Patent Grant
7678149
The present invention broadly concerns arthrodesis for stabilizing the spine. More specifically, the invention provides open-chambered intervertebral spacers, instruments for implanting the spacers and methods for making and using the spacers.
Intervertebral discs, located between the endplates of adjacent vertebrae, stabilize the spine, distribute forces between vertebrae and cushion vertebral bodies. A normal intervertebral disc includes a semi-gelatinous component, the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded and confined by an outer, fibrous ring called the annulus fibrosus. In a healthy, undamaged spine, the annulus fibrosus prevents the nucleus pulposus from protruding outside the disc space.
Spinal discs may be displaced or damaged due to trauma, disease or aging. Disruption of the annulus fibrosus allows the nucleus pulposus to protrude into the vertebral canal, a condition commonly referred to as a herniated or ruptured disc. The extruded nucleus pulposus may press on a spinal nerve, which may result in nerve damage, pain, numbness, muscle weakness and paralysis. Intervertebral discs may also deteriorate due to the normal aging process or disease. As a disc dehydrates and hardens, the disc space height will be reduced leading to instability of the spine, decreased mobility and pain.
Sometimes the only relief from the symptoms of these conditions is a discectomy, or surgical removal of a portion or all of an intervertebral disc followed by fusion of the adjacent vertebrae. The removal of the damaged or unhealthy disc will allow the disc space to collapse. Collapse of the disc space can cause instability of the spine, abnormal joint mechanics, premature development of arthritis or nerve damage, in addition to severe pain. Pain relief via discectomy and arthrodesis requires preservation of the disc space and eventual fusion of the affected motion segments.
Bone grafts are often used to fill the intervertebral space to prevent disc space collapse and promote fusion of the adjacent vertebrae across the disc space. In early techniques, bone material was simply disposed between the adjacent vertebrae, typically at the posterior aspect of the vertebra, and the spinal column was stabilized by way of a plate or rod spanning the affected vertebrae. Once fusion occurred, the hardware used to maintain the stability of the segment became superfluous and was a permanent foreign body. Moreover, the surgical procedures necessary to implant a rod or plate to stabilize the level during fusion were frequently lengthy and involved.
It was therefore determined that a more optimal solution to the stabilization of an excised disc space is to fuse the vertebrae between their respective end plates, preferably without the need for anterior or posterior plating. There have been an extensive number of attempts to develop an acceptable intradiscal implant that could be used to replace a damaged disc and maintain the stability of the disc interspace between the adjacent vertebrae, at least until complete arthrodesis is achieved. The implant must provide temporary support and allow bone ingrowth. Success of the discectomy and fusion procedure requires the development of a contiguous growth of bone to create a solid mass because the implant may not withstand the compressive loads on the spine for the life of the patient.
Several metal spacers have been developed to fill the void formed and to promote fusion. Sofamor Danek Group, Inc., (1800 Pyramid Place, Memphis, Tenn. 38132, (800) 933-2635) markets a number of hollow spinal cages. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,247 to Michelson and U.S. Ser. No. 08/411,017 to Zdeblick disclose a threaded spinal cage. The cages are hollow and can be filled with osteogenic material, such as autograft or allograft, prior to insertion into the intervertebral space. Apertures defined in the cage communicate with the hollow interior to provide a path for tissue growth between the vertebral endplates.
Although the metal fusion devices of Sofamor Danek and others are widely and successfully employed for reliable fusions, it is sometimes desirable to use an all-bone product. Bone provides many advantages for use in fusions. It can be incorporated after fusion occurs and therefore will not be a permanent implant. Bone allows excellent postoperative imaging because it does not cause scattering like metallic implants. Stress shielding is avoided because bone grafts have a similar modulus of elasticity as the surrounding bone. Although an all-bone spacer provides these and other benefits, the use of bone presents several challenges. Any spacer which will be placed within the intervertebral disc space must withstand the cyclic loads of the spine. Cortical bone products may have sufficient compressive strength for such use, however, cortical bone will not promote rapid fusion. Cancellous bone is more conducive to fusion but is not biomechanically sound as an intervertebral spacer.
Several bone dowel products such as the Cloward Dowel have been developed over the years. Bone dowels in the shape of a generally circular pin can be obtained by drilling an allogeneic or autogeneic plug from bone. As shown in
While the bone dowels of the prior art are valuable bone grafting materials, these dowels have relatively poor biomechanical properties, in particular a low compressive strength. Accordingly, these dowels may not be suitable as an intervertebral spacer without internal fixation due to the risk of collapsing prior to fusion under the intense cyclic loads of the spine. A need remains for dowels having the advantages of allograft but with even greater biomechanical strength.
In response to this need, the University of Florida Tissue Bank, Inc., has developed a proprietary bone dowel machined from the diaphysis of long bones. Referring now to
While these diaphysial cortical dowels are a major advance in this field, a need has remained for bone dowels and other intervertebral spacers with greater versatility.
This invention provides spacers having an open chamber, tools for implanting the spacers and methods for making and using the spacers. The spacers include a body having a wall which defines a chamber and an opening in communication with the chamber. In one aspect, a channel is defined in the wall in communication with the chamber and the outer surface of the spacer. In another embodiment the wall includes a pair of arms facing one another and forming a mouth to the chamber. In a preferred embodiment, one of the arms is truncated relative to the other. In some aspects, the body is composed of bone. In one aspect the body is a dowel having a substantially C-shaped chamber and comprising an off-center bone plug obtained from the diaphysis of a long bone.
Tools for implanting spacers are also provided. The tools include spacer engaging means for engaging a spacer and occlusion means for blocking an opening defined in the spacer. In one aspect the engaging means includes a shaft slidingly disposed within a housing and having a threaded post for engaging a threaded tool hole in the spacer. In some embodiments, the occlusion means includes a plate extendable from the housing. In one specific embodiment the plate defines a groove which is disposed around a fastener attached to the housing so that the plate is slideable relative to the housing.
This invention also includes methods for obtaining an open bone dowel and methods for using the spacers of this invention. The methods of making a dowel according to this invention include cutting an off-center plug from the diaphysis of a long bone to obtain a bone dowel having an open chamber. In one aspect, the dowel is machined to include desirable surface features such as threads, grooves and instrument holes. In still another aspect, the methods include chamfering the forward end of the dowel. The methods for using the spacers of this invention include making a cavity between two vertebrae to be fused and implanting a spacer having an open chamber. In some embodiments the chamber is packed with osteogenic material before the spacer is implanted. In other aspects of the invention, osteogenic material is packed into and around the chamber through the mouth or channel after implantation.
The combination of the open-chambered spacers of this invention with the tools and methods of this invention provide a versatile spacer without any compromise in biomechanical integrity. The spacers can be packed before or after implantation. This invention facilitates implanting a pair of open spacers close to each other in an intervertebral space. Where the spacer is a bone dowel, the dowel can be formed with less bone than is needed for conventional dowels, conserving precious bone stock.
Accordingly, it is one object of this invention to provide an open-chambered fusion spacer and methods for using the spacer in an arthrodesis procedure.
Another object is to improve patient incidence of safe and satisfactory spinal stabilization and fusion.
Another object of this invention is to provide a dowel for vertebral fusions which has improved biomechanical properties and versatility over standard dowels known in the art.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a spacer with satisfactory biomechanical features and improved osteogenic and fusion promoting features.
These and other objects, advantages and features are accomplished according to the spacers, tools and methods of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
a is a side perspective view of another embodiment of an open-chambered spacer.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
This invention provides spacers having an open-mouthed chamber. These spacers are advantageous for maximum exposure of vertebral tissue to osteogenic material within the chamber and allow close placement of a pair of spacers within the intervertebral space. The design of these spacers conserve material without compromising biomechanical properties of the spacer. This is particularly advantageous when the material is bone because the invention preserves precious allograft. In fact, larger dowels and other shaped grafts can be obtained from smaller bones than was ever thought possible before the present invention. Likewise, smaller dowels having a pre-formed chamber may be efficiently obtained from larger bones.
Although any open-chambered spacer is contemplated, in one embodiment the spacers are obtained as an off-center transverse plug from the diaphysis of a long bone. This results in a dowel having an open-mouthed chamber. Because the long bone naturally includes the medullary canal, a pre-formed chamber is inherently contained within the dowel. When the plug is cut off-center in a certain way, the dowel includes an open-mouthed chamber. Surprisingly, the biomechanical properties of these dowels are not compromised by the absence of the missing chamber wall.
Referring now to
As shown in
Bilateral placement of dowels 500 is preferred as shown in
The open spacers of this invention are advantageous because they complement the anatomy of the vertebrae V as shown in
In a preferred embodiment shown in
The channel 526 of this invention provides important advantages. The channel 526, particularly when formed as a truncated arm 520′ as shown in
Referring now to
The spacers of this invention may be provided with surface features defined in the outer surface 510. Where the spacer is a bone dowel as described herein, the surface features can be machined into the cortical bone. Any desirable surface feature is contemplated. In one embodiment the outer surface 510 of the tool engaging end 501 defines a tool engaging or instrument attachment hole 515 as shown in
In some embodiments, the spacer 500 includes an alignment score mark or groove 516 defined in the tool engagement end 501. In
Other surface features can be defined along the length L of the spacer. The surface features can provide engaging surfaces to facilitate engagement with the vertebrae and prevent slippage of the spacer as is sometimes seen with a smooth graft. Referring now to
Machined surfaces, such as threads, provide several advantages that were previously only available with metal implants. Threads allow better control of spacer insertion than can be obtained with a smooth surface. This allows the surgeon to more accurately position the spacer and avoid over-insertion which is extremely important around the critical neurological and vascular structures of the spinal column. Threads and the like also provide increased surface area which facilitates the process of bone healing and creeping substitution for replacement of the donor bone material and fusion. These features also increase postoperative stability of the spacer by engaging the adjacent vertebral endplates and anchoring the spacer to prevent expulsion. Surface features also stabilize the bone-spacer interface and reduce micromotion to facilitate incorporation and fusion.
Various configurations of open-chambered spacers are contemplated by this invention. When the spacer is obtained from the diaphysis of a long bone, the shape of the dowel is determined by the location of the cut into the bone shaft. Referring now to
Surprisingly, we have found that the open chambered spacers of this invention have biomechanical properties similar to a spacer having a defined or closed chamber. For example, the open-chambered bone dowel 500″ of
As any of these open-chambered spacers are implanted and begin to experience axial load, it is expected that the lower the sidewall height H, the greater the load carried by the dowel end 501, 502. However, where the sidewall height H is approximately the same as the dowel diameter D, the sidewall 506 may carry a greater share of this axial load.
As illustrated in
For cervical fusions, the dowel is preferably obtained from the fibula, radius, ulna or humerus. The dimensions of such dowels are typically between about 8-15 mm in length or depth and about 10-14 mm in diameter. For thoracic and lumbar fusions, the dowel is preferably obtained from the humerus, femur or tibia. The dimensions of such dowels are typically between about 10-30 mm in length and about 14-20 mm in diameter.
The chamber may be packed with any suitable osteogenic material. In a preferred embodiment, the osteogenic composition M has a length which is greater than the length of the chamber 530 so that the osteogenic composition will contact the endplates of the adjacent vertebrae when the spacer 500 is implanted within the vertebrae. This provides better contact of the composition with the endplates to stimulate bone ingrowth.
Any suitable osteogenic material or composition is contemplated, including autograft, allograft, xenograft, demineralized bone, synthetic and natural bone graft substitutes, such as bioceramics and polymers, and osteoinductive factors. The terms osteogenic material or osteogenic composition used here means virtually any material that promotes bone growth or healing including autograft, allograft, xenograft, bone graft substitutes and natural, synthetic and recombinant proteins, hormones and the like.
Autograft can be harvested from locations such as the iliac crest using drills, gouges, curettes and trephines and other tools and methods which are well known to surgeons in this field. Preferably, autograft is harvested from the iliac crest with a minimally invasive donor surgery. The osteogenic material may also include bone reamed away by the surgeon while preparing the end plates for the spacer.
Advantageously, where autograft is chosen as the osteogenic material, only a very small amount of bone material is needed to pack the chamber. The autograft itself is not required to provide structural support as this is provided by the spacer. The donor surgery for such a small amount of bone is less invasive and better tolerated by the patient. There is usually little need for muscle dissection in obtaining such small amounts of bone. The present invention therefore eliminates or minimizes many of the disadvantages of employing autograft.
Natural and synthetic graft substitutes which replace the structure or function of bone are also contemplated for the osteogenic composition. Any such graft substitute is contemplated, including for example, demineralized bone matrix, mineral compositions and bioceramics. As is evident from a review of An Introduction to Bioceramics, edited by Larry L. Hench and June Wilson (World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd. Ltd, 1993, volume 1), there is a vast array of bioceramic materials, including BIOGLASS*, hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate compositions known in the art which can be used to advantage for this purpose. That disclosure is herein incorporated by reference for this purpose. Preferred calcium compositions include bioactive glasses, tricalcium phosphates and hydroxyapatites. In one embodiment, the graft substitute is a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic including tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite.
In some embodiments, the osteogenic compositions used in this invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount to stimulate or induce bone growth of a substantially pure bone inductive or growth factor or protein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The preferred osteoinductive factors are the recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) because they are available in unlimited supply and do not transmit infectious diseases. Most preferably, the bone morphogenetic protein is a rhBMP-2, rhBMP-4 or heterodimers thereof.
Recombinant BMP-2 can be used at a concentration of about 0.4 mg/ml to about 1.5 mg/ml, preferably near 1.5 mg/ml. However, any bone morphogenetic protein is contemplated including bone morphogenetic proteins designated as BMP-1 through BMP-13. BMPs are available from Genetics Institute, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. and may also be prepared by one skilled in the art as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,076 to Wozney et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,875 to Wozney et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,864 to Wang et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,922 to Wang et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,738 to Wang et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,649 to Wang et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,748 to Wozney et al.; and PCT Patent Nos. WO93/00432 to Wozney et al.; WO94/26893 to Celeste et al.; and WO94/26892 to Celeste et al. All osteoinductive factors are contemplated whether obtained as above or isolated from bone. Methods for isolating bone morphogenetic protein from bone are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,753 to Urist and Urist et al., 81 PNAS 371, 1984.
The choice of carrier material for the osteogenic composition is based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties and interface properties as well as the structure of the load bearing member. The particular application of the compositions of the invention will define the appropriate formulation. Potential carriers include calcium sulphates, polylactic acids, polyanhydrides, collagen, calcium phosphates, polymeric acrylic esters and demineralized bone. The carrier may be any suitable carrier capable of delivering the proteins. Most preferably, the carrier is capable of being eventually resorbed into the body. One preferred carrier is an absorbable collagen sponge marketed by Integra LifeSciences Corporation under the trade name Helistat* Absorbable Collagen Hemostatic Agent. Another preferred carrier is a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic. Ceramic blocks are commercially available from Sofamor Danek Group, B. P. 4-62180 Rang-du-Fliers, France and Bioland, 132 Rou d Espangne, 31100 Toulouse, France. The osteoinductive factor is introduced into the carrier in any suitable manner. For example, the carrier may be soaked in a solution containing the factor.
The present invention also provides methods for making the open spacers of this invention. In one embodiment, a method for making an open chambered bone dowel includes obtaining an off-center plug from the diaphysis of a long bone so that the dowel has an open chamber. The open chamber is preferably substantially concave or C-shaped and has an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the long axis of the dowel. Appropriate human source bones include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius and ulna. Long bones from other species are also contemplated although human source bones are generally preferred for human recipients.
The first step is to identify an acceptable donor based upon appropriate standards for the particular donor and recipient. For example, where the donor is human, some form of consent such as a donor card or written consent from the next of kin is required. Where the recipient is human, the donor must be screened for a wide variety of communicable diseases and pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and several other pathogens. These tests may be conducted by any of a number of means conventional in the art, including but not limited to ELISA assays, PCR assays, or hemagglutination. Such testing follows the requirements of: (i) American Association of Tissue Banks, Technical Manual for Tissue Banking, Technical Manual—Musculoskeletal Tissues, pages M19-M20; (ii) The Food and Drug Administration, Interim Rule, Federal Register/Vol. 58, No. 238/Tuesday, Dec. 14, 1994/Rules and Regulations/65517, D. Infectious Disease Testing and Donor Screening; (iii) MMWR/Vol. 43/No. RR-8m Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Through Transplantation of Human Tissue and organs, pages 4-7; (iv) Florida Administrative Weekly, Vol. 10, No. 34, Aug. 21, 1992, 59A-1.001-01459A-1.005(12)(c), F.A.C., (12)(a)-(h), 59A-1.005 (15), F.A.C., (4)(a)-(8). In addition to a battery of standard biomechanical assays, the donor, or their next of kin, is interviewed to ascertain whether the donor engaged in any of a number of high risk behaviors such as having multiple sexual partners, suffering from hemophilia, engaging in intravenous drug use, etc. Once a donor has been ascertained to be acceptable, the bones useful for obtention of the dowels are recovered and cleaned.
Preferably, the bone plugs are obtained using a diamond or hard metal tipped cutting bit which is water cleaned and cooled. Commercially available bits (e.g. core drills) having a generally circular nature and an internal vacant diameter between about 10 mm to about 20 mm are amenable to use for obtention of these bone plugs. Such core drills are available, for example, from Starlite, Inc. In one embodiment, a pneumatic driven miniature lathe having a spring loaded carriage which travels parallel to the cutter is used. The lathe has a drive system which is a pneumatic motor with a valve controller which allows a desired RPM to be set. The carriage rides on two runners which are 1.0 inch stainless rods and has travel distance of approximately 8.0 inches. One runner has set pin holes on the running rod which will stop the carriage from moving when the set pin is placed into the desired hole. The carriage is moveable from side to side with a knob which has graduations for positioning the graft. A vice on the carriage clamps the graft and holds it in place while the dowel is being cut. The vice has a cut-out area in the jaws to allow clearance for the cutter.
In operation, the carriage is manually pulled back and locked in place with a set pin. The graft is loaded into the vice and is aligned with the cutter. Sterile water is used to cool and remove debris from graft and/or dowel as the dowel is being cut. The water travels down through the center of the cutter to irrigate as well as clean the dowel under pressure. After the dowel is cut, sterile water is used to eject the dowel out of the cutter.
Dowels of any size can be prepared according to this invention. In some embodiments, the dowels range from 5 mm to 30 mm diameters with lengths of about 8 mm to about 36 mm being generally acceptable, although other appropriate gradations in length and diameter are available. For cervical dowels, such as anterior cervical fusion or ACF dowels, lengths of 8 mm, 9 mm, up to about 15 mm are generally desirable. Dowels of differing diameter are most conveniently obtained as follows:
Dowels for thoracic and lumbar fusions, such as anterior thoracic inner body fusion (ATIF) and anterior lumbar inner body fusion (ALIF) dowels, respectively, having a depth of between about 10-36 mm, and preferably between about 15-24 mm, are generally acceptable, depending on the needs of a particular patient. Dowels of differing diameter for thoracic and lumbar fusions are most conveniently obtained as follows:
While the foregoing diameters and source bones for such dowels is a useful guide, one of the significant advances provided by this invention is that the open-chambered dowel of this invention provides tremendous flexibility with respect to the source bone used.
Since the spacers of the preferred embodiment are obtained from off-center transverse plugs across the diaphysis of long bones, each dowel has the feature of having a substantially “C”-shaped chamber through the dowel perpendicular to the length of the dowel formed by the intersection of the natural intramedullary canal of the source bone and the cutter blade as it forms the plug. The canal cavity in the long bone is, in vivo, filled with bone marrow. In the standard Cloward Dowel and unicortical dowels known in the art, no such natural cavity exists and the cancellous bone that forms the body of such dowels tends to be too brittle to accept machining of such a cavity. The dowels of this invention, by the nature of their origin, inherently define such a cavity. Naturally, based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize that other bone sources could be used which do not have the intramedullary canal, and if sufficient strength is inherent to the bone, a cavity or chamber could be machined. In addition, it will be appreciated from the instant disclosure that an existing diaphysial cortical dowel (
The marrow is preferably removed from the intramedullary canal of the diaphysial plugs and the cavity is cleaned, leaving the chamber. The spacer may be provided to the surgeon with the chamber prepacked or empty for the surgeon to pack during surgery. The cavity or chamber can then be packed with an osteogenic material or composition.
The plug is then machined, preferably in a class 10 clean room to the dimensions desired. The machining is preferably conducted on a lathe such as a jeweler's lathe, or machining tools may be specifically designed and adapted for this purpose. Specific tolerances for the dowels and reproducibility of the product dimensions are important features for the successful use of such dowels in the clinical setting.
In some embodiments, the forward end of the dowel which is to be inserted into a cavity formed between adjacent vertebrae is chamfered. The curvature of the chamfered end facilitates insertion of the dowel into the intervertebral space. Chamfering can be accomplished by appropriate means such as by machining, filing, sanding or other abrasive means. The tolerance for the chamfering is fairly liberal and the desired object is merely to round or slightly point the end of the dowel that is to be inserted into the cavity formed between adjacent vertebrae to be fused.
In some embodiments, the invention includes methods for providing surface features into the walls of the dowels. The methods may include defining a tool or instrument attachment hole in an end of the dowel. The hole may be drilled and preferably tapped. Preferably, the dowel will be of such dimensions as to fit standard insertion tools, such as those produced by Sofamor Danek Group, Inc. (1800 Pyramid Place, Memphis, Tenn. 38132, (800) 933-2635). In addition, a score mark or driver slot may be inscribed on the instrument attachment end of the dowel so that the surgeon can align the dowel so that the chamber is parallel with the length of the recipient's spinal column. The mark or slot allows the surgeon to orient the dowel properly after the dowel is inserted and the chamber is no longer visible. In the proper orientation, the endplates of the adjacent vertebrae are exposed to osteogenic material in the chamber. In some embodiments, the driver slot is omitted to preserve as much bone stock, and therefore strength, in the end as possible.
Surface features such as grooves and threads may be preferably defined or inscribed on the outer cylindrical surface of the dowel. Machining of such features on dowels known in the art is difficult if not impossible due to the brittle cancellous nature of such dowels. Accordingly, the dowels of this invention have the advantage of having very good biomechanical properties amenable to such machining.
Those skilled in the art will also recognize that any of a number of different means may be employed to produce the threaded or grooved embodiments of the dowel of this invention. However, one preferred embodiment of a thread cutter 400 is depicted in
In one embodiment, the drive shaft 402 can be turned by a handle 401 rigidly attached to a first end 402a of the shaft 402. The drive shaft 402 preferably is provided with a graduated segment means for controlled incremental advancement of the drive shaft 402 upon rotation of the handle 401. In this embodiment, the means is a threaded portion 403. Support means 404 and 405 are preferably provided for alignment and support of the shaft 402. Each of the support means 404, 405 include a wall 404a, 405a defining an aperture 404b, 405b. The support means 404, 405 may having controlling means within the apertures 404b, 405b for controlling rotation and incremental advancement of the shaft. In some embodiments, the controlling means include matching threads or bearings.
The thread cutter assembly includes a housing 408 and blades 421, 422 and guide plates 424, 425 mounted within the housing 408. The cutter blades 421, 422 are held in place in the housing 408 by fixation wedges 423a and 423b while guide plates 424 and 425, having no cutting teeth, are held in place by fixation wedges 423c and 423d. Fixation wedges 423a-d are held in place by screws 426a-d. The foregoing arrangement is preferred, as it allows for easy assembly and disassembly of the cutter assembly, removal of the cutter blades, cleaning of the various components, and if desired, sterilization by autoclaving, chemical, irradiative, or like means. The cutter blades 421, 422 and guide plates 424, 425 may be rigidly fixed in place by increasing the tension created by tightening screws 426a-d, which draws the fixation wedges 423a-d into the housing 408, thereby clamping these elements in place. Naturally, based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will be able to develop equivalents of the cutter assembly system described herein, such as by use of wing-nuts, welding or like means to affix these various elements in appropriate cutting relationship to each other.
Fixation wings 421c and 421d are provided to allow proper seating of the cutter blade upon insertion into the housing 408. At r a line is provided on cutter blades 421 and 422, which allows for appropriate registration between cutter blades 421 and 422 during manufacture thereof. Upon insertion into the housing 408, it is critical that the blades and the teeth thereon are appropriately registered so that as blade 421 cuts into the bone dowel as it is rotationally advanced through the cutter assembly 420, blade 422 is appropriately situated so that its matching teeth are in phase with the thread inscribed by the teeth on blade 421. This is accomplished by a combination of the fixation wings 421d and 421c properly seating in the housing 408 such that wall 421c abuts the housing 408 and the housing 408 walls abut the insides of wings 421d and 421c.
The cutting edges 421a, 422a of the blades 421, 422 are disposed in relation to each other so that they are on axis. The cutting edges 421a, 422a and the guiding edges 424a, 425a of the guide plates define an aperture 427 for a spacer or dowel. The diameter of the dowel that may be threaded according to this device is defined by the diameter of the aperture 427.
The supports 404 and 405 and the housing 408 for the cutter assembly are all preferably mounted on a steady, solid, weighty base unit 409 via screws, welding, or like attachment means at 410a-f. The supports and the cutter assembly are configured so that there is an appropriate travel distance 411 from the fully backed out terminal end of the drive shaft 406 to the end of the cutter assembly 420. This distance must be sufficient to allow insertion of a dowel blank and advancement of the blank through the cutter assembly 420 to allow a fully threaded dowel to emerge from the cutter assembly.
The cutter maintains true tooth form from top to bottom, so that the cutter can be sharpened by surface grinding the face. This is achieved by wire-cutting the teeth such that there is about a 5° incline 62c between the descending vertices at the front and rear of each tooth, and about an 8° incline 62d between the front and rear of the top of each tooth. This aspect can best be seen in
Details of the blades 421, 422 are shown in
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that all of the foregoing elements should preferably be manufactured from durable materials such as 440 stainless steel, or like materials. In particular, the cutting surfaces 421a and 422a of the blades 421 and 422 are made from hard metal.
In operation, based on the foregoing description, it will be appreciated that the cutter blades 421 and 422 are placed into the housing 408, clamped into place via the fixation wedges 423 a, b and the screws 426 a, b after the blades have been properly seated and the two blades are perfectly aligned. A blank dowel is then loaded into the orifice 427 and the drive shaft with the protruding element 408 is inserted into a drive slot a dowel. As the handle 401 is turned, the drive shaft forces the dowel to rotate and advance incrementally through the cutter assembly 420, thereby inscribing the thread defined by the cutter blades 421 and 422 into the outer cylindrical surface or circumference of the dowel.
As noted above, those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications to the specifics of the device described will allow for the preparation of the varied threads or grooves in the circumference of the dowel. For example, to form a groove in a dowel, the dowel could be mounted in a lathe, such as those known in the art and commercially available, for example from SHERLINE PRODUCTS, INC., SAN MARCOS, Calif. 92069, and a cutter blade applied as the dowel is rotated.
The final machined product may be stored, frozen or freeze-dried and vacuum sealed as known in the art for later use.
The spacers of this invention may be conveniently implanted with known instruments and tools. Any instrument which will firmly hold the implant and permit the implant to be inserted is contemplated. Preferably, the instrument will be adapted to compensate for the open structure of the spacers of this invention.
The present invention further contemplates insertion devices for facilitating the implantation of spacers, implants or bone graft. The tools include spacer engaging means for engaging a spacer or other item and occlusion means for blocking an opening defined in the spacer. One embodiment of an insertion tool of this invention is depicted in
In one embodiment, an insertion tool 800 is provided which includes a housing 805 having a proximal end 806 and an opposite distal end 807 and defining a passageway 810 between the two ends. A shaft 815 which has a first end 816 and an opposite second end 817 is disposed within the passageway 810. The first end 816 of the shaft 815 is adjacent the distal end 807 of the housing 805. The first end 816 defines a spacer engager 819. An occlusion member 820 is attached to the housing 805.
The spacer engager 819 has any configuration which will engage a spacer. In some embodiments the spacer engager 819 includes a post 818 as shown in
The spacer insertion tool 800 also includes an occlusion member 820 for blocking an opening defined in the spacer when the spacer engager 819 is engaged to the spacer. In a preferred embodiment, the occlusion member 820 is extendable from the distal end 807 of the housing 805 for blocking an opening in the spacer. As shown in
The occlusion member 820 is preferably slideably engaged to the housing 805. Referring now to
As shown in
The tool 800 depicted in
Referring now to
The spacers and tools in this invention can be conveniently incorporated into known surgical, preferably minimally invasive, procedures. The spacers of this invention can be inserted using laparoscopic technology as described in Sofamor Danek USA's Laparoscopic Bone Dowel Surgical Technique,=1995, 1800 Pyramid Place, Memphis, Tenn. 38132,1-800-933-2635, preferably in combination with the insertion tool 800 of this invention. Spacers of this invention can be conveniently incorporated into Sofamor Danek's laparoscopic bone dowel system that facilitates anterior interbody fusions with an approach that is much less surgically morbid than the standard open anterior retroperitoneal approaches. This system includes templates, trephines, dilators, reamers, ports and other devices required for laparoscopic dowel insertion. Alternatively, a minimally invasive open anterior approach using Sofamor Danek's open anterior bone dowel instrumentation or a posterior surgical approach using Sofamor Danke's posterior approach bone dowel instrumentation are contemplated.
The present invention also includes methods for fusing adjacent vertebrae. The spine may be approached from any direction indicated by the circumstances. The vertebrae and the intervertebral space are prepared according to conventional procedures to receive the spacer. A spacer of the appropriate dimensions is selected by the surgeon, based on the size of the cavity created and the needs of the particular patient undergoing the fusion. The spacer is mounted on an instrument, preferably via an instrument attachment hole. In one embodiment, an osteogenic material is placed within the chamber of the spacer and the channel and or mouth of the spacer is then blocked with an occlusion member of the instrument. The spacer is then inserted into the cavity created between the adjacent vertebra to be fused. The spacer is oriented within the intervertebral space so the osteogenic material in the chamber is in communication with the end plates of the vertebra. Once the spacer is properly oriented within the intervertebral space, the occlusion member of the instrument can be withdrawn from the spacer aperture and the spacer engager is disengaged from the spacer.
In some embodiments, osteogenic material is packed into the chamber through the channel after implantation. In still other embodiments, a second spacer is implanted into the intervertebral space.
The combination of spacers of this invention with the tools of this invention allow the spacers to provide the benefits of an open spacer without suffering any biomechanical disadvantage or increased fiddle factor. The occlusion member 825 blocks the mouth or channel to lessen the stress on the wall of the spacer for smooth insertion. The occlusion member also allows the chamber to be packed with osteogenic material before the spacers are implanted. Once the spacer is implanted and the occlusion member is withdrawn, additional osteogenic material can be packed into the chamber or around the spacers. In some procedures two open spacers are packed with the mouths facing one another as depicted in
It has been found that certain dimensions are preferred when a spacer of this invention is a bone dowel. For the substantially “C”-shaped chamber, 530, a regular or irregular hole having a diameter no greater than about 0.551″ (14 mm) is preferred with a minimum wall thickness 570 at the root of the thread of preferably no less than about 5 mm. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the foregoing specifics, while preferable, may be modified depending on the particular surgical requirement of a given application.
In another specific embodiment, depicted in
Various surface feature configurations are contemplated by this invention. Referring now to
While the foregoing description discloses specific aspects of this invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that any of a number of variations on the basic theme disclosed herein can be made. It is contemplated that the spacers of this invention can be formed of any suitable biocompatible material, including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, alloys and the like. Some embodiments include titanium, stainless steel, and Hedrocel*. Thus, for example, differing shapes can be made from the diaphysis of various bones and could be used for other orthopaedic purposes than vertebral fusions. In addition, any of a number of known bone treatments can be applied to the dowel of this invention to alter its properties. For example, the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,627,853; 5,053,049; 5,306,303 and 5,171,279 can be adapted and applied to the invention disclosed herein. Accordingly the disclosures of those patents is herein incorporated by reference for this purpose.
Having described the dowel of this invention, its mode of manufacture and use, the following specific examples are provided by way of further exemplification and should not be interpreted as limiting on the scope of the invention herein disclosed and claimed.
The C-shaped dowel of this invention was tested and the following measurements made of the dowel's ability to withstand insertional torque. The data presented here are for the 16 mm dowel. However, similar results are expected for other lengths of the dowel of this invention. For each dowel, a measured torque is applied to the dowel as it is maintained in a stationary position. For biological insertion of dowels, torques no higher than about 1 newton-meter are expected. The various dimensions measured in the following table correspond to the dimension shown in
From these data, it is clear that dowels of this invention are able to withstand considerably more than the 1 newton-meter of torque required to insert the dowel in physiological situations. From theoretical calculations based on the sidewall height, the difference between the calculated sidewall thickness and the measured thickness was found to be, on average, about 22%, leading to the conclusion that only approximately 22% the measured thickness is cancellous bone, and the substantial majority of the bone is cortical bone.
The “C”-shaped dowel of this invention was compressively tested and the load to failure was measured. It is anticipated that loads no higher than about 10,000 newtons are likely to be experienced in-place in the vertebral column. Compression testing of several different “C”-shaped dowels of this invention indicated that dowels of this invention survive axial compression loads significantly higher than the 15,000 newton threshold:
The mean load to failure of these dowels is 18544 newtons, indicating that on average, more dowels can withstand 15000 newtons axial pressure than not. These data also indicate the need for diligent quality control to eliminate dowels that do not withstand minimal axial compression loads from being implanted.
Preoperative Diagnosis. Ruptured cervical disc and spondylosis C5-6.
Operative Procedure. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion C5-6.
After satisfactory general endotracheal anesthesia in the supine position, the patient is prepped and draped in the routine fusion. Incision is made in the skin length of the neck and carried through the platysma muscle. Dissection is carried down to expose the anterior vertebral column and the appropriate space identified by x-ray. Discectomy and foraminotomy are then performed and there is found a central, extruded fragment of disc toward the right side. When adequate decompression is achieved, a “C”-shaped dowel is cut from bone bank fibular and counter-sunk between the vertebral bodies to afford distraction. The wound is then irrigated with Bacitracin and closed in layers with Dexon and sterile strips.
Postoperative evaluation and subsequent patient monitoring reveals successful operative outcome and good vertebral fusion.
It should be understood that the example and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.
The present application claims priority to and is a continuation of the following: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/035,074, filed on Dec. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,882 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/453,787, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,765, filed on Dec. 3, 1999, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/867,963, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,438, filed on Jun. 3, 1997 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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