The present invention relates optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) thermometry.
Techniques for measuring subcellular temperatures have been developed on the basis of fluorescence detection. Studies report such techniques; for example, studies report a technique for measuring temperature on the basis of shifts in wavelength peaks in a fluorescence spectrum by using a fluorescent dye or fluorescence polymer nanoparticles, a technique for measuring temperature on the basis of shifts in wavelength peaks in a fluorescence spectrum by using quantum dots, and a technique for measuring temperature on the basis of shifts in frequency peaks in an optically detected electron spin resonance spectrum by using inorganic fluorescent particles, such as fluorescent nanodiamonds. Although these techniques exhibit relatively high spatial resolution or temperature sensitivity, they could not measure the temperature inside living organisms.
A study reports a technique r or measuring the in vivo temperature of mice by using a fluorescent dye or rare-earth nanoparticles. However, this technique has low spatial resolution and low temperature sensitivity, and cannot measure temperature on a single cell basis.
PTL 1: WO2014/165505A
The present inventor focused on a thermometry based on peak shifts in an optically detected electron spin resonance spectrum and conducted research, Studies report that the. thermometry captures the entire spectral peak and calculates the peak shift. However, this method requires time to capture the entire spectral peak, and it is thus difficult to perform real time thermometry, To solve this problem, PTL 1 proposes a technique that measures four points of a peak, rather than capturing the entirety of the estimated spectral peak; and that calculates a peak shift from the measurement values.
Over the course of research on this multipoint measurement technique, the present inventor found that real-time thermometry in a dynamic environment (e.g., in a cell or at an individual level) involves fluctuations in the photon counts to be measured, leading to artifacts of the measured temperature. Due to the artifacts, the measured temperature significantly varies even when the actual temperature is constant.
An object of the present invention provide a technique capable of measuring temperature with higher precision on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance. Preferably, an object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of measuring changes in temperature in a cell or in an individual in real time with higher precision.
The present inventor conducted extensive research and found that there is a difference in photo-count responsivity (errors of the measurement counts of pulses derived from photons) between multiple photon counters used in multipoint measurement, and that this difference causes artifacts of the measured temperature values. The present inventor conducted further research based on this finding and found that the following method can measure temperature with higher precision: specifically, a method for measuring the temperature of an object on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance of an inorganic fluorescent particle, the method comprising
The present inventor conducted further research based on this finding and completed the present invention.
Specifically, the present invention includes the following subject matter.
A method for measuring a temperature of an object on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance of an inorganic fluorescent particle, the method comprising
The method according to Item I, wherein the inorganic fluorescent particle is diamond containing a NV center.
The method according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the multiple microwaves are 2 to 10 microwaves.
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the multiple microwaves are 6 microwaves.
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein. the inorganic fluorescent particle is tracked during the measurement.
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein the object is a cell, a microorganism, or an organoid.
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein a change in temperature of the object over time is measured.
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein a change in temperature of the object in response to stimulation is measured.
Item 9
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein step (c) comprises subtracting a pre-measured dependencies in the number of pulse measurements between the photon counters from one of measurement values of corresponding two fluorescence intensities, or adding the pre-measured error to one of the measurement values of the fluorescence intensities.
Item 10
The method according to any one of Items 1 to 9, wherein
the multiple microwaves are 6 microwaves, and
step (d) comprises
wherein α represents temperature dependence of a luminescent center (NV), δω represents a difference in frequency between first and third microwaves, or between fourth and sixth microwaves in the order from low frequency, and I1 to I6 individually represent a correction value obtained by irradiation with the respective 6 microwaves, and
A thermometer for measuring a temperature of an object on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance of an inorganic fluorescent particle, the thermometer comprising
The thermometer according to Item 11, further comprising (E) a particle-tracking system.
The present invention provides a technique capable of measuring temperature with higher precision on the basis f optically detected magnetic resonance.
In the present specification, the terms “comprise,” “contain,” and “include” include the concepts of “comprising,” “containing,” “including,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of.”
In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for measuring the temperature of an object on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance of an inorganic fluorescent particle, the method comprising
The measurement method of the present invention is a method for measuring the temperature of an object on the basis of optically detected magnetic resonance (“ODMR” below) of inorganic fluorescent particles. The ODMR is described below.
Inorganic fluorescent particles absorb the microwave of a resonance frequency and show electron spin resonance. Inorganic fluorescent particles have properties such that non-radiant energy inactivation is increased in their electronic excitation state during electron spin resonance. Thus, the amount of fluorescence decreases during microwave irradiation compared with that without microwave irradiation. In the NV center of a diamond, when the external magnetic field is a zero magnetic field, the electron spin resonance occurs at frequency F of 2.87 GHz.
In step (a), an object containing inorganic fluorescent particles is irradiated with each of multiple microwaves having different frequencies.
The inorganic fluorescent particles can be any inorganic fluorescent particles that have electron spin activity. Specifically, examples include diamond, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, and two-dimensional substances (e.g.., hexagonal boron nitride), Of these, diamond (in particular, nanosize diamonds, mean particle size: less than 1000 nm, “nanodiamond”) is preferable.
The diamond can be either a single crystal or a polycrystal. Synthetic diamonds includes those made by CVD, a high-pressure high-temperature process, detonation, etc. The diamond includes diamonds of Type I and Type II (Type IIa, Type Iib, etc.).
The shape of the diamond is not limited. The diamond can be, for example, in the form of particles, thin films, or sheets. The size depends on the shape; for example, if diamond is in a particulate form, the mean particle size can be, for example, 1 nm to 500 nm. The mean particle size is preferably about 10 to 200 nm, and more preferably about 30 to 150 nm.
The diamond preferably contains the NV center (a luminescent center formed by combining a nitrogen atom present as impurities with a vacancy lacking a carbon atom in an appropriate position NV center-containing diamond). The NV center may be the one naturally occurring or artificially introduced. The method for artificially introducing an NV center can be any method; examples include a technique of annealing after introducing nitrogen atoms, and a technique of introducing nitrogen atoms during the synthesis of diamond by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
The diamond can also he surface-modified. The method for surface modification is not particularly limited. For example, diamond can be surface-modified as follows: diamond is optionally treated under strong oxidation conditions to convert the carbon groups on the surface to carboxy groups; diamond is reduced to introduce hydroxy groups; or other functional groups (e.g., amino and thiol) are introduced according to or in accordance with a known method. Then, various molecules or substances are linked to the diamond through these groups. Surface-modifying molecules can be any molecules, and examples include water-soluble polymers, such as polyglycerol and polyethylene glycerol, and various low-molecular-weight compounds such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and pharmaceutical compounds.
The inorganic fluorescent particles may be a single kind of particles, or a combination of two or more kinds.
The object is the target of temperature measurement, and is not limited. The object is, for example, preferably cells, microorganisms, and organoids. The interior of these measurement targets is a dynamic environment, and this causes fluctuations in the measured photon counts, thus leading to artifacts in the measured temperature values when real-time temperature measurement is performed. The measurement method of the present invention enables high-precision temperature measurement of even such objects.
The cells can be any cells, and are, for example, vascular endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, stem cells (e.g., stem cells derived from bone marrow, stem cells derived from adipose tissue, mesenchymal stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells, such as iPS cells and ES cells), muscle cells (skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes), muscle progenitor cells (e.g., myocardial progenitor cells, and myoblasts), immune cells (e.e., T cells), and nerve cells.
The microorganisms can be any organisms invisible to the naked eye, or organisms that are visible to the naked eye but have an unidentifiable structure, such as bacteria, unicellular organisms, planktons, larvae, and nematodes.
The organoids include cerebral organoids, cerebellar organoids, inner-ear organoids, thyroid organoids, thymic organoids, testicular organoids, hepatic organoids, spleen organoids, intestinal organoids, epithelial organoids, lung organoids, kidney organoids, and embryos.
The object containing inorganic fluorescent particles may have the inorganic fluorescent particles inside the object or have the inorganic fluorescent Particles attached outside the object, and the former is preferable. in the former case, the influence of noise on measurement due to the internal environment of the object is greater. However, the measurement method of the present invention can still measure the temperature with higher precision even in this case. The object containing inorganic fluorescent particles can be obtained by various methods. For example, if the object is a cell, the inorganic fluorescent particles can be incorporated into the cell by bringing the particles into contact with the cell.
The amount of inorganic fluorescent particles in the object can be suitably determined, for example, according to the type of the object, or the type of the inorganic fluorescent particles. For example, in the case of nematodes with a body length of about 1 mm, the amount of inorganic fluorescent particles to be introduced into a single nematode is, for example, 1 to 100 ng,
The object containing inorganic fluorescent particles is positioned so that excitation light irradiation, micro-light irradiation, and fluorescence collection are possible in order to perform the temperature measurement of the present invention. Specifically, the object is placed on a sample table above an objective in a device as shown in
In the measurement method of the present invention, the microwaves for irradiation are multiple microwaves having different frequencies from each other.
The frequency of microwaves is typically 9 GHz or below, and selected from a frequency range in which a linear approximation is shown on both sides of an assumed ODMR spectral peek (see
The radiation time period of each microwave of each frequency for one time is not particularly limited. From the standpoint of measurement precision and measurement efficiency, the irradiation time period is for example, 10 μs to 1000 μs, preferably 30 μs to 300 μs, and more preferably 50 μs to 200 μs. The irradiation time period of each microwave is preferably equivalent between microwaves; for example, the longest irradiation time period relative to the shortest irradiation time period is, for example, preferably 200% or less, 150% or less, 120% or less, or 110% or less.
Irradiation of the microwaves having different frequencies is typically repeated. For example, in the example in
Microwave irradiation is performed by using a suitable microwave source. Repeated irradiation of microwaves having different frequencies can be performed, for example, by preparing multiple microwave sources for respective frequencies, coupling the microwave sources to a switching device, and operating the switching device such that the microwave sources are switched sequentially at a predetermined point of time. The microwaves generated from the microwave sources are typically passed through an amplifier to be amplified and then irradiate the object.
In step (a), the object containing inorganic fluorescent particles can also be stimulated. If the object is a cell, a microorganism, an organoid, or the like, and the temperature changes in response to stimulation, the change in temperature can be measured. The type of the stimulus is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, culture conditions (e.g. changes in temperature, pH, or light conditions), or the addition of a test substance. The test substance can be any substance, and includes, for example, antibodies, proteins, nucleic acids, physiologically active substances, vesicles, bacteria, viruses, polypeptides, haptens, therapeutic agents, and metabolites of therapeutic agents.
In step (b), the fluorescence intensity of the inorganic fluorescent particles during irradiation of each microwave is measured with individual photon counter.
The fluorescence intensity of the inorganic fluorescent particles is measured typically by irradiating the inorganic fluorescent particles with a microwave and excitation light of the particles, and measuring the intensity (I1, I2, etc.) of the fluorescence (fluorescence L1, L2, etc.) at the time of irradiation of the microwave (frequency f1, f2, etc.). The wavelength of the excitation light varies depending on the type of the inorganic fluorescent particles, and can be set accordingly. For example, if NV center-containing diamond is used, the wavelength of the excitation light is, for example, 490 to 580 nm, and preferably 520 to 560 nm. The wavelength of fluorescence also varies depending on the type of the inorganic fluorescent particles. For example, if NV center-containing diamond is used, the wavelength of fluorescence is, for example, 637 to 800 nm. The irradiation of excitation light and detection of fluorescence are performed, for example, as follows. A continuous-wave laser of a typical Excitation intensity is used for excitation. A microscope objective is used for both excitation and fluorescence collection. Fluorescence is extracted (e.g., by a splitter such as a dichroic beamsplitter or a filter such as a longpass filter), and then detected by optionally coupling the fluorescence to an optical fiber that serves as a pinhole, or by using a pinhole, with a photodiode such as an avalanche photodiode or other optical detectors.
The fluorescence intensity of the inorganic fluorescent particles during irradiation of various microwaves are measured with individual photon counters. In other words, the intensity of the fluorescence (fluorescence L1, L2 etc.) at the time of irradiation of various microwaves (frequency f1, f2, etc.) is measured with individual photon counters counter for the intensity of fluorescence L1, counter 2 for the intensity of fluorescence L2, etc.). The photon counters for use can be any counters, and various counters can be used. The photon counters for use each may be a single counter installed only in a single independent measurement device; or the photon counters may be multiple counters installed in a measurement device. Multiple measurement devices may also be used in combination to prepare a necessary number of counters (the number of microwaves). The fluorescence intensity (I1, I2, etc.) of the inorganic fluorescent particles under irradiation of various microwaves can be determined by measuring it with individual photon counters (counter 1 for the intensity of fluorescence L1, counter 2 for the intensity of fluorescence L2, etc.).
The fluorescence intensity may be an absolute value or a relative value.
The target of measurement is typically a single inorganic fluorescent particle. However, multiple particles can also be measured simultaneously. If the inorganic fluorescent particles move during the measurement, the particle to be measured can be continuously tracked by tracking the inorganic fluorescent particles. This allows for the measurement of changes in temperature over time with higher precision. The particles can be tracked by any method, and can be tracked by using a known tracking technique.
In step (c), the fluorescence intensity is corrected based on the errors of the number of pulse measurements between the photon counters.
The present inventor found that there is a difference in photon count responsivity (the photon-derived errors in the number of pulse measurements) between multiple photon counters, and that this causes artifacts in temperature measurement values in performing real-time thermometry in a dynamic environment such as in a cell or at an individual level. Thus, temperature can be measured more precisely by correcting the errors.
The errors in the number of pulse measurements between photon counters are preferably measured beforehand. The measurement of errors is not limited, and can be performed, for example, as follows. Inorganic fluorescent particles are irradiated with each of multiple microwaves having different frequencies for use in thermometry by increasing the intensity of multiple laser beams stepwise (e.g., 3 to 20, 4 to 15, and 6 to 12). Then, the photon counts (p1, p2, etc.) of the fluorescence (fluorescence L1, L2, etc.) at the time of irradiation of each microwave (frequency f1, f2 etc.) are measured with an individual separate photon counter (counter 1 for the photon counts of fluorescence L1, counter 2 for the photon counts of fluorescence L2, etc.). The error in measured values (the difference in photon counts measured under the same conditions) between corresponding two photon counters is calculated based on the measured values. The phrase “corresponding two photon counters” refers to two counters (counter 1 and counter 6, counter 2 and counter 5, and counter 3 and counter 4) for measurement of the corresponding frequencies (see
The fluorescence intensities obtained in step (b) are corrected based on the errors. The fluorescence intensity can be corrected by any method. For example, a corrected value (corrected value c1, c2, etc.) can be obtained by subtracting an error from one of the measurement values of corresponding two fluorescence intensities (see
Specifically, step (c) includes, for example, subtracting a pre-measured error of the number of pulse measurements between the photon counters from one of the measurement values of corresponding two fluorescence intensities, or adding the pre-measured error to one of the measurement values of the corresponding two fluorescence intensities.
In step (d), the temperature of the object is calculated on the basis of the obtained correction values.
The temperature of the object can be calculated by any method, and can be calculated according to or in accordance with a known method. When 4 different microwaves are used, the temperature can be calculated, for example, according to the method disclosed in PTL 1. When 6 different microwaves are used, the temperature can be calculated, for example, according to the method disclosed in PTL 1, for two combinations of corresponding two correction values (a combination of c1-c6 and c2-c5, a combination of c2-c5 and c3-c4, and a combination of c1-c6 and c3-c4) that have substantially the same value (c1-c6, c2-c5, c3-c4) out of the 6 correction values respectively corresponding to 6 frequencies; and the average can be taken as the final measurement value. Specifically, the temperature can be calculated, for example, according to the method and formula used in the Examples, described later (section “1. Thermometry”).
Specifically, when 6 different microwaves are used, step (d) includes assigning, for example, the correction value obtained in step (c) to the following formula:
wherein α represents the temperature dependence of the luminescent center (NV), δω represents the difference in frequency between first and third microwaves, or between fourth and sixth microwaves in the order from low frequency, and I1 to I6 individually represent the correction value obtained by irradiation with the respective 6 microwaves,
and calculating the change in temperature (δTNV) in the luminescent center.
The temperature can be measured with higher precision by taking the average of temperatures for a predetermined period of time. Irradiation with microwaves having different frequencies is typically repeated (e.g., in the example of
The technique described above enables, for example, the real-time high-precision measurement of a nanoscale thermal event, the measurement of metabolism of an individual, a test of the effects of a health food such as for fat-burning, or thermal measurement of metabolic changes caused by a drug.
The measurement method of the present invention can be performed by using a thermometer including (A) a microwave irradiator, (B) a photon counting optical detector, (C) a computing unit configured to correct the fluorescence intensity, and (D) a computing unit configured to calculate the temperature (in the present specification, “the measurement device of the present invention”).
The microwave irradiator and the photon counters are as described above.
The computing unit configured to correct the fluorescence intensity and the computing unit configured to calculate the temperature may be a single computing unit, or separate individual computing units.
The computing unit configured to correct the fluorescence intensity acquires information of the fluorescence intensities measured by the photon counters, and corrects the values on the basis of the errors of the number of pulse measurements between the photon counters. The computing unit configured to calculate the temperature acquires information of the obtained correction values and calculates the temperature. The detailed processing in these computing units are as described above, and the processing is executed by a pre-stored computer program.
The measurement device of the present invention preferably further includes a particle-tracking system. The particle-tracking system for use can be a system using a known particle tracking technique (e.g., piezo stages).
The measurement device of the present invention may be an all-in-one device that can perform the measurement method of the present invention alone, by further including, for example, a sample table on which the object containing inorganic fluorescent particles is to be placed, a microscope objective, a fluorescence irradiator, and a display to show the calculated temperature information.
The following describes the present invention in detail with reference to Examples, However, the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
ODMR thermometry in Examples is described.
To implement both the CW- and multipoint-ODMR measurements, a stand-alone microwave source (Rohde & Schwarz, SMB100A) and five USB-powered microwave sources (Texio, USG-LF44) were coupled to an SP6T switch with a switching time of 250 ns (General Microwave, F9160), The microwave was then amplified (Mini-circuit, ZHL-16W-43+) and fed to a linear microwave antenna placed on a coverslip (25-μm-thin copper wire) and sealed with a cell-culture dish having a hole at the center. The typical microwave excitation power was estimated to be 5[A/m] as a magnetic field strength, given the input power and output power of the antenna, as well as electromagnetic simulation by a finite-element method (COMSOL). In the CW-ODMR measurement, APD detection was gated for microwave irradiation ON and OFF using the SP6T switch and a bit pattern generator (SpinCore, PBESR-PRO-300), where the gate width was 200 μs for both gates, followed by a laser shut-off time of 100 μs, resulting in IPLON and IPLOFF with a repetition rate of 2 kHz. An external magnetic field was not applied in the Examples. In the multipoint ODMR measurements, APD detection was gated for he corresponding microwave frequencies where the gate width was 100 μs, which was common for all six gates, each followed by an interval of 5 μs. The obtained number of photons at each of the 6 frequencies was assigned to the following formula to calculate an estimated value of the temperature (TNV) of an NV center.
wherein α represents the temperature dependence of the NV center, −74 kHz·° C−1.
To enable a nanodiamond quantum thermometry in vivo, a real-time in vivo thermometry system based on a confocal fluorescence microscope equipped with a fast particle tracking and high-precision temperature estimation protocol was developed (see section “1. Thermometry” above and
High-precision quantum thermometry is based on the detection of a temperature-dependent peak shift of an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) line in the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in NDs. In particular, this study used a multipoint ODMR measurement protocol for measuring the fluorescence intensity using 6 frequencies located symmetrically with respect to an ODMR peak. The fluorescence intensities at 4 frequency points out of the 6 points give 3 groups of temperature estimation according to the formula shown in section “1. Thermometry” above, and the average of the estimation ultimately gives an estimated temperature value. Experimentally, six frequencies are output sequentially from a frequency selector with a pulse width of 100 μs and an interval of 5 μs. These timing-controlled microwave pulse trains are sent to a microwave antenna prepared on a cell-culture dish. NDs or ND-labeled nematode worms are placed on the cell-culture dish.
The advantage of choosing 6 points instead of the previously reported 4, points (PTL 1) is the improvement in precision of temperature. Compared to selecting 4 points with the same photon flux, a six-point analysis uses two-thirds of the photon counts per second while performing 4-point analysis three times, thus reducing measurement noise (formula below).
(√{square root over (2/3)})−1×(√{square root over (3)})−1=(√{square root over (2)})−1=0.7
In fact, as the number of frequency points increases, more details about the ODMR spectral shape are obtained. This is useful for detailed analysis of temperature profiles. In this study, the moving average was used. However, more advanced data estimation, such as Kalman filtering, can also be effective.
It was found to be important to calibrate the photon-counting responsivity of each pulse counter to achieve real-time monitoring in a dynamic environment. Each counter was found to have a very small difference in photo-responsivity of <5% (see
First, the temperature of NDs placed on a cover glass was measured (see
Second, the specifications of thermometry (precision, accuracy, temporal resolution, and stability) were evaluated by changing the temperature of the microscope objective (TOBJ) stepwise within the range of 20 to 40° C. (
In the lower temperature range of below 35° C., a difference appeared between TNV and TOBJ. This difference is due to the insufficient waiting time for TOBJ to become thermalized completely, and is irrelevant to the precision of the thermometer. Rather, the difference is an accurate reflection of the actual temperature of the surface of the cover glass. This is because heat dissipation is proportional to the difference from room temperature according to Fourier's law. It takes more than an hour to reach a complete thermal equilibrium.
Heating the objective of a microscope results in more substantial fluctuations and drifts of the focal position than lowering the temperature. Thus, to show the robustness of the thermometer, the heater was turned off in 207 minutes and then turned on in 218 minutes to increase the temperature to 35° C. During this rapid thermal event, the system was able to track the ND position while indicating a correct temperature estimate. Given the stepwise change within the range of 35 to 45° C., the precision of the current temperature measurement was determined to be 0.16° C. based on an integral time of 34 seconds, which is less than 0.3° C. in the root mean square (
Because a robust and accurate thermometry that operates in real time was established, a local temperature monitoring of living worms was tested. NDs used for labeling nematodes were highly water-soluble nanodiamonds coated with polyglycerol (nanodiamonds obtained by coating nanodiamonds haying a median particle size of 100 nm (Adams nanotechnology) with polyglycerol). These NDs were introduced into the gonad of the worms by microinjection and incubated overnight to wait for the NDs to be incorporated into the cells. The labeled worms were anesthetized and transferred to an antenna-integrated culture dish near its microwave antenna. They were sandwiched between an agar pad and a cover glass filled with buffer.
To demonstrate the applicability of this thermometry in research of in vivo exotherm, the internal temperature of worms stimulated by FCCP (carbonyl cyanide-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone), which is a mitochondrial uncoupler, was measured.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2019-124578 | Jul 2019 | JP | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/JP2020/024945 | 6/25/2020 | WO |