Patent Application
20160255562
Aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless communications systems. In particular, aspects of this disclosure relate to offloading network infrastructure communication to peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between endpoints in a server-mediated manner.
Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks) and third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) high speed data/Internet-capable wireless services. There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Exemplary cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, and newer hybrid digital communication systems using both TDMA and CDMA technologies. More recently, Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been developed as a wireless communications protocol for mobile phones and other terminals to communicate data at high speeds. LTE is based on GSM, and includes contributions from various GSM-related protocols such as Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA).
Accordingly, communications systems and devices are becoming increasingly diverse with new technological advancements. Communications devices are now able to support various different communications technologies and protocols. Indeed, not only can various communications devices operate in a communications system (e.g., over a network infrastructure), many communications device may communicate with one another using direct peer-to-peer (P2P) communications and/or using infrastructure elements where devices communicate through signals communicated via one or more base stations, access points, or other network infrastructure entities. For example, communications devices that support the Wi-Fi Direct standard or Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE) standard may connect to each other via direct P2P connections. Furthermore, the LTE Direct (LTE-D) standard uses licensed spectrum and the LTE physical layer to provide a scalable and universal framework through which equipped communications devices can discover and connect to proximate peers and thereby establish direct P2P connections within ranges up to one mile. Wi-Fi direct tends to require the devices to be in closer proximity (approximately 200 meters) and BTLE even closer proximity (approximately 30 feet).
LTE-D operates on licensed spectrum as a service to mobile applications. LTE-D enables service layer discovery. Mobile applications on LTE-D devices can instruct LTE-D to set a monitor for mobile application services on other devices. Moreover, mobile applications on LTE-D devices can announce their own services for detection by other LTE-D devices at the physical layer. The applications can be closed while LTE-D works continuously, and notifies the client application when it detects a match to the set monitor.
LTE-D is thus an attractive alternative to mobile developers seeking to deploy proximate discovery solutions as extensions of their existing cloud services. LTE-D is a distributed discovery solution (versus the centralized discovery that exists today), whereby mobile applications forego centralized database processing in identifying relevancy matches, instead autonomously determining relevance at the device level by transmitting and monitoring for relevant attributes. LTE-D offers certain benefits in terms of privacy as well as power consumption, in that LTE-D does not utilize perpetual location tracking to determine proximity. By keeping discovery on the device rather than in the cloud, the user has more control of what information is shared with external devices.
As noted above, one or more intermediate base stations, access points, or other infrastructure elements typically facilitate communication between two or more wireless devices or other endpoints over a network infrastructure (e.g., through uplink and downlink channels between the endpoints and the infrastructure elements). However, at times, the loading conditions on the infrastructure elements (e.g., at a base station serving one or more wireless devices), may become excessive and thereby degrade communications quality. Furthermore, in certain cases, direct P2P communication may be faster, more efficient, more private, or otherwise advantageous to end users. Accordingly, in view of the above discussion, it should be appreciated that a need exists for systems that can determine appropriate conditions where traffic between two or more wireless devices seeking to communicate can be offloaded from a network infrastructure to direct P2P communications.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for a server to optimize data transfers. The method may comprise, for example, receiving a request to transfer data between a wireless device and a data transfer target, wherein the requested data transfer is associated with a time sensitivity window (TSW), determining whether an opportunity for a peer-to-peer (P2P) data transfer will arise during the TSW, targeting a transfer time from within the TSW for performing the requested data transfer based on the opportunity determination, and transmitting transfer notification data to the wireless device, wherein the transfer notification data includes the targeted transfer time.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for optimizing data transfers. The apparatus may comprise a memory and a processor. The processor may, for example, receive a request to transfer data between a wireless device and a data transfer target, wherein the requested data transfer is associated with a TSW, determine whether an opportunity for a P2P data transfer will arise during the TSW, target a transfer time from within the TSW for performing the requested data transfer based on the opportunity determination, and transmit transfer notification data to the wireless device, wherein the transfer notification data includes the targeted transfer time.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides another apparatus for optimizing data transfers. The apparatus may comprise, for example, means for receiving a request to transfer data between a wireless device and a data transfer target, wherein the requested data transfer is associated with a TSW, means for determining whether an opportunity for a P2P data transfer will arise during the TSW, means for targeting a transfer time from within the TSW for performing the requested data transfer based on the opportunity determination, and means for transmitting transfer notification data to the wireless device, wherein the transfer notification data includes the targeted transfer time.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable medium comprising code, which, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform operations for optimizing data transfers. The computer-readable medium may comprise, for example, code for receiving a request to transfer data between a wireless device and a data transfer target, wherein the requested data transfer is associated with a TSW, code for determining whether an opportunity for a P2P data transfer will arise during the TSW, code for targeting a transfer time from within the TSW for performing the requested data transfer based on the opportunity determination, and code for transmitting transfer notification data to the wireless device, wherein the transfer notification data includes the targeted transfer time.
Various aspects are disclosed in the following description and related drawings to show specific examples relating to exemplary embodiments. Alternate embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the pertinent art upon reading this disclosure, and may be constructed and practiced without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements will not be described in detail or may be omitted so as to not obscure the relevant details of the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Likewise, the term “embodiments” does not require that all embodiments include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.
The terminology used herein describes particular embodiments only and should be construed to limit any embodiments disclosed herein. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, these sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution would cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.
A client device, referred to herein as a user equipment (UE), may be mobile or stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT”, a “wireless device”, a “subscriber device”, a “subscriber terminal”, a “subscriber station”, a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal”, a “mobile station” and variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, Wi-Fi networks (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11, etc.) and so on. UEs can be embodied by any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC cards, compact flash devices, external or internal modems, wireless or wireline phones, and so on. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to the RAN is called an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the RAN can send signals to UEs is called a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink/reverse traffic channel or a downlink/forward traffic channel.
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Examples of protocol-specific implementations for the RAN 120 and the core network 140 are provided below with respect to
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A high-level description of the components shown in the RAN 120 and core network 140 of
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While internal components of UEs such as the UEs 300A and 300B can be embodied with different hardware configurations, a basic high-level UE configuration for internal hardware components is shown as platform 302 in
Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention can include a UE (e.g., UE 300A, 300B, etc.) including the ability to perform the functions described herein. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the various logic elements can be embodied in discrete elements, software modules executed on a processor or any combination of software and hardware to achieve the functionality disclosed herein. For example, ASIC 308, memory 312, API 310 and local database 314 may all be used cooperatively to load, store and execute the various functions disclosed herein and thus the logic to perform these functions may be distributed over various elements. Alternatively, the functionality could be incorporated into one discrete component. Therefore, the features of the UEs 300A and 300B in
The wireless communication between the UEs 300A and/or 300B and the RAN 120 can be based on different technologies, such as CDMA, W-CDMA, time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), GSM, or other protocols that may be used in a wireless communications network or a data communications network. As discussed in the foregoing and known in the art, voice transmission and/or data can be transmitted to the UEs from the RAN using a variety of networks and configurations. Accordingly, the illustrations provided herein are not intended to limit the embodiments of the invention and are merely to aid in the description of aspects of embodiments of the invention.
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Generally, unless stated otherwise explicitly, the phrase “logic configured to” as used throughout this disclosure is intended to invoke an embodiment that is at least partially implemented with hardware, and is not intended to map to software-only implementations that are independent of hardware. Also, it will be appreciated that the configured logic or “logic configured to” in the various blocks are not limited to specific logic gates or elements, but generally refer to the ability to perform the functionality described herein (either via hardware or a combination of hardware and software). Thus, the configured logics or “logic configured to” as illustrated in the various blocks are not necessarily implemented as logic gates or logic elements despite sharing the word “logic.” Other interactions or cooperation between the logic in the various blocks will become clear to one of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the embodiments described below in more detail.
The various embodiments may be implemented on any of a variety of commercially available server devices, such as server 500 illustrated in
In accordance with various exemplary embodiments described herein, one or more of UE 631, UE 632, UE 633, UE 635, UE 636, and UE 634 may support direct P2P communications, e.g., D2D communications, whereby such UEs may support communicating with one another directly without having to communicate through another device or a network infrastructure element such as the first base station 612 and the second base station 622 and also support communications through the network infrastructure elements such as the first base station 612 and/or the second base station 622. In communications that involve network infrastructure, signals may generally be transmitted and received through uplink and downlink connections between various UEs and the base stations 612, 622, such as link 641 in the first cell 610 and link 642 in the second cell 620. Each of the base stations 612, 622 generally serve as the attachment point for the UEs in the corresponding cells 610, 620 and facilitate communications between the UEs served therein. In accordance with one aspect, when two or more UEs, such as UE 631 and UE 632, wish to communicate with one another and are located in sufficient proximity to each other, then a direct P2P link can be established there between, which may offload traffic from the base station 612 serving the UEs 631, 632, allow UEs 631, 632 to communicate more efficiently, or provide other advantages that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
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In one possible scenario, P2P link 650 and P2P link 660 are D2D links utilizing LTE-D technology. LTE-D is a proposed 3GPP Release 12 D2D solution for proximate discovery. LTE-D dispenses with location tracking and network calls by directly monitoring for services on other LTE-D devices within a large range (for example, ˜500 m, line of sight). It does so continuously in a synchronous system that is battery efficient, and can concurrently detect thousands of services in proximity. LTE-D has a wider range than other D2D P2P technologies, such as Wi-Fi Direct or BTLE.
Under certain circumstances, a transfer of data from UE 732 to UE 736 at time t=T1 (using P2P link 750, as depicted in
At 810, the server receives a request to transfer data between a wireless device and a data transfer target. The wireless device and data transfer target may be analogous to, for example, UE 732 and UE 736, respectively, as shown in
At 820, the server determines whether an opportunity for a P2P data transfer will arise during the TSW. For example, the application server 790 may estimate that at time T1 a P2P link 750 will be available for the transfer of data between UE 732 and UE 736, as depicted in
At 830, the server targets a transfer time from within the TSW for performing the requested data transfer based on the opportunity determination. For example, the application server 790 may target T1 as a target time for performing the requested data transfer. The targeting may be based on, for example, the certainty of the estimate that P2P link 750 will be available at time T1, the power savings or network load reduction associated with the P2P link 750, or other consideration set forth in the present disclosure.
At 840, the server transmits transfer notification data that includes the targeted transfer time. For example, the transfer notification data may comprise an instruction for the UE 732 to delay transmission of data until the target time T1. Alternatively, the transfer notification data may comprise a request for permission to delay the transmission of data until the target time T1. In either case, the transfer notification data may further identify the target time T1, the data to be transferred, or any other data relating to the estimates or assumptions described above in relation to the method 800. The transfer notification data may be sent to the same wireless device from which the data transfer request was received at 810 (for example, UE 732). Additionally or alternatively, the transfer notification data may be sent to the target of the requested data transfer (for example, UE 736).
At 910, the UE 732 requests a data transfer to UE 736. The data transfer request 915 is transmitted to and received by the application server 790. The data transfer request may be precipitated by one or more events, for example, a user input received at UE 732 comprising an explicit command to transfer data, an application that performs intermittent (e.g., periodic) updating or synchronizing, etc.
The data transfer request 915 may include any of the data set forth in the present disclosure that may be useful for performing the method 800. In one possible scenario (not shown in
Upon receipt of the data transfer request 915, the application server 790 performs one or more of 920, 930, 940, 950, and 960, which may be initiated, performed and/or completed in any order.
At 920, the application server 790 determines a TSW associated with the data to be transferred. The TSW may be a time to live (TTL) of the data transfer request 915. As noted above, the TSW may begin at the time that the UE 732 requests the data transfer 910, designated as a present time where t=0. Alternatively, present time t=0 may represent the time that the data transfer request 915 is sent or the time that the data transfer request 915 is received. The determined TSW extends to a future end time TE. Accordingly, the TSW may be a continuous interval having a length equal to TE.
In one possible example, the UE 732 explicitly identifies the duration of the TSW or the end time TE. The data transfer request 915 sent by the UE 732 may include a TSW indicator, or the TSW indicator may be sent separately. According to one implementation, the end time TE may be specified by the user and received at a user input of the UE 732. Additionally or alternatively, the end time TE may be specified or derived by an application installed on the UE 732. The application may be associated with the data to be transferred, or may be an application specially configured to coordinate data transfers. Additionally or alternatively, the end time TE may be specified by the operating system installed on the UE 732.
The application server 790 may determine the TSW (at 920) based on the TSW indicator sent by the UE 732. The application server 790 may also modify the TSW indicated by UE 732 based on other factors set forth in the present disclosure. If there is no TSW indicator supplied by the UE 732, then the application server 790 may determine for itself the duration of the TSW or the end time TE based on, for example, a data type associated with the requested data transfer or an application associated with the requested data transfer. Additionally or alternatively, the application server 790 may rely on historical indicators, for example, previous TSW indicators received from UE 732, previous TSW indicators received from similar UEs, or similarly-situated UEs, previous TSWs determined for the specific data types or application associated with the requested data transfer, previous feedback from UE 732 or similar UEs responsive to previous TSW determinations, etc. The application server 790 may also determine a probabilistic model of the TSW, in which a number of successive potential end times TE1, TE2, . . . TEn are determined, wherein each potential end time is associated with a decreasing certainty that the data transfer can still be satisfactorily performed.
At 930, the application server 790 determines one or more intervals within the TSW for potential P2P data transfer opportunities. According to one possible scenario, the entirety of the TSW is divided into non-overlapping intervals such that each interval is distinguished from the preceding interval and the subsequent interval on the basis of the set of P2P data transfer opportunities determined to be available during that interval.
In one possible example, the UE 732 may be determined to have access to UE 736 via link 741 (as depicted in
At 940, the application server 790 estimates the probability that a P2P data transfer opportunity will occur. To return to the foregoing example, the application server 790 may estimate the probability of the prediction that UE 732 and UE 736 will be proximate beginning at time t=T1. The probability estimate may be a simple binary determination, for example, a determination based on the available data that the UE 732 and UE 736 will or will not be proximate. Table 2 shows an example of binary determinations made by application server 790.
There are multiple ways in which the application server 790 can estimate the probability that a P2P data transfer opportunity will occur. As shown in Table 2, the application server 790 may determine based on, for example, data gathered from one or more exchange servers or calendaring applications, that the UE 732 and UE 736 are both scheduled to be at the same place at the same time beginning at time t=T1.
In one possible implementation, the UE 732 requests a meeting with UE 736 to discuss a proposal. The requested meeting is set for 2:00-3:00 PM at a selected conference room. The meeting request is associated with a video presentation containing a large quantity of data. The video presentation is intended to be viewed by the user of UE 736 during and/or after the meeting. The UE 732 uses one or more exchange servers or calendaring applications to set up the meeting, which is accepted by UE 736. In this implementation, the application server 790 will be able to generate a data table similar to the table depicted in Table 2. The data table is based on the information generated by the one or more exchange servers or calendaring applications, without any additional input by either UE 732 or UE 736. Time T1 may be 2:00 PM, since a P2P data transfer opportunity is likely to occur at that time (given the close proximity of a conference room). Time TE (which defines the end of the TSW) may be 3:00 PM, since UE 736 may wish to leave the meeting with a copy of the video presentation.
In this implementation, the application server 790 may determine that, by default, large data transfers associated with meetings set up using a specific exchange server or calendaring application can be delayed until the meeting begins, and that the TSW can extend until the end of the scheduled meeting. These default setting may be modified in accordance with feedback from UE 732 or UE 736, or in view of other considerations set forth in the present disclosure.
In the foregoing conference room example, the application server 790 makes a simple distinction between a first interval (0, T1) in which P2P offloading is not possible and a second interval (T1, TE) in which an opportunity for P2P offloading arises. However, it will be understood that more complex distinctions can be made. For example, different P2P technologies may be available across different time intervals. In another implementation of the foregoing conference room example, the application server 790 distinguishes between a direct LTE-D link and a direct BTLE link (which tends to have a shorter range relative to LTE-D). Table 3 shows an example where application server 790 distinguishes between multiple P2P technologies.
In this implementation, the application server 790 determines that because BTLE has a range that is approximately limited to the conference room, BTLE will be available at the time that the meeting begins (2:00 PM). On the other hand, since LTE-D has a longer range, the application server 790 may determine that LTE-D will be available beginning fifteen minutes prior to the actual arrival of UE 732 and UE 736 in the selected conference room, for example, when the user of UE 732 predictably arrives on the campus that includes the conference room. As a result, the application server 790 will set T1=1:45 PM and T2=2:00 PM. Accordingly, three intervals will be determined by the application server 790 at 930, each interval being characterized by a different set of available links between UE 732 and UE 736, as shown in Table 3.
One consideration affecting the determinations made by application server 790 is whether UE 732 and UE 736 are equipped to transfer data via direct P2P links. If either of UE 732 or UE 736 is incapable of P2P data transfers, then the application server 790 may forego a number of the operations described herein. Another consideration is whether UE 732 and UE 736 share a single network operator. If UE 732 and UE 736 have different network operators, then it may not be possible to transfer data over, for example, a direct LTE-D link. Information relating to the respective network operators may be stored at the application server 790 or obtained from the devices themselves. For example, the UE 732 and/or the UE 736 may include information relating to a network operator in the data transfer request 915. If the UE 732 and UE 736 do not share a network operator, a direct LTE-D link may still be possible if the network operators have an agreement to enable direct LTE-D links between their respective customers. The application server 790 may, in the same manner as described above, store or obtain information relating to such agreements.
It will be understood that the interval determinations of 930 and probability estimates of 940 may vary as best suited to the circumstances. Consider an implementation in which UE 732 is a smartphone belonging to a particular user, and UE 736 is a tablet that this particular user keeps at his or her home. When data is acquired by either of UE 732 or UE 736, it is automatically synchronized to the other in accordance with a data-synchronizing operation of a particular application. The application assigns an arbitrary synchronization cycle for the data, for example, twelve hours. The synchronization cycle may be considered a TSW by the application server 790. If data is obtained by the UE 732 (the smartphone) while the user is at work, the UE 732 may attempt to synchronize the obtained data with the UE 736 (the home tablet). The application server 790 may determine that at the time of the requested synchronization (t=0), the UE 732 and UE 736 are not proximate, but that at some future time, an opportunity for P2P offloading will arise. The determination that UE 732 and UE 736 are not proximate at time t=0 may be based on, for example, GPS signals or Wi-Fi connection statuses of the respective UEs. The determination may also be made on the basis of historical behavior, for example, a record of past GPS signals or Wi-Fi connection statuses indicating that the UE 736 is always at the user's home, or a record of past GPS signals or Wi-Fi connection statuses indicating that the UE 732 is usually at the user's workplace between approximately 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM on weekdays. According to this implementation, the application server 790 may determine the probability that a Wi-Fi Direct link will arise. For example, the application server 790 may set an arbitrary threshold probability (e.g., 80%) and determine that a direct P2P link will be “available” if it can be predicted with a certainty that exceeds the threshold. Table 4 shows an example where application server 790 determines intervals based on the arbitrary threshold probability that a P2P offloading opportunity will occur.
According to the example of Table 4, the application server 790 may determine the time T1 as the time beyond which there is an 80% probability that UE 732 and UE 736 will be proximate. For example, the application server 790 may predict, based on past behavior associated with UE 732 (or predictions from the past that turned out to be accurate), that the probability that a Wi-Fi Direct link will be available before 6:00 PM is less than 80%, and the probability is greater than 80% after 6:00 PM. As a result of this prediction, the application server 790 can set T1 equal to 6:00 PM, thereby determining a first interval in which the Wi-Fi Direct link is not available (ending at 6:00 PM) and a second interval in which the Wi-Fi Direct link is available (beginning at 6:00 PM).
In another possible scenario, the application server 790 may divide (at 930) the TSW into equal intervals, for example, minutes or hours, and predict the respective locations of UE 732 and UE 736 at every interval. For example, the application server 790 may set thirty minute intervals and estimate the probability that the Wi-Fi Direct link will be available for each interval. Table 5 shows an example of this type of prediction.
These estimated values may be derived from past behavior, navigational applications, Wi-Fi connection statuses, or any other relevant data set forth in the present disclosure. The estimated probabilities shown in Table 5 may be based on the start time of the interval (for example, the application server 790 may estimate that the probability of a Wi-Fi Direct link being available at 5:00 PM is equal to 15%). Alternatively, the application server 790 may compute the probability that a given link will be available for the entire duration of the interval (for example, the application server 790 may estimate that the probability of a Wi-Fi Direct link being available from 5:00 PM to 5:30 PM is equal to 15%).
As noted above, the 30 minute interval length is exemplary and may be adjusted arbitrarily. According to one possible example, the interval length is selected based on the estimated amount of time necessary to complete the requested data transfer. This estimating may be based on factors such as the quantity of data to be transferred, the transfer technologies available, past measurements of data transfer durations, etc. In a specific implementation, the application server 790 may determine that P2P discovery takes a certain fixed amount of time, and that transfer using the P2P technology requires a variable amount of time based on the quantity of data to be transferred. The application server 790 can then compute the likely duration of time within which the requested transfer can be completed. This computed value can replace the arbitrary interval (30 minutes) from the example of Table 5.
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According to one particular implementation, the application server 790 simply assumes (at 950) that it is beneficial to delay the requested data transfer until a P2P data transfer opportunity arises. According to this implementation, the transfer time targeted at 960 would the time at which the P2P data transfer opportunity is predicted to arise. The transfer notification data 975 includes the transfer time targeted at 960. Table 6 is similar to Table 2, except that the application server 790 has indicated a target transfer time in accordance with this implementation.
As shown in Table 6, the targeted transfer time is associated with the second interval (T1, TE). This time is targeted because the P2P link 750 is available during the second interval. The transfer notification data 975 may identify the start time of the interval associated with the target transfer time, the end time of the interval associated with the target transfer time, or both.
More complex implementations are possible. Table 7 is similar to Table 3 except that each interval is rank-ordered (in accordance with, for example, the benefits estimated at 950).
As shown in Table 7, the third interval (T2, TE), ranked as ‘1’, is preferred to the second interval (T1, T2) and first interval (0, T1), ranked ‘2’ and ‘3’, respectively. Accordingly, the application server 790 targets a transfer time from the highest ranked interval. The application server 790 may use the benefit estimated at 950 to determine which transfer time will be targeted. Because direct P2P links such as LTE-D and BTLE are beneficial under some circumstances, the second and third intervals (associated with availability of direct P2P links) may be preferred to the first interval (in which no direct P2P links are available). Moreover, the application server 790 may also estimate that the benefits of BTLE are high, under some circumstances, relative to LTE-D. As a result, the third interval (associated with availability of BTLE) is preferred to the second interval (associated with availability of LTE-D). The application server 790 may also prefer the third interval because multiple direct P2P link are possible (both LTE-D and BTLE), whereas during the second interval, only one direct P2P link is possible (LTE-D alone). These considerations may outweigh other factors, for example, a general preference for earlier performance of the data transfer. The transfer notification data 975 may include all of the data in Table 7, any portion thereof, and/or any data used to generate Table 7.
The application server 790 may determine which transfer time will be targeted in any suitable manner. According to one possible implementation, the application server 790 assigns each interval a preference score, and the target transfer time is determined based on the interval that has the highest preference score. The preference score may depend on a number of factors. The number of factors may be weighted arbitrarily.
According to one possible implementation, the preference score P for each interval may depend on three factors: a time preference factor, a network offloading factor, and a power savings factor.
The first interval may rate highly based on the time preference factor, since immediacy is generally preferred to delay. Accordingly, the second interval and third interval would each rate lower based on the time preference factor. For the purposes of illustration, the preference score for the first interval (P1) may be increased by a value of ‘1’ based on the time preference factor, whereas the preference scores for the second and third intervals (P2 and P3, respectively) would not be increased.
The second and third intervals may rate highly based on the network offloading factor, since direct P2P links are predicted to be available during the second and third intervals. Accordingly, the first interval would rate lower since a data transfer performed during the first interval will increase network loading. For the purposes of illustration, the preference score for the second and third intervals (P2 and P3, respectively) may each be increased by a value of ‘1’, whereas the preference score for the first interval (P1) would not be increased.
The third interval may rate highly based on the power savings factor because direct BTLE links consume less power than network links (used during the first interval) and direct LTE-D links (used during the second interval). For the purposes of illustration, the preference score for the third interval (P3) may be increased by a value of ‘1’, whereas the preference score for the first and second intervals (P1 and P2, respectively) would not be increased.
Based on each of these three factors, the application server 790 may generate a preference score for the first interval (P1), a preference score for the second intervals (P2), and a preference score for the third intervals (P3). The total preference score may include the sum of the value increases associated with each factor. According to the foregoing illustrations, the preference score for the first interval P1 would equal ‘1’ (the sum of ‘1’ for the time preference factor, ‘0’ for the network offloading factor, and ‘0’ for the power savings factor). The preference score for the second interval P2 would equal ‘1’ (the sum of ‘0’ for the time preference factor, ‘1’ for the network offloading factor, and ‘0’ for the power savings factor). The preference score for the third interval P3 would equal ‘2’ (the sum of ‘0’ for the time preference factor, ‘1’ for the network offloading factor, and ‘1’ for the power savings factor). In this illustration, the third interval would be targeted because the preference score for the third interval (P3) is greater than the preference scores for the first and second intervals (P1 and P2, respectively).
The application server 790 may use proportional scores as well. For example, the time preference factor may be inversely proportion to the delay associated with performing a data transfer at a given interval. In other words, the greater the delay associated with a particular interval, the more the time preference factor decreases in value. For example, if the second interval is associated with a delay of 9 hours relative to the first interval, and the third interval is associated with a delay of 10 hours relative to the first interval, then the time preference factor for each interval may be ‘1’, ‘0.1’, and ‘0.0’, respectively.
The power savings factor may be inversely proportional to a typical or estimated power cost associated with a particular interval. For example, if a data transfer performed during the first interval will consume twice as much power as a data transfer performed during the third interval, then the power savings factor for the first and third intervals may be ‘0.5’ and ‘1’, respectively. In order to perform a power savings estimate, the application server 790 may use data such as transfer power measurements performed by UE 732 or UE 736, the quantity of data to be transferred during the interval, the technology available during the interval, the proximity of the UE 732 to the UE 736 during the interval, historical data relating to any of the above, or any other available data that relates to an estimation of the power cost of completing the requested data transfer.
Finally, the application server 790 may weight each factor. For example, the application server 790 may be configured to give greater weight to the network offloading factor. Additionally or alternatively, the user of UE 732 may give greater weight to the time preference factor. The weight for each factor may be a simple coefficient, such that the preference score P for a given time interval is equal to w1f1+w2f2+w3f3, wherein f1, f2, and f3 are the three factors described in the foregoing example, and w1, w2, and w3 are the weights given to each factor. Consider a previous example, in which UE 732, a smartphone associated with a particular person, synchronizes data with UE 736, a tablet typically kept in the person's home. In this instance, the data transfer may have relatively little urgency, since the data need not be synchronized immediately. In this example, the home tablet will not be used while the user is at work, and therefore, there is no need for immediate synchronization of the data. Accordingly, the weight w1 associated with time preference factor f1 will be low.
The weights may be static or dynamic. For example, the weight w3 associated with the power savings factor f3 may be low when a battery life associated with the UE 732 is high and/or increasing, and high when the battery life is low and/or decreasing.
A performance score may be based on any number of factors. Each of the factors may be weighted, un-weighted, adjustably weighted, etc. One additional factor may be a processing power factor, similar to the power savings factor described above. Generally, if the application server 790 determines that a specific data transfer technology is associated with low processor usage rates, then an interval associated with that specific data transfer technology may have a high value for the processing power factor, and the preference score P for the interval will rise. On the other hand, data transfer technologies associated with high processor usage rates will have a low value for the processing power factor, and the preference score P will not rise appreciably. Like the power savings factor, the processing power factor may be associated with a weight that changes based on circumstances experienced at one or more of the UE 732 or the UE 736. For example, if processor usage at the UE 732 is critically high or increasing, then the weight associated with the processing power factor may be increased to reflect the fact that reducing processor usage is a high priority. On the other hand, if processor usage is low, then the weight may be decreased to reflect that there is no shortage of processing power available to perform the data transfer.
As noted above, P2P offloading can be beneficial to network providers since P2P offloading reduces the network load experienced by the network. Moreover, there may be costs borne by the user of the UE 732 or the UE 736 that directly relate to network usage. The weight for the network offloading factor, described above, may be high if the immediately-available network links were scarce or costly, and the weight may be low if network resources are readily available. The availability of network resources may be determined based on data obtained from UE 732, UE 736, or the network infrastructure associated with either.
Another factor may be a performance probability factor. As noted above, the application server 790 may rely on predictions of future locations in order to identify P2P offloading opportunities. In many cases, present location may be associated with a high level of certainty relative to future locations. Accordingly, the performance probability factor is likely to be high for the first interval, and relatively lower for future intervals, depending on the degree of certainty with which the P2P offloading opportunity is predicted. If there is significant uncertainty about the probability that a P2P offloading opportunity will arise during a future interval, then the preference score for the future interval may not increase as much as it might if the P2P offloading opportunity were more certain.
Another consideration that relates to the performance probability factor is a probability of fully completing the data transfer. For example, the application server 790 may determine intervals for P2P data transfer opportunities using data obtained from navigational applications operating on each of UE 732 and UE 736. The data may indicate that the UE 732 and UE 736 will be on the same road, traveling at high speeds in opposite directions. In this scenario, the application server 790 may be able to predict with high certainty (for example, 90%), that UE 732 and UE 736 will be close enough to one another for a direct P2P link (for example, an LTE-D connection) for a certain future interval. However, the application server 790 may also determine that the length of time it will take to transfer the data is likely to exceed the duration of the future interval. The application server 790 makes this determination by comparing the estimated amount of transfer time to the estimated length of the future transfer interval. In other words, the application server 790 may compare the two values and determine that the amount of time that UE 732 and UE 736 will be able to maintain the direct P2P link will not be long enough to complete the requested data transfer. The performance probability factor may therefore be lowered to reflect the fact that the duration of the interval is insufficient for complete performance of the data transfer (because the direct P2P link will not be maintained long enough). This comparison may be of special importance if the interval under consideration is the last interval in the TSW (or close to the last interval).
For example, a direct Wi-Fi link (which include, for example, a handshake) can take a significant amount of time to set up. As a result, there may not be enough time to complete a data transfer within the interval associated with the direct Wi-Fi link. Accordingly, the performance probability factor may be relatively lower for direct Wi-Fi links than for other P2P technologies. Additionally or alternatively, the application server 790 may (at 930) determine interval lengths differently for each P2P technology based on set-up time. According to this alternative, the time that a P2P data transfer opportunity is determined to be “available” (i.e., the beginning of a given interval) is not the time that UE 732 and UE 736 are within a given proximity to one another, but more practically, the time that UE 732 and UE 736 are within a given proximity plus the time that will elapse while the direct P2P link is established.
At 970, as noted above, the application server 790 will transmit transfer notification data 975. As noted above, the transfer notification data 975 may include, for example, a command to transmit the data at the transfer time targeted at 960.
According to one implementation, shown in
In other implementations, the transfer notification data 975 includes not only an identification of the targeted transfer time, but also an identification of the transfer technology to be used. For example, the transfer notification data 975 may command the UE 732 to begin the data transfer in one hour using a direct LTE-D link. The transfer notification data 975 may further include information relating to establishment of the direct LTE-D link, discovery of the data transfer target (for example, UE 736), etc.
In other implementations, the transfer notification data 975 includes instructions to prompt the user to delay the data transfer until the targeted transfer time, or to notify the user of the targeted transfer time. In other words, the application server 790 will obtain the user's permission before delaying the data transfer, or notify the user of the targeted transfer time, giving the user an opportunity to override the delay or make a new request.
In other implementations, the transfer notification data 975 includes other data generated by application server 790 in accordance the present disclosure. For example, if the application server 790 has estimated a power savings value for associated with a future transfer time, then the power savings value may be included in the transfer notification data 975. In this example, the user of UE 732 is alerted to the power savings associated with the data transfer delay.
In other implementations, the transfer notification data 975 may include content indicators. Content indicators may describe the data to the user, for example, a file name, a thumbnail image, a snippet of video, a front page or title of a document, or any other indicator of the content of the data to be transferred. Additionally or alternatively, the transfer notification data 975 merely identifies the data to be transferred and the UE 732 generates the content indicators locally.
In other implementations, the transfer notification data 975 may include conditional transfer times and associated conditions. For example, the application server 790 may instruct the UE 732 to perform periodic location updates using, for example, a navigational application, and to begin a data transfer when the coordinates of the UE 732 meet certain conditions.
The application server 790 may also treat data which can be segmented differently from data that can not be segmented. For example, some video data files must be transferred in their entirety before they can be used. Others can be segmented (for example, streamed) such that the beginning of the video can be viewed by a transferee (for example, UE 736) before the data associated with the end of the video is even received. Consider a scenario in which UE 732 requests immediate transfer of a two hour video to UE 736, and the application server 790, upon receiving the request, determines that a P2P offloading opportunity is likely to arise within 40 minutes. If the two hour video can not be segmented, then the application server 790 may grant the request for immediate transfer. On the other hand, if the two hour video can be segmented, then the application server 790 may instruct the UE 732 to immediately transfer an amount of data that equates to approximately the first 40 minutes of the two hour video. Then, the application server 790 may target a future interval, in which the P2P offloading opportunity is available, for transfer of the remaining data. As a result, the remaining one hour and twenty minutes can be transferred while realizing power savings, network load reduction, etc., without limiting usage of the data on the part of the UE 736. According to some implementations, the application server 790 may determine whether the data that is subject to the data transfer request can be segmented in this manner. This determination may be made based on, for example, data received from the UE 732 which is included in the data transfer request 915.
According to this example, the wireless device traveling on the first trajectory 1010 is shown in four different positions along the first trajectory 1010. Each position corresponds to a different time. At time t=0, the wireless device is shown at position 1012. At time t=100, the wireless device is shown at position 1014. At time t=115, the wireless device is shown at position 1016. And at time t=130, the wireless device is shown at position 1018. The data transfer target traveling on the second trajectory 1020 is also shown in four different positions at four different times along the second trajectory 1020. At time t=0, the data transfer target is shown at position 1022. At time t=100, the data transfer target is shown at position 1024. At time t=115, the data transfer target is shown at position 1026. And at time t=130, the data transfer target is shown at position 1028. The unit of time may be, for example, minutes.
In the example of
Next, the application server 790 determines intervals for potential P2P data transfer opportunities between the wireless device and the data transfer target. The application server 790 determines the intervals on the basis of relevant factors such as the length of the TSW, the predicted locations of the wireless device and data transfer target, the P2P technologies that will be available at the predicted locations, and the amount of data to be transferred (for example, the file size).
In this illustration, the application server 790 initially determines the TSW. Then, the application server 790 will predict the respective locations of the wireless device and the data transfer target at various times during the TSW. As shown in
Next, the application server 790 determines what P2P technologies will be available for the requested data transfer. For the purposes of this example, the application server 790 determines that LTE-D P2P technology is available to both the wireless device and the data transfer target for the entire duration of the 130 minute TSW. The application server 790 also determines the range of the P2P technology, i.e., the maximum distance over which a direct P2P link can be established. The determined range may be a baseline or default range associated with a particular technology (for example, one mile in the case of LTE-D), or may be adjusted based on conditions, past behavior, etc.
Based on the predicted first trajectory 1010, the predicted second trajectory 1020, and the known or estimated range associated with the available P2P technologies, the application server 790 can determine an available interval for P2P data offloading. In FIG. 10, this interval is depicted as a P2P data transfer zone 1030. The P2P data transfer zone 1030 may be defined as a time interval or geographic area in which a P2P data transfer can be performed.
In the example of
Using the same techniques, the application server 790 further predicts that P2P data transfer will remain available until time t=115, at which point the direct LTE-D link 1036 is once again at the limit of its range. Finally, the application server 790 predicts that between time t=115 and t=130 (the end of the TSW), the distance between the wireless device and the data transfer target will be too great for establishment or maintenance of a direct LTE-D link.
Accordingly, it will be understood that the application server 790 is able to determine an interval for P2P offloading as a function of the predicted locations of the wireless device and data transfer target, respectively, as well as the known or estimated range of the available P2P technologies. The application server 790 may therefore target a transfer time of t=100.
However, the application server 790 may also determine the amount of time necessary to complete the requested data transfer. The application server 790 will be able to make this determination as a function of the amount of data to be transferred and a data transfer rate. The data transfer rate may be a baseline or default data transfer rate that is assumed based on the available P2P technology. Additionally or alternatively, the application server 790 may estimate a data rate based on conditions, past behavior, etc. The application server 790 may assume a constant data rate throughout the P2P offloading interval, or may estimate a changing data rate based on the predicted locations (and distance therebetween) of the wireless device and data transfer target, respectively.
In this scenario, the ultimate decision to target a transfer time of t=100 may be contingent upon a determination (by, for example, the application server 790) that the requested data transfer can be completed in less than 15 minutes. In particular, because the interval for P2P offloading has been predicted to begin at time t=100 and end at time t=115, the application server 790 predicts that the P2P offloading interval lasts 15 minutes. Accordingly, if the application server 790 determines that the data transfer can be completed within 15 minutes, then the application server 790 will target a transfer time of t=100. If, on the other hand, the data transfer can not be completed within the 15 minute P2P offloading interval, then the application server 790 may target a different transfer time (for example, time t=0).
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative embodiments of the invention, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the embodiments of the invention described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the invention may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.
