Patent Grant
11608992
The present invention is directed generally to a multi heat exchanger water heating system. More specifically, the present invention is directed to an on-demand tankless high volume capable water heating system.
Applicants' U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,175,752 and 8,271,143 disclose the use of a plurality of water heating systems in a network. While this system is scalable as the number of water heaters functionally and fluidly connected to the network can be incremented and decremented based on need, the level of skill, effort and costs associated with fluidly networking a large number of water heaters can be high and not easily attainable. In networking a plurality of water heaters, each inlet of a water heater is plumbed on-site to a cold water supply line and each outlet of the water is plumbed on-site to an output line to points of usage. This causes significant amounts of work performed, e.g., in measuring and cutting pipe fittings on-site and a significant number of pipe fittings. The decision associated with connecting each water heater to a cold water supply line and an output line is typically made by an installer on-site who works under various constraints such as time, space and limited access to client's space, and the like. The amount of wall-space and total size of footprint taken, by not only the water heaters, but also the plumbing for hot and cold water pipes and exhaust gases can be significant, especially when the network of water heaters is placed in a small mechanical room. In addition, each exhaust of a water heater is connected to an individual vent that eventually culminates in a common vent that vents into an exterior space.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,286,594 to Smelcer (hereinafter Smelcer) discloses a water heating apparatus capable of turndown ratios as high as 25:1. Such turndown ratios are achieved using multiple blowers and one heat exchanger. As there is only one heat exchanger, a failure in the heat exchanger can still potentially shut down the entire water heating apparatus. In contrast, the present water heating system uses its heat source from more than one heat exchanger. Column 2 lines 3-19 of Smelcer discloses challenges faced when improving turndown ratios using multiple modulating systems as follows: “Inherent physical limitations on the turndown ratio which can be achieved with a single heating apparatus of prior designs makes it difficult to achieve a continuous range of heat input over a large operating range from a very low low end for low heat demand situations to a very high high end for high heat demand situations. One prior solution to this difficulty is to utilize a plurality of commonly controlled heat exchangers such as those of the Baese et al. patent described above. One such system is described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0216771 of Paine et al., and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. While such multiple modulating systems do solve the problem of providing continuous modulation over a wide range of heat demands, they do so at the cost of increased complexity of plumbing to connect the multiple units and increased complexity of control systems to coordinate the operation of the units.”
Thus, there arises a need for a unitary multi heat exchanger water heating system capable of a high turndown ratio but large heating capacity, having a simplified control scheme due to independently controlled heat exchangers, having simplified control hardware due to shared components, e.g., a recirculation pump.
The present invention is directed toward a method for controlling an on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system for supplying a total heating power at a turndown ratio and a total flowrate of a fluid supply, the fluid heating system including a plurality of heat exchangers fluidly connected in parallel, each of the plurality of heat exchangers including: a fluid conductor, wherein each of the plurality of heat exchangers contributes to the total heating power and a portion of the total flowrate of the fluid supply through the fluid conductor; an inlet conductor configured to connect the fluid supply to the plurality of heat exchangers at an upstream location of the plurality of heat exchangers; an outlet conductor configured for receiving the fluid supply downstream of the plurality of heat exchangers; an auxiliary conductor connecting the inlet conductor at a first location and the outlet conductor, the auxiliary conductor including a modulating valve; and a pump disposed downstream from the first location on the inlet conductor, wherein the pump is disposed upstream from the plurality of heat exchangers, the method including:
In one embodiment, the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system is tankless. In one embodiment, the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system further includes a user interface operably connected to the plurality of heat exchangers. In one embodiment, the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system further includes an enclosure within which the plurality of heat exchangers and the pump are located, the enclosure includes a pallet base having fork pockets adapted to facilitate the transport of the enclosure with a forklift. In one embodiment, the modulating valve is disposed in a first setting to cooperate with the pump to generate an internal circulation through at least one of the plurality of heat exchangers while supplying the total heating power in the first flow mode. In one embodiment, the modulating valve is disposed in a second setting to cooperate with the pump to generate an internal circulation through at least one of the plurality of heat exchangers a portion of the time outside of supplying the total heating power in the first flow mode. In one embodiment, the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system further includes an external recirculation circuit. In one embodiment, the turndown ratio is at least about 33.3:1. In one embodiment, the total flowrate is up to about 50 Gallons Per Minute (GPM). In one embodiment, each of the plurality of heat exchangers further includes a top casting including a backflow preventer. In one embodiment, the method further includes disposing the modulating valve in a closed position, forcing the fluid supply through the pump and the plurality of heat exchangers such that the fluid supply remains capable of being heated to mitigate a failure of the pump.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an on-demand high volume capable water heating system having a high turndown ratio. In one embodiment, the firing rate of the present water heating system ranges from about 30,000 BTU to about 1,000,000 BTU. In one embodiment, the present turndown ratio is about 33.3:1.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an on-demand high volume capable water heating system having a high turndown ratio that is also simple to install.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an on-demand high volume capable water heating system having a high turndown ratio that includes a recirculation circuit which aids in meeting target temperature expediently.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a high volume capable water heating system having a high turndown ratio that includes only one recirculation circuit which aids in meeting target temperature expediently.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an exhaust manifold configured to receive exhaust from more than one heat exchanger, eliminating the need for an exhaust for each of a plurality of heat exchangers which make up a heating system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a heating system with an arrangement of its components that reduces or eliminates occurrences of cavitation.
Whereas there may be many embodiments of the present invention, each embodiment may meet one or more of the foregoing recited objects in any combination. It is not intended that each embodiment will necessarily meet each objective. Thus, having broadly outlined the more important features of the present invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated, there are, of course, additional features of the present invention that will be described herein and will form a part of the subject matter of this specification.
In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and objects of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
The present configuration reduces the amount of materials used in the form of pumps, fittings, plumbing, wiring, etc., and the footprint of the water heater and simplifies plumbing and the design of exhaust manifold.
A large conventional single-heat exchanger water heater is often desired in circumstances where ease of installation is critical. Unlike a conventional single-heat exchanger water heater, the present configuration provides modulation of heating power unavailable in large single-heat exchanger water heaters as the turndown ratio of the conventional single-heat exchanger water heater is no better than about 24:1.
In addition, by using more than one heat exchanger, single point failures can be eliminated as heating contribution of a disabled heat exchanger may be made up by remaining functioning heat exchangers until repair or replacement can be performed.
A major drawback for using a single-heat exchanger water heater lies in the inability of such a unit to tolerate faults. If the heat exchanger ceases to function, the entire water heater is rendered inoperable. The present configuration includes multiple heat exchangers, thereby greatly reducing the chance of having a total shutdown due to an inoperable heat exchanger.
The recirculation circuit provides temperature stability when flow demand changes from a high rate to a low rate, e.g., from about 20 Gallons Per Minute (GPM) to about 5 GPM. At a supply temperature of 120 degrees F., a sudden decrease in supply from about 20 GPM to about 5 GPM causes a magnitude of temperature fluctuation of only about ±7 degrees F. Without recirculation, this temperature fluctuation can range from about ±25 to about ±30 degrees F. A sudden decrease is defined as a decrease in demand of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 GPM that occurs over a period of about 3 to about 4 seconds.
As the present water heating system is tankless, hot water is generated and consumed on demand. No storage of hot water is necessary or desired, eliminating heat loss wastes that can occur as in tank water heaters. The present water heating system is capable of a total flowrate of from a low flowrate of about 0.6 GPM to a high flowrate of about 50 GPM due to the combined use of multiple heat exchangers. When a demand is low, a small number of heat exchangers may be operated at maximum firing rate while others are not activated or each heat exchanger may be operated at a rate that is less than the maximum firing rate to provide a total heating rate that meets the low demand. When a demand is high, a large number or all of the heat exchangers may be operated at high or maximum firing rate to meet the high demand. The present water heating system therefore can provide hot water at such a large range of flowrates. When using a single large heat exchanger water heater, the possibility that a large storage tank is required such that sufficient hot water can be prepared before an actual demand exists is much greater as the firing rate of the single large heat exchanger cannot be modulated. Therefore, a higher than necessary firing rate is required in a single large heat exchanger water heater.
In one embodiment, a pump is disposed upstream of a plurality of heat exchangers. When coupled with an auxiliary conductor, the pump allows recirculation or a bypass flow in a present system without or with minimal negative effects of cavitation. As the present system is capable of a low or reduced pressure drop across the system, it is capable of meeting large demands traditionally served using tank heaters.
The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, around, or in the region of. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 20 percent up or down (higher or lower).
When a large demand of heated water is required, e.g., in a hotel, a convention center or a processing plant, one of two solutions is typically adopted. A large water heater, e.g., one having firing rate of about 1,000,000 BTU, with a single large heat exchanger that is capable of producing and storing a large amount of heated water may be used. More recently, with the advancements made in communication technology, solutions involving multiple units of smaller capacity water heaters have become common place. The present water heating system marks a departure from strict embodiments of the types of water heaters described above. A major drawback for using a single-heat exchanger water heater lies in the inability of such a unit to tolerate faults. If the sole heat exchanger of such a water heater ceases to function, the entire water heater is rendered inoperable. Another major drawback for using a single-heat exchanger water heater lies in the inability to allow change-outs/services without affecting normal operations of the water heater. The present configuration includes multiple heat exchangers, thereby greatly reducing the chance of having a total shutdown due to an inoperable heat exchanger or services being performed on the heat exchanger. When one heat exchanger is inoperable, other heat exchangers can function and may still provide the firing rate required. Unless the maximum available firing rate is required (which is not often the case or may never occur), the use of multiple heat exchangers can almost always meet a demand until a repair or replacement of a faulty part in the water heating system can be made. In addition, as the components used in the present water heating system are smaller, e.g., smaller blowers (each for one heat exchanger instead of a single large unit), the cost of replacing such parts is significantly lower than the cost for replacing a large blower suitable for forcing mixture of fuel/air through the combustion system of a single large heat exchanger. As each heat exchanger in the present water heating system is capable of a large turndown ratio, it is possible that certain demands in an installation can be met by a number of heat exchangers that is less than that of the total number of heat exchangers in the present water heating system, leaving at least one heat exchanger that is not used. Therefore, the present water heating system can have the effect that some heat exchangers (and hence their components) accumulate service hours that are significantly lower than those experienced in a single large heat exchanger within a service period.
In one embodiment, a heat exchanger may be coupled with a buffer tank according to Applicants' patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,656,867 ('867) for coil tube heat exchangers, the disclosure of '867 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In this example, a fluid conductor connecting the cold water inlet and hot water outlet enables recirculation to occur. A pump 10 is connected in line with a modulating valve 18 within this fluid conductor. In practice, a recirculation flow occurs when the pump 10 is turned on, drawing heated water from the outlet towards the inlet, thereby mixing the heated water with the cooler incoming water if a demand exists (i.e., drawing cold water at inlet) or the cooler water upstream of the heat exchanger (i.e., prior to arriving at the heat exchanger that has just been turned off). The modulating valve 18 serves to modulate an unheated water flowrate from the inlet to the outlet based on the desired resultant temperature at the outlet. For instance, if the water temperature at the outlet trends upwardly and there is a risk the outlet temperature will exceed the setpoint temperature of the water heating system, the modulating valve 18 is set at a position to allow a larger flow to temper the output from one or more of the heat exchangers 4. In making the fluid network, all inlets are connected together and the outlets are connected together. It shall be noted that only one recirculation circuit is necessary to cause recirculation in all heat exchangers as compared to the configuration shown in
Flappers 48 are installed downstream from a blower. This is in contrast to a conventional backflow preventer which is mounted upstream of a blower. A flapper 48 is essentially operated by the difference in air pressures on either side of the flapper 48. By mounting the flappers 48 downstream of the blower, a positive pressure is exerted on the flappers, causing them to open. If the flappers 48 were mounted upstream of the blower, i.e., at the blower's inlet, then the flappers 48 will have to be opened by a vacuum created upstream of the blower. As centrifugal blowers are not positive displacement devices, this will cause the need of a significant drop of air flow to achieve vacuum to result in the force needed to open the flappers 48. Hence the present flappers 48 are mounted downstream from a blower. The flappers 48 could be mounted downstream from a combustion chamber of a heat exchanger. However, the Applicants discovered that the flappers 48 may fail to open if the flappers 48 are disposed downstream of a heat exchanger as the flue gas from a burner contains water vapors and carbon-dioxide. Water vapors can freeze and cause the flappers 48 to stick (or remain stuck closed). The carbon particles of the carbon dioxide and other contaminants in the burnt gas will eventually gum up the surfaces downstream of the combustion chamber, making flapper operation unreliable.
Heating is not requested of heat exchangers B and D. As such, no fuel/air mixture flows 56 are effected in heat exchangers B and D. In heat exchanger A, as flue gas is produced by its burner, it flows in a direction according to the pressure differentials created generally by the blowers disposed upstream of the flappers 48. However, in this example, the blowers of heat exchangers B and D are not turned on as no heating has been requested of either one of the heat exchangers. It shall be noted that, without a flapper 48, heat exchanger B is unable to prevent a flue gas flow 68 from entering its combustion chamber. It shall be noted that, as a flapper 48 is provided to heat exchanger D, no flue gas flow is effected in heat exchanger D as its flapper 48 is disposed in the closed position due to the lack of a fuel/air mixture flow 56 through it. Therefore it shall be apparent that an undesired flue gas flow, as the flow shown going through heat exchanger B, can occur if the exhausts from multiple heat exchangers are commonly vented and that one or more of the heat exchangers lack flappers 48 for flue gas flow control.
There is further provided a method for determining the root cause of the lack of flow in an on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system for supplying a total heating power at a turndown ratio and a total flowrate of a fluid supply. During installation, foreign objects, e.g., dirt, grime, etc., or other materials not intended for the fluid conductors of the present system, could be inadvertently introduced in the present system, especially during a replacement of an existing and aging system which has been in operation for an extended period of time. The lack of flow could be a result of a clogged path through a heat exchanger and/or a dysfunctional pump.
In one embodiment, a present fluid heating system includes a controller; a plurality of heat exchangers fluidly connected in parallel, each of the plurality of heat exchangers includes a fluid conductor, wherein each of the plurality of heat exchangers contributes to the total heating power and a portion of the total flowrate of the fluid supply through the fluid conductor; an inlet conductor 74 configured to connect the fluid supply to the plurality of heat exchangers; an outlet conductor 76 configured for receiving the fluid supply downstream of the plurality of heat exchangers; an auxiliary conductor 72 connecting the inlet conductor at a first location and the outlet conductor, the auxiliary conductor including a modulating valve; and a pump disposed downstream from the first location on the inlet conductor. The pump is disposed upstream from the plurality of heat exchangers to prevent cavitation in the fluid heating system. The modulating valve and the pump cooperate to cause a recirculation flow through at least one of the plurality of heat exchangers in a first flow mode from the outlet conductor to the inlet conductor and a bypass flow through the conductor in a second flow mode from the inlet conductor to the outlet conductor and the controller operably connected to the modulating valve. In one operating mode, recirculation can occur either while a demand exists or while no demands are present. If a demand exists, the modulating valve can be disposed in a setting suitable for encouraging a recirculation. If a demand is absent, as long as the modulating valve is not fully closed, a recirculation can occur. In another operating mode, an inlet fluid supply can be bypassed to the outlet conductor to aid in meeting a larger demand. As the bypassed fluid is unheated, the unbypassed portion of the fluid supply must be heated to a higher temperature setpoint to result in a mixture of bypassed and unbypassed portions of the fluid supply suitable for the recipients of the fluid supply.
A blockage can occur in one or more flow paths or the pump can cease or otherwise malfunction, resulting in decreased or no flow in a present fluid heating system. In one step, the flowrate of each the heat exchangers is compared with another flowrate through the other heat exchangers in the system. If the flowrate indicated by each of the flowrate sensors 70 is determined to fall outside of tolerance of the flowrates through a majority of the other heat exchangers of the plurality of heat exchangers, the flowrate sensor of the heat exchanger or a flow path of the heat exchanger is determined to be contributing to the root cause of the lack of flow in the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system. For instance, if the flowrate of a heat exchanger, as indicated by its respective flowrate sensor differs from the flowrates of more than half of all the heat exchangers by about 50%, at least one of the flowrate sensor in question and the flow path of the heat exchanger associated with it is said to be dysfunctional. For instance, if the flowrate of a heat exchanger is 0.5 GPM and more than half of the other heat exchangers register a flowrate that is 1 GPM or over, then more than half of the heat exchangers register a flowrate that is (1−0.5)/0.5×100=100% which is greater than the allowable tolerance, i.e., 50%.
In another step, with a pump turn-on command received at the pump where the pump turn-on command is intended for turning on the pump, the flowrates of the plurality of heat exchangers are compared to a threshold, wherein if a majority of the flowrates of the plurality of heat exchangers are disposed below a threshold, the pump is determined to be contributing to the root cause of the lack of flow in the on-demand high volume capable fluid heating system. For instance, if the majority of flowrates indicated by their respective flowrate sensors, e.g., more than half of the flowrates are determined to be below about 10% of the expected maximum flowrate through each of the heat exchangers, then the pump is said to be dysfunctional. In one operating mode, if the pump had been determined to have malfunctioned or ceased, the modulating valve 18 is closed to prevent any or a significant bypass flow through conductor 72 as there will be insufficient flow through the heat exchangers to be mixed with a bypass flow through conductor 72. In its failed state, the pump still allows a flow through it albeit at a lower flowrate and with a higher pressure drop and is capable in fully meeting the demands of most applications.
Thus, having broadly outlined the more important features of the present invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated, there are, of course, additional features of the present invention that will be described herein and will form a part of the subject matter of this specification.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent construction insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the conception regarded as the present invention.
This continuation-in-part application claims the benefit of priority from non-provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 16/114,512 filed on Aug. 28, 2018 which in turn claims the benefit of priority from non-provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 14/506,004 filed on Oct. 3, 2014 which in turn claims the benefit of priority from provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 61/886,247 filed on Oct. 3, 2013. Each of said applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210116135 A1 | Apr 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61886247 | Oct 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16114512 | Aug 2018 | US |
| Child | 17133720 | US | |
| Parent | 14506004 | Oct 2014 | US |
| Child | 16114512 | US |
