The invention relates to optical transmitters in general and particularly to an optical transmitter that employs wavelength division multiplexing.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system has attracted more and more interest in the past several years for building ultra-high aggregated data rate optical network and optical interconnects, given that interconnection has been considered as the bottleneck for the next-generation computing systems. Microring resonators are one of the most popular devices to form the important building blocks of on-chip network and optical interconnects, owing to their small footprint, small capacitance and low power consumption. Much progress has been made in the past decade in designing and demonstrating microring-based modulators, filters, switches, lasers, and other structures.
The commonly used ring-based WDM transmitter architecture is shown in
Automated thermal stabilization is particularly challenging in the common-bus design, due to the fact that multiple wavelengths are always present at the bus waveguide and interact with each ring modulator but the monitoring photo detector is naturally insensitive to wavelength.
There is a need for an improved apparatus for multiplexing a plurality of wavelengths onto a common optical fiber.
According to one aspect, the invention features an optical modulator system. The system comprises a plurality of input stages, each input stage of the plurality of input stages configured to operate at an optical wavelength distinct from the optical wavelengths of operation of the others of the plurality of input stages, each input stage comprising an optical input port configured to receive a light having a distinct optical wavelength from a laser, a first modulator configured to modulate the light having a distinct optical wavelength with information carried by a modulation signal to produce a modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength, and a filter multiplexer configured to add the modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength onto an optical bus configured to carry at least two light signals having different carrier wavelengths.
In one embodiment, the optical modulator system further comprises in at least one of the plurality of input stages a first signal splitter situated between the optical input port and the first modulator and a first optical detector configured to receive optical illumination from the first signal splitter; a second signal splitter situated between the first modulator and the filter multiplexer; and a second optical detector configured to receive optical illumination from the second signal splitter, and a third optical detector configured to receive optical illumination at a location beyond the filter multiplexer.
In another embodiment, the optical modulator system further comprises an optical bus having an output port in optical communication with each of the filter multiplexers, the optical bus configured to provide a multiplexed optical signal comprising the respective modulated light signals on the distinct optical wavelengths as carrier wavelengths as an output signal.
In yet another embodiment, the optical modulator is configured to operate according to a protocol selected from the group of protocols consisting of OOK, ASK, PSK, FSK, and PolSK.
In still another embodiment, the optical modulator is configured to operate as a transmitter and as a receiver.
In a further embodiment, the optical modulator is permitted to drift in wavelength, and a communicating optical receiver is tuned to receive the wavelength that drifts.
According to another aspect, the invention relates to a method of controlling a thermal regime in an optical modulator system. The method comprises providing an optical modulator system comprising a plurality of input stages, each input stage of the plurality of input stages configured to operate at an optical wavelength distinct from the optical wavelengths of operation of the others of the plurality of input stages, each input stage comprising: an optical input port configured to receive a light having a distinct optical wavelength from a laser, a first modulator configured to modulate the light having a distinct optical wavelength with information carried by a modulation signal to produce a modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength, and a filter multiplexer configured to add the modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength onto an optical bus configured to carry at least two light signals having different carrier wavelengths; in at least one of the plurality of input stages a first signal splitter situated between the optical input port and the first modulator and a first optical detector configured to receive optical illumination from the first signal splitter; a second signal splitter situated between the first modulator and the filter multiplexer; and a second optical detector configured to receive optical illumination from the second signal splitter, and a third optical detector configured to receive optical illumination at a location beyond the filter multiplexer; in a respective one of the plurality of input stages, observing the photocurrents on the first and second optical detectors; tuning a thermal tuner on the first modulator to achieve a desired ratio of photocurrents in the first optical detector and the second optical detector; and thereafter, tuning a thermal tuner on the filter multiplexer to minimize a photocurrent in the third optical detector, thereby maintaining operation of the optical modulator system over a range of temperatures.
According to another aspect, the invention relates to a method of operating an optical modulator system. the method comprises providing an optical modulator system comprising a plurality of input stages, each input stage of the plurality of input stages configured to operate at an optical wavelength distinct from the optical wavelengths of operation of the others of the plurality of input stages, each input stage comprising: an optical input port configured to receive a light having a distinct optical wavelength from a laser, a first modulator configured to modulate the light having a distinct optical wavelength with information to produce a modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength, and a filter multiplexer configured to add the modulated light signal on the distinct optical wavelength as a carrier wavelength onto an optical bus configured to carry at least two light signals having different carrier wavelengths; providing to each of the plurality of input stages an optical input signal as a respective carrier wave, the respective carrier waves having a respective distinct optical wavelength; providing to each of the plurality of input stages a modulation signal that carries information to be modulated onto the carrier wave; and recovering a modulated signal having at least one of the respective carrier waves having the respective distinct optical wavelength at an output of the optical bus.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing at least one optical detector configured to receive an optical signal having a specific carrier wavelength in optical communication with a respective one of the filter multiplexers; receiving a modulated signal having the specific carrier wavelength at the filter multiplexer from the optical bus; detecting the modulated signal having the specific carrier wavelength with the at least one optical detector; and receiving from the at least one optical detector a signal comprising information encoded on the modulated signal, free of the specific carrier wavelength, which signal is configured to be displayed to a user, recorded in a non-volatile memory and/or transmitted to another device for further manipulation.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The objects and features of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.
We describe the Mod-MUX architecture for implementing a WDM transmitter using ring modulators. As compared to the conventional ‘common-bus’ architecture, the Mod-MUX architecture shows many advantages. We also describe a procedure that can be used to thermally stabilize the Mod-MUX transmitter automatically.
The Mod-MUX architecture o overcomes the weakness of the common-bus design. As shown in
In
This architecture offers several advantages. It removes the requirement of providing a comb source. It avoids cross-modulation, due to the fact each laser wavelength only passes through one ring modulator. The Mod-MUX offers compatibility to simpler thermal stabilization schemes compared to the common-bus architecture since each Mod-MUX branch operates with only one laser wavelength. A specific design can be provided for ring modulators and ring filters respectively to optimize the performance of each element, such as the best tunability with the maximum allowable quality factor (in the ring modulator) and sufficient bandwidth with low loss and low cross-talk (in the ring filter).
For proper operation, one should preferably monitor the optical power at the bus output when sending a tunable CW light into each input as illustrated in
In various embodiments, each modulator element may be a single ring or a multi ring. In other embodiments, the modulator element may be a different type of modulator such as a Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), an electro-absorptive (EA) optical modulator, or a modulator of another type.
In some embodiments, the modulator elements may be specifically designed to thermally drift together (for instance by placing them physically close to one another in order to match them) so as to simplify the construction of a control system.
In some embodiments, the Mod-MUX transmitters may include additional taps, detectors, and similar elements useful for the creation of control systems.
In some embodiments, there may also be elements added to the rings, such as thermal tuners (heating and/or cooling elements), PIN junction tuners, and the like, in order to provide a “control knob” by which to control such operating parameters as operating temperature, bias signals, and the like.
In some embodiments, the resonators may be rings, disks, or other structures such as various linear cavities.
Automated Thermal Stabilization of Mod-MUX Transmitter
Turning to
For a selected Mod-MUX unit (for example, the leftmost unit in
This technology enables the following:
There are two advantages provided by the use of multiple rings in the multiplexer. First, the free spectrum range (FSR) of the two coupled rings will be much larger than a single ring due to the vernier effect, which expands the operation wavelength range of the transmitter. Second, the wavelength selection ability of two coupled rings is better than a single ring because the two ring filter is a higher order filter. In other words, the interference between the neighboring channels can be reduced.
The transmitter was fabricated in a CMOS compatible photonics foundry. The process starts with an 8″ Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafer from SOITEC with 220 nm top silicon and 2 μm bottom oxide thickness. A high-resistivity handle silicon (750 Ω·cm) was used to ensure the RF performance. Grating couplers and silicon waveguides were formed by three dry etches. Six implantation steps were applied to silicon to form the pn junction and contact region. Two layers of aluminum were deposited for electrical interconnection. In all cases, 248 nm photolithography was utilized.
The fabrication process is further described in Liu, Yang, et al. “30 GHz silicon platform for photonics system.” Optical Interconnects Conference, May 5, 2013, IEEE, and in Liu, Yang, et al. “Silicon Mod-MUX-Ring transmitter with 4 channels at 40 Gb/s.” Optics Express 22 (2014): 16431-16438, Jun. 25, 2014, each of documents is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Applications
The present application can be used with well-known methods of transmitting information over optical communication networks. For example, such systems and methods are discussed in I. Djordjevic et al., Coding for Optical Channels, Chapter 2, Fundamentals of Optical Communication, pages 25-73, Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4419-5569-2, which is said to describe optical components, different modulation formats with direct detection, and different modulation schemes with coherent detection, which document is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In order to exploit the enormous bandwidth potential of optical fiber systems, different multiplexing techniques (OTDMA, WDMA, CDMA, SCMA), modulation formats (OOK, ASK, PSK, FSK, PolSK, CPFSK, DPSK, etc.), demodulation schemes (direct detection or coherent), and technologies can be employed.
Two types of external modulators commonly used in practice: Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and electroabsorption modulator (EAM). Possible modulation formats that can be used with a MZM include: on-off keying (OOK) with zero/nonzero chirp, binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), differential QPSK (DQPSK), and return-to-zero (RZ) with duty cycle 33%, 50%, or 67%.
Basic optical modulation formats can be categorized as follows (1) On-Off Keying (OOK), where the 1 is represented by the presence of the pulse while the 0 by the absence of a pulse; (2) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), where the information is embedded in the amplitude of the sinusoidal pulse; (3) Phase-shift keying (PSK), where the information is embedded in the phase; (4) Frequency-shift keying (FSK), where the information is embedded in the frequency; and (5) Polarization-shift keying (PolSK), where the information is embedded in the polarization. Various modulation formats can be used with direct detection, namely (1) non-returnto-zero (NRZ), (2) return-to-zero (RZ), (3) alternate mark inversion (AMI), (4) duobinary modulation, (5) carrier-suppressed RZ, (6) NRZ-differential phase-shift keying (NRZ-DPSK), and (7) RZ-differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK).
Design and Fabrication
Methods of designing and fabricating devices having elements similar to those described herein are described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,200,308, 7,339,724, 7,424,192, 7,480,434, 7,643,714, 7,760,970, 7,894,696, 8,031,985, 8,067,724, 8,098,965, 8,203,115, 8,237,102, 8,258,476, 8,270,778, 8,280,211, 8,311,374, 8,340,486, 8,380,016, 8,390,922, 8,798,406, and 8,818,141, each of which documents is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Operation
In some embodiments, the Mod-MUX transmitters of the invention are able to be used with various modulation formats, including OOK, ASK, PSK, FSK, and PolSK.
In some embodiments, the Mod-MUX transmitters of the invention can be allowed to drift in wavelength, rather than being thermally stabilized. In such embodiments the communicating receiver tunes itself in order to lock to the incoming wavelengths.
In some embodiments, the Mod-MUX transmitters of the invention can be used as either or both of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter structure has been described. For use as a receiver, at least one of the WDM rings leads to a detector, which can receive a demultiplexed signal from the optical bus. For bidirectional operation, e.g., as a transmitter and as a receiver (a transceiver), some of the MUX rings lead to modulators and some lead to detectors. For example, in
Recording the results from an operation or data acquisition, such as for example, recording results at a particular frequency or wavelength, is understood to mean and is defined herein as writing output data in a non-transitory manner to a storage element, to a machine-readable storage medium, or to a storage device. Non-transitory machine-readable storage media that can be used in the invention include electronic, magnetic and/or optical storage media, such as magnetic floppy disks and hard disks; a DVD drive, a CD drive that in some embodiments can employ DVD disks, any of CD-ROM disks (i.e., read-only optical storage disks), CD-R disks (i.e., write-once, read-many optical storage disks), and CD-RW disks (i.e., rewriteable optical storage disks); and electronic storage media, such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, Compact Flash cards, PCMCIA cards, or alternatively SD or SDIO memory; and the electronic components (e.g., floppy disk drive, DVD drive, CD/CD-R/CD-RW drive, or Compact Flash/PCMCIA/SD adapter) that accommodate and read from and/or write to the storage media. Unless otherwise explicitly recited, any reference herein to “record” or “recording” is understood to refer to a non-transitory record or a non-transitory recording.
As is known to those of skill in the machine-readable storage media arts, new media and formats for data storage are continually being devised, and any convenient, commercially available storage medium and corresponding read/write device that may become available in the future is likely to be appropriate for use, especially if it provides any of a greater storage capacity, a higher access speed, a smaller size, and a lower cost per bit of stored information. Well known older machine-readable media are also available for use under certain conditions, such as punched paper tape or cards, magnetic recording on tape or wire, optical or magnetic reading of printed characters (e.g., OCR and magnetically encoded symbols) and machine-readable symbols such as one and two dimensional bar codes. Recording image data for later use (e.g., writing an image to memory or to digital memory) can be performed to enable the use of the recorded information as output, as data for display to a user, or as data to be made available for later use. Such digital memory elements or chips can be standalone memory devices, or can be incorporated within a device of interest. “Writing output data” or “writing an image to memory” is defined herein as including writing transformed data to registers within a microcomputer.
Although the theoretical description given herein is thought to be correct, the operation of the devices described and claimed herein does not depend upon the accuracy or validity of the theoretical description. That is, later theoretical developments that may explain the observed results on a basis different from the theory presented herein will not detract from the inventions described herein.
Any patent, patent application, patent application publication, journal article, book, published paper, or other publicly available material identified in the specification is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the present disclosure material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred disclosure.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred mode as illustrated in the drawing, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that various changes in detail may be affected therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/217,152, filed Jul. 22, 2016, now allowed, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/514,771, filed Oct. 15, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,425,919, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/891,025, filed Oct. 15, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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Child | 15916557 | US | |
Parent | 14514771 | Oct 2014 | US |
Child | 15217152 | US |