Patent Application
20240000793
The present invention relates to a stable ophthalmic composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of antibiotic levofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, a process for the preparation thereof and the use thereof in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory states of the eye, particularly conjunctivitis.
Eye infections can be superficial (conjunctivitis) or deep (keratitis) and require the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories and sometimes analgesics.
Conjunctivitis is a well-known eye disease that involves redness, purulent secretions and swelling due to infection of the external tissues of the eye district. These manifestations determine a painful symptomatology of burning that in severe cases can last several days, even in the presence of pharmacological treatments. Conjunctivitis is associated with infections which can be either bacterial or viral, and the severity of this pathology ranges from mild to very serious up to an eye loss in untreated cases.
The routine treatment used for bacterial conjunctivitis comprises the administration of antibiotic eye drops to each eye up to 8 times a day, at least during the first days of treatment. In case of bacterial infections, a conjunctival swab is generally recommended to identify the bacterial species and strain in order to prescribe the most effective antibiotic eye drops against the relevant bacterial species.
If the infection is associated with conspicuous inflammatory phenomena, the therapy may include a steroidal anti-inflammatory compound to be administered with the antibiotic. In the most serious cases, the first-line therapy is often based on the administration of eye drops containing the antibiotic and a corticosteroid, separately or in association.
There are already several combination products on the market comprising a corticosteroid along with an anti-infective drug, such as TobraDex® by Alcon containing tobramycin and dexamethasone and Blephamide® by Allergan containing sulfacetamide sodium and prednisolone acetate. However, the prior art has encountered substantial difficulties with such combination comprising an anti-infective with a corticosteroid due to the many side effects caused by the use of a corticosteroid, such as the prolongation of the course of the viral/fungal/bacterial infection or even its worsening due to the immune suppression corticosteroids cause.
There are several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the treatment of eye-inflammation, with a greater or lesser pain-relieving ability, but none except ketorolac possess a strong analgesic effect that acts centrally at the level of neural pathways of pain perception, which is particularly beneficial since the eye is a highly innervated tissue.
Ketorolac is a molecule belonging to the category of NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and is generally used in salified form with tromethamine. Ketorolac tromethamine is a white or almost white crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 376.4 g/mol. Its solubility profile shows a pH dependent trend, significantly increasing at pH value>6.0.
In common clinical practice, treatment with Ketorolac eye drops is prescribed to counteract the pain resulting from superficial eye injuries. The dosage of Ketorolac tromethamine eye drops currently on the market (Acular® by Allergan) generally involves treating each eye with 3 to 4 drops of 0.5% w/v solution for 3-4 weeks starting 24 hours before the cataract surgery.
Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It has a molecular weight of 361.4 g/mol and is poorly soluble in water, but sufficiently lipophilic to penetrate the eyes. Levofloxacin has a broad spectrum of activity and a fairly long duration of action. Recent studies showed that it remains in the eye at levels above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for more than six hours.
The dosage of Levofloxacin eye drops currently on the market (Oftaquix® by Santen) generally involves the administration of a 0.5% solution in each eye in an amount of 8 drops in the first 2 days and 4 drops in the remaining 3 days, for a total of 28 drops.
Still, a storage-stable ophthalmic solution comprising an antibiotic with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the simultaneous treatment of inflammation and infections of the eye, in particular before and after operation on the eye, is not yet available on the market due to the fact that such combinations are not satisfactory in terms of compatibility of their active ingredients and storage stability.
Thus, there still exists a need to provide a storage-stable aqueous ophthalmic composition comprising an antibiotic with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the simultaneous treatment of inflammation and infections of the eye, in particular before and after operation on the eye, wherein the ingredients do not adversely affect one another in terms of their effectiveness and also in terms of their stability, or even undergo chemical reactions with one another, which could lead to undesired by-products.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a storage-stable aqueous pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic administration containing levofloxacin or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, which overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a storage-stable ophthalmic solution containing levofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, which is safe and effective with sufficient shelf-life and good pharmacotechnical properties.
Moreover, it is another object of the present invention to provide a suitable process for the preparation of a storage-stable aqueous pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic administration containing levofloxacin or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, which is effective and reproducible.
In accordance with the above objects of the present invention, a stable ophthalmic composition in the form of an aqueous solution is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of antibiotic levofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, wherein said first active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v and said second active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v, wherein the weight/volume percentages are expressed as g/100 mL units, wherein said composition has a pH value ranging from about 7.5 to about 8.5.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a process for the preparation of a stable ophthalmic composition in the form of an aqueous solution comprising a therapeutically effective amount of antibiotic levofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, wherein said first active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v and said second active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v, wherein the weight/volume percentages are expressed as g/100 mL units, is provided, wherein said process comprises the following steps:
Further, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a process for the preparation of a stable ophthalmic composition in the form of an aqueous solution comprising a therapeutically effective amount of antibiotic levofloxacin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient, wherein said first active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v and said second active ingredient is from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v, wherein the weight/volume percentages are expressed as g/100 mL units, is provided, wherein said process comprises the following steps:
Further preferred embodiments of the present invention are defined in dependent claims 2 to 8 and 11 to 15.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the following detailed description.
For the purposes of the present invention, an aqueous pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic administration comprising levofloxacin or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a first active ingredient, and ketorolac or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, as a second active ingredient is considered to be “stable” if both said ingredients precipitate less or more slowly than they do on their own and/or in known pharmaceutical compositions during storage.
An excipient is considered to be “incompatible” with both said active ingredients or salts thereof if it promotes the degradation of said active ingredients, that is to say, if said active ingredients precipitate more or faster in the presence of said excipient when compared with the precipitation of said active ingredients on their own. The terms “incompatibility”, “compatible” and “compatibility” are defined accordingly.
The aim of the present invention was the development of eye drops formulations containing a combination of levofloxacin and ketorolac in one unit dosage form in order to achieve strong therapeutic effects and to ensure patient compliance and convenience in the treatment of eye infection and/or inflammation. Under this scope, several different ophthalmic solutions were prepared and studied for their stability. In these studies, the formation of a solid precipitate was observed during product storage, across most of the tested concentration ranges of active ingredients and even using additives like solubilizers/surfactants.
It has been surprisingly found that the object of the present invention is achieved by adjusting the concentrations of the active ingredients and the pH value of the mixture at various steps during the manufacturing process and in the finished product, and by controlling the sequence of active ingredient addition, in order to prevent the formation of a precipitate and to improve the physicochemical stability of both active ingredients. Overcoming this technological hurdle enabled the preparation of a storage-stable composition containing effective amounts of levofloxacin and ketorolac.
Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention provides a stable ophthalmic composition in the form of an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v levofloxacin and from about 0.4 to about 0.9% w/v ketorolac tromethamine expressed as weight/volume units (g/100 mL). In the ophthalmic composition of the present invention, levofloxacin can be used at different solvates or degrees of hydration, preferably as the hemihydrate.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.5% w/v levofloxacin and about 0.5% w/v ketorolac tromethamine. In addition to levofloxacin and ketorolac, the composition of the invention may comprise excipients suitable for eye drops formulations and preferably tonicity agents, chelating agents, solubilizers/surfactants, pH buffers or adjusting agents and preservatives. In a preferred embodiment the composition contains, independently from one another: sodium chloride as tonicity agent; disodium EDTA as chelating agent; benzalkonium chloride as preservative; sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH value.
To achieve stability of the product, the pH value of the composition is preferably adjusted in the range from about 7.5 to about 8.5. It was found that outside this pH range, a precipitate may form during product storage regardless of the addition of surfactants/solubilizers. The composition stability without the addition of surfactans and/or solubilizers was further increased when the pH was set in the range from about 7.7 to about 8.5 and especially around pH 8.0.
In the first basic studies on the present invention it was found that in the process of formulating an ophthalmic solution containing levofloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine unexpected stability problems arise when the pH of the composition was below 7.5, wherein a precipitate was observed, revealing that the two APIs are incompatible at a lower pH value. Best results in terms of absence of precipitate were obtained increasing the pH to 7.7 or more, up to pH 8.5, with particularly good results around pH 8.0.
Also, it was noticed that throughout addition of the drug components the pH of the solution dropped to approximately 5.3 prior to the addition of levofloxacin. According to the present invention, it was surprisingly found that by adding a step of intermediate pH adjustment in the middle of the manufacturing process to a higher pH value and preferably at 8.5-9.5 the stability of the product was significantly improved. Moreover, the sequence of ketorolac and levofloxacin addition at steps (b) and (c), in comparison to the reverse sequence seemed to have added robustness to the overall stability of the final product.
The ophthalmic composition of the present invention is used to prepare eye drops. To this purpose, pre-sterilized containers appropriate for ophthalmic use are filled with the eye drop solution optionally sealing the containers with dropper and screw cap in aseptic conditions. The containers can be single-dose or multi-dose, preferably plastic bottles, preferably opaque bottles, preferably made of polyethylene and equipped with LDPE droppers and polyethylene screw caps. The bottle can contain up to 10 mL, preferably between 2.5 and 10 mL and more preferably between 4 and 6 mL.
In a further aspect, the invention concerns the use of the ophthalmic composition in the therapeutic or preventive treatment of infectious and/or inflammatory states of the eye, in particular conjunctivitis optionally associated with infections of bacterial or viral origin, before or after eye surgery and particularly cataract surgery.
The following examples illustrate preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention without limiting the scope or spirit of the invention:
Unless otherwise indicated, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature.
The preparation of Example 1 of the present invention was prepared according to the following process: Water for injection was added in the compounding vessel and the total amount of ketorolac tromethamine was added under stirring and when complete dissolution was achieved, levofloxacin hemihydrate was added and water for injection to the fill volume as required. The final pH value of the solution was measured with a calibrated pH-meter and, if necessary, it was adjusted to pH value according to Table 2 by using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution. The results are presented below (Table 2).
The presence of precipitate showed that the two active ingredients appear to be compatible with each other provided that the solution pH is 7.5 or higher.
Various compositions comprising other excipients as well, such as preservatives, chelating agents and tonicity agents were manufactured to investigate their impact on the formation of the precipitate.
Unless otherwise indicated, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature.
Composition 1 and Composition 2 of the present invention were prepared according to the following manufacturing process: Water for injection about 90% of the total amount was added in the compounding vessel and the total amount of the excipients sodium chloride, disodium edetate and benzalkonium chloride were added under stirring until complete dissolution. Subsequently, ketorolac tromethamine was added under stirring until complete dissolution. Then, levofloxacin hemihydrate was added and the remaining amount of water for injection to the fill volume as required. The final pH of the solution was measured and, if required, it was adjusted to pH value approximately 6.5 for composition 1 and pH 7.5 for composition 2 by using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution.
Upon monitoring, composition 2 at pH value 7.5 was clear throughout the observation period of 30 days, whereas the eye drop composition 1 at pH value 6.5 was observed to exhibit a precipitate soon after preparation. In the effort to reverse this outcome, the inventors of the present invention found that the precipitate was effectively dissolved and the solution became clear when the final pH value was gradually adjusted at or above pH 7.5 with the addition of a suitable electrolyte.
These results reveal that although the marketed formulations of levofloxacin have a pH approximately 6.0-6.8 and the formulations of ketorolac have a pH approximately 6.8-7.4, the combination of the two active ingredients would only present stability in a pH value not lower than 7.5. Studies with even higher pH values showed that the ideal final pH of the product should be around 8.0 for improved long-term stability. In particular it was found that the composition was increasingly stabilized at pH 7.7 and above, up to 8.5, with best results in the range 7.9-8.3 and particularly at pH 8.0.
Unless otherwise indicated, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature.
Compositions 3, 3a and 3b of Example 3 of the present invention were prepared according to the following manufacturing process: Water for injection about 90% of the total amount was added in the compounding vessel and the total amount of the excipients sodium chloride, disodium edetate and benzalkonium chloride were added under stirring until complete dissolution. Subsequently, ketorolac tromethamine was added under stirring until complete dissolution and a sample of the solution was obtained to measure the pH value using a calibrated pH-meter. With the addition of the appropriate amount of electrolyte the pH value of the main solution was adjusted to pH values 9.0, 10.0 and 11.0 according to Table 5. Then, levofloxacin hemihydrate was added and the remaining amount of water for injection to the fill volume as required. The final pH of the solution was measured and, if required, it was adjusted to pH value approximately 8.0 for composition 3, pH value 7.5 for composition 3a and pH value 7.7 for composition 3b by using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution. The final solution was then passed through a sterilizing filter and filled into plastic bottles for ophthalmic use.
Compositions 1, 2, 3, 3a and 3b of the present invention highlight that a pH value of at least 7.5, preferably 7.7 and more preferably around 8.0 is a pre-requisite for the two APIs to be compatible with each other. During the manufacturing process of the eye drop solution, it was observed that several formulation ingredients including ketorolac tromethamine created a mild acidic environment before the addition of levofloxacin, thus leading the two APIs to become mixed in a physical stability-unfavourable pH environment. For that reason, the introduction of an intermediate pH adjustment step was explored. Several different pH values were tested within an adequately alkaline range to assure that incorporation of levofloxacin in the solution would take place while solution pH would consistently remain above pH value 7.5.
Namely, when during manufacture the intermediate pH value was adjusted to 10.0 or 11.0 prior to the addition of levofloxacin the composition presented a precipitate after a few months. Thus, we further investigated the impact of intermediate pH adjustment at pH values between 8.5 and 9.5 on the stability of the product.
Therefore, compositions 3c, 3d and 3e were manufactured with intermediate pH values at 8.5, 9.0 and 9.5, respectively, according to the manufacturing process of Composition 3 and bottles of said compositions were exposed to long-term stability studies (25±2° C./60±5% relative humidity). The stability results over 12 months showed that when the intermediate pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8.5-9.5 before the addition of the second active ingredient, the formulation is stable and all physicochemical attributes comply with acceptance criteria (see Table 6).
Complies means clear solution, essentially free from visible particles
The particulate matter was measured according to USP-NF 42-37 <789> Particulate matter in ophthalmic solutions wherein it defines the acceptable limits for particulate matter as: 50 for >10 μm/mL, 5 for >25 μm/mL and 2 for >50 μm/mL.
Unless otherwise indicated, all steps in this procedure were carried out at room temperature.
Composition 4 of Example 4 of the present invention was prepared according to the following manufacturing process: Water for injection about 90% of the total amount was added in the compounding vessel and the total amount of the excipients sodium chloride, disodium edetate and benzalkonium chloride were added under stirring until complete dissolution. Subsequently, ketorolac tromethamine was added under stirring until complete dissolution and the pH value at this stage was adjusted to approximately 9.0. The appropriate amount of Polysorbate 20 solution along with the remaining amount of water for injection and levofloxacin hemihydrate were added to the solution. The pH value of the final product was adjusted to 8.0 with the addition of either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The final solution was then passed through a sterilizing filter and filled into plastic bottles for ophthalmic use.
Composition 4 of example 4 with various solubilizers/surfactants other than Polysorbate 20 have been tested and the results showed that the main factor that ensures stability to the combination product of levofloxacin and ketorolac is the final pH value. The results are presented below in Table 8. In fact, at final pH value 7.5 or above and in particular in the pH range from about 7.7 to about 8.5 and especially around pH 8.0 the composition with no solubilizer and/or surfactant presented better stability, wherein all solutions containing a solubilizer and/or surfactant presented a precipitate after a few months. The results in Table 8 further support that the final pH value of the solution plays a crucial role to the stability of the product since a high pH value (such as pH value 8.0 or above) may even stabilize formulations containing solubilizers and/or surfactants which are unstable at a lower pH value.
Composition 5 of Example 5 of the present invention was prepared according to the manufacturing process of Composition 3 and the intermediate pH value was adjusted to approximately 9.0 and the pH of the final product was adjusted to 8.5 with the addition of either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
The bottles of Composition 5 of Example 5 were exposed to long-term (25±2° C., 60±5% relative humidity) stability studies. The stability results of Composition 5 over 3 months showed that said composition of levofloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine at final pH value of 8.5 is also stable (see Table 10) indicating that a higher pH value can be applied to said combination. However, a pH higher than 8.5 is not typically applied in ophthalmic solutions, since adverse effects to the eye application may appear (e.g. burning sensation, itching, etc.) due to the high difference with the physiological pH of the tear fluid which is 7.4.
Complies means clear solution, essentially free from visible particles
The particulate matter was measured according to USP-NF 42-37 <789> Particulate matter in ophthalmic solutions wherein it defines the acceptable limits for particulate matter as: 50 for >10 μm/mL, 5 for >25 μm/mL and 2 for >50 μm/mL.
Studies with higher concentrations of the active ingredients were conducted in order to investigate further the stability of the product. Compositions 6, 7 and 8 of Example 6 of the present invention were prepared according to the same manufacturing process of Composition 3 and the intermediate pH value was adjusted to approximately 9.0 and the pH of the final product was adjusted to 8.0 with the addition of either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
The bottles of Composition 3, 6, 7 and 8 were exposed to long-term (25±2° C., relative humidity) stability studies. The stability results of Compositions 3, 6, 7 and 8 over 1 month showed that high concentrations of the APIs lead to an unstable product (see Table 12), as it is determined from the increase in the number of particulate matter.
Complies means clear solution, essentially free from visible particles
The particulate matter was measured according to USP-NF 42-37 <789> Particulate matter in ophthalmic solutions wherein it defines the acceptable limits for particulate matter as: 50 for >10 μm/mL, 5 for >25 μm/mL and 2 for >50 μm/mL.
Composition 9 of Example 7 of the present invention was prepared according to the same manufacturing process of Composition 3 without the addition of any preservative and the intermediate pH value was adjusted to approximately 9.0 and the pH of the final product was adjusted to 8.0 with the addition of either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
The bottles of Composition 9 were exposed to long-term (25±2° C., 60±5% relative humidity) stability studies. The stability results of Composition 9 over 1 month (see Table 14) were promising giving potential to a preservative free composition in combination with a suitable container, either single-dose or multi-dose bottle designed specifically to store preservative-free ophthalmic solutions.
Complies Means Clear Solution, Essentially Free from Visible Particles
With the present invention it was observed that independently of the use of solubilizers or other excipients, the combination of ketorolac tromethamine and levofloxacin will only remain stable and not precipitate in the case the pH value of the final solution is between 7.5-8.5. Further, the intermediate pH value adjustment during the manufacturing process to values between 8.5 and 9.5, adds robustness to the overall stability of the final product. In addition, the two active ingredients seem to be compatible at a pH value of 7.5-8.5 of the final product, only when they are combined in specific amounts up to approximately 9.0 mg/mL.
While the present invention has been described with respect to the particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, as defined in the appended.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102020000026690 | Nov 2020 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/080870 | 11/8/2021 | WO |
