The present invention relates to an optical component, an optical device to which an optical component is connected, and a method of manufacturing an optical component.
In recent years, various considerations regarding optical components that connect optical fibers to optical devices have been made for reducing the height of the optical devices. According to an exemplary proposal for an optical component, an optical fiber extending substantially parallel to a chip surface provided with a waveguide has an end face that is inclined with respect to the optical axis thereof, and light is reflected by the inclined end face, whereby the optical fiber is optically coupled to a grating coupler provided on the chip surface (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2016-194658 and European Patent Application Publication No. 2808713, for example). In a technique disclosed by Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2016-194658, the deterioration or elimination of the reflection characteristic at an end face of an optical fiber is prevented by a protective film that is pasted on the end face.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical component, an optical device, and a method of manufacturing an optical component that are intended to prevent the reduction in the manufacturing yield of the optical component.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical component including a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a row and having respective end faces that are inclined with respect to optical axes of the optical fibers, and a holder that holds the plurality of optical fibers. The holder has a first facet that is flush with the end faces of the plurality of optical fibers, a reflecting film that covers the end faces of the plurality of optical fibers excluding at least one end face, and a second facet that forms a transmitting surface for light reflected by one of or both a corresponding one of the covered end faces and the reflecting film.
In the optical device according to the above aspect of the invention, the at least one end face may be the end face of one of the plurality of optical fibers that is at a side end (at the most outside) of the row. Furthermore, the reflecting film may include a metal film. Furthermore, the holder may include a grooved substrate having a plurality of grooves that are arranged in a row and position the plurality of optical fibers, respectively, and a lid member that holds the plurality of optical fibers such that the optical fibers are held between the grooved substrate and the lid member.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical device including the optical component according to the first aspect of the invention, and an optical coupling device. A distance between the optical coupling device and a center of a core of one of the optical fibers that has the end face to be optically coupled to the optical coupling device is 55 μm or shorter.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an optical component. The method includes a holding step of holding a plurality of optical fibers that are arranged in a row in a holder; a first-facet-forming step of cutting the holder that holds the plurality of optical fibers along a plane that is inclined with respect to optical axes of the plurality of optical fibers so as to form a first facet that contains the end faces of the plurality of optical fibers and extends in the plane; a reflecting-film-placing step of placing a reflecting film over the end faces of the plurality of optical fibers excluding at least one end face; and a second-facet-forming step of forming, in the holder, a second facet serving as a transmitting surface for light reflected by one of or both a corresponding one of the covered end faces and the reflecting film.
In the method according to the third aspect of the invention, the second-facet-forming step may include grinding a portion of the reflecting film, a portion of the holder, and a portion of each of claddings of the plurality of optical fibers.
According to the above aspects of the present invention, the cores can be prevented from being accidentally ground in the grinding performed for forming the second facet, and the reduction in the manufacturing yield of the optical component can be prevented. Furthermore, since the positions of the cores at the end faces of the optical fibers can be identified with reference to the position of the end of the core at the end face of the optical fiber that is not covered by the reflecting film, the optical component can be positioned relative to an optical module more accurately than in the related-art techniques.
An optical component, an optical device, and a method of manufacturing an optical component according to specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention is not limited to the following embodiments. It is intended that the scope of the present invention be defined by the appended claims and includes all equivalents to the claims and all changes made to the claims within the scope thereof.
If a protective film is pasted on an end face of an optical fiber, it becomes difficult or impossible to visually recognize the position of the core of the optical fiber through the protective film. Therefore, if a transmitting surface from which light propagated in the optical fiber and then reflected by the end face is emitted or a transmitting surface on which light yet to be propagated in the optical fiber but reflected by the end face is incident is formed by grinding performed in a direction substantially parallel to the core of the optical fiber, the possibility that the core may be accidentally damaged cannot be eliminated. Consequently, the manufacturing yield of the optical component is reduced. The present invention has been conceived in view of the above circumstances. An object of the present invention is to provide an optical component, an optical device, and a method of manufacturing an optical component that are intended to prevent the reduction in the manufacturing yield of the optical component.
The holder 102 holds a plurality of optical fibers 101 that are not provided with coverings and include distal portions of the optical fibers 101t in an aligned state. For example, the plurality of optical fibers 101 are arranged in a row with the respective optical axes extending substantially parallel to one another in one reference plane in the holder 102. If a row of three or more optical fibers 101 is held by the holder 102, it is preferable that the optical fibers 101 be arranged at regular intervals or at intervals each being defined as the arrangement pitch thereof multiplied by any natural number of 2 or greater. If the optical fibers 101 are arranged at regular intervals or at intervals each being defined as the arrangement pitch thereof multiplied by any natural number of 2 or greater, the positions of cores 101x of all optical fibers 101 can be easily identified by identifying the position of the core 101x of at least one of the optical fibers 101. Herein, reference numeral 101x is used to refer to any of the cores (101xa, 101xb, 101xc, 101xd, 101xe, and 101xf) whose ends are illustrated in
In
In
The reflecting film 105 changes the direction of propagation of light in each of the cores 101x. The reflecting film 105 includes, for example, a metal film made of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), or the like. The metal film changes the direction of propagation of light in each of the cores 101x. Since the reflecting film 105 includes the metal film, the direction of light propagation can be changed more assuredly even if the grinding of the end faces (101rb, 101rc, 101rd, and 101re) is insufficient. To protect the metal film from deterioration, the metal film may be provided between a glass (such as silica glass) film and a silicon-dioxide film. For example, the reflecting film 105 may be obtained by forming a metal film on a glass film through metal vapor deposition and depositing silicon dioxide thereon.
If the reflecting film 105 is formed of a material having a lower refractive index than the material forming the cores 101x so that the angle at which light propagated in each of the cores 101x is incident on a corresponding one of the end faces (101rb, 101rc, 101rd, and 101re) becomes the critical angle or greater, the reflecting film 105 can cause the total internal reflection. The critical angle is determined by the refractive index of the material forming the cores 101x and the refractive index of the material forming the reflecting film 105.
The first facet 103, a second facet 104, and a third facet 107 of the holder 102 each form one flat surface. Specifically, the end faces 101ra and 101rf and the end faces (101rb, 101rc, 101rd, and 101re) covered by the reflecting film 105 that are present on the first facet 103 are flush with the first facet 103. The claddings (101a, 101b, 101c, 101d, 101e, and 101f) of the six optical fibers 101 are exposed on the second facet 104 and on the third facet 107 and are flush with each of the second facet 104 and the third facet 107.
Denoting a portion of the holder 102 where the first facet 103, the second facet 104, and the third facet 107 are present as “the front portion” of the holder 102 and a portion opposite the front portion as “the rear portion” of the holder 102, the plurality of optical fibers 101 arranged in a row in the holder 102 each extend through the holder 102 in a portion between the front portion and the rear portion. In the state illustrated in
Referring to
For example, regarding the cores 101xa and 101xf, if the incident angle of 90°−α on the respective end faces 101ra and 101rf is greater than or equal to the critical angle that is determined by the refractive index of the cores 101xa and 101xf and the refractive index of the air, the light incident on each of the end faces 101ra and 101rf undergoes total internal reflection, travels through a corresponding one of the claddings 101a and 101f of the optical fibers 101, and is emitted from the second facet 104 to the outside of the holder 102. Light is characterized in that the path of propagation does not change even if the direction of propagation is reversed. Therefore, when light traveling from the side of the second facet 104 through each of the claddings 101a and 101f and caused to undergo total internal reflection by a corresponding one of the end faces 101ra and 101rf is redirected to travel in the direction parallel to the optical axis of a corresponding one of the optical fibers 101 and enters a corresponding one of the cores 101xa and 101xf, the light is propagated in the corresponding core 101xa or 101xf toward the rear portion of the holder 102.
Focusing now on the end faces 101r that are covered by the reflecting film 105, suppose that the refractive index of the material forming the reflecting film 105 at the connection to the cores 101x is lower than the refractive index of the material forming the cores 101x. In such a case, if the incident angle (90°−α) at which the light propagated in each of the cores 101x is incident on a corresponding one of the end faces 101r is the critical angle or greater, the light undergoes total internal reflection. The light having undergone total internal reflection is transmitted through a corresponding one of the claddings and is emitted from the second facet 104 to the outside of the holder 102. If the reflecting film 105 includes a metal film, the light is reflected by the metal film even without undergoing total internal reflection at the end face 101r. Therefore, the light propagated in the core 101x is transmitted through the second facet 104. On the other hand, when light that enters each of the claddings of the optical fibers 101 from the second facet 104 and is caused to undergo total internal reflection by the end face 101r or is reflected by the reflecting film 105 to be redirected to travel in the direction of the optical axis of the optical fiber 101 enters a corresponding one of the cores 101x, the light is propagated in the core 101x toward a corresponding one of the connectors C.
That is, the second facet 104 serves as a transmitting surface for the light reflected by at least one of the end face 101r of the optical fiber 101 and the reflecting film 105. If the refractive index of adhesive that fixes the reflecting film 105 to the first facet 103 is set to a value higher than the refractive index of the core 101x, light can be controlled to be reflected not by the end face 101r but by the metal film included in the reflecting film 105. Even if the reflecting film 105 does not include the metal film, total internal reflection at the end face 101r can be caused by setting the refractive index of the adhesive for fixing the reflecting film 105 to the first facet 103 to a value lower than the refractive index of the core 101x. Moreover, even if the refractive index of the adhesive is higher than the refractive index of the core 101x, total internal reflection can be caused by the reflecting film 105 by setting the refractive index of the material forming the reflecting film 105 to a value lower than the refractive index of the adhesive.
The second facet 104 illustrated in
The third facet 107 illustrated in
Hence, if an optical coupling device, such as a grating coupler, for transmitting and receiving light is positioned below the intersection of the core 101x and the end face 101r or the intersection of the optical axis of the core 101x and the reflecting film 105, the optical coupling device and the optical fiber 101 can be optically coupled to each other. In such a case, the thickness of the optical component 100 (the length of the holder 102 in the vertical direction in
The claddings 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d, 101e, and 101f of the optical fibers 101 are exposed on the third facet 107. That is, when the second facet 104 is formed by grinding with a tool such as a dicer and, if necessary, by polishing performed after the grinding, the claddings (101a, 101b, 101c, 101d, 101e, and 1010 of the optical fibers 101 are also ground and polished. If the claddings (101a, 101b, 101c, 101d, 101e, and 1010 are ground and polished, the distance between each of the cores 101x and the optical coupling device, strictly speaking, the distance between the intersection of each of the cores 101x and a corresponding one of the end faces 101r or the intersection of the optical axis of the core 101x and the reflecting film 105 (the position where the light propagated in the core 101x is reflected) and the optical coupling device can be reduced.
In particular, if the above distance is set to 55 μm or shorter, the optical coupling loss can be reduced to 0.5 dB or smaller as disclosed by European Patent Application Publication No. 2808713. Therefore, a typical requirement for the upper limit of the optical coupling loss that is imposed on the optical component 100 can be satisfied. Moreover, if the distance is set to 10 μm or shorter, the optical coupling loss can be reduced to substantially zero.
The reflecting film 105 provided on the first facet 103 covers the end faces 101r of the optical fibers 101 excluding the end faces 101ra and 101rf (see
In contrast, according to the first embodiment, the optical fibers 101 having the end faces 101ra and 101rf that are not covered by the reflecting film 105 are observable. Therefore, on the basis of the positions of the cores 101xa and 101xf thus observed, the positions of the cores 101xb, 101xc, 101xd, and 101xe that are covered by the reflecting film 105 can be identified.
Specifically, an interval L between the cores 101xa and 101xf observable at the end faces 101ra and 101rf is first measured, and the positions of the cores 101xb, 101xc, 101xd, and 101xe of the covered optical fibers 101 are identified on the basis of the interval L and the positions of the cores 101xa and 101xf. For example, in the case where a row of six optical fibers 101 arranged at regular intervals are held by the holder 102, there are five intervals among the six optical fibers 101. Therefore, it can be identified that the cores 101xb, 101xc, 101xd, and 101xe are positioned at respective distances of L/5, (2*L)/5, (3*L)/5, and (4*L)/5 from the core 101xa in that order toward the right side in
The number of end faces 101r that are not covered by the reflecting film 105 is not limited to two and may be one. For example, referring to
The six optical fibers 101 are arranged in a row in the above-mentioned reference plane. Therefore, the ends of the covered cores 101x (the cores 101xa, 101xb, 101xc, 101xd, and 101xe) are positioned on a virtual straight line passing through the end of the core 101xf and being parallel to the reference plane. For example, if the reference plane and the top surface of the holder 102 are parallel to each other, the ends of the covered cores 101x are positioned on a virtual straight line passing through the end of the core 101xf and being parallel to the top surface of the holder 102. Furthermore, using the knowledge that the six optical fibers 101 are arranged in the reference plane and at regular intervals or at intervals each being defined as the arrangement pitch thereof multiplied by any natural number of 2 or greater, it can be identified that the covered cores 101x extend parallel to the top surface of the holder 102 and are positioned at respective distances each defined as the arrangement pitch of the optical fibers 101 multiplied by a natural number of 1 or greater from the position of the end of the core 101xf.
The end face 101r that is not covered by the reflecting film 105 does not necessarily need to be the end face 101r of the optical fiber 101 positioned at one of or each of both of the two side ends of the row of optical fibers 101 and may be the end face 101r of any optical fiber 101 excluding those at the two side ends of the row. However, if the end face 101r that is not covered by the reflecting film 105 is set to the end face 101ra or 101rf of the optical fiber 101 that is at a side end (at the most outside) of the row of optical fibers 101, the minimum number of reflecting films 105 required can be set to one, as long as the reflecting film 105 has a rectangular shape. Consequently, the cost of the optical component 100 can be reduced, and the process of fixing the reflecting film 105 to the first facet 103 can be simplified. Even if the end face 101r that is not covered by the reflecting film 105 is not at a side end (at the most outside) of the row of optical fibers 101, one reflecting film 105 having a recessed shape instead of a rectangular shape may be employed. However, a reflecting film 105 having such a less simple shape may increase the steps of forming the reflecting film 105.
If the end face 101r that is not covered by the reflecting film 105 is set to each of the end faces 101ra and 101rf at both side ends of the row of optical fibers 101, the minimum number of reflecting films 105 required is one. Moreover, the interval L can be set to a large value. Therefore, the positions of the ends of the cores (101xb, 101xc, 101xd, and 101xe) covered by the reflecting film 105 can be identified more accurately. Consequently, the optical component 100 can be positioned more accurately with respect to an optical device.
If the holder 102 includes such grooved substrates, the interval between adjacent ones of the plurality of optical fibers 101 can be made the same as the pitch of the grooves in the substrate or be set to the pitch of the grooves in the substrate multiplied by a natural number of 2 or greater. Thus, the positions of the cores 101x at the end faces 101r of the covered optical fibers 101 can be identified more accurately from the position of the end of the core 101x at the end face 101r of the optical fiber 101 that is not covered by the reflecting film 105. Consequently, the optical component 100 can be positioned more easily with respect to an optical module.
The reflecting film 105 is provided for redirecting the light propagated in each of the cores 101x. Theoretically, when the end of the core 101x is covered, it does not necessarily need to cover the entirety of the end face 101r containing the core 101x. However, if the entirety of the end face 101r is covered by the reflecting film 105, the end face 101r is protected by the reflecting film 105 when grinding and, if necessary, polishing are performed for forming the second facet 104, with only a portion of the reflecting film 105 being ground. Therefore, the cladding at the end face 101r is prevented from being chipped. Accordingly, the core 101x is prevented from being affected by chipping. Consequently, the manufacturing yield of the optical component 100 is improved. In this respect, it is preferable that the reflecting film 105 cover the entirety of each of the end faces 101r and the boundary between the first facet 103 and the second facet 104 even after the first facet 103 and the second facet 104 are formed. Therefore, when the portion 102uk (see
Even if the amount of grinding and the amount of polishing are not determined in advance on the basis the measurement of the distance H, when the second facet 104 is formed, how much the grinding or polishing has progressed can be observed with reference to the cores 101xa and 101xf. With the presence of the end face 101r that is not covered by the reflecting film 105, the cores 101x are prevented from being damaged during grinding and polishing, and the reduction in the manufacturing yield is prevented.
In
The grating couplers 201b and 201c receive optical signals propagated in the cores 101xb and 101xc, respectively, from the optical component 100. To do so, the grating couplers 201b and 201c are provided with photodiodes PD1 and PD2, which are each an exemplary device that converts an optical signal into an electric signal. The outputs from the photodiodes PD1 and PD2 are supplied to a signal processing circuit 202, and the resulting electric signals are outputted to terminals Tb and Tc, respectively. The grating couplers 201d and 201e cause optical signals to propagate into the cores 101xd and 101xe, respectively. To do so, the grating couplers 201d and 201e receive light outputted from Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators MM1 and MM2, which are each an exemplary optical modulator circuit that modulates an optical signal, in accordance with optical signals resulting from electric signals inputted from terminals Td and Te, respectively, and processed by the signal processing circuit 202.
On the other hand, light (not illustrated) outputted from each of the Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators MM travels horizontally along a corresponding one of waveguides provided in the chip of the silicon photonics device 200 and reaches a corresponding one of the grating couplers 201. The grating couplers 201 each redirect the received light by substantially 90 degrees and emit the light substantially perpendicularly to the chip surface of the silicon photonics device 200. The light emitted from each of the grating couplers 201 is reflected by one of or both a corresponding one of the end faces 101r and the reflecting film 105 in such a manner as to be redirected by substantially 90 degrees, is propagated horizontally into the cores 101x, and is outputted from a corresponding one of the connectors C.
The light reflected by each of the end faces 101r or the reflecting film 105 in such a manner as to be redirected by substantially 90 degrees and being incident substantially perpendicularly on the chip surface of the silicon photonics device 200 and the light emitted from each of the grating couplers 201 are each diffused with a predetermined distribution such as a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, the shorter the distance between each of the grating couplers 201 and the end of a corresponding one of the cores 101x at the end faces 101r, the smaller the loss of light that may occur between the grating coupler 201 and the end of the core 101x. Hence, the optical component 100 according to the first embodiment employs the second facet 104, whereby the distance between the end of each of the cores 101x and a light-transmitting surface formed by the second facet 104 can be made, for example, smaller than 55 μm. Thus, the above loss of light can be reduced further. If any layer such as an adhesive layer or a layer for preventing diffuse reflection is provided between the optical component 100 and the grating couplers 201, the distance between the end of each of the cores 101x and the light-transmitting surface formed by the second facet 104 is set to, for example, smaller than 55 μm, considering the thickness of the adhesive layer or the layer for preventing diffuse reflection.
If the positions of the ends of the cores 101x are identified, the ends of the cores 101x can be positioned on the respective grating couplers 201. Specifically, as illustrated in
The positions of the cores 101x in the Y-axis direction can be identified by observing the cores 101x at the end faces 101r through the claddings (101a, 101b, 101c, 101d, 101e, and 101f) from the side of the optical component 100 on which the second facet 104 is formed. When the positions of the cores 101x in the Y-axis direction are identified, a length O by which the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 are made to overlap each other as illustrated in
The positions of the cores 101x in the X-axis direction can be identified on the basis of the interval L between the ends of the cores 101xa and 101xf that are observable on the end faces 101ra and 101rf, as described above. Thus, for example, a length R illustrated in
In a case where all of the cores 101x are difficult or impossible to visually recognize through the reflecting film 105, there is no way but to bring the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 close to each other, to input optical signals from the connectors Cb and Cc into the terminals Tb and Tc and electric signals into the terminals Td and Te, and to find the positions of the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 where the intensity of the electric signals outputted from the terminals Tb and Tc and the intensity of the optical signals received by the connectors Cd and Ce become highest. The diameters of the cores 101x of the optical fibers 101 and the sizes of the grating couplers 201 are each in the order of micrometers. Therefore, the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 need to be moved relative to each other in the order of submicrometers. Such work is very difficult to perform.
In contrast, according to the second embodiment of the present invention, since the positions of the ends of the cores 101x at the end faces 101r can be identified, the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 can be easily connected to each other by positioning the optical component 100 and the silicon photonics device 200 relative to each other with reference to the identified positions.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2017-118542 | Jun 2017 | JP | national |