Patent Grant
10406029
Field of the Inventions
The present application relates generally to medical devices and methods for reducing the intraocular pressure in an animal eye and, more particularly, to shunt-type stenting devices for permitting and/or enhancing aqueous outflow from the eye's anterior chamber toward existing outflow pathways and associated methods thereof for the treatment of glaucoma in general.
Description of the Related Art
The human eye is a specialized sensory organ capable of light reception and able to receive visual images. The trabecular meshwork serves as a drainage channel and is located in the anterior chamber angle formed between the iris and the cornea. The trabecular meshwork maintains a balanced pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye by allowing aqueous humor to flow from the anterior chamber.
About two percent of people in the United States have glaucoma. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases encompassing a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, etiologies, and treatment modalities. Glaucoma causes pathological changes in the optic nerve, visible on the optic disk, and it causes corresponding visual field loss, resulting in blindness if untreated. Lowering intraocular pressure is the major treatment goal in all glaucomas.
In glaucomas associated with an elevation in eye pressure (intraocular hypertension), the source of resistance to outflow of aqueous humor is mainly in the trabecular meshwork. The tissue of the trabecular meshwork allows the aqueous humor, or aqueous, to enter Schlemm's canal, which then empties into aqueous collector channels in the posterior wall of Schlemm's canal and then into aqueous veins, which form the episcleral venous system. Aqueous humor is a transparent liquid that fills the region between the cornea, at the front of the eye, and the lens. The aqueous humor is continuously secreted by the ciliary body around the lens, so there is an essentially constant flow of aqueous humor from the ciliary body to the eye's anterior chamber. The anterior chamber pressure is determined by a balance between the production of aqueous and its exit through the trabecular meshwork (major route) or uveal scleral outflow (minor route). The trabecular meshwork is located between the outer rim of the iris and the back of the cornea, in the anterior chamber angle. The portion of the trabecular meshwork adjacent to Schlemm's canal (the juxtacanilicular meshwork) causes most of the resistance to aqueous outflow.
Glaucoma is grossly classified into two categories: closed-angle glaucoma, also known as “angle closure” glaucoma, and open-angle glaucoma. Closed-angle glaucoma is caused by closure of the anterior chamber angle by contact between the iris and the inner surface of the trabecular meshwork. Closure of this anatomical angle prevents normal drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye.
Open-angle glaucoma is any glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but the exit of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork is diminished. The exact cause for diminished filtration is unknown for most cases of open-angle glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common of the glaucomas, and it is often asymptomatic in the early to moderately advanced stage. Patients may suffer substantial, irreversible vision loss prior to diagnosis and treatment. However, there are secondary open-angle glaucomas which may include edema or swelling of the trabecular spaces (e.g., from corticosteroid use), abnormal pigment dispersion, or diseases such as hyperthyroidism that produce vascular congestion.
Current therapies for glaucoma are directed at decreasing intraocular pressure. Medical therapy includes topical ophthalmic drops or oral medications that reduce the production or increase the outflow of aqueous. However, these drug therapies for glaucoma are sometimes associated with significant side effects, such as headache, blurred vision, allergic reactions, death from cardiopulmonary complications, and potential interactions with other drugs. When drug therapy fails, surgical therapy is used. Surgical therapy for open-angle glaucoma consists of laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy, and implantation of aqueous shunts after failure of trabeculectomy or if trabeculectomy is unlikely to succeed. Trabeculectomy is a major surgery that is widely used and is augmented with topically applied anticancer drugs, such as 5-flurouracil or mitomycin-C to decrease scarring and increase the likelihood of surgical success.
Approximately 100,000 trabeculectomies are performed on Medicare-age patients per year in the United States. This number would likely increase if the morbidity associated with trabeculectomy could be decreased. The current morbidity associated with trabeculectomy consists of failure (10-15%); infection (a life long risk of 2-5%); choroidal hemorrhage, a severe internal hemorrhage from low intraocular pressure, resulting in visual loss (1%); cataract formation; and hypotony maculopathy (potentially reversible visual loss from low intraocular pressure).
For these reasons, surgeons have tried for decades to develop a workable surgery for the trabecular meshwork.
The surgical techniques that have been tried and practiced are goniotomy/trabeculotomy and other mechanical disruptions of the trabecular meshwork, such as trabeculopuncture, goniophotoablation, laser trabecular ablation, and goniocurretage. These are all major operations and are briefly described below.
Goniotomy/Trabeculotomy: Goniotomy and trabeculotomy are simple and directed techniques of microsurgical dissection with mechanical disruption of the trabecular meshwork. These initially had early favorable responses in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. However, long-term review of surgical results showed only limited success in adults. In retrospect, these procedures probably failed due to cellular repair and fibrosis mechanisms and a process of “filling in.” Filling in is a detrimental effect of collapsing and closing in of the opening created in the trabecular meshwork. Once the openings close, the pressure builds back up and the surgery fails.
Trabeculopuncture: Q-switched Neodynium (Nd) YAG lasers also have been investigated as an optically invasive technique for creating full-thickness holes in trabecular meshwork. However, the relatively small hole created by this trabeculopuncture technique exhibits a filling-in effect and fails.
Goniophotoablation/Laser Trabecular Ablation: Goniophotoablation is disclosed by Berlin in U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,172 and involves the use of an excimer laser to treat glaucoma by ablating the trabecular meshwork. This was demonstrated not to succeed by clinical trial. Hill et al. disclosed the use of an Erbium:YAG laser to create full-thickness holes through trabecular meshwork (Hill et al., Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 11:341-346, 1991). This technique was investigated in a primate model and a limited human clinical trial at the University of California, Irvine. Although morbidity was zero in both trials, success rates did not warrant further human trials. Failure was again from filling in of surgically created defects in the trabecular meshwork by repair mechanisms. Neither of these is a viable surgical technique for the treatment of glaucoma.
Goniocurretage: This is an ab interno (from the inside), mechanically disruptive technique that uses an instrument similar to a cyclodialysis spatula with a microcurrette at the tip. Initial results were similar to trabeculotomy: it failed due to repair mechanisms and a process of filling in.
Although trabeculectomy is the most commonly performed filtering surgery, viscocanulostomy (VC) and non-penetrating trabeculectomy (NPT) are two new variations of filtering surgery. These are ab externo (from the outside), major ocular procedures in which Schlemm's canal is surgically exposed by making a large and very deep scleral flap. In the VC procedure, Schlemm's canal is cannulated and viscoelastic substance injected (which dilates Schlemm's canal and the aqueous collector channels). In the NPT procedure, the inner wall of Schlemm's canal is stripped off after surgically exposing the canal.
Trabeculectomy, VC, and NPT involve the formation of an opening or hole under the conjunctiva and scleral flap into the anterior chamber, such that aqueous humor is drained onto the surface of the eye or into the tissues located within the lateral wall of the eye. These surgical operations are major procedures with significant ocular morbidity. Where trabeculectomy, VC, and NPT were thought to have a low chance for success in particular cases, a number of implantable drainage devices have been used to ensure that the desired filtration and outflow of aqueous humor through the surgical opening will continue. The risk of placing a glaucoma drainage device also includes hemorrhage, infection, and diplopia (double vision).
Examples of implantable shunts and surgical methods for maintaining an opening for the release of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye to the sclera or space beneath the conjunctiva have been disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,772 to Hsia et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,970 to Baerveldt, U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,283 to Richter et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,666 to Odrich.
All of the above surgeries and variations thereof have numerous disadvantages and moderate success rates. They involve substantial trauma to the eye and require great surgical skill in creating a hole through the full thickness of the sclera into the subconjunctival space. The procedures are generally performed in an operating room and have a prolonged recovery time for vision.
The complications of existing filtration surgery have prompted ophthalmic surgeons to find other approaches to lowering intraocular pressure or treating tissue of trabecular meshwork.
The trabecular meshwork and juxtacanilicular tissue together provide the majority of resistance to the outflow of aqueous and, as such, are logical targets for tissue stimulation/rejuvenating or shunting in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. In addition, minimal amounts of tissue are displaced and functions of the existing physiologic outflow pathways are restored.
As reported in Arch. Ophthalm. (2000) 118:412, glaucoma remains a leading cause of blindness, and filtration surgery remains an effective, important option in controlling the disease. However, modifying existing filtering surgery techniques in any profound way to increase their effectiveness appears to have reached a dead end. The article further states that the time has come to search for new surgical approaches that may provide better and safer care for patients with glaucoma.
There is a great clinical need for an improved method of treating glaucoma that is faster, safer, and less expensive than currently available drug or surgical modalities. The methods disclosed herein include ab interno and ab externo procedures that involve non-flap operations. The methods herein may further comprise using an innovative stenting device.
The trabecular meshwork and juxtacanilicular tissue together provide the majority of resistance to the outflow of aqueous and, as such, are logical targets for the treatment of glaucoma. Various embodiments of glaucoma devices and methods are disclosed herein for treating glaucoma by an ab interno procedure or an ab externo procedure, with respect to trabecular meshwork. The “ab interno” procedure is herein intended to mean any procedure that creates an opening from the anterior chamber through trabecular meshwork outwardly toward Schlemm's canal or toward scleral/cornea wall. This ab interno procedure may be initiated through the scleral wall or cornea wall into the anterior chamber as a first step. The “ab externo” procedure is herein intended to mean any procedure that creates an opening on the scleral wall through trabecular meshwork inwardly toward the anterior chamber. In most “ab externo” procedures disclosed herein, an instrument is passed through or contacts Schlemm's canal before entering trabecular meshwork and approaching the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork can generally be said to be bordered on one side by the anterior chamber and on the other side by Schlemm's canal.
Glaucoma surgical morbidity would greatly decrease if one were to bypass the focal resistance to outflow of aqueous only at the point of resistance, and to utilize remaining, healthy aqueous outflow mechanisms. This is in part because episcleral aqueous humor exerts a backpressure that prevents intraocular pressure from falling too low, and one could thereby avoid hypotony. Thus, such a surgery may virtually eliminate the risk of hypotony-related maculopathy and choroidal hemorrhage. Furthermore, visual recovery would be very rapid, and the risk of infection may be very small, reflecting a reduction in incidence from 2-5% to about 0.05%.
Copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/549,350, filed Apr. 14, 2000, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING GLAUCOMA, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,239, and copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/704,276, filed Nov. 1, 2000, entitled GLAUCOMA TREATMENT DEVICE, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,736,791, disclose devices and methods of placing a trabecular shunt ab interno, i.e., from inside the anterior chamber through the trabecular meshwork, into Schlemm's canal. The entire contents of each one of these copending patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein. This application encompasses both ab interno and ab externo glaucoma shunts or stents and methods thereof.
One technique performed in accordance with certain aspects herein can be referred to generally as “trabecular bypass surgery.” Advantages of this type of surgery include lowering intraocular pressure in a manner which is simple, effective, disease site-specific, and can potentially be performed on an outpatient basis.
Generally, trabecular bypass surgery (TBS) creates an opening, a slit, or a hole through trabecular meshwork with minor microsurgery. TBS has the advantage of a much lower risk of choroidal hemorrhage and infection than prior techniques, and it uses existing physiologic outflow mechanisms. In some aspects, this surgery can potentially be performed under topical or local anesthesia on an outpatient basis with rapid visual recovery. To prevent “filling in” of the hole, a biocompatible elongated hollow device is placed within the hole and serves as a stent. U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,239 and the corresponding PCT application, PCT/US01/07398, filed Mar. 8, 2001, published as WO 01/78631A2, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein, disclose trabecular bypass surgery in details.
As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,638,239 and 6,736,791, a trabecular shunt or stent for transporting aqueous humor is provided. The trabecular stent includes a hollow, elongate tubular element, having an inlet section and an outlet section. The outlet section may optionally include two segments or elements, adapted to be positioned and stabilized inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, the device appears as a “T” shaped device. In another embodiment, the device appears as a “L” shaped device. In still another embodiment, the device appears as a “I” shaped embodiment.
In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein, a delivery apparatus (or “applicator”) is used for placing a trabecular stent through a trabecular meshwork of an eye. Certain embodiments of such a delivery apparatus are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,548, filed Mar. 18, 2002, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/276,609, filed Mar. 16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The stent has an inlet section and an outlet section. In one embodiment, the delivery apparatus includes a handpiece, an elongate tip, a holder and an actuator. The handpiece has a distal end and a proximal end. The elongate tip is connected to the distal end of the handpiece. The elongate tip has a distal portion and is configured to be placed through a corneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The holder is attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip. The holder is configured to hold and release the inlet section of the trabecular stent. The actuator is on the handpiece and actuates the holder to release the inlet section of the trabecular stent from the holder. When the trabecular stent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into the eye, the outlet section is positioned in substantially opposite directions inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deployment mechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull type plunger.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to devices for reducing intraocular pressure by providing outflow of aqueous from an anterior chamber of an eye. The device generally comprises an elongated tubular member and cutting means. The tubular member is adapted for extending through a trabecular meshwork of the eye. The tubular member generally comprises a lumen having an inlet port and at least one outlet port for providing a flow pathway. The cutting means is mechanically connected to or is an integral part of the tubular member for creating an incision in the trabecular meshwork for receiving at least a portion of the tubular member.
In one embodiment, a self-trephining glaucoma stent is provided for reducing and/or balancing intraocular pressure in an eye. The stent generally comprises a snorkel and a curved blade. The snorkel generally comprises an upper seat for stabilizing the stent within the eye, a shank and a lumen. The shank is mechanically connected to the seat and is adapted for extending through a trabecular meshwork of the eye. The lumen extends through the snorkel and has at least one inlet flow port and at least one outlet flow port. The blade is mechanically connected to the snorkel. The blade generally comprises a cutting tip proximate a distal-most point of the blade for making an incision in the trabecular meshwork for receiving the shank.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of implanting a trabecular stent device in an eye. In one embodiment, the device has a snorkel mechanically connected to a blade. The blade is advanced through a trabecular meshwork of the eye to cut the trabecular meshwork and form an incision therein. At least a portion of the snorkel is inserted in the incision to implant the device in the eye.
Some embodiments provide a self-trephining glaucoma stent and methods thereof which advantageously allow for a “one-step” procedure in which the incision and placement of the stent are accomplished by a single device and operation. This desirably allows for a faster, safer, and less expensive surgical procedure. In any of the embodiments, fiducial markings, indicia, or the like and/or positioning of the stent device in a preloaded applicator may be used for proper orientation and alignment of the device during implantation.
Among the advantages of trabecular bypass surgery is its simplicity. The microsurgery may potentially be performed on an outpatient basis with rapid visual recovery and greatly decreased morbidity. There is a lower risk of infection and choroidal hemorrhage, and there is a faster recovery, than with previous techniques.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a medical device system for treating glaucoma of an eye comprising using OCT (optical coherence tomography) as an imaging and locating system for trabecular stent placement. In one embodiment, the procedure would first be set up with triangulation or some means to reliably establish the implant location in x, y, and z coordinates by using OCT within a few microns, most preferably in a non-invasive, non-contact manner. Having acquired the target space or location, the trabecular stent device would then be injected into place either via an ab interno procedure or an ab externo procedure. An article by Hoerauf et al. (Greafe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 238:8-18 published by Springer-Verlag), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a “foldable” stent wherein the size of the stent is reduced in order to place it through a yet smaller ocular entrance wound, as small as half or less than the size of the unfolded stent. The small wound size aids in recovery, to reduce the likelihood of complications, and to reduce the preparation and extent of the surgical environment. In another embodiment, the device is positioned through the trabecular meshwork in an ab externo or ab interno procedure. Reliable visualization (OCT, UBM, gonioscope, electromagnetic or other means) is a key enabler for micro precision surgery such as a trabecular bypass surgery using a microstent.
Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a medical device system with trephining capability, wherein a cutting mechanism is on or as part of the applicator for purposes of making the hole in trabecular meshwork for stent insertion. In one aspect, a cutting tip may protrude through the lumen of the stent. In another, the tip extends down the side of the snorkel without entering the lumen. In still another, the tip either passes through the lumen or down the side and further extends to the tip of the stent that is the leading edge during insertion. In one embodiment, the cutting tip can be designed to retract after making the incision but before insertion of the stent into Schlemm's canal if it interferes with the insertion operation. It could also be retracted after insertion of the stent into Schlemm's canal.
Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treating glaucoma, the implant having a longitudinal implant axis and comprising an outflow portion through which a portion of the longitudinal implant axis passes. The outflow portion is shaped and sized to be introduced into Schlemm's canal with the portion of the longitudinal implant axis at an angle to Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion if further shaped and sized to be received within Schlemm's canal regardless of the rotational orientation of the outflow portion about the portion of the longitudinal implant axis during the introduction. The implant also comprises an inflow portion in fluid communication with the outflow portion, the inflow portion being configured to permit communication of fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye to the outflow portion.
Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treating glaucoma that comprises an outflow portion that is sized and shaped to be received within Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion may comprise an outflow portion base having an outflow opening and at least one standoff member disposed to space the outflow opening from a wall of Schlemm's canal, such that the opening is unobstructed by the canal wall.
Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treating glaucoma. The implant has a longitudinal implant axis and comprises a first portion at a first end of the longitudinal implant axis. The first portion is sized and configured to reside in Schlemm's canal such that the first portion has a maximum dimension along a longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal that is not substantially greater than a dimension of the first portion that runs perpendicular to both the longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal and to the longitudinal implant axis. The implant also comprises a second portion at a second end of the longitudinal implant axis, the second portion being configured to provide fluid communication between the anterior chamber and the first portion.
Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treating glaucoma that comprises an outflow portion that is sized and shaped to be received within Schlemm's canal and an inflow portion that is in fluid communication with the outflow portion. The inflow portion is configured to be disposed in the anterior chamber of the eye. The implant also comprises a central portion extending between the inflow and outflow portions. The outflow portion has a diameter that is no more than three times the diameter of the central portion.
In accordance with one embodiment disclosed herein, an implant for treating glaucoma is provided. The implant includes a longitudinal implant axis, and comprises an outflow portion through which the longitudinal implant axis passes. The outflow portion is shaped and sized to be introduced into Schlemm's canal with the portion of the longitudinal implant axis at an angle to Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion is also shaped and sized to be received within Schlemm's canal regardless of a rotational orientation of the outflow portion about the longitudinal implant axis during the introduction. The implant also comprises an inflow portion configured to permit communication of fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye to the outflow portion.
In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, an implant for treating glaucoma is provided. The implant comprises an outflow portion, sized and shaped to be received within Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion comprises an outflow portion base having an outflow opening and at least one standoff member disposed to space the outflow opening from a wall of Schlemm's canal, such that the outflow opening is unobstructed by the canal wall.
In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, an implant for treating glaucoma is provided The implant includes a longitudinal implant axis and comprises a first portion at a first end of the longitudinal implant axis. The first portion is sized and configured to reside in Schlemm's canal, such that the first portion has a maximum dimension along a longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal that is not substantially greater than a dimension of the first portion that runs perpendicular to both the longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal and to the longitudinal implant axis. A second portion at a second end of the longitudinal implant axis is configured to provide fluid communication between the anterior chamber and the first portion.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, an implant for treating glaucoma comprises an outflow portion, sized and shaped to be received within Schlemm's canal. An inflow portion is in fluid communication with the outflow portion, the inflow portion configured to be disposed in the anterior chamber of the eye. A central portion may extend between the inflow and outflow portions. The outflow portion having a diameter that is no more than three times the diameter of the central portion.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, an instrument for delivering implants for treating an ophthalmic condition is provided. The instrument comprises an elongate body sized to be introduced into an eye through an incision in the eye. A plurality of implants is positioned in the elongate body. The elongate body further comprises an actuator that serially dispenses the implants from the elongate body for implanting in eye tissue.
In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method includes inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location, without removing the instrument from the eye between the deliveries of the implants.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method includes inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location, wherein the locations are determined from morphological data on collector channel locations.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location. The locations are determined by imaging collector channel locations.
In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location. The locations are angularly spaced along Schlemm's canal by at least 20 degrees.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location. The first and second locations are substantially at collector channels.
In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a second location. The implants have different flow characteristics.
In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through an incision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant into the posterior segment of the eye, and utilizing the instrument to deliver a second implant into the posterior segment of the eye at a second location. The instrument is not removed from the eye between the deliveries of the implants.
In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, a method of implanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided. The method comprises serially dispensing a plurality of preloaded implants from an instrument into eye tissue at a respective plurality of locations within the eye.
In some embodiments, an implant for treating glaucoma is disclosed. The implant preferably comprises an inlet portion configured to be positioned in the anterior chamber of an eye and an outlet portion in fluid communication with the inlet portion, the outlet portion configured to be positioned at least partially in Schlemm's canal of the eye. The implant also preferably comprises a scleral anchor extending from the outlet portion. The scleral anchor is configured to penetrate partially the sclera of the eye when the implant is positioned in the eye such that aqueous humor flows from the anterior chamber into the inlet portion, then into the outlet portion, and then into Schlemm's canal.
The implant may further comprise a stop that limits penetration of the implant through the sclera. For example, the stop may comprise a base of said outlet portion, an interface between the outlet portion and the scleral anchor, or at least one portion of said scleral anchor configured to radially extend into the sclera. Other means for limiting penetration of the implant through the sclera may also be used.
In some embodiments, the implant comprises a solid-walled tube having at least two ends. The tube may have multiple openings along a wall of said tube, the openings being spaced apart from the two ends. The tube may have a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a square, and a polygon. Other shapes may also be used.
In some embodiments, the scleral anchor may comprise a screw configured to penetrate partially the sclera. In further embodiments, the scleral anchor may comprise a sharp end, a conical shape, a screw, at least one protrusion, or a circumferential indentation.
In some embodiments, an implant for treating glaucoma is disclosed wherein the implant comprises an inlet portion that is configured to be positioned in the anterior chamber of an eye and an outlet portion in fluid communication with the inlet portion. The outlet portion is preferably configured to be positioned at least partially in Schlemm's canal of the eye. The outlet portion comprises a bulbous portion having at least two outlet openings along a surface of said bulbous portion, and the outlet openings are in fluid communication with the outlet and inlet portions.
In some embodiments the surface of the bulbous portion is polyhedral. In further embodiments, the bulbous portion has a shape that comprises at least part of a sphere or at least part of an ellipsoid. In a further embodiment, the bulbous portion is substantially hemispherical in shape.
For purposes of summarizing, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the inventions disclosed herein have been described herein above. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, the inventions may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught or suggested herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.
These and other embodiments of the inventions will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments having reference to the attached figures, the inventions not being limited to any particular preferred embodiment(s) disclosed.
Certain preferred embodiments and modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description herein having reference to the figures that follow, of which:
The preferred embodiments described herein relate particularly to surgical and therapeutic treatment of glaucoma through reduction of intraocular pressure and/or stimulation of the trabecular meshwork tissue. While the description sets forth various embodiment-specific details, it will be appreciated that the description is illustrative only and should not be construed in any way as limiting the inventions disclosed herein. Furthermore, various applications of the inventions disclosed herein, and modifications thereto, which may occur to those who are skilled in the art, are also encompassed by the general concepts described herein.
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In modified embodiments, suitable cutting edges may be provided on selected portions of one or more selected blade edges 68, 70, 72, 74 with efficacy, as needed or desired, giving due consideration to the goals of providing suitable cutting means on the stent 30 for effectively cutting through the trabecular meshwork 21 (
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The stent 30 of the embodiments disclosed herein can be dimensioned in a wide variety of manners. Referring in particular to
Of course, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, that with the stent 30 implanted, the blade 34 may rest at any suitable position within Schlemm's canal 22. For example, the blade 34 may be adjacent to a front wall 90 of Schlemm's canal 22 (as shown in
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The trabecular stenting device 30 preferably comprises a biocompatible material such that inflammation arising due to irritation between the outer surface of the device 30 and the surrounding tissue is minimized. Biocompatible materials which may be used for the device 30 preferably include, but are not limited to, titanium, titanium alloys, medical grade silicone, e.g., SILASTIC™, available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Mich.; and polyurethane, e.g., PELLETHANE™, also available from Dow Corning Corporation.
In other embodiments, the stent device 30 may comprise other types of biocompatible material, such as, by way of example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrolidone, collagen, heparinized collagen, polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polymer, fluorinated elastomer, flexible fused silica, polyolefin, polyester, polysilicon, and/or a mixture of the aforementioned biocompatible materials, and the like. In still other embodiments, composite biocompatible material may be used, wherein a surface material may be used in addition to one or more of the aforementioned materials. For example, such a surface material may include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (such as TEFLON™), polyimide, hydrogel, heparin, therapeutic drugs (such as beta-adrenergic antagonists and other anti-glaucoma drugs, or antibiotics), and the like.
In an exemplary embodiment of the trabecular meshwork surgery, the patient is placed in the supine position, prepped, draped and anesthetized as necessary. A small (less than about 1 mm) incision, which may be self sealing can then be made through the cornea 12. The corneal incision can be made in a number of ways, for example, by using a micro-knife, among other tools.
An applicator or delivery apparatus is used to advance the glaucoma stent 30 through the corneal incision and to the trabecular meshwork 21. Some embodiments of such a delivery apparatus are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,548, filed Mar. 18, 2002, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/276,609, filed Mar. 16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, the entire contents of each one of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Some embodiments of a delivery apparatus are also described in further detail below. Gonioscopic, microscopic, or endoscopic guidance can be used during the trabecular meshwork surgery.
With the device 30 held by the delivery apparatus, the blade 34 of the device 30 is used to cut and/or displace the material of the trabecular meshwork 21. The snorkel shank 40 can also facilitate in removal of this material during implantation. The delivery apparatus is withdrawn once the device 30 has been implanted in the eye 10. As shown in
Advantageously, the embodiments of the self-trephining stent device 30 allow for a “one-step” procedure to make an incision in the trabecular meshwork and to implant the stent in the proper orientation and alignment within the eye to allow outflow of aqueous from the anterior chamber through the stent and into Schlemm's canal to lower and/or balance the intraocular pressure (IOP). Desirably, this provides for a faster, safer, and less expensive surgical procedure.
Many complications can arise in trabecular meshwork surgeries, wherein a knife is first used to create an incision in the trabecular meshwork, followed by removal of the knife and subsequent installation of the stent. For instance, the knife may cause some bleeding which clouds up the surgical site. This may require more effort and time to clean the surgical site prior to placement of the stent. Moreover, this may cause the intraocular pressure (IOP) to rise or to fall undesirably. Thus, undesirably, such a multiple step procedure may demand crisis management which slows down the surgery, makes it less safe, and more expensive.
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
Referring to
In general, any of the blade configurations disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with any of the snorkel configurations disclosed herein or incorporated by reference herein to provide a self-trephining glaucoma stent device for making an incision in the trabecular meshwork for receiving the corresponding snorkel to provide a pathway for aqueous outflow from the eye anterior chamber to Schlemm's canal, thereby effectively lowering and/or balancing the intraocular pressure (IOP). The self-trephining ability of the device, advantageously, allows for a “one-step” procedure in which the incision and placement of the snorkel are accomplished by a single device and operation. In any of the embodiments, fiducial markings or indicia, and/or preselected configuration of the snorkel seat, and/or positioning of the stent device in a preloaded applicator may be used for proper orientation and alignment of the device during implantation.
In many cases, a surgeon works from a temporal incision when performing cataract or goniometry surgery.
Still referring in particular to
In one embodiment of the invention, a delivery apparatus (or “applicator”) is used for placing a trabecular stent through a trabecular meshwork of an eye. Certain embodiments of such a delivery apparatus are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,548, filed Mar. 18, 2002, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/276,609, filed Mar. 16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT.
The stent has an inlet section and an outlet section. The delivery apparatus includes a handpiece, an elongate tip, a holder and an actuator. The handpiece has a distal end and a proximal end. The elongate tip is connected to the distal end of the handpiece. The elongate tip has a distal portion and is configured to be placed through a corneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The holder is attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip. The holder is configured to hold and release the inlet section of the trabecular stent. The actuator is on the handpiece and actuates the holder to release the inlet section of the trabecular stent from the holder. When the trabecular stent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into the eye, the outlet section is positioned in substantially opposite directions inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deployment mechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull type plunger.
In some embodiments, the holder comprises a clamp. In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a spring within the handpiece that is configured to be loaded when the stent is being held by the holder, the spring being at least partially unloaded upon actuating the actuator, allowing for release of the stent from the holder.
In various embodiments, the clamp comprises a plurality of claws configured to exert a clamping force onto the inlet section of the stent. The holder may also comprise a plurality of flanges.
In some embodiments, the distal portion of the elongate tip is made of a flexible material. This can be a flexible wire. The distal portion can have a deflection range, preferably of about 45 degrees from the long axis of the handpiece. The delivery apparatus can further comprise an irrigation port in the elongate tip.
Some embodiments include a method of placing a trabecular stent through a trabecular meshwork of an eye, the stent having an inlet section and an outlet section, including advancing a delivery apparatus holding the trabecular stent through an anterior chamber of the eye and into the trabecular meshwork, placing part of the stent through the trabecular meshwork and into a Schlemm's canal of the eye; and releasing the stent from the delivery apparatus.
In some embodiments, the method includes using a delivery apparatus that comprises a handpiece having a distal end and a proximal end and an elongate tip connected to the distal end of the handpiece. The elongate tip has a distal portion and being configured to be placed through a corneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The apparatus further has a holder attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip, the holder being configured to hold and release the inlet section of the trabecular stent, and an actuator on the handpiece that actuates the holder to release the inlet section of the trabecular stent from the holder.
In one embodiment, the trabecular stent is removably attached to a delivery apparatus (also known as “applicator”). When the trabecular stent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into the eye, the outlet section is positioned in substantially opposite directions inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deployment mechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull type plunger. In some embodiments, the delivery applicator may be a guidewire, an expandable basket, an inflatable balloon, or the like.
Screw/Barb Anchored Stent
In use, the stent 30f (
Referring to
Still referring to
Deeply Threaded Stent
In use, the stent 30g (
Referring to
One suitable applicator or delivery apparatus for this stent 30g (
Referring to
Rivet Style Stent
Referring to
The lumen 42h (
Referring to
Grommet Style Stent
In use, the stent 30i (
Referring to
Still referring to
Biointeractive Stent
In one embodiment, the biointeractive layer 148 (
Referring to
Still referring to
Glued or Welded Stent
The stent 30k is advanced through the trabecular meshwork 21 until the head or seat 38k comes to rest on the trabecular meshwork 21, that is, the head lower surface 46k abuts against the trabecular meshwork 21, and the glue or weld 152 is applied or formed therebetween, as shown in
Referring to
Still referring to
Hydrophilic Latching Stent
Referring to
Still referring to
Photodynamic Stent
It is commonly known that there is a diurnal variation in the aqueous humor production by the eye—it is higher during the day than it is at night. The lumen 42n of the stent 30n responds to light entering the cornea during the day by expanding and allowing higher flow of aqueous through the lumen 42n and into Schlemm's canal 22. This expansion is generally indicated by the smaller arrows 156 (
This photodynamic implementation is shown in
Referring to
Still referring to
Collector Channel Alignment Stent
In the illustrated embodiment of
Referring to
Barbed Stent (Anterior Chamber to Collector Channel)
In the illustrated embodiment of
Referring to
Valved Tube Stent (Anterior Chamber to Choroid)
Osmotic Membrane (Anterior Chamber to Choroid)
Clinically, the choroid 17 (
Ab Externo Insertion of Stent Via Small Puncture
Referring to
Ab Externo Grommet-Style Stent
This ultra microscopic device 30u (
Targeted Drug Delivery to the Trabecular Meshwork
A drug that is designed to target the trabecular meshwork 21 to increase its porosity, or improve the active transport across the endothelial layer of Schlemm's canal 22 can be stored in this small implant 30v (
Dose Response
The programmed (also know as “Targeted”) stent placement refers to the intentional placement of a stent or stents at a particular location or locations in Schlemm's canal for the purpose of providing a benefit in the form of more optimal outflow. For example, a method can be provided which includes assessing the aqueous flow characteristics of an eye. Such characteristics can include, for example, but without limitation, collector channel distribution, collector channel flow characteristics, outflow resistance, outflow capacity, shape/size/tortuosity of Schlemm's canal, and other factors). The method can also include determining an optimal stent placement and implanting stents in one or plurality of positions and procedures. For example, the determination of the desired stent placement can include consideration of a database of cadaver anatomy regarding the number and location of collector channels, the patient's micro-anatomy data, the number of stents to be used, the type of stents to be used, the location of any previously implanted stents whether the desired stent is drug-loaded, gene-loaded or surface treated, and/or any associated drug therapy.
The bypass flow model, which can be based on the above-noted information, is determined so as to provide a desired strategy for lowering the excessive intraocular pressure. If it is decided that a single stent should be used, an optimized stent location is first determined based on the bypass flow model. The implantation of the single stent results in reduced IOP. After this implantation, it is again determined if there is a need for further reduction in IOP. If additional IOP reduction is desired, then a further bypass flow model is created. For example, the second bypass flow model can be determined in the same or similar manner as the first bypass flow model described above. In light of the second bypass flow model, an additional stent can be implanted at an optimized location to further reduce IOP.
If it is determined, in light of the first bypass flow model, that multiple stents should be used, the location of the multiple stents is first optimized. Then, the multiple stents are implanted. Afterwards, it is again determined if additional intraocular pressure reduction is needed, and the trimming can continue as noted above.
Multiple Stent Application and Further Stent Designs
Where additional stents are implanted in light of the second bypass flow model, the additional stents can be different from the first stents implanted. For example, where single or multiple stents are implanted in accordance with the first bypass flow model, the additional stents can be of a different type. For example, in one embodiment, the first stent is a G1 (First generation) trabecular stent that has been disclosed in applications incorporated by reference and the second stent is the same G1 trabecular stent. In another embodiment, the second stent is different from the first stent; for example, the second stent is a G2 stent (that is, “injectable axisymmetric stent,” a second generation stent). In still another embodiment, the second stent is smaller than (in some case, larger than) the first stent. The dose response may also relate to the stent configuration or characteristics such as drug-loading or surface treatment enabling enhancing aqueous transport or therapeutic effects on the tissue as needed. Drug-loaded or drug-eluting stent may comprise different type of drugs including, but not limited to, those cited in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/046,137 filed Nov. 8, 2001, entitled DRUG RELEASING TRABECULAR IMPLANT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT.
With reference to
At least one lumen 239 extends through the stent 229A between the inlet and outlet ends 230, 232. The lumen 239 defines an opening 232 at the inlet end 230 as well as an outlet 233 at the outlet end 231.
In the illustrated embodiment, an exterior surface 238 of the stent 229A is cone-shaped. Thus, a circumference of the exterior surface 238 adjacent to the inlet end 230 is smaller than the circumference of the outer surface 238 at the outlet end 231.
With the stent 229A extending through the trabecular meshwork 21, the tissue of the trabecular meshwork 221 provides additional anchoring force for retaining the stent 229A with its inlet end 230 in the anterior chamber and its outlet end 231 in Schlemm's canal. For example, the trabecular meshwork 21 would naturally tend to close an aperture occupied by the stent 229A. As such, the trabecular meshwork 221 would tend to squeeze the stent 229A. Because the exterior surface 238 is conical, the squeezing force applied by the trabecular meshwork 221 would tend to draw the stent 229A towards Schlemm's canal 22. In the illustrated embodiment, the stent 229A is sized such that a portion 234 of the stent 229 adjacent to the inlet end 230 remains in the anterior chamber 20 while a portion 235 of the stent 229 adjacent to the outlet end 231 remains in Schlemm's canal 22.
In the illustrated embodiment, the outer surface 238 of the stent 229A is straight. Alternatively, the outer surface 238 can have other contours such as, for example, but without limitation curved or stepped. In one embodiment, the outer surface 238 can be curved in a concave manner so as to produce a trumpet-like shape. Alternatively, the outer surface 238 can be convex.
The stent 229A preferably includes one or plurality of posts or legs 236 configured to maintain a space between the outlet opening 233 and a wall of Schlemm's canal 22. As such, the legs 236 prevent a wall of Schlemm's canal from completely closing off the outlet opening 233 of the stent 229A. In the illustrated embodiment, the legs 236 are coupled to the distal-most surface of the stent 229A and are substantially parallel to an implant axis extending through the stent 229A and between the anterior chamber 20 and Schlemm's canal 22.
This arrangement of the legs 236 and the outlet 233 imparts an axisymmetric flow characteristic to the stent 229A. For example, aqueous can flow from the outlet 233 in any direction. Thus, the stent 229A can be implanted into Schlemm's canal at any angular position relative to its implant axis. Thus, it is not necessary to determine the angular orientation of the stent 229A prior to implantation, nor is it necessary to preserve a particular orientation during an implantation procedure.
Constructed as such, the natural tendency of the tissue of the trabecular meshwork 21 to close the hole in which the stent 229C is disposed, aids in anchoring the stent 229C in place. Additionally, the legs 236C aid in preventing the walls of Schlemm's canal from completely closing the outlet 233C of the lumen 239C.
Device for Mechanically Distending Collector Duct
The collector duct 23 has an inner diameter identified generally by the reference numeral D1, when in a relaxed or natural state. Because the collector duct 23 is not typically perfectly round, the diameter D1 can correspond to an “equivalent” diameter. As used herein, the equivalent diameter can be determined by dividing the circumference of the inner surface of the collector duct 23 by π.
The stent 229D is sized to extend from the anterior chamber 20 and into the collector duct 23. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, the stent 229D includes an upstream end portion 230D and a downstream end portion 243.
The upstream portion 230D is configured to open into the anterior chamber 20. The stent 229D is sized so as to extend from the anterior chamber 20 and into the collector duct 23. In the illustrated embodiment, the stent 229D is sized so as to extend from the anterior chamber 20, through the trabecular meshwork 21, through a portion of Schlemm's canal 22, and into the collector duct 23. However, it is conceived that the stent 229D could bypass Schlemm's canal 22 and extend directly into a portion of the collector duct 23 downstream from Schlemm's canal 22.
The downstream end portion 243 can have an outer diameter D2 that is larger that the diameter D1. Preferably, the end portion 243 is sized and configured for easy insertion into a collect duct 23 without injuring the tissue or tissue surface of the collector duct 23. Thus, when the end portion 243 is disposed in the collector duct 23, the collector duct 23 is distended, i.e., enlarged. As such, the resistance against the outflow of aqueous provided by the collector duct 23 in its natural state can be reduced, thereby reducing IOP.
Preferably, the end portion 243 has a diameter D2 substantially larger than the equivalent diameter D1 of the duct 23 so as to deform the collector duct beyond its elastic threshold into plastic deformation region. As such, the collector duct 23 can aid in anchoring the stent 229D in place.
Applicator for Multiple Stent Implantation and Further Stents
The handle 205 includes an outer surface preferably configured to be grasped by a human hand. Additionally, the handle can comprise a stent delivery button 203. By way of example, the stent delivery button 203 is configured to cause a stent discharge mechanism to discharge, from the applicator sheath 246, one stent at a time. The applicator 201 can be configured to store and discharge a plurality of any combination of the stents 229, 30, 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d, 30e, 30f, 30g, 30h, 30i, 30j, 30k, 30m, 30n, 30p, 30q, 30r, 30s, 30t, 30u, 30v, 229A, 229B, 229C, and 229D described above and further embodiments and combinations thereof described hereafter, the additional stents described below, or any other ocular stent or implant. In the illustrated embodiment, the applicator 201 is loaded with a plurality of the stents 229C.
The applicator 201 can include other features as well, for example, but without limitation, an optional connector 209 for connecting to an external ultrasound power source, a fluid infusing port 204 for fluid infusion or viscocanolostomy, and a steering mechanism control device 202 configured to control the steering of a steerable section 251 of the applicator 201.
The steerable section 251 can be configured to deflect the distal stent-holding section 259 about at least one axis. Optionally, the steerable section 251 can configured to deflect the distal stent-holding section 259 about at least two axes, one axis being substantially perpendicular to the other. Thus, the portion of the sheath 246 which defines part of the steerable section 251 is flexible. Generally, similar steering mechanisms for deflecting a portion of an medical device, such as endoscopes, are well-known in the art.
With reference to
With reference to
The guide 254 can include holes 255A, 255B through which the pulling wires 253A, 253B extend. The guide 254 and the points at which the wire ends 252A, 25B are spaced. As such, when the pull wires 253A, 253B are pulled by actuation of the steering actuator 202, the distal end of the sheath 246 is deflected. For example, as shown in
As noted above, the delivery apparatus 201 can be configured to discharge a plurality of stents, one at a time, for implantation. In the illustrated embodiment, as shown in
As noted above, the sheath 246 defines a lumen 249 having a plunger 244. A space between the plunger 244 and the distal end 242 is reserved for storing a plurality of stents. The sheath 246 includes at least one holding member 245 for each stent 229C stored therein. The holding members 245 are configured to retain the stents 229C in place during storage and use, and to allow the stents 229C to pass when the stent 229C is pushed by the plunger 244.
In the illustrated embodiment, the sheath 146 includes a row of a plurality of holding members 245 upstream and downstream from each stent 229C stored in the sheath 246. Thus, each stent 229C is prevented from unintentionally moving in the upstream and downstream directions.
The holding member 245 can be a wire configured to exerted a force to hold the stents 229C in place during storage and use, until the plunger 244 is moved to discharge a stent 229C from the end 242. For example, the wire can be made from a spring metal, an elastically deformable plastic, or other material, sized and shaped to retain the stents 229C during storage, and to allow the stents 229C to pass under a force that can be generated by or applied to the plunger 244, toward the end 242. In the illustrated embodiment, the wires forming the holding members 245 extend generally parallel to and convexly into the lumen 249, and thus define stops for preventing unintentional movement of the stents 229C.
Alternatively, the holding members 245 can be in the form of a mechanically or electronically actuatable gate. Such a gate can be configured to move from a closed position in which the stents 229C are retained in the storage positions, and an open position in which the stents 229C can be moved in the downstream direction. A mechanical gate can be formed from members that can be moved or deflected radially from the inner surface of the lumen 249, under the control of a pull wire (not shown). An electronic gate can also include radially moveable or deflectable members controlled by an electronic actuator, such as, for example, but without limitation, solenoids, stepper motors, servo motors, and piezoelectric modules.
Alternatively, piezoelectric modules can be used to form the holding members. For example, small piezoelectric modules can be mounted on the inner surface of the sheath 246 to form stops when in a locked position. The piezoelectric modules can be connected to a power supply with conduits. Thus, when actuated, the piezoelectric modules can contract so as to move to an open position in which the stents 229C can pass.
As noted above, the applicator 201 preferably is configured to eject one stent at a time from the end 242. Thus, the applicator 201 can be configured to move the plunger 244 a predetermined distance each time the button 203 is depressed. For example, the button can be mechanically connected to the plunger 244 so as to move the plunger 244 downstream through the sheath 246 over the predetermined distance. The predetermined distance can be, for example, equal to about the length of the stent 229C.
Alternatively, the plunger can be driven by an electronic actuator (not shown) configured to eject one stent 229C at a time from the sheath 246. For example, the electronic actuator can be configured to drive the plunger 244 over the predetermined distance each time the button 203 is depressed. The electronic actuator can be, for example but without limitation, solenoids, stepper motors, servo motors, and piezoelectric modules. Driver electronics (not shown) can be configured to drive the actuator so as to urge the plunger 244 over the predetermined distance.
Preferably, the end 242 of the sheath 246 is sharpened to define a cutting (microtrephining) tip for creating a hole within the trabecular meshwork 21 for stent placement. Thus, the applicator 201 can be used for cutting the trabecular meshwork 21 and for implanting stents.
A further advantage is provided where the applicator includes an illumination feature for illuminating at least a portion of the implantation site. For example, the illumination feature can be configured to generally illuminate the site at which a stent is to be implanted. Optionally, the illumination feature can be configured to generate a reticule for aligning the applicator with the desired implantation site. In one embodiment, a light source is provided to the tip section 242 of the stent applicator 201 wherein either laser light is provided for cutting/spotting or fiber optic light is provided for illumination.
For example, but without limitation, the illumination feature can comprise a small diameter light pipe or optic fiber element configured to emit a fine point or beam of light and configured to be introduced ab-internally. Additionally, the face or lens of the pipe or element can be configured to be placed against the trabecular meshwork. In one embodiment, the light pipe or optic fiber is the construct material of the sheath 246 of the stent delivery applicator 241A for multiple stent deployment as shown in
As an alternative to including an illumination feature with the applicator 201, simple non-invasive trans-scleral illumination, if of the proper intensity and wavelength, perhaps in a darkened environment, could silhouette the Schlemm's canal, trabecular meshwork, or more probably, the scleral spur with sufficient resolution to enable ab-externo placement of a device into Schlemm's canal. In this case, blood could be backed up in a retrograde manner into Schlemm's canal by the surgeon to provide additional optical density. Imaging means for ab internally imaging the anatomic structures for TBS stent implantation using ultrasound imaging, laser imaging, OCT imaging or multi-wavelength scanning can also be provided.
A further advantage is provided where the applicator 201 also includes an imaging feature. For example, where the applicator 201 includes an imaging feature for transmitting a video representation of an implantation site of a stent to a user of the applicator, an implantation procedure can be further simplified. The imaging feature can utilize any type of known imaging techniques, including, for example, but without limitation, optical, and ultrasonic. In one embodiment, an endoscope is mounted at the tip section 242 of the stent applicator 201 for visualization during stent deployment and/or implantation.
In one embodiment, the ultrasonic imaging system comprises two ultrasonic probes or transducers 206, 207. The transducers 206, 207 can be formed from an ultrasound ring or ultrasound tape. Preferably, the transducers 206, 207 are located adjacent to the distal end 242 of the delivery apparatus 201. As such, the transducers 206, 207 can move with the distal end 242 during an implantation procedure.
The ultrasonic transducers 206, 207 are connected by flexible wires (not shown) through the interior void 243 of the apparatus or through within the sheath 246 to the connector 209 located at the handle 205 so that the ultrasonic signals are directed outwardly and received inwardly relative to the transducers 206, 207. For example, one of the transducers 206, 207 can be configured to emit ultrasonic energy, and the other can be configured to absorb the reflected portion of the emitted ultrasonic energy and to produce a signal indicative of the absorbed energy.
In order to enhance the viewing and positioning of the distal end 242 of the apparatus, an ultrasonic marker 208, which is visible to ultrasonic energy, can be mounted at about the distal end 242 of the applicator 201. For example, but without limitation, such a marker 208 can be in the form of one or a plurality of encapsulated air bubbles. In one illustrative example, the bubble in a marker 208 can be formed by introducing air by a syringe (not shown) penetrating the wall of the sheath 246 and thereafter sealing the hole created by the syringe with epoxy.
Optionally, a plurality of markers 208 can be disposed in the front distal section 259. The markers 208 can be sized and configured to aid in locating and identifying the orientation of the distal end section 259. For example, the markers 208 can be located and/or viewed with external ultrasonic imaging systems (not shown), such as those commonly used in similar medical procedures.
A further advantage is provided where the stent delivery applicator 201 is both steerable and configured for multiple stent implantation. As such, the applicator 201 can be inserted into the anterior chamber 20, through an incision, such as a corneal incision, and multiple stents can then be implanted at different locations without removing the applicator 201 or creating other incisions, described in greater detail below.
The stent 229E comprises a first (proximal) flange 240E and a second (distal) flange 237E with a plurality of supporting legs or posts 236. The second flange 237E of the stent 229E is configured to be foldable. For example, the first flange 237E can be configured to be elastically foldable toward an upstream direction. As such, the first flange 237E can be folded toward an upstream direction, as illustrated in
A further advantage can be provided where the applicator 201 includes a cutting device that can extend through the lumens 239E of the stents 229E. For example, as shown in
With continued reference to
Another advantage can be provided where the cutting device 250 also includes at least one holding member for holding a stent. For example, the cutting device 250 includes at least one holding device 245, described above with reference to
Preferably, the holding members 245B are arranged to align the sides of the cutting tip 247 with the distally facing sides of the flange 237E when the flange 237E is folded. For example, as shown in
During operation, the applicator end portion 241B can be pushed into trabecular meshwork 21, with the flange 237E disposed in Schlemm's canal 22, as shown in
With the sheath 246 retracted, the first flange 237E can unfold, as indicated by the arrows U in
As shown in
As noted above, the holding members 245 are configured to limit the movement of the stents 229E relative to the cutting device 250. When the cutting device is retracted, the next stent 229E preferably is moved passed (in the downstream direction) the holding member 245 that was previously between the stents 229E. As such, the next stent 229E can be moved into position for implantation. Thus, the holding members 245 preferably are configured to allow the stent 229E to move toward the cutting tip 247 when the cutting device 250 is retracted. For example, the holding members 245 can be controlled so as to retract when the cutting device 250 is retracted.
With reference to
The stent 229F comprises an inlet (proximal) section having a first flange 240F, an outlet (distal) section having a second flange 237F and a middle section 284 connecting the inlet section and the outlet section. A lumen 239F of the device 229F is configured to transport aqueous, liquid, or therapeutic agents between the inlet section and the outlet section. As referred to herein, “therapeutic agent” is intended to include pharmaceutical agents, drugs, genes, cells, proteins, and/or growth factors.
The inlet section of the stent 229F has at least one inlet opening 286 and the outlet section comprises at least one outlet opening 287. A further advantage is provided where the outlet section 237F includes at least one opening 287, 288 suitably located for discharging substantially axisymmetrically the aqueous, liquid or therapeutic agents, wherein the opening 287, 288 is in fluid communication with the lumen 285 of the device 281. In the illustrated embodiment, the openings 288 extend radially from the lumen 285 and open at the outwardly facing surface around the periphery of the outlet flange 237F.
In one embodiment of an implantation procedure, Pilocarpine is administered preoperatively to constrict the pupil to provide maximal protection of the lens in phakic individuals and to further open the anterior chamber angle to provide a better view of the surgical site. Topical and retrobulbar anesthetic are recommended. A small self-sealing temporal corneal incision can be made and HEALON® viscoelastic (VE) can be injected to maintain the anterior chamber.
A microscope can be tilted slightly toward the surgeon and the patient's head can be rotated away from the surgeon to provide a suitable view of the nasal trabecular meshwork using a direct-view gonioscope that is placed on the eye. The applicator 201 with a preloaded stent, such as, for example, but without limitation, an one or any combination of the stents a plurality of any combination of the stents 229, 30, 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d, 30e, 30f, 30g, 30h, 30i, 30j, 30k, 30m, 30n, 30p, 30q, 30r, 30s, 30t, 30u, 30v, 229A, 229B, 229C, 229D, 229E, 229F, or any of the other stents described below, is advanced through the corneal wound and across the anterior chamber. The stent is pushed against the trabecular meshwork and moved inferiorly to pierce the trabecular meshwork and guide the stent into Schlemm's canal. After successful implantation and release of the stent, the applicator is withdrawn and the VE is flushed from the eye.
The G2 stent (for example, stent 229F of
Additionally, viscoelastic use in patients undergoing eye surgery can cause post-operative transient IOP spikes that can further damage the remaining glaucoma-compromised retina. Reduced surgical manipulations reduce the burden on the surgeon and reduce the stimulation and irritation of intraocular tissues. Furthermore, reduction in the corneal incision size raises the possibility that the incision could be made by the G2 applicator, and could potentially reduce the surgical implant procedure to an injectable implant procedure. Injectable stent therapy represents a potentially superior alternative to both end-stage surgical therapy and to patients burdened by the cumulative side effects, complications, and compliance issues associated with drug therapy.
The G2 stent and applicator system are sized, dimensioned and configured for placement through trabecular meshwork in an ab interno or ab externo procedures.
The stent-holding element 263 can comprise an elongate member 264 with at least one stent slidably disposed thereon. The elongate member 264 can be configured to extend through the lumen of any of the stents 229A, 229B, 229C, 229D, 229E, 229F, or any of the other stents described below.
In the illustrated embodiment, the elongate member 264 extends through the lumen of stents 229G (
In the illustrated embodiment, the distal flange 237G of the stent 229G can be wedge-shaped. For example, the distal end of the flange 237G can have a smaller diameter than that of the proximal end of the flange 237G. As such, the stent 229G can pass more easily through the trabecular meshwork 21. Additionally, the distally facing surface of the flange 237G can be inclined so as to be aligned with a distal surface of the elongate member 264. As noted above with respect to the cutting member 250, the elongate member 264 can be in the form of a trocar.
The stent-holding element further comprises a sleeve 265 configured to support the elongate member 264. The sleeve 265 (for example, made of hypo tubing) can be pressed or bonded onto the distal cap 262 to form a sleeve-cap subassembly. The elongate member 264 can be configured to be axially moveable relative to the sleeve 265, as indicated by the arrow 266 (
The housing 261 can also comprise a tip actuator 267 that has a distal end 268 and a proximal end 269. The elongate member 264 can be press fit or bonded into the distal end portion of the tip actuator 267 to form a tip/tip actuator subassembly. In one exemplary but non-limiting embodiment, the elongate member 264 can be a 0.08 mm diameter sharpened rod made from a hard material, such as a metal.
The tip/tip actuator subassembly is fed through the sleeve-cap subassembly and the cap 262 is screwed onto or bonded with the housing 261. The proximal end 269 can include a threaded portion 270 adapted for threaded engagement with a rotation knob 271 located at the proximal end portion of the housing 261. Thus, the coupling mechanism comprises the tip/tip-actuator subassembly screwed into the rotation knob 271 to form an actuator-knob subassembly.
An interlock arrangement 272 is configured to retain the knob 271 on the housing 261 and allow the knob 271 to rotate relative to the housing 261. The interlock arrangement 272 can include an annular rib disposed on the housing 261 and a groove disposed on the knob 271. A clearance is provided between the groove and the rib so as to allow the knob 271 to rotate freely relative to the housing 261. The knob 271 can be pressed onto the housing 261 and thus spins freely on housing 261 without coming off because of an interlock arrangement 272.
With reference to
In operation, one or more stents are placed over the member 264 and against the blunt front end of the sleeve 265. After the injector approaches the target site, the elongate member 264 and the first stent are pressed into tissue where implantation is to take place. In an ab interno procedure, the first tissue is the trabecular meshwork facing the anterior chamber. In an ab externo procedure, the first tissue is the trabecular meshwork facing Schlemm's canal. Once the first stent is in a proper location, the knob 271 is rotated to withdraw the elongate member 264, leaving the first stent in place. Stents can be snugly held onto the tip 264 with a mechanical feature on the elongate member, such as the holding members 245 described above with reference to
After the first stent is implanted, the injector is slightly withdrawn away from the trabecular meshwork. The tip of the injector is moved and pointed to a second target site without withdrawing the injector from the incision on the sclera. This re-positioning of the injector can be accomplished with a steerable section of the injector 260 noted above.
The term “targeted placement” of trabecular stents refers to the intentional placement of a stent at a particular location in Schlemm's canal for the purpose of providing a maximum benefit in the form of maximum outflow facility. With reference to
Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of a piston, plunger or the retraction of the trocar sleeve of the applicator. Multiple stents can be injected without reloading the applicator. Pores 302 (that is, fluid outlet ports) arrayed circularly around the stent surface provide many outflow paths for aqueous flow that enters from the inflow orifice 304 through the stent lumen 303 (that is, fluid passageway). This design presents several advantages. The wires may help to hold Schlemm's canal open and the multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. The cylindrical design should simplify manufacturing process. And the stent can pass through a smaller corneal incision as a result of the stent being crushed during delivery.
In one embodiment, it is contemplated that the wires 301 are inserted into the back wall of Schlemm's canal and into the sclera to assist in anchoring the stent in place. In this embodiment, the stent and the trocar are inserted through the trabecular meshwork and into a portion of the sclera beyond Schlemm's canal. The trocar is removed, and the stent is left in place with the wires protruding into the sclera.
In one embodiment, the stent is provided with a center outflow port 312 connected to the stent lumen 314 and a plurality of side outflow ports 313. The foldable umbrella trabecular stent has the benefits and advantages. The angled outflow flange may hold Schlemm's canal open. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. And the stent can pass through a smaller corneal incision as a result of the stent being crushed during delivery.
An applied force will bury the sharp tip and grooves 325 into the scleral wall of Schlemm's canal. An outwardly expandable scleral anchor arrangement 323 is provided at the distal end of the stent 329. The sclera will tend to conform to the exterior surface of the sharp tip and grooves. Tissue extending into the grooves will assist with retention strength. Once in position, the outflow ducts 322 bulge open by means of the superelastic properties of a shape-memory material, e.g., Nitinol. The outflow ducts provide a dual purpose. First, they buttress Schlemm's canal; and second, they create multiple pathways for the outflow of aqueous via a stent lumen 321.
Deployment of each stent is achieved either through the activation of the piston, or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can be injected without reloading the applicator. The trabecular stent having a modified center bulb with anchors has several advantages. Schlemm's canal would be buttressed open by the outflow ducts of the bulb portion. If deployed properly, the bulb will serve to add retention strength. Grooves will bolster the retention strength. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Shape-setting and other memory-shape material, such as Nitinol, are well understood procedure and products. And cylindrical design should simplify manufacturing process.
The mushroom trabecular stent has several advantages. The domed outflow surface may hold Schlemm's canal open. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. And rotational orientation is not required during implant as a result of axisymmetric stent design.
Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of the piston, plunger or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can be injected without reloading the applicator. Once positioned, the domed outflow surface of the stent buttresses Schlemm's canal. Pores 353 arrayed circularly around the domed outflow surface provide many outflow paths for aqueous flow. The flange 354 is for enhancing the stent retention at trabecular meshwork. The domed outflow surface may hold Schlemm's canal open. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. And rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design.
Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of the piston, plunger or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can be injected without reloading the applicator. The pores 363 are arrayed circularly around the domed outflow surface and provide many outflow paths for aqueous flow. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. Grooves will bolster retention strength. And cylindrical design should simplify manufacturing process.
In one embodiment, all pores are sized and configured to expose to Schlemm's canal alone so as to pressurize Schlemm's canal before, after, or during stent implantation. In another embodiment, the pores are sized and configured to irrigate Schlemm's canal, trabecular meshwork and/or sclera tissue of Schlemm's canal. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. And the tubular geometry simplifies the manufacturing process.
In one preferred embodiment, the trocar comprises a tri-face trocar tip which is configured to be sharp enough that it can penetrate the trabecular meshwork or the sclera with little effort. In one embodiment of operations, the outer sheath 396 with sharp edge cuts the cornea. The sharp tip of the tri-face trocar 397 penetrates the trabecular meshwork, whereby the trocar is advanced via a pusher tube 398 into the trabecular meshwork until the meshwork rides over the outer sheath. Irrigation is achieved via fluid flow in a fluid passageway between the trocar and the outer sheath. After irrigation, the outer sleeve and trocar are retracted while holding the pusher tube in place. The meshwork would then reside in the stent groove 393. The multiple blades or sharp ends of the mushroom stent are sized and configured to cut and spread open the meshwork during stent insertion.
Controlled Stent Injection
With reference to the drawings, in
In some embodiments, the injector-type stent delivery applicator (also known as G2 injector) serves the purpose of driving a trabecular stent into Schlemm's canal with possibility of anchoring the distal tip of the stent into the sclera beyond Schlemm's canal. Furthermore, the G2 injector may supply irrigating fluid, e.g., saline, viscoelastic, to inflate the canal. Canal inflation can be performed before, after, or during stent insertion.
In one embodiment, the canal inflation can be achieved by pressurizing or fluid irrigation at one or more than one places along the circumference of Schlemm's canal; for example, at any of quadrant points of the circumference. In another embodiment, the fluid properties (viscosity, composition, drug inclusion, and the like) at more than one place along the circumference of Schlemm's canal may be different from each other. In a further embodiment, the stent delivery applicator comprises more than one applicator tip, wherein a first tip is provided for pressurizing Schlemm's canal and a second tip is provided for stent implantation without removing the applicator out of the eye.
In one embodiment, the stem 404 is equipped with a solid trocar that moves back and forth within a lumen of the stent 406. In another embodiment, the stem is equipped with irrigation means for providing irrigating fluid to the injector 401.
In one embodiment, the button 403 can be rotated 360 degree as shown in
The term “Multi-stent therapy” refers to the intentional placement of a stent in each of several locations in Schlemm's canal 22. Since Schlemm's canal 22 has measurable resistance to flow at physiological flow rates, a plurality of stents is strategically placed close to concentrations of collector ducts 23 or a large collector and distributed around Schlemm's canal 22 to maximize the impact of multiple stents.
An injector or device applicator to hold a plurality of serial devices has advantages of placing the device one at a time without reloading the device or without completely withdrawing the applicator out of a portion of the body. The advantages may include saving operating time, reducing redundant incision or injury, or exact positioning for device placement.
By way of example, but without limitation, an injector or device applicator for multiple device deployment may be used for implanting punctum plugs in an eye, for implanting drug-eluting devices into sclera tissue of an eye, implanting drug-eluting devices into tissue of a posterior segment, or implanting cardiovascular stents. Some embodiments relate to a method of multiple device deployment comprising: (a) loading a plurality of devices within a device-retaining space of a device applicator; (b) delivering the applicator to a first target implant site; (c) deploying a first device at the first target implant site; (d) detaching the applicator from the first target implant site; (e) directing the applicator to a second target implant site; (f) deploying a second device at the second target implant site; and (g) withdrawing the applicator.
The device of the exemplary embodiment preferably comprises a biocompatible material such that inflammation arising due to irritation between the outer surface of the device and the surrounding tissue is minimized. Biocompatible materials which may be used for the device 81 preferably include, but are not limited to, titanium, titanium alloys, polypropylene, nylon, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), medical grade silicone, e.g., SILASTIC™, available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Mich.; and polyurethane, e.g., PELLETHANE™, also available from Dow Corning Corporation.
In other embodiments, the device of the embodiments may comprise other types of biocompatible material, such as, by way of example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrolidone, collagen, heparinized collagen, polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polymer, fluorinated elastomer, flexible fused silica, polyolefin, polyester, polysilicon, and/or a mixture of the aforementioned biocompatible materials, and the like. In still other embodiments, composite biocompatible material may be used, wherein a surface material may be used in addition to one or more of the aforementioned materials. For example, such a surface material may include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (such as TEFLON™), polyimide, hydrogel, heparin, therapeutic drugs (such as beta-adrenergic antagonists and other anti-glaucoma drugs, or antibiotics), and the like.
Although preferred embodiments of the inventions have been described in detail, including a method for treating glaucoma comprising placing a plurality of trabecular stents for transporting aqueous from an anterior chamber to Schlemm's canal, certain variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, including embodiments that do not provide all of the features and benefits described herein. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present inventions extend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the present inventions and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while a number of variations of the present inventions have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of the present inventions, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the present inventions. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the present inventions. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present inventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/399,760, filed Feb. 17, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/246,448, filed Oct. 6, 2008 (the “Ser. No. 12/246,448 application”), now U.S. Pat. No. 8,118,768 B2, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/083,713, filed Mar. 18, 2005 (the “Ser. No. 11/083,713 application”), now U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,710 B2, issued Oct. 7, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/634,213, filed Aug. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,186 B2, issued Jan. 11, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/118,578, filed Apr. 8, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,009 B2, issued Nov. 14, 2006. The Ser. No. 11/083,713 application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/667,580, filed Sep. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,488,303 B1, issued Feb. 10, 2009. The Ser. No. 12/246,448 application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/598,542, filed Nov. 13, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,563,241 B2, issued Jul. 21, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/118,578, filed Apr. 8, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,009 B2, issued Nov. 14, 2006, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/281,973, filed Apr. 7, 2001. The present application claims priority to all of the aforementioned applications, and the entireties of each of these priority documents are hereby incorporated by reference.
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