Patent Application
20170356611
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
A portion of the material in this patent document is subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.14.
The present invention relates to improving natural lighting within buildings and more particularly to daylight harvesting for building interior illumination. More particularly, this invention relates to daylighting elements of a building such as glazed wall openings, wall windows, roof windows and skylights, as well as to various devices and glazing structures used for admitting and distributing daylight into the interior of a building, such as light shelves, light redirecting blinds or louvers, light diffusers, and optically transmissive plates and light guides employing total internal reflection surfaces.
Various optical structures for redistributing daylight into building interiors are known. At least some of such prior art devices employ planar transparent plates of glass or plastic materials which include reflective surfaces embedded between the opposing sheet surfaces and configured to reflect light by means of a total internal reflection (TIR). The use of TIR structures generally allows for much larger bend angles compared to refractive structures such as prismatic sheets or films. Large bend angles are particularly important for redistributing daylight in the interior of a building so that at least a portion of the incident daylight could be directed towards the upper portions of the interior, such as the ceiling of a room.
For example, one such light redirecting structure employing internal TIR surfaces is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 737,979 which shows a glass plate including a series of parallel slots made in its body. The angle of these slots is such that daylight coming from any given principal direction from outside is reflected from the surface of the slot and is hereby redirected from its original propagation path. Another light redirecting structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,406 which describes optical diffuser plates made from transparent plastics and employing either thin strips of another plastic or hollows in the respective plates to deflect light.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,416,315 discloses a faceted reflector which includes a plurality of parallel prismatic reflectors embedded in a carrier and reflecting light by total reflection at a part of the cavity interfaces. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,285, total reflection surfaces are formed by merging two optical bodies each having surface groves which interpenetrate into one another when such bodies are placed face-to face. U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,886 shows V-section grooves formed in a major face of a substantially flat and planar optical element. U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,565 discloses a planar solid transparent light deflecting panel or plate for transmitting sunlight into the interior of a building. The panel or plate is formed of a plurality of parallel identically spaced apart triangular ribs on one face. The ribs have specially selected slopes to totally internally reflect light when such panel or plate is placed over an opening such as window.
On the other hand, various methods of making the light redirecting TIR structures in such transparent plates have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,952 discloses a method for producing a transparent light deflecting panel comprising making a series of parallel cuts in a sheet of transparent solid material with a laser cutting tool. Such panel can be positioned in an opening in the facade of a building to deflect incident daylight towards the ceiling thereby improving the natural lighting within the building. The transparent sheet is commonly acrylic and the laser tool is a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,559 describes a method of forming internal TIR structures in transparent panels made from glass-like thermoplastic material such as PMMA by inducing parallel crazes in the thermoplastic material. An organic solvent is applied on the panel surface while a tensile stress is applied to a panel which results in generation of wedge-shaped deformations (crazes) which propagate within the material. However, such method of forming internal TIR structures offers little control over the spacing, depth and extent of the crazes, as well as can substantially compromise the structural integrity or rigidity of the panel.
However, the use of prior art light redirecting devices for daylighting purposes can be deficient in that such devices only provide light redirection in one angular dimension, whereas the significant seasonal and hourly positional changes of the sun are two-dimensional (i.e., changes in the elevation and azimuth angle). Thus, many daylighting systems would benefit from employing a sheet-form light redirecting structure that can provide large bend angles in more than one angular dimensions and thus provide a more uniform and broad distribution of daylight in the building interior. On the other hand, such daylighting systems will also benefit from providing additional means for light diffusion which would even further improve light distribution and reduce apparent glare.
These needs and others are met within the present invention, which provides an improved sheet-form structure for illuminating building interiors with sunlight and also provides a method of making the same. The improved sheet-form structure employs internal reflective surfaces disposed in an arrangement which is more efficient for redirecting and distributing sunlight incident from a broad range of directions.
The present invention solves a number of daylight harvesting and distribution problems within a planar and compact sheet-form optical system which can be used in window glazing and skylights.
In one embodiment, an optical article is described for directing and distributing daylight within building interior using an optically transmissive sheet material in which light redirecting functionality is provided by two intersecting arrays of parallel channels formed in one or both major surfaces of the sheet. Each channel has a high aspect ratio (the ratio between the depth and width of the channel) and includes two opposing side walls having generally smooth surfaces configured for reflecting light by means of a Total Internal Reflection (TIR). The propagation of an off-axis light beam through such sheet results in splitting the incident beam onto two or more light beams which propagate towards different directions. Due to employing internal reflection, the angular spread of the emerging beam can be quite broad, depending on the incidence angle. Each of the intersecting arrays of parallel TIR channels redirect light in the respective reflective planes so that the incident beam can be redirected and split in both angular dimensions. Thus, when such light redirecting optical article is incorporated into a skylight or fenestration system, the direct beam of sunlight can pass through the sheet-form material configured with internal TIR surfaces and at least a portion of the solar beam can be redirected into building interior at high deflection angles with respect to the incident direction. At least one broad-area surface of the optically transmissive sheet may be provided with light-diffusing surface relief features. Alternatively, or in addition to that, a broad-area light diffusing element may be provided and optically coupled to a major surface of the sheet.
In at least one implementation, the thickness of the optically transmissive sheet is between 1.5 mm and 30 mm. In at least one implementation, such sheet has a rectangular shape and is made from Poly(methyl methacrylate).
There are various ways in which the intersecting arrays of TIR-enabled channels may be formed and positioned with respect to each other. In one implementation, one array of parallel channels may be formed in one broad-area surface of the sheet and the other array may be formed in the same surface. In an alternative implementation, one array of parallel channels may be formed in one broad-area surface of the sheet and the other array may be formed in the opposite surface. In at least one implementation, the longitudinal axis of the two arrays may be crossed at a right angle.
The geometry of light-redirecting channels may be configured in a number of ways. In at least one implementation, at least one side wall of each channel is planar. In at least one implementation, at least one of such side walls has a curvilinear cross-sectional profile. In at least one implementation, at least one of the side walls of each channel extends generally perpendicular to the prevailing plane of the optically transmissive sheet. In at least one implementation, at least one of the side walls of each channel makes a dihedral angle with one of the surfaces of the sheet which is greater than 80 degrees and less than 90 degrees. In various implementations, the dihedral angle may be constant or can be made variable across the sheet surface. In at least one implementation, each of the channels has a generally V-shaped transversal profile. In at least one implementation, each of the channels has a generally deep-drawn U-shaped transversal profile.
In at least one implementation, at least one of the surfaces of the optically transmissive sheet is provided with light-diffusing surface relief features and such features are selected from the group of optical elements consisting of microlenses, microprisms, and matte surface texture.
In at least one implementation, the TIR channels are formed in the optically transmissive sheet by laser cutting.
In one embodiment, the optical article is described for directing and distributing daylight within building interior using a specularly reflective grid and a light diffusing sheet disposed in energy exchange relationship with the reflective grid. The reflective grid includes a rectangular grid of mirrored walls. Each mirrored wall longitudinally extends parallel to the prevailing plane of the panel and transversally extends perpendicularly or nearly perpendicularly to such plane. The grid of intersecting mirrored walls creates an array of light channeling cells which redirect at least a portion of off-axis rays thus splitting an incident parallel beam into two or more beams distributed over a broad angular range. The light diffusing sheet is configured to provide a further spread to the direct beam. In at least one implementation, the light diffusing sheet is disposed on the light path before the reflective grid. In at least one implementation, the light diffusing sheet is disposed on the light path after the reflective grid. In at least one implementation, the reflective grid is sandwiched between opposing parallel diffusing sheets.
In one embodiment, the optical article is described to be incorporated into a skylight. The optical article is configured to receive light collected by the skylight and redistribute such light within building interior so as to provide a broader singular spread at least for off-axis solar rays.
In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing a light redirecting optical article comprising a sheet of optically transmissive rigid material is described. The method includes the steps of laser-cutting a first array of parallel channels along a first direction using a CO2 laser and laser-cutting a second array of parallel channels along a second direction, where the first and second directions are perpendicular to each other.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only:
Referring more specifically to the drawings, for illustrative purposes the present invention is embodied in the apparatus and method generally shown in the preceding figures. It will be appreciated that the apparatus and method may vary as to configuration and as to details of the parts without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein. Furthermore, elements represented in one embodiment as taught herein are applicable without limitation to other embodiments taught herein, and in combination with those embodiments and what is known in the art.
The present invention particularly seeks to provide illumination components capable of receiving daylight entering building interiors through various openings, such as wall windows, roof windows, doors and skylights and redistributing such daylight for improved daylighting efficiency, more uniform spatial distribution and reduced glare. Daylight is generally referred to both the direct and indirect sunlight striking the respective openings in buildings during the daytime. The direct sunlight represents a quasi-parallel beam from the sun and the indirect sunlight represents the diffuse solar radiation scattered out of the direct beam by the sky and various outdoor objects. While the operation of the following embodiments is primarily described by example of the direct sunlight, it should be understood that this invention may also be applied for admitting and redistributing the diffuse component of sunlight within a building interior.
A first embodiment of the present invention is directed to a sheet-form of optically transmissive, solid dielectric material which includes a plurality of TIR reflectors formed between its opposing broad-area surfaces and arranged in a grid pattern. Suitable sheet-form representations of the body of the material may include a panel, slab or film in which the material thickness is substantially less than the other two dimensions. While the preferred embodiments are described upon the case of a rectangular sheet-form, it should be understood that this invention is also applicable to any two-dimensional shape variations of the sheetforms, including but not limited to a rectangle, a polygon, a circle, a strip, a freeform, or any combination therein. This invention is further applicable to any three-dimensional shapes that can be obtained by bending the sheetforms accordingly, including but not limited to cylindrical or semi-cylindrical shapes, conical shapes, corrugated shapes, and the like.
Sheet 2 includes a plurality of channels 4 formed in broad-area surface 10. Each channel 4 forms at least two side walls extending transversely between surfaces 10 and 20 of sheet 2.
Each channel 4 should be sufficiently narrow so that the spacing between the adjacent channels is considerably greater than the width of the channel. At the same time, each channel 4 should preferably have a relatively high aspect ratio. The aspect ratio may be defined as the ratio between the depth of the channel 4 and width of the channel at its base in surface 10. The aspect ratio of channels 4 is preferred to be greater than five and, more preferably, at least ten or more. Similarly, the spacing between adjacent channels 4 is preferred to be greater than the width of each channel by at least five times or more.
Channels 4 are arranged in two arrays which are crossed at an angle with respect to one another so that a grid of channels 4 is formed in surface 10. In a first parallel array, channels 4 longitudinally extend parallel to a reference line 370 which is hereinafter referred to as a longitudinal axis of the first array. In a second parallel array, channels 4 extend parallel to a reference line 380 which is hereinafter referred to as a longitudinal axis of the second array. In a preferred embodiment illustrated in
Channels 4 should be formed so that their walls extend into the material of sheet 2 perpendicularly or near-perpendicularly to surfaces 10 and 20. The surfaces of such walls should preferably be made smooth and capable of internally reflecting light by a Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Accordingly, the grid of intersecting arrays of channels 4 may form a plurality of light-channeling cells 30. Each light-channeling cell 30 will have a shape of rectangular parallelepiped defined by four vertical (with respect to a horizontally disposed sheet 2) walls of intersecting channels 4 and a horizontal terminal wall represented by an uncut portion of surface 10.
It will be appreciated by these skilled in the art that forming narrow, high-aspect-ratio channels with vertical walls may be difficult with most industrial processes. Therefore, the preferred embodiments of the present invention also include the cases where the walls of channels 4 extend transversally through sheet 2 at angles which are not exactly perpendicular to surface 10 but fairly close to being perpendicular.
Such cases are illustrated in
In
According to a preferred embodiment, sheet 2 can be made from Poly(methyl methacrylate) which is also generally referred to as PMMA, acrylic or acrylic glass. However, it should be understood that any other optically-clear plastic material having the sufficient thickness to support the formation of channels 4 may also be used for making sheet 2.
A suitable method of forming narrow, high-aspect-ratio channels 4 channels 4 in surface 10 may include laser ablation using a CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μm. CO2 lasers are well known in the art to be able to produce deep micro-channels with fairly smooth, heat-polished edges in PMMA materials. Other methods may also include molding, embossing and various forms of microreplication in which case a suitable mold may be provided with an array of high-aspect-ratio protrusions representing a negative replica of the channels 4 to be formed.
The generally planar configuration of sheet 2 may be characterized by a prevailing plane of the sheet and a normal 44 to such plane. Obviously, due to the parallelism of surfaces 10 and 12 normal 44 is also a normal to both of these surfaces. Accordingly, each of the walls of channels 4 has a linear cross-sectional profile extending between surface 10 and 20 along normal 44. Each light-channeling cell 30 thus has a rectangular cross-section protruding away from the body of sheet 2. The depth of each channel 4 should preferably be substantially greater than its width so that cells 30 are disposed sufficiently close to each other. In other words, the air gaps between the individual cells should preferably be substantially smaller than the size of each cell 30.
Each of the side walls 8 and 26 of channels 4 should be configured for light redirection by means of the Total Internal Reflection (TIR). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that TIR would normally occur at a smooth optical interface between a first light transmitting material having a greater refractive index and a second light transmitting material having a lower refractive index when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical TIR angle characterizing such interface. Accordingly, in order to provide TIR reflectivity, the surface of walls 8 and 26 should be generally smooth with glossy, polished appearance.
In operation, an off-axis ray 212 striking the light receiving aperture of cell 30 at surface 10 bends into the bulk material of sheet 2 by means of refraction, passes through the body of the sheet and emerges from the opposite surface 20, also undergoing refraction. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, when surface 10 and 20 are parallel and when ray 212 encounters no obstacles on its light path within the transmissive layer of sheet 2, it will emerge from surface 20 at essentially the same exit angle as the angle of incidence.
For the purpose of explaining the best modes of operation of the present invention, the term “off-axis” is generally directed to mean light incidence onto a surface at angles other than normal to the surface. From the practical considerations, when a ray or a parallel beam of light makes an angle with respect to the surface close to 90° but is not exactly normal to the surface, such incidence may still be considered on-axis. In contrast, in order to be considered off-axis, the ray ore a beam should deviate notably from the normal to the surface in order to be considered off-axis. Since the incidence angle is customarily measured off a normal to the surface, the on-axis rays will generally have zero or near-zero incidence angle and the off-axis rays will generally have non-zero angles in the −90° to 90° range in a plane of incidence.
Another off-axis ray 214 initially propagating parallel to ray 212 strikes the entrance aperture of the same cell 30 but at a different location along the surface. Wall 8 of one of channels 4 lies on the optical path of ray 214 which causes redirection of ray 214 by means of TIR from wall 8. Since wall 8 is perpendicular to surface 10 and the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence as a matter of optics, the propagation direction of ray 214 after TIR will mirror that of ray 212 relatively to normal 44. Thus, ray 214 will emerge from surface 20 at the same angle with respect to normal 44 except that the exit angle will have an opposite sign compared to ray 212. Therefore, the optical article of
The use of TIR to redirect at least a portion of light toward the opposing edge of sheet 2 promotes a broader angular distribution of light compared to refraction-only diffusers and can help illuminate portions of the building interiors more efficiently than would otherwise be possible with prior-art designs. It will be appreciated that, since TIR is practically lossless, sheet 2 can be designed so that its light transmission remains relatively high and comparable to the transmission of a raw polished sheet of the same material.
Without departing from the operation principle described by example of rays 212 and 214, sheet 2 may also be operated in a reverse configuration in which light is received by the opposing surface 20 of sheet 2 and exits from surface 10. This is illustrated by example of rays 216 and 218 in
It is noted that the light redirecting operation of sheet 2 is not limited to light reflection from just one wall of the respective cells 30. Particularly, the aspect ratio of cells 30 can be made sufficiently high to enable multiple bounces of light rays from opposing walls thus providing a light-channeling or light-guiding function. This is illustrated in
It is further noted that the light-channeling operation of individual cells 30 is not limited to reflecting light from the opposing parallel TIR walls in one plane.
Sheet 2 may be provided with additional means for light diffusion and/or beam dispersion.
Any conventional means used to pattern the surface of thermoplastic sheets or films may be used to form the textured surface 20. These may include but are not limited to engraving, microreplication from a master mold, etching, embossing, stamping, laser patterning, sanding, etching, and the like. The required texture may also be ordinarily obtained by replication in a UV-curable material on a suitable optically transmissive substrate.
While the prevailing emergence angle of ray bundles 202, 204 and 206 from sheet 2 may differ from each other due to the difference in the incidence angle onto the light input surface 10, the redirected solar radiation will generally be redistributed over a relatively broad angular range in either case due to the light diffusing function of surface 20. It will be appreciated that such light diffusion may enhance the daylighting experience for the building occupants by improving daylight distribution and reducing the glare associated with direct sunlight.
Sheet 2 may comprise any number of additional internal or external layers that can have various functions. Particularly, a layer of optically transmissive material may be provided on one or both sides of sheet 2. This is illustrated in
As further illustrated in
Sheet 2 may incorporate any masking elements, for example, to block portions of light from propagating into the building interior. Furthermore, sheet 2 may incorporate any number of auxiliary layers serving various additional purposes, such as, for example, providing additional mechanical strength, environmental resistance, peel resistance, improved visual appearance, decorative appearance, etc. Any optical interface between optically transmissive layers may also include an intermediate optically transmissive layer, for example, for promoting the optical contact or adhesion between the layers.
The optical article of the present invention may further incorporate various color filters, inks, dyes or other devices or substances that change the color of the light upon passage through sheet 2. Sheet 2 may also incorporate light filtering or light rejecting elements, polarizing elements, fluorescent elements, light scattering or diffusing elements and the like, which may be provided as separate layers or incorporated into the bulk material of the sheet.
It is noted that this invention is not limited to forming channels 4 in surface 10. At least in some embodiments, channels 4 may be formed in either one or both of surfaces 10 and 20.
It is further noted that channels 4 forming the first parallel array in sheet 2 may have different profiles than channels 4 forming the second parallel array in said sheet. Additionally, the intersecting arrays of channels 4 may be formed in the opposing surfaces of sheet 2. For example, referring to
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is generally desired that the surfaces of side walls 8 and 26 of each channel 4 are made as smooth as possible in order to provide a good TIR reflectivity and minimum light scattering. However, in some applications, some residual roughness of the TIR surfaces may be present due to the imperfections of the fabrication process. In certain instances, a slight waviness of the TIR surfaces may be provided for the purpose of controlled dispersion or diffusion of the reflected light beam over a limited angular range.
It is noted that the spacing between channels 4 and the depth or aspect ratio of individual channels 4 are not limited to be constant across the area of sheet 2. According to one embodiment, at least one of the above parameters may be varied from one channel 4 to another. Additionally, the dihedral angle that channels 4 or one of its side walls form with respect to surface 10 may also be varied within a predefined angular range. According to one embodiment, it may be preferred that such dihedral angle is equal or approximately equal to 90 degrees. In one embodiment, it may be preferred that the dihedral angle varies within ±10° from normal. In other words, the dihedral angle should preferably be greater or equal to 80 degrees.
By way of example and not limitation, the above-described variations of channel 4 parameters may be used to control the bend angle for the redirected light rays or to provide a specific angular distribution of light transmitted by sheet 2. Additionally, the perpendicular arrays of channels 4 may differ from each other in the way the channels are formed or arranged within the arrays.
In operation, an off-axis parallel ray bundle 232 passes through sheet 2 where at least some rays undergo TIR from reflective walls formed by channels 4 and are deflected from the original propagation path into a new propagation direction which mirrors the propagation direction of the other rays with respect to normal 44. As a result of TIR and transmission through sheet 2, the ray bundle 232 becomes split into two beams and is distributed over a certain angular range. Upon exit from sheet 2, rays of ray bundle 232 enter diffusing sheet 242 where the respective beams are further redistributed and diffused into a plurality of divergent directions. Another exemplary off-axis parallel ray bundle 234 first entering diffusing sheet 242 is dispersed before it further enters sheet 2. Sheet 2 further redistributes the rays so that they obtain various propagation directions including those extending into opposing hemispheres or quadrants with respect to normal 44 in the plane of reflection.
In
A first array of parallel channels was cut in one of the smooth surfaces of the acrylic sheet after which a second array of parallel channels was cut in a perpendicular direction in the same surface. The selective material ablation by scanning the focused laser beam across the acrylic sheet surface has resulted in the formation of a rectangular grid of narrow and deep channels in the surface. The laser cutting process has created slightly tapered channels with heat-polished, curvilinear side walls extending transversally about ¾ into the sheet thickness. The intersecting perpendicular pairs of adjacent channels defined a two-dimensional array of light-channeling cells each having four TIR walls formed by the polished side walls of the channels.
A beam of parallel light was produced by a collimated LED light source. The finished laser-patterned sheet was illuminated by the collimated light source at incidence angles ranging from 0° to approximately 75°. The optical axis of the light source was tilted with respect to the plane of the acrylic sheet to create an off-axis angle of incidence. The off-axis direction of the incident beam was selected so that the projection of said direction onto the sheet was parallel to the longitudinal axis of one of the two intersecting arrays of the laser-cut channels and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the other array.
In operation, the propagation of off-axis collimated light through the prototyped sheet 2 has resulted in splitting the beam into two well-defined beams propagating generally towards the opposing ends of the acrylic sheet in the respective plane of reflection. The output beams were observed on a light scattering target disposed parallel to the acrylic sheet. The target has revealed two distinct spots on the opposite sides from a normal to the plane of the sheet: one corresponding to the beam portion that passed through the sheet without interacting with TIR walls and the other one corresponding to the beam portion reflected from TIR walls. The angular distance between the two spots was found to be approximately twice the incidence angle of the original off-axis parallel beam incident onto the acrylic sheet.
Likewise, when the off-axis tilt of the incident collimated beam was azimuthally turned by 90 degrees with respect to the surface of the prototype sheet 2, thus causing the light beam interaction primarily with the other (perpendicular) array of the laser-cut channels, the incident beam was split into two distinct beams in a perpendicular plane. Furthermore, exposing the laser-cut acrylic sheet to a collimated beam incident from a direction which projection onto the sheet surface was not parallel to either longitudinal axis has produced four distinct beams demonstrating beam splitting in both perpendicular planes of reflection.
Laser-cut channels were produced according to the method described above in ¼″ acrylic sheet having a light-scattering, matte-finish surface. The illumination of such light-scattering variation of sheet 2 with an off-axis beam with approximately 45° incidence angle has produced a broad, relatively evenly distributed, scattered beam of light spanning approximately ±60° from a normal to sheet 2 in the prevailing plane of beam propagation. The total angular span of the scattered beam was around 120°. For comparison, the off-axis parallel beam illumination of a similar light-diffusing acrylic sheet having no channels 4 and no TIR walls has resulted in much narrower scattered beam (less than 60°) and light propagation only towards the opposing direction from the light source, exhibiting notably unequal light distribution on the target. Accordingly, the formation of laser-cut TIR channels in the surface of acrylic sheet has produced a light beam which angular spread is approximately two times greater than that of the reference sheet. Additionally, the uniformity of the transmitted light beam has been improved compared to the reference case due to creating a nearly symmetric light distribution with respect to a normal to the sheet surface. Thus, when used in skylights or fenestration systems, such light-redirecting and light-spreading acrylic sheet may improve daylight penetration into under-illuminated parts of the building interior and also reduce glare associated with the direct beam of sunlight.
A second embodiment of the optical article of the present invention is directed to a panel formed by a rectangular grid of specular reflectors and used in conjunction with a broad-area light diffusing element. Such an embodiment is illustrated in
In a non-limiting example, reflective grid 402 may be exemplified by the egg crate silver louver light panel manufactured by Plaskolite, Inc. The louver panel may be customarily made from acrylic of polystyrene with the subsequent metallization for specular reflectivity.
In another non-limiting example, grid 402 may be exemplified by the silver egg crate plastic lighting panel marketed by Ridout Plastics/Eplastics. The panel is commercially available in standard size of 2′×4′×0.5″ and has a specularly reflective metalized finish.
In
Referring to
In operation, direct sunlight striking the diffuser sheet 260 is dispersed across a limited angular range which will normally include various off-axis rays that enter sheet 2. At least a portion of such off-axis rays may pass through sheet 2 without interacting with any of the walls 8 and 26 and thus emerge from surface 10 without a change in the propagation direction. At least a portion of rays may also reflect from one or more walls 8 and/or 26 and thus may change the propagation direction resulting in a broad angular spread into the opposing quadrants relatively to normal 44 in the plane of reflection. Importantly, TIR walls 8 and/or 26 allow for a greater bend angle compared to the transmissive diffusers employing surface microstructures and may thus be configured to illuminate portions of the building interior which would not otherwise be adequately illuminated.
In
It is noted, in reference to
Further details of operation of the optical article exemplified by sheet 2 or a combination of reflective grid 402 and one or more transmissive light diffusers, as shown in the drawing figures, as well as its possible variations will be apparent from the foregoing description of preferred embodiments. Although the description above contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/858,850 filed on Sep. 18, 2015, now allowed, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/561,030 filed on Dec. 4, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,194,552, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/970,337 filed on Aug. 19, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,934,173, which claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/691,264 filed on Aug. 21, 2012, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/775,678 filed on Mar. 10, 2013, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61775678 | Mar 2013 | US | |
| 61691264 | Aug 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14858850 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Child | 15687471 | US | |
| Parent | 14561030 | Dec 2014 | US |
| Child | 14858850 | US | |
| Parent | 13970337 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Child | 14561030 | US |
