee being one of the key criteria sought by manufacturers and consumers:
A difference of 2 points for the measurement of the L parameter of the coffees prepared with the 50/50 mixture (L=+96) with regard to the control coffees prepared with caseinates (L=+98) reflects the excellent stability of the mixture with the pea protein isolates in accordance with the invention.
The object here is to replace 30% of the milk protein.
The recipes developed are as follows:
The amounts being indicated as weight percentages.
The manufacturing process is as follows:
The values are given to within ±5%.
Recipe 3 has the closest behavior to the control recipe but with, however, inversion of the viscosity curve relative to the change in viscosity of the control recipe at D+7 and D+14.
Specifically, recipe 3 regains in viscosity at D+14, and is the most resistant to shear at D+14.
Recipe 1 is more viscous and resistant to shear than recipe 3 at D+7, but this reverses from D+14.
Recipe 2 with the pea protein isolate in accordance with the invention is the most viscous of the four recipes, and is more viscous than the control recipe. its viscosity decreases over time:
These results demonstrate that, by virtue of its behavior, the pea protein isolate in accordance with the invention would make it possible to decrease the amount of starch in this recipe if it is desired to make it resemble the viscosity of the control recipe.
The same goes, but to a lesser extent, for recipes 1 and 3.
For the taste evaluation, the panel consisted of 11 people. For the texture evaluation, the panel consisted of 12 people.
The panels are qualified for tasting products formulated with pea protein. They received training so as to check their performance in terms of:
Specifically, they received training in the correct use of the sensory descriptors of taste and texture, for instance:
The three products tested of example 11 (control recipe, recipe 1 and recipe 2) were evaluated three days after being produced and were presented at a temperature of about 10° C. (products stored in a refrigerator, evaluated when taken out).
The method employed to compare the products was the Flash Profile (J. M. Sieffermann, 2000).
The products are all presented simultaneously. It is a matter of comparing the products by making a succession of classifications: the panellists choose the descriptors which appear to them to be the most pertinent to discriminate between the products, and classify the products according to these descriptors; it is possible that several products are grouped in the same row.
Two lists of descriptors, relating to the taste or to the texture, were proposed to the panellists as a guide; they are attached in the appendix of this report.
The statistical processing method suited to this type of data is multiple factor analysis (J. Pages, 1994) on the data-rows of the products. In order for the results to be clearer, the MFA was performed several times; globally, and per criterion (aspect, odor, taste, texture). The graphs presented summarize all of the results provided by this method.
The statistical processing was performed with the software R version 2.14.1 (2011 Dec. 22).
The results are presented in
The vegan cheese recipe containing pea protein isolates No. 2 according to the invention is given in the following table.
The control is a recipe containing pea protein of NUTRALYS F85F type.
The amounts being given as weight percentages.
The process for preparing the recipe is as follows:
Analyses of color, texture, “shreddability” (capacity to be shredded), and stability to freezing/thawing and melting were undertaken.
While the color and texture of the two recipes are equivalent, the recipe with the pea protein isolate No. 2 has better “shreddability” behavior (capacity to be shredded) and better stability on melting. The taste is moreover acknowledged as being better with recipe No. 2.
The object here is to replace 100% of the milk protein by preparing vanilla-flavored creams.
The recipes produced are the following:
The amounts being given as weight percentages.
The nutritional values per 100 g are as follows:
The process for manufacturing the dessert creams is as follows:
The panel consisted of 12 people.
The panel, as in the preceding examples, is qualified for tasting products formulated with pea protein. It received training so as to check its performance in terms of:
Tasting conditions: in the sensory analysis laboratory: individual tasting cubicles, white walls, calm environment (to facilitate concentration), white light (to have the same vision of the product), at the end of the morning, between 10:00 and 12:00 (to be at the height of the sensory capacities). The products are rendered anonymous with a three-figure code and presented in a random order (to avoid order and persistence effects) so as to avoid any saturation effect. The judges commenced randomly with either of the two tests. The products were evaluated at D+8 days at 4° C. on removal from the refrigerator.
The sensory analysis results are presented in
The viscosity of the dessert creams according to the two recipes was measured. The characterization was made on D+3 and D+7.
The recipe with NUTRALYS® S85F has a lower viscosity level than the recipe prepared with the pea protein isolate according to the present invention;
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1651865 | Mar 2016 | FR | national |
| 1653861 | Apr 2016 | FR | national |
| 1656605 | Jul 2016 | FR | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16079891 | Aug 2018 | US |
| Child | 18380829 | US |
