Operating mobile stations of wireless communication systems in multiple modes by external control

BACKGROUND
Applicants' invention relates to electrical telecommunication, and more particularly to wireless communication systems, such as cellular and satellite radio systems, for various modes of operation (analog, digital, dual mode, etc.), and access techniques such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and hybrid FDMA/TDMA/CDMA. The specific aspects of the invention are directed to techniques for enhancing procedures for reception and transmission of information.
A description follows which is directed to environments in which this invention may be applied. This general description is intended to provide a general overview of known systems and associated terminology so that a better understanding of the invention can be obtained.
In North America, digital communication and multiple access techniques such as TDMA are currently provided by a digital cellular radiotelephone system called the digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS), some of the characteristics of which are specified in the interim standard TIA/EIA/IS-54-B, "Dual-Mode Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard", published by the Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Association (TIA/EIA), the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated here by reference. Because of a large existing consumer base of equipment operating only in the analog domain with frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), TIA/EIA/IS-54-B is a dual-mode (analog and digital) standard, providing for analog compatibility together with digital communication capability. For example, the TIA/EIA/IS-54-B standard provides for both FDMA analog voice channels (AVC) and TDMA digital traffic channels (DTC). The AVCs and DTCs are implemented by frequency modulating radio carrier signals, which have frequencies near 800 megahertz (MHz) such that each radio channel has a spectral width of 30 kilohertz (KHz).
In a TDMA cellular radiotelephone system, each radio channel is divided into a series of time slots, each of which contains a burst of information from a data source, e.g., a digitally encoded portion of a voice conversation. The time slots are grouped into successive TDMA frames having a predetermined duration. The number of time slots in each TDMA frame is related to the number of different users that can simultaneously share the radio channel. If each slot in a TDMA frame is assigned to a different user, the duration of a TDMA frame is the minimum amount of time between successive time slots assigned to the same user.
The successive time slots assigned to the same user, which are usually not consecutive time slots on the radio carrier, constitute the user's digital traffic channel, which may be considered a logical channel assigned to the user. As described in more detail below, digital control channels (DCCs) can also be provided for communicating control signals, and such a DCC is a logical channel formed by a succession of usually non-consecutive time slots on the radio carrier.
In only one of many possible embodiments of a TDMA system as described above, the TIA/EIA/IS-54-B standard provided that each TDMA frame consists of six consecutive time slots and has a duration of 40 milliseconds (msec). Thus, each radio channel can carry from three to six DTCs (e.g., three to six telephone conversations), depending on the source rates of the speech coder/decoders (codecs) used to digitally encode the conversations. Such speech codecs can operate at either full-rate or half-rate. A full-rate DTC requires twice as many time slots in a given time period as a half-rate DTC, and in TIA/EIA/IS-54-B, each full-rate DTC uses two slots of each TDMA frame, i.e., the first and fourth, second and fifth, or third and sixth of a TDMA frame's six slots. Each half-rate DTC uses one time slot of each TDMA frame. During each DTC time slot, 324 bits are transmitted, of which the major portion, 260 bits, is due to the speech output of the codes, including bits due to error correction coding of the speech output, and the remaining bits are used for guard times and overhead signalling for purposes such as synchronization.
It can be seen that the TDMA cellular system operates in a buffer-and-burst, or discontinuous-transmission, mode: each mobile station transmits (and receives) only during its assigned time slots. At full rate, for example, a mobile station might transmit during slot 1, receive during slot 2, idle during slot 3, transmit during slot 4, receive during slot 5, and idle during slot 6, and then repeat the cycle during succeeding TDMA frames. Therefore, the mobile station, which may be battery-powered, can be switched off, or sleep, to save power during the time slots when it is neither transmitting nor receiving.
In addition to voice or traffic channels, cellular radio communication systems also provide paging/access, or control, channels for carrying call-setup messages between base stations and mobile stations. According to TIA/EIA/IS-54-B, for example, there are twenty-one dedicated analog control channels (ACCs), which have predetermined fixed frequencies for transmission and reception located near 800 MHz. Since these ACCs are always found at the same frequencies, they can be readily located and monitored by the mobile stations.
For example, when in an idle state (i.e., switched on but not making or receiving a call), a mobile station in a TIA/EIA/IS-54-B system tunes to and then regularly monitors the strongest control channel (generally, the control channel of the cell in which the mobile station is located at that moment) and may receive or initiate a call through the corresponding base station. When moving between cells while in the idle state, the mobile station will eventually "lose" radio connection on the control channel of the "old" cell and tune to the control channel of the "new" cell. The initial tuning and subsequent re-tuning to control channels are both accomplished automatically by scanning all the available control channels at their known frequencies to find the "best" control channel. When a control channel with good reception quality is found, the mobile station remains tuned to this channel until the quality deteriorates again. In this way, mobile stations stay "in touch" with the system.
While in the idle state, a mobile station must monitor the control channel for paging messages addressed to it. For example, when an ordinary telephone (land-line) subscriber calls a mobile subscriber, the call is directed from the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to a mobile switching center (MSC) that analyzes the dialed number. If the dialed number is validated, the MSC requests some or all of a number of radio base stations to page the called mobile station by transmitting over their respective control channels paging messages that contain the mobile identification number (MIN) of the called mobile station. Each idle mobile station receiving a paging message compares the received MIN with its own stored MIN. The mobile station with the matching stored MIN transmits a page response over the particular control channel to the base station, which forwards the page response to the MSC.
Upon receiving the page response, the MSC selects an AVC or a DTC available to the base station that received the page response, switches on a corresponding radio transceiver in that base station, and causes that base station to send a message via the control channel to the called mobile station that instructs the called mobile station to tune to the selected voice or traffic channel. A through-connection for the call is established once the mobile station has tuned to the selected AVC or DTC.
The performance of the system having ACCs that is specified by TIA/EIA/IS-54-B has been improved in a system having digital control channels (DCCHs) that is specified in TIA/EIA/IS-136, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated here by reference. Using such DCCHs, each TIA/EIA/IS-54-B radio channel can carry DTCs only, DCCHs only, or a mixture of both DTCs and DCCHs. Within the TIA/EIA/IS-54-B framework, each radio carrier frequency can have up to three full-rate DTCs/DCCHs, or six half-rate DTCs/DCCHs, or any combination in between, for example, one full-rate and four half-rate DTCs/DCCs.
In general, however, the transmission rate of the DCCH need not coincide with the half-rate and full-rate specified in TIA/EIA/IS-54-B, and the length of the DCC slots may not be uniform and may not coincide with the length of the DTC slots. The DCCH may be defined on a TIA/EIA/IS-54-B radio channel and may consist, for example, of every n-th slot in the stream of consecutive TDMA slots. In this case, the length of each DCCH slot may or may not be equal to 6.67 msec, which is the length of a DTC slot according to TIA/EIA/IS-54-B. Alternatively (and without limitation on other possible alternatives), these DCCH slots may be defined in other ways known to one skilled in the art.
The IS-136 standard also describes analog and digital voice modes in which the mobile station enters an appropriate privacy mode and is capable of receiving messages sent by the base stations in ARQ mode. Numerous other aspects and features of the voice modes are defined in the IS-136 standard, for example in sections 2.6.5.4 and 2.6.4.4.
In cellular telephone systems, an air link protocol is required in order to allow a mobile station to communicate with the base stations and MSC. The communications link protocol is used to initiate and to receive cellular telephone calls. The communications link protocol is commonly referred to within the communications industry as a Layer 2 protocol, and its functionality includes the delimiting, or framing, of Layer 3 messages. These Layer 3 messages may be sent between communicating Layer 3 peer entities residing within mobile stations and cellular switching systems. The physical layer (Layer 1) defines the parameters of the physical communications channel, e.g., radio frequency spacing, modulation characteristics, etc. Layer 2 defines the techniques necessary for the accurate transmission of information within the constraints of the physical channel, e.g., error correction and detection, etc. Layer 3 defines the procedures for reception and processing of information transmitted over the physical channel.
Communications between mobile stations and the cellular switching system (the base stations and the MSC) can be described in general with reference to FIGS. 1, 2(a), and 2(b). FIG. 1 schematically illustrates pluralities of Layer 3 messages 11, Layer 2 frames 13, and Layer 1 channel bursts, or time slots, 15. In FIG. 1, each group of channel bursts corresponding to each Layer 3 message may constitute a logical channel, and as described above, the channel bursts for a given Layer 3 message would usually not be consecutive slots on a TIA/EIA/136 carrier. On the other hand, the channel bursts could be consecutive; as soon as one time slot ends, the next time slot could begin.
Each Layer 1 channel burst 15 contains a complete Layer 2 frame as well as other information such as, for example, error correction information and other overhead information used for Layer 1 operation. Each Layer 2 frame contains at least a portion of a Layer 3 message as well as overhead information used for Layer 2 operation. Although not indicated in FIG. 1, each Layer 3 message would include various information elements that can be considered the payload of the message, a header portion for identifying the respective message's type, and possibly padding.
Each Layer 1 burst and each Layer 2 frame is divided into a plurality of different fields. In particular, a limited-length DATA field in each Layer 2 frame contains the Layer 3 message 11. Since Layer 3 messages have variable lengths depending upon the amount of information contained in the Layer 3 message, a plurality of Layer 2 frames may be needed for transmission of a single Layer 3 message. As a result, a plurality of Layer 1 channel bursts may also be needed to transmit the entire Layer 3 message as there is a one-to-one correspondence between channel bursts and Layer 2 frames.
As noted above, when more than one channel burst is required to send a Layer 3 message, the several bursts are not usually consecutive bursts on the radio channel. Moreover, the several bursts are not even usually successive bursts devoted to the particular logical channel used for carrying the Layer 3 message. Since time is required to receive, process, and react to each received burst, the bursts required for transmission of a Layer 3 message are usually sent in a staggered format, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 2(a) and as described above in connection with the TIA/EIA/IS-136 standard.
FIG. 2(a) shows a general example of a forward (or downlink) DCCH configured as a succession of time slots 1, 2, . . . , N, . . . included in the consecutive time slots 1, 2, . . . sent on a carrier frequency. These DCCH slots may be defined on a radio channel such as that specified by TIA/EIA/IS-136, and may consist, as seen in FIG. 2(a) for example, of every n-th slot in a series of consecutive slots. Each DCCH slot has a duration that may or may not be 6.67 msec, which is the length of a DTC slot according to the TIA/EIA/IS-136 standard.
As shown in FIG. 2(a), the DCCH slots may be organized into superframes (SF), and each superframe includes a number of logical channels that carry different kinds of information. One or more DCCH slots may be allocated to each logical channel in the superframe. The exemplary downlink superframe in FIG. 2(a) includes three logical channels: a broadcast control channel (BCCH) including six successive slots for overhead messages; a paging channel (PCH) including one slot for paging messages; and an access response channel (ARCH) including one slot for channel assignment and other messages. The remaining time slots in the exemplary superframe of FIG. 2(a) may be dedicated to other logical channels, such as additional paging channels PCH or other channels. Since the number of mobile stations is usually much greater than the number of slots in the superframe, each paging slot is used for paging several mobile stations that share some unique characteristic, e.g., the last digit of the MIN.
FIG. 2(b) illustrates a preferred information format for the slots of a forward DCCH. The invention transmitted in each slot comprises a plurality of fields, and FIG. 2(b) indicates the number of bits in each field above that field. The bits sent in the SYNC field are used in a conventional way to help ensure accurate reception of the coded superframe phase (CSFP) and DATA fields. The SYNC field includes a predetermined bit pattern used by the base stations to find the start of the slot. The shared channel feedback (SCF) field is used to control a random access channel (RACH), which is used by the mobile to request access to the system. The CSFP field conveys a coded superframe phase value that enables the mobile stations to find the start of each superframe. This is just one example for the information format in the slots of the forward DCCH.
For purposes of efficient sleep mode operation and fast cell selection, the BCCH may be divided into a number of sub-channels. A BCCH structure is known that allows the mobile station to read a minimum amount of information when it is switched on (when it locks onto a DCCH) before being able to access the system (place or receive a call). After being switched on, an idle mobile station needs to regularly monitor only its assigned PCH slots (usually one in each superframe); the mobile can sleep during other slots. The ratio of the mobile's time spent reading paging messages and its time spent asleep is controllable and represents a tradeoff between call-set-up delay and power consumption.
Since each TDMA time slot has a certain fixed information carrying capacity, each burst typically carries only a portion of a Layer 3 message as noted above. In the uplink direction, multiple mobile stations attempt to communicate with the system on a contention basis, while multiple mobile stations listen for Layer 3 messages sent from the system in the downlink direction. In known systems, any given Layer 3 message must be carried using as many TDMA channel bursts as required to send the entire Layer 3 message.
Digital control and traffic channels are desirable for reasons, such as supporting longer sleep periods for the mobile units, which results in longer battery life.
Digital traffic channels and digital control channels have expanded functionality for optimizing system capacity and supporting hierarchical cell structures, i.e., structures of macrocells, microcells, picocells, etc. The term "macrocell" generally refers to a cell having a size comparable to the sizes of cells in a conventional cellular telephone system (e.g., a radius of at least about 1 kilometer), and the terms "microcell" and "picocell" generally refer to progressively smaller cells. For example, a microcell might cover a public indoor or outdoor area, e.g., a convention center or a busy street, and a picocell might cover an office corridor or a floor of a high-rise building. From a radio coverage perspective, macrocells, microcells, and picocells may be distinct from one another or may overlap one another to handle different traffic patterns or radio environments.
FIG. 3 is an exemplary hierarchical, or multi-layered, cellular system. An umbrella macrocell 10 represented by a hexagonal shape makes up an overlying cellular structure. Each umbrella cell may contain an underlying microcell structure. The umbrella cell 10 includes microcell 20 represented by the area enclosed within the dotted line and microcell 30 represented by the area enclosed within the dashed line corresponding to areas along city streets, and picocells 40, 50, and 60, which cover individual floors of a building. The intersection of the two city streets covered by the microcells 20 and 30 may be an area of dense traffic concentration, and thus might represent a hot spot.
FIG. 4 represents a block diagram of an exemplary cellular mobile radiotelephone system, including an exemplary base station 110 and mobile station 120. The base station includes a control and processing unit 130 which is connected to the MSC 140 which in turn is connected to the PSTN (not shown). General aspects of such cellular radiotelephone systems are known in the art, as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,867 to Wejke et al., entitled "Neighbor-Assisted Handoff in a Cellular Communication System," which is incorporated in this application by reference.
The base station 110 handles a plurality of voice channels through a voice channel transceiver 150, which is controlled by the control and processing unit 130. Also, each base station includes a control channel transceiver 160, which may be capable of handling more than one control channel. The control channel transceiver 160 is controlled by the control and processing unit 130. The control channel transceiver 160 broadcasts control information over the control channel of the base station or cell to mobiles locked to that control channel. It will be understood that the transceivers 150 and 160 can be implemented as a single device, like the voice and control transceiver 170, for use with DCCHs and DTCs that share the same radio carrier frequency. The mobile station 120 typically includes a display 181.
The mobile station 120 receives the information broadcast on a control channel at its voice and control channel transceiver 170. Then, the processing unit 180 evaluates the received control channel information, which includes the characteristics of cells that are candidates for the mobile station to lock on to, and determines on which cell the mobile should lock. Advantageously, the received control channel information not only includes absolute information concerning the cell with which it is associated, but also contains relative information concerning other cells proximate to the cell with which the control channel is associated, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,332 to Raith et al., entitled "Method and Apparatus for Communication Control in a Radiotelephone System," which is incorporated in this application by reference.
To increase the user's "talk time", i.e., the battery life of the mobile station, a digital forward control channel (base station to mobile station) may be provided that can carry the types of messages specified for current analog forward control channels (FOCCs), but in a format which allows an idle mobile station to read overhead messages when locking onto the FOCC and thereafter only when the information has changed; the mobile sleeps at all other times. In such a system, some types of messages are broadcast by the base stations more frequently than other types, and mobile stations need not read every message broadcast.
The systems specified by the TIA/EIA/IS-54-B and TIA/EIA/IS-136 standards are circuit-switched technology, which is a type of "connection-oriented" communication that establishes a physical call connection and maintains that connection for as long as the communicating end-systems have data to exchange. The direct connection of a circuit switch serves as an open pipeline, permitting the end-systems to use the circuit for whatever they deem appropriate. While circuit-switched data communication may be well suited to constant-bandwidth applications, it is relatively inefficient for low-bandwidth and "bursty" applications.
Packet-switched technology, which may be connection-oriented (e.g., X.25) or "connectionless" (e.g., the Internet Protocol, "IP"), does not require the set-up and tear-down of a physical connection, which is in marked contrast to circuit-switched technology. This reduces the data latency and increases the efficiency of a channel in handling relatively short, bursty, or interactive transactions. A connectionless packet-switched network distributes the routing functions to multiple routing sites, thereby avoiding possible traffic bottlenecks that could occur when using a central switching hub. Data is "packetized" with the appropriate end-system addressing and then transmitted in independent units along the data path. Intermediate systems, sometimes called "routers", stationed between the communicating end-systems make decisions about the most appropriate route to take on a per packet basis. Routing decisions are based on a number of characteristics, including: least-cost route or cost metric; capacity of the link; number of packets waiting for transmission; security requirements for the link; and intermediate system (node) operational status.
Packet transmission along a route that takes into consideration path metrics, as opposed to a single circuit set up, offers application and communications flexibility. It is also how most standard local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) have evolved in the corporate environment. Packet switching is appropriate for data communications because many of the applications and devices used, such as keyboard terminals, are interactive and transmit data in bursts. Instead of a channel being idle while a user inputs more data into the terminal or pauses to think about a problem, packet switching interleaves multiple transmissions from several terminals onto the channel.
Packet data provides more network robustness due to path independence and the routers' ability to select alternative paths in the event of network node failure. Packet switching, therefore, allows for more efficient use of the network lines. Packet technology offers the option of billing the end user based on amount of data transmitted instead of connection time. If the end user's application has been designed to make efficient use of the air link, then the number of packets transmitted will be minimal. If each individual user's traffic is held to a minimum, then the service provider has effectively increased network capacity.
Packet networks are usually designed and based on industry-wide data standards such as the open system interface (OSI) model or the TCP/IP protocol stack. These standards have been developed, whether formally or de facto, for many years, and the applications that use these protocols are readily available. The main objective of standards-based networks is to achieve interconnectivity with other networks. The Internet is today's most obvious example of such a standards-based network pursuit of this goal.
Packet networks, like the Internet or a corporate LAN, are integral parts of today's business and communications environments. As mobile computing becomes pervasive in these environments, wireless service providers such as those using TIA/EIA/IS-136 are best positioned to provide access to these networks. Nevertheless, the data services provided by or proposed for cellular systems are generally based on the circuit-switched mode of operation, using a dedicated radio channel for each active mobile user.
A few exceptions to data services for cellular systems based on the circuit-switched mode of operation are described in the following documents, which include the packet data concepts.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,265 and "Packet Switching in Digital Cellular Systems", Proc. 38th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., pp. 414-418 (June 1988) describe a cellular system providing shared packet data radio channels, each one capable of accommodating multiple data calls. A mobile station requesting packet data service is assigned to a particular packet data channel using essentially regular cellular signalling. The system may include packet access points (PAPS) for interfacing with packet data networks. Each packet data radio channel is connected to one particular PAP and is thus capable of multiplexing data calls associated with that PAP. Handovers are initiated by the system in a manner that is largely similar to the handover used in the same system for voice calls. A new type of handover is added for those situations when the capacity of a packet channel is insufficient.
These documents are data-call oriented and based on using system-initiated handover in a similar way as for regular voice calls. Applying these principles for providing general purpose packet data services in a TDMA cellular system would result in spectrum-efficiency and performance disadvantages.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,691 describes a new packet mode cellular radio system architecture and a new procedure for routing (voice and/or data) packets to a mobile station. Base stations, public switches via trunk interface units, and a cellular control unit are linked together via a WAN. The routing procedure is based on mobile-station-initiated handovers and on adding to the header of any packet transmitted from a mobile station (during a call) an identifier of the base station through which the packet passes. In case of an extended period of time between subsequent user information packets from a mobile station, the mobile station may transmit extra control packets for the purpose of conveying cell location information.
The cellular control unit is primarily involved at call establishment, when it assigns to the call a call control number. It then notifies the mobile station of the call control number and the trunk interface unit of the call control number and the identifier of the initial base station. During a call, packets are then routed directly between the trunk interface unit and the currently serving base station.
The system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,691 is not directly related to the specific problems of providing packet data services in TDMA cellular systems.
"Packet Radio in GSM", European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) T Doc SMG 4 58/93 (Feb. 12, 1993) and "A General Packet Radio Service Proposed for GSM" presented during a seminar entitled "GSM in a Future Competitive Environment", Helsinki, Finland (Oct. 13, 1993) outline a possible packet access protocol for voice and data in GSM. These documents directly relate to TDMA cellular systems, i.e., GSM, and although they outline a possible organization of an optimized shared packet data channel, they do not deal with the aspects of integrating packet data channels in a total system solution.
"Packet Data over GSM Network", T Doc SMG 1 238/93, ETSI (Sept. 28, 1993) describes a concept of providing packet data services in GSM based on first using regular GSM signalling and authentication to establish a virtual channel between a packet mobile station and an "agent" handling access to packet data services. With regular signalling modified for fast channel setup and release, regular traffic channels are then used for packet transfer. This document directly relates to TDMA cellular systems, but since the concept is based on using a "fast switching" version of existing GSM traffic channels, it has disadvantages in terms of spectrum efficiency and packet transfer delays (especially for short messages) compared to a concept based on optimized shared packet data channels.
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) System Specification, Release 1.0 (July 1993), the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated here by reference, describes a concept for providing packet data services that utilizes available radio channels on current Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) systems, i.e., the North American analog cellular system. CDPD is a comprehensive, open specification endorsed by a group of U.S. cellular operators. Items covered include external interfaces, air link interfaces, services, network architecture, network management, and administration.
The specified CDPD system is to a large extent based on an infrastructure that is independent of the existing AMPS infrastructure. Commonalities with AMPS systems are limited to utilization of the same type of radio frequency channels and the same base station sites (the base station used by CDPD may be new and CDPD specific) and employment of a signalling interface for coordinating channel assignments between the two systems.
Routing a packet to a mobile station is based on, first, routing the packet to a home network node (home Mobile Data Intermediate System, MD-IS) equipped with a home location register (HLR) based on the mobile station address; then, when necessary, routing the packet to a visited, serving MD-IS based on HLR information; and finally transferring the packet from the serving MD-IS via the current base station, based on the mobile station reporting its cell location to its serving MD-IS.
Although the CDPD System Specification is not directly related to the specific problems of providing packet data services in TDMA cellular systems that are addressed by this application, the network aspects and concepts described in the CDPD System Specification can be used as a basis for the network aspects needed for an air link protocol in accordance with this invention.
The CDPD network is designed to be an extension of existing data communications networks and the AMPS cellular network. Existing connectionless network protocols may be used to access the CDPD network. Since the network is always considered to be evolving, it uses an open network design that allows the addition of new network layer protocols when appropriate. The CDPD network services and protocols are limited to the Network Layer of the OSI model and below. Doing so allows upper-layer protocols and applications development without changing the underlying CDPD network.
Prom the mobile subscriber's perspective, the CDPD network is a wireless mobile extension of traditional networks, both data and voice. By using a CDPD service provider network's service, the subscriber is able seamlessly to access data applications, many of which may reside on traditional data networks. The CDPD system may be viewed as two interrelated service sets: CDPD network support services and CDPD network services.
CDPD network support services perform duties necessary to maintain and administer the CDPD network. These services are: accounting server; network management system; message transfer server; and authentication server. These services are defined to permit interoperability among service providers. As the CDPD network evolves technically beyond its original AMPS infrastructure, it is anticipated that the support services shall remain unchanged. The functions of network support services are necessary for any mobile network and are independent of radio frequency (RF) technology.
CDPD network services are data transfer services that allow subscribers to communicate with data applications. Additionally, one or both ends of the data communication may be mobile.
To summarize, there is a need for a system providing general purpose packet data services in D-AMPS cellular systems, based on providing shared packet-data channels optimized for packet data. This application is directed to systems and methods that provide the combined advantages of a connection-oriented network like that specified by the TIA/EIA/IS-136 standard and a connectionless, packet data network. Furthermore, this invention is directed to accessing the CDPD network, for example, by existing connectionless network protocols with low complexity and high throughput.
SUMMARY
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of supporting a plurality of mobile station operation modes in a wireless communication system which are selectable by user or other external control. Presently, communication protocols exist for supporting end user equipment which operates only in a single mode of operation. However, it is desirable to combine protocols from various technologies to form end user equipment which operates in multiple modes of operation. Thereby, the present method allows the mobile station to operate in a multi-mode environment where a user or external device can invoke one or more operational modes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of Applicants' invention will be understood by reading this description in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates pluralities of Layer 3 messages, Layer 2 frames, and Layer 1 channel bursts, or time slots;
FIG. 2(a) shows a forward DCCH configured as a succession of time slots included in the consecutive time slots sent on a carrier frequency;
FIG. 2(b) shows an example of an IS-136 DCCH field slot format;
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary hierarchical, or multi-layered, cellular system;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary cellular mobile radiotelephone system, including an exemplary base station and mobile station;
FIGS. 5(a)-5(e) illustrate end-user equipment providing packet data functionality;
FIG. 6 illustrates one example of a possible mapping sequence between various layers in a radiocommunication system; and
FIGS. 7(a)-7(e) illustrate examples of mobile station functional modes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As described above, there are numerous technologies which support wireless data communication, including packet data. Of particular interest are D-AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-136) and CDPD. By combining protocols from these two existing technologies with the functionality described in this application, new forms of end-user equipment can be identified. FIGS. 5(a)-5(e) illustrate examples of how the functionality of this application ("D-AMPS Packet Data") can be combined with other technologies into new end-user equipment.
This invention is directed to implementing protocols and procedures for connectionless communication between the mobile station and the base station. In particular, the invention is directed to an air interface protocol and the associated mobile station procedures required for packet data that are based on IS-136. The protocol and procedures for one aspect of this invention resemble the digital control channel (DCCH) operation of IS-136 because IS-136 was designed to provide connectionless transmission of a point-to-point short message service on the DCCH. The IS-136 protocol and procedures have been expanded to support packet-oriented services in embodiments of Applicants' invention. More generally, the invention is directed to communication between a base station and network entities using any standardized or proprietary packet network or using a connection oriented protocol because no assumptions have been made about the network. The network aspect of the CDPD specification is one example that can be used in implementing this invention.
In order to maximize the flexibility of performance characteristics and be able to tailor terminal implementation for specific applications in specific embodiments of the invention, several bandwidth allocations are provided. One such bandwidth allocation is hosted PDCH, which is an added logical subchannel on the IS-136 digital control channel. The hosted PDCH allows a minimal implementation effort but provides limited throughput rate. Three other bandwidth allocations provided on the dedicated PDCH are full-rate PDCH, double-rate PDCH and triple-rate PDCH. A PDCH can be mixed with IS-136 DCCHs and DTCs on the same carrier up to the rate limit corresponding to three full rate channels. The interested reader is directed to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/544,493, entitled "A Method for Compensating Time Dispersion in a Communication System," to Raith et al., filed on Oct. 18, 1995 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/544,490, entitled "Bandwidth Allocation" to Raith et al., filed on Oct. 18, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,729,531, the disclosure of both applications being expressly incorporated here by reference.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b), existing terminals may operate in either only the CDPD mode (FIG. 5(a)) or only the D-AMPS mode (FIG. 5(b)). However, the terminal may selectively operate in one or more of multiple modes as illustrated in FIGS. 5(c), 5(d), and 5(e) by implementing the protocol and procedures of this invention. For example, the terminal may support D-AMPS packet data only as illustrated in FIG. 5(c), D-AMPS (i.e., IS-136 voice and data) and D-AMPS packet data and CDPD as illustrated in FIG. 5(d) and D-AMPS and D-AMPS packet data as illustrated in FIG. 5(e). Additionally, the set of specifications also includes support for the asynchronous data, Group 3 facsimile (IS-130 and IS-135) and short message services which are not illustrated in FIGS. 5(a)-5(e). As a result, this invention combined with other technologies provide new end user equipment.
The utility of equipment conforming to the invention can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. From the D-AMPs cellular/PCS operator perspective, the equipment can be efficiently deployed in both D-AMPs 800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz. This mode of operation has channel-by-channel upgrade with no frequency guard band needed, a common packet data/D-AMPS radio resource management, PDCH bandwidth allocation on demand, and full flexibility in allocating PDCH among frequencies and time slots. In this mode of operation, no geographic guard zones are needed and an existing frequency plan can be maintained. Thereby, the cellular and packet data networks have a greater availability and are more seamless through intersystem paging. Also, a higher bandwidth efficiency (throughput/bandwidth) is provided than in the CDPD air interface and the existing CDPD infrastructure may be retained.
From the perspective of an AMPS cellular operator, if DCCH functionality is provided, the same benefits as for a D-AMPS operator can be achieved by implementing this invention.
From the perspective of the D-AMPS mobile station manufacturer, this invention has no RF circuit impact, and the hosted PDCH operation does not require new physical layers or Layer 2 development. Furthermore, the dedicated PDCH provides for higher throughput than the CDPD air interface and requires a minimum development effort regarding hardware. Also, an enhanced sleep mode is provided which has less battery drain than CDPD; improved efficiency of broadcast and simulcast transmission is provided; and a seamless cellular/packet data service is achieved.
From the perspective of the D-AMPs base station manufacturer, no impact on the RF circuit, combining of circuits and antenna configuration occurs by implementing this invention. Also, the hosted PDCH operation does not require new physical layers or Layer 2 development and the dedicated PDCH requires a minimum development effort using IS-136 as a basis.
From the perspective of the packet data network equipment manufacturer, the CDPD backbone and CDPD applications are not impacted by implementing this invention.
From the perspective of the CDPD mobile station manufacturer, all higher layer protocols can be reused when implementing this invention.
The protocol and procedures for connectionless communication between mobile stations and base stations in accordance with this invention are directed to maximizing performance characteristics. Other desirable expansions of functionality by this invention include introducing PDCH paging areas and registration, as per IS-136 for example, providing the option to send Layer 3 messages defined for connectionless communication on a connection-oriented DTC, providing for IS-136 paging indicators while on the PDCH and providing for dedicated PDCH notification while on a DTC. One possible set of specific protocol and procedures for enhancing aspects of various connectionless communication between mobile stations and base stations is discussed below.
To aid in understanding, one exemplary mapping sequence is illustrated in FIG. 6. Beginning with a CDPD mobile data link protocol (MDLP) frame, a Layer 3 message, including a protocol discriminator (PD) and message type (MT) indicator, is mapped into several Layer 2 frames. The Layer 2 frame is further mapped onto an FPDCH time slot. Lastly, the mapping of FPDCH time slots onto a superframe is illustrated. The length of the forward PDCH (FPDCH) time slots and reverse PDCH (RPDCH) bursts are fixed, although there may be three forms of RPDCH bursts which have different fixed lengths. The FPDCH slot and the full-rate PDCH are assumed to be on the physical layer in FIG. 6. This description assumes the TDMA frame structure is that of the IS-136 DCCH and DTC. In the interest of maximal throughput when a multi-rate channel is used (double-rate PDCH and triple-rate PDCH), an additional FPDCH slot format is specified.
Existing technologies such as D-AMPS and CDPD may be combined to provide multiple mode terminal functionality as illustrated in FIGS. 5(c), 5(d), and 5(e). The functionality for combining D-AMPS and CDPD technologies from a terminal and end user point-of-view will be described with reference to FIGS. 7(a), 7(b), 7(c), 7(d), and 7(e). In each of these figures, the selection of the mode of operation may be controlled by the user at every power-on event, by a default mode that has been stored in the terminal by the user or by an external device such as a computer or remotely monitored apparatus. FIG. 7(a) illustrates selecting only one of the plural modes of operation. For example, the user may want to activate the DAMPS mode only, whereby the mobile station does not register itself on the PDCH system. The base station, MSC and interworking function (BMI) would then not be informed about the packet data capability of the mobile station. Alternatively, the packet-only mode may be activated by the user. Analogously, the mobile station need not then register with the IS-136 system. FIG. 7(a) illustrates the functional group selection which may be made by the user, by the stored default mode or by another external device which is linked to the radio terminal.
FIG. 7(b) illustrates the selection of activating both D-AMPS and PDCH modes of operation. As illustrated by step 1 of FIG. 7(b), the mobile station finds a DCCH and reads the BCCH to find a pointer to a corresponding beacon PDCH. The beacon PDCH (the carrier frequency of one PDCH) is provided if the DCCH indicates support of one or more dedicated PDCHs. The mobile station registers itself on the beacon PDCH and may be assigned another dedicated PDCH by the base station, MSC and Interworking function (BMI) response. Once the mobile station is locked to its assigned PDCH, the mobile station enters an active mode and registers itself as represented by step 2. Once the PDCH registration is successfully completed or an irrecoverable error condition is detected, the mobile station returns to camp on the initial DCCH as represented at step 3. Accordingly, FIG. 7(b) illustrates the possibility of operating the mobile station as a voice and packet terminal by activating both D-AMPS and PDCH modes of operation in this example.
FIG. 7(c) illustrates the mobile station activated as a packet only terminal. FIG. 7(c) illustrates one example where the PDCH mode of operation is only activated by the mobile station first finding a DCCH and reading the BCCH to find the pointer to the beacon PDCH as represented by step 1 of FIG. 7(c). The mobile station does not register itself on the DCCH at this time as it did in the previous example. For additional material related to beacon PDCH's, the interested reader should refer to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/544,488 entitled "A Method for System Registration and Cell Reselection" to Raith et al., which application was filed on Oct. 18, 1995 and which disclosure is expressly incorporated here by reference. Once the mobile station is locked to the beacon PDCH, the mobile station enters a CDPD active mode and registers itself as represented by step 2. The mobile station may be redirected to a different PDCH as a result of its BMI response to its registration. The mobile station stays in the active mode on the indicated PDCH until an active timer has expired as represented by step 3. The mobile station then enters a passive mode as represented by step 4. In this way, the mobile station is activated as a packet-only terminal at registration. For a complete discussion of the active timer described in the foregoing example and the passive timer discussed in the following example, the interested reader is directed to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/544,838, entitled "Activity Control for a Mobile Station IN a Wireless Communication System," to Raith et al., which application is expressly incorporated here by reference.
In FIG. 7(d), the mobile station is activated (i.e., has registered as discussed above with respect to FIG. 7(a)) in both the D-AMPS and PDCH mode of operation where the default mode of operation is D-AMPS. FIG. 7(d) is directed to a sequence of events which includes both a PDCH and D-AMPS page. When the mobile station is in the IS-136 sleep mode and a page message is received, which indicates a terminating PDCH transaction, (i.e., packet data is to be sent to the mobile) the mobile station moves to its previously assigned PDCH and enters an active mode as represented by step 1 of FIG. 7(d). After the terminating PDCH transaction is completed, and an activity timer has expired, the mobile station enters a CDPD passive mode as represented at step 2. After a second timer expires while in the passive mode, the mobile station returns to the initial DCCH as represented by step 3. When the mobile station is in an IS-136 sleep mode and a voice or IS-136 page is received, the mobile station is assigned a traffic channel for a voice call as represented by step 4. After completion of the voice call, the mobile station returns to the IS-136 sleep mode as represented by step 5. Accordingly, these functions allow the mobile station to be paged as either a voice or a packet data terminal.
An example of a mobile station paged as a packet-only terminal is illustrated in FIG. 7(e). As represented at step 1 of FIG. 7(e), a page message is received indicating a terminating PDCH transaction. After the terminating PDCH transaction is completed, and the active timer expires without receiving additional packet data, the mobile station enters a passive mode as represented by step 2. The IS-136 active mode is not needed for a packet data-only terminal and this mode is unused as indicated in FIG. 7(e). The capability to read the BCCH on IS-136 is still required for a packet data only terminal and is indicated as such in FIG. 7(e) by the broken "X" across the IS-136 state. For example, the overhead information provided on the DCCH may be used as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/544,839, entitled "Registration Control of Mobile Stations in a Wireless Communication System," to Diachina et al., filed on Oct. 18, 1995, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated here by reference. Accordingly, the mobile station functions as a packet data-only terminal.
To facilitate the user control for the multiple modes of operation by the mobile station in this invention, user interaction techniques may be provided to control the multiple modes of operation. In one example of a user interaction technique, the user may acquire the availability of services and attributes of the mobile station by a known display of the mobile station. The services and attributes, and especially the transmission rate, may be presented to the user on the display in any conventional display form, such as with icons, symbols, or text. Thereafter, the user may change the mode of operation for any amount of time and may also change the default mode of operation permanently. Accordingly, a large amount of control may be provided to the user for operating the mobile stations in multiple modes.
The control for the multiple modes of operation by the mobile station in this invention may alternately be controlled by telemetry. In one example of a telemetric technique, data may be collected remotely from a computer by a mobile station. In this case, the mobile station may send information on its services and attributes to the computer. Then, the computer may select the desired mode of operation based on the data to be collected and sent to the mobile station. Referring again to FIG. 4, a computer 182 is shown which can communicate with the mobile station 120 to control the mobile station by telemetry.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Number	Name	Date
4823373	Takahashi et al.	Apr 1989
4887265	Felix	Dec 1989
4916691	Goodman	Apr 1990
5175867	Wejke et al.	Dec 1992
5353332	Raith et al.	Oct 1994

Number	Date	Country
07595	Mar 1995	WOX
16330	Jun 1995	WOX

Operating mobile stations of wireless communication systems in multiple modes by external control

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