Opalescent glass

Abstract

An opalescent glass is described which is characterized by a continuous glass phase and a discontinuous glass phase dispersed therein, and which can be used as dental material or as a constituent of dental materials.

Description

The invention relates to opalescent glass and particularly to opalescent glass which, as a result of its chemical resistance and its processing properties, can be used in the dental field.

The property of a material of appearing bluish-white in reflected light and red in transmitted light is called opalescence. A more exact treatment of this effect can be found for example in W. Vogel: Glaschemie, Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1971.

To achieve the opalescence effect with industrial glass, an opacifier is often added to them. Fluorides, phosphates and borates are primarily used as opacifiers.

Opal glasses are for example known from DE-OS 1 496 646. The glasses described there are distinguished through a content of crystallized TiO.sub.2 which forms its ownphase and causes a clouding of the glass. The glasses are principally used as pigments in varnishes and paints and as fillers in papers, plastics and chemical fibres.

Known from DE-PS 33 06 648 is a bioactive glass ceramic in whose micro-structure there are apatite and mica crystal phases. The glass ceramic contains no TiO.sub.2 or ZrO.sub.2. It is intended in particular for prosthetic purposes, namely as bone replacement material.

DE-PS 2 313 074 discloses phosphate-opacified opal glasses based on SiO.sub.2 -B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 -K.sub.2 O. It is a disadvantage with these glasses that the opalescence disappears partly or completely when the A1203 content is increased to more than 5 wt. %.

Finally, known from DE-PS 1 909 187 are opal glasses which are likewise free from TiO.sub.2 and ZrO.sub.2. The opalescence effect of these glasses appears to be attributable to the fact that, after the desired glass objects have been formed, an in-situ phase separation takes place by heat treatment.

The known opal glasses do not however satisfy the requirements which are placed on a dental material. Admittedly, their opalescence effect is sufficient in many cases to imitate the opalescence of natural teeth, but they do not satisfy other requirements for dental materials. For one thing, the conventional glasses frequently contain components which are not completely safe from a physiological point of view. For another, the chemical resistance of the opal glasses is insufficient in many cases for application in the dental field. Finally, the opal glasses known to date have the disadvantage that they do not withstand usual dental processing without losing their original opalescence effect. During the dental processing, the opal glass is comminuted to give a granulate with a particle size of less than 90 .mu.m and the granulate is then sintered at a temperature of up to 1100.degree. C. to give a dense product. Further thermal treatments are optionally carried out at up to 1100.degree. C. After undergoing such processing, conventional opalescent glasses either become completely transparent or they crystallise out very quickly to give a white opaque material. In both cases the desired opalescence effect is completely lost.

It is therefore the object of the invention to provide an opalescent glass, a process for its production and its use, which opalescent glass has a high opalescence and an excellent chemical resistance and, moreover, can withstand the aforementioned dental processing without considerable loss of the original opalescence effect and can therefore be used as dental material.

This object is surprisingly achieved by the opalescent glass according to claims 1 to 3 and the process for its production according to claims 4 to 7 and its use according to claims 8 to 10.

The opalescent glass according to the invention is characterized in that it has a continuous glass phase and a discontinuous glass phase dispersed therein and comprises the following components:

______________________________________Component Wt. %______________________________________SiO.sub.2 48.0 to 66.0B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0 to 1.0Me(III).sub.2 O.sub.3 5.8 to 20.0Me(I).sub.2 O 6.0 to 22.0Me(II)O 3.5 to 16.0Me(IV)O.sub.2 0.5 to 10.0P.sub.2 O.sub.5 0.5 to 5.0CeO.sub.2 0 to 3.0______________________________________ where a) the quantity of Me(III).sub.2 O.sub.3 quoted is formed of 5.8 to 20.0 wt. % Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 0 to 6.0 wt. % La.sub.2 O.sub.3 ; b) the quantity of Me(I).sub.2 O quoted is formed of 3.0 to 15.0 wt. % K.sub.2 O, 3.0 to 12.0 wt. % Na.sub.2 O and 0 to 2.5 wt. % Li.sub.2 O; c) the quantity of Me(II)O quoted is formed of 0 to 10.0 wt. % CaO, 0 to 7.5 wt. % BaO, 0 to 9 wt. % MgO, 0 to 3.5 wt. % ZnO and 0 to 8.5 wt. % SrO; and d) the quantity of Me(IV)O.sub.2 quoted is formed of 0 to 5.0 wt. % TiO.sub.2 and 0 to 5.0 wt. % ZrO.sub.2.

All weight percentage data are relative to the glass.

It is preferred that the glass contains 0 to 0.9 wt. % B.sub.2 O.sub.3. Particularly preferred are glasses which contain the following components.

______________________________________ Component Wt. %______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 53.0-62.0 B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0-0.9 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 10.0-17.0 K.sub.2 O 6.0-15.0 Na.sub.2 O 5.0-11.0 CaO 2.0-7.0 BaO 0-5.5 SrO 0-8.5 TiO.sub.2 0.2-2.0 ZrO.sub.2 0-3.0 P.sub.2 O.sub.5 2.0-5.0 CeO.sub.2 0-1.0______________________________________

The opalescent glass according to the invention is formed in a conventional manner and in particular by melting suitable starting materials at a temperature of 1400.degree. to 1650.degree. C., with the formation of a homogeneous glass melt. If the opalescence effect of the glass produced in this way is sufficient, subsequent heat treatment need not be carried out. Since, however, the intensity of the opalescence effect can in general be increased by means of the heat treatment mentioned hereinafter, treatment of this kind is preferably to be carried out. During the heat treatment, the prepared glass melt, is kept for a certain period of time in the temperature range from 950.degree. to 1100.degree. C., after or without prior cooling to room temperature. This treatment preferably lasts 15 minutes to 4 hours.

By means of scanning electron microscopic investigation, it was proven that the glass according to the invention has a microheterogeneous structure, displaying a continuous glass phase in which a discontinuous glass phase is dispersed. The discontinuous glass phase exists in the form of drops which have an average size of about 150 to 250 nm, relative to the number of drops. The investigations likewise showed that the size distribution of the drops is narrow.

Surprisingly, it is possible to expose the glass according to the invention to the conditions which prevail during dental processing without the opalescence effect becoming impaired. The dental processing of the glass according to the invention as dental material involves that a granulate with a particle size of preferably less than 90 .mu.m is formed from the glass and this granulate is then sintered together at temperatures of up to 1100.degree. C., preferably 880.degree. to 1070.degree. C. Two to four further thermal treatments at temperatures of up to 1100.degree. C. can be appended to this sintering together. Surprisingly, the glass according to the invention survives all these conditions without loss of the opalescence effect. Rather, it was established that in some cases the conditions of the dental processing even led to an increase in the opalescence effect. The glass according to the invention is therefore clearly superior to the glasses known to date which, under the dental processing conditions described, become completely transparent or very quickly crystallize out to a white opaque material, the result in both cases being a loss in the opalescence.

The high opalescence of the glasses according to the invention is all the more surprising since they contain relatively large quantities of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, namely 5.8 to 20.0 wt. %. With the silicate glasses known from DE-PS 2 313 074, such quantities of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 lead to a reduction or a complete disappearance of the opalescence effect.

In addition to a stable opalescence effect, the glasses according to the invention are also characterized by an excellent chemical resistance and by a linear expansion coefficient suitable for dental applications. The glasses according to the invention can therefore be used in an advantageous manner for dental applications. For this, the glasses can themselves be used as dental material or as a component of or additive to dental materials. The glasses according to the invention are particularly preferably used together with silicate glasses and silicate glass ceramics. Alone or combined with other compatible additives, the glasses according to the invention can be granulated as described and then sintered to give dense dental products, such as inlays, onlays, crowns or coating ceramics on metal. It is also possible to use the opalescent glass according to the invention as a filler for inlays, onlays or those moulded articles from which computer-milled dental replacement parts are produced.

The invention is further explained with reference to the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Examples 1 to 24

27 opalescent glasses according to the invention, which had the compositions shown in the following Table I, were prepared by melting at temperatures from 1400.degree. to 1650.degree. C., cooling to temperatures from 1100.degree. C. to room temperature and optionally by subsequent heat treatment for 15 minutes to 4 hours in the temperature range from 950.degree. to 1100.degree. C.

Glasses 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20 and 22 and glasses 25, 26 and 27 are preferred.

TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Composition of the glasses__________________________________________________________________________Glass no.Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14__________________________________________________________________________SiO.sub.2 57,7 57,7 53,1 59,4 56,0 48,9 55,0 56,0 55,6 55,5 49,0 60,6 62,0 55,1B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- 1,0 -- 1,0 0,2 1,0 -- -- 0,9 1,0 -- -- -- 0,4Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 13,5 13,7 12,8 14,3 15,8 13,9 12,8 10,4 13,1 5,9 19,3 12,8 14,0 12,8La.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --K.sub.2 O 7,3 7,3 7,0 7,8 11,0 7,3 7,0 10,0 7,0 8,0 3,1 3,0 7,9 6,9Na.sub.2 O 5,9 5,9 5,6 5,9 9,6 5,9 11,0 7,7 5,8 6,7 3,6 3,0 4,8 10,6Li.sub.2 O -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --CaO 5,9 5,9 5,8 -- 2,6 5,9 5,6 5,3 5,8 10,0 7,6 7,7 6,4 5,6BaO 4,7 4,7 4,5 4,8 -- 4,7 -- 4,2 4,9 5,9 7,5 4,4 -- --MgO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --SrO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ZnO -- -- 3,5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --TiO.sub.2 -- 1,3 1,8 1,4 0,3 5,0 1,2 1,8 1,4 1,5 2,4 1,7 1,4 1,1ZrO.sub.2 2,6 -- 3,0 2,7 1,9 5,0 2,4 2,4 2,8 2,9 5,0 3,3 2,8 2,5P.sub.2 O.sub.5 2,4 2,5 2,9 2,7 2,6 2,4 5,0 2,2 2,7 2,7 2,5 3,5 0,6 5,0CeO.sub.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________Glass no.Component 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27__________________________________________________________________________SiO.sub.2 55,3 56,1 54,9 56,1 57,8 61,6 54,8 53,6 59,3 65,3 53,4 53,9 55,9B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0,2 -- 1,0 -- -- -- -- 0,9 1,0 -- 0,2 0,2 0,2Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 16,1 13,3 13,2 12,5 13,6 14,5 12,9 12,6 13,9 5,8 16,5 16,6 16,6La.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- -- -- 6,0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --K.sub.2 O 11,9 7,1 7,9 7,2 7,4 7,9 7,0 6,9 7,6 3,3 14,5 14,3 10,3Na.sub.2 O 9,1 5,8 5,7 5,8 5,8 6,4 5,7 5,6 7,3 4,4 7,1 7,5 7,6Li.sub.2 O -- -- -- -- 2,5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --CaO 2,6 5,8 5,7 5,9 6,1 6,5 5,8 5,7 3,5 -- 2,6 2,6 5,6BaO -- 4,9 4,8 -- -- -- 4,6 -- -- 4,8 -- -- --MgO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8.2 -- -- --SrO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8,5 -- -- -- -- --ZnO -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --TiO.sub.2 0,3 1,4 1,4 1,3 1,4 0,5 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,9 0,3 0,3 0,3ZrO.sub.2 1,9 2,8 2,7 2,6 2,7 -- 2,6 2,5 2,8 3,6 1,9 1,9 0,9P.sub.2 O.sub.5 2,6 2,8 2,7 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,4 2,4 3,3 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,6CeO.sub.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 3,0 -- -- -- 0,9 -- --__________________________________________________________________________

The properties of different selected glasses according to the invention are detailed in the following Table II.

TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Properties of selected glasses Sintering Heat treatment temperature range Linear of the starting for the production expansion glass after of rods for .alpha.- coefficient .alpha.Glass pouring of the measurement (100-500.degree. C.) T.sub.g T.sub.Eno. melt [.degree.C./h] [.degree.C.] [.degree.C..sup.-1 ] [.degree.C.] [.degree.C.]__________________________________________________________________________4 none 1000/1020 8.1 .times. 10.sup.-6 677 7785 950/0.5 h 960/980 15.1 .times. 10.sup.-6 553 6706 none 960/980 9.1 .times. 10.sup.-6 677 7508 none 900/920 10.3 .times. 10.sup.-6 598 6649 950/1 h 1020/1020 8.5 .times. 10.sup.-6 654 7409 1060/1 h 1020/1020 8.4 .times. 10.sup.-6 657 74513 1050/2 h 960/980 8.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 672 74814 none 960/980 10.8 .times. 10.sup.-6 634 71015 1000/1 h and 960/980 16.8 .times. 10.sup.-6 552 697 900/1 h16 1000/1 h 1020/1020 8.7 .times. 10.sup.-6 682 76618 none 1030/1050 8.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 699 78819 none 840/860 9.5 .times. 10.sup.-6 561 62920 none 1000/1020 8.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 657 74526 1040/1 h 980/1000 18.2 .times. 10.sup.-6 580 77027 950/0.5 h 960/980 17.6 .times. 10.sup.-6 628 800__________________________________________________________________________ T.sub.g = Transformation temperature T.sub.E = Softening temperature

Test-rods were prepared for the determination of the linear thermal expansion coefficient .alpha.. To this end, the selected glasses according to the invention were granulated to particle sizes of <90 .mu.m and the obtained glass granulate sintered within the temperature ranges given in Table II to give rods. As Table II shows, the expansion coefficient can be controlled, depending on the glass composition, between 8.1.times.10.sup.-6 and 18.2.times.10.sup.-6 .degree. C..sup.-1, measured in the temperature range of 100.degree. to 500.degree. C. Depending on the dental application, for example if the glass is to be used as additive for a baked-on ceramic or as additive for a pressed glass ceramic, it is therefore possible to produce a glass with a compatible expansion coefficient.

In this connection, glasses 5, 15, 25, 26 and 27 are to be emphasized in particular. Despite a very high expansion coefficient, they characterize themselves through an adequate to very good opalescence. With traditional glasses, high expansion coefficients can frequently only be attained with very marked losses of the opalescence effect. The glasses according to the invention, however, combine both properties in an advantageous way.

Table II also shows that the transformation ranges of the glasses lie between approximately 550.degree. and 700.degree. C. and the softening temperatures between approximately 620.degree. and 800.degree. C.

Quoted in the following Table III are qualitative values for the opalescence effect of the glasses according to the invention and values for their chemical resistance.

TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Properties of selected glasses Heat treatment Sintering temperature Mass loss after of the starting range for the treatment with glass after production of small acetic acidGlass pouring of the test plates [.degree.C.] (according to ISOno. melt [.degree.C./h] (holding time 1 min) 6872-1984) [%] Opalescence__________________________________________________________________________4 none 1020/1040 0.0059 good5 960/1 h 980/1020 0.0198 adequate6 none 980/1000 0.0143 adequate8 none 920/940 0.0058 adequate9 950/1 h 1000/1000 0.0052 adequate9 1060/1 h 1000/1020 0.0084 very good13 1050/2 h 1000/1020 0.0153 adequate14 none 1000/1020 0.0092 very good15 950/1 h 980/970 0.0057 very good16 1000/1 h 1020/1000 0.0081 good18 none 1050/1070 0.0060 adequate19 none 880/900 0.0090 good20 none 1020/1040 0.0063 very good26 1040/1 h 1010/1030 0.0348 adequate27 950/0.5 h 980/1000 0.0218 good__________________________________________________________________________

For the determination of the chemical resistance of the glasses according to the invention and their opalescence, small test plates were produced from the opalescent glass by sintering together granulate with a particle size of less than 90 .mu.m within the temperature ranges given in Table III to give small plates with a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. The granulate was held at the sintering temperature for 1 min.

To estimate the chemical resistance, the mass loss of the small test plates was determined after treatment with 4% acetic acid in a Soxhlet apparatus according to ISO 6872-1984. As the values given in Table III show, all glasses satisfied the standard of less than 0.05% mass loss. In view of a very low mass loss, the glasses preferred are nos. 4, 8, 15, 18 and 20.

The opalescence effects of the individual glasses were compared with one another and appraised qualitatively. The results of the appraisal are to be found in Table III. Because of their high opalescence, the glasses preferred are nos. 5, 9 (with heat treatment), 14, 15 and 20.

In order to also be able to determine quantitatively the opalescence of the glasses according to the invention, the so-called contrast value (CR-value) was determined for three different glasses according to British Standard Institution BSI 5612, 1978, paragraph 8.11. To this end, a light-optical measurement, compared with a white and black standard sample was carried out with a Minolta CR-300 apparatus on glass test plates having a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of 1.+-.0.025 mm.

The small glass test plates were again produced by sintering the glass granulate, and the measured contrast value and the qualitatively estimated opalescence are given in the following Table IV.

TABLE IV______________________________________ Sintering condi- tions for the Heat treatment production ofGlass of the starting small test plates Opalescenceno. glass [.degree.C./h] [.degree.C/min.] CR-value qualitatively______________________________________15 1000/0.25 1020/1 0.8559 very good16 1000/1 1020/1 0.7267 good17 1000/1 1020/1 0.8524 very good______________________________________

Claims

1. Opalescent glass having a continuous glass phase and a discontinuous glass phase dispersed therein, and consisting essentially of the following components:

______________________________________Component Wt. %______________________________________SiO.sub.2 48.0 to 66.0B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0 to 1.0Me(III).sub.2 O.sub.3 5.8 to 20.0Me(I).sub.2 O 6.0 to 22.0Me(II)O 3.5 to 16.0Me(IV)O.sub.2 0.5 to 10.0P.sub.2 O.sub.5 0.5 to 5.0CeO.sub.2 0 to 3.0______________________________________

where

a) the quantity of Me (III).sub.2 O.sub.3 quoted is formed of 5.8 to 20.0 wt. % Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 0 to 6.0 wt. % La.sub.2 O.sub.3 ;

b) the quantity of Me(I).sub.2 O quoted is formed of 3.0 to 15.0 wt. % K.sub.2 O, 3.0 to 12.0 wt. % Na.sub.2 O and 0 to 2.5 wt. % Li.sub.2 O;

c) the quantity of Me(II)O quoted is formed of 0 to 10.0 wt. % CaO, 0 to 7.5 wt. % BaO, 0 to 9.0 wt. % MgO, 0 to 3.5 wt. % ZnO and 0 to 8.5 wt. % SrO; and

d) the quantity of Me(IV)O.sub.2 quoted is formed of 0 to 5.0 wt. % TiO.sub.2 and 0 to 5.0 wt. % ZrO.sub.2.

2. Opalescent glass according to claim 1, consisting essentially of 0 to 0.9 wt. % B.sub.2 O.sub.3.

3. Opalescent glass according to claim 1, consisting essentially of the following components:

______________________________________ Component Wt. %______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 53.0-62.0 B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0-0.9 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 10.0-17.0 K.sub.2 O 6.0-15.0 Na.sub.2 O 5.0-11.0 CaO 2.0-7.0 BaO 0-5.5 SrO 0-8.5 TiO.sub.2 0.2-2.0 ZrO.sub.2 0-3.0 P.sub.2 O.sub.5 2.0-5.0 CeO.sub.2 0-1.0.______________________________________

4. A process for producing an opalescent glass having a continuous phase and a discontinuous glass phase dispersed therein, the process comprising:

(1) melting starting materials to form a homogeneous glass melt comprising the following components:

______________________________________Component Wt. %______________________________________SiO.sub.2 48.0 to 66.0B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0 to 1.0Me(III).sub.2 O.sub.3 5.8 to 20.0Me(I).sub.2 O 6.0 to 22.0Me(II)O 3.5 to 16.0Me(IV)O.sub.2 0.5 to 10.0P.sub.2 O.sub.5 0.5 to 5.0CeO.sub.2 0 to 3.0______________________________________

where

a) the quantity of Me(III).sub.2 O.sub.3 quoted is formed of 5.8 to 20.0 wt. % Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 0 to 6.0 wt. % La.sub.2 O.sub.3 ;

b) the quantity of Me(I).sub.2 O quoted is formed of 3.0 to 15.0 wt. % K.sub.2 O, 3.0 to 12.0 wt. % Na.sub.2 O and 0 to 2.5 wt. % Li.sub.2 O;

c) the quantity of Me(II)O quoted is formed of 0 to 10.0 wt. % CaO, 0 to 7.5 wt. % BaO, 0 to 9.0 wt. % MgO, 0 to 3.5 wt. % ZnO and 0 to 8.5 wt. % SrO; and

d) the quantity of Me(IV)O.sub.2 quoted is formed of 0 to 5.0 wt. % TiO.sub.2 and 0 to 5.0 wt. % ZrO.sub.2 ; and thereafter optionally

(2) subjecting the glass prepared in step (1) to heat treatment in the range of from 950.degree. C. to 1,100.degree. C.

5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the heat treatment of step (2) is carried out for 15 minutes to 4 hours.

6. The process according to claim 4 including the additional step of granulating the opalescent glass into particles and sintering the granulate together at a temperature of up to 1100.degree. C.

7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the sintering is effected by heating the granulate to 880.degree. to 1070.degree. C.

8. A dental material comprising the opalescent glass of claim 1.

9. An additive to silicate glasses or Silicate glass ceramics composed of the opalescent glass of claim 1.

10. A dental inlay, onlay, bridge or crown comprising the opalescent glass of claim 1.