The present description relates, in general, to apparatuses and techniques for optical encoder systems having shaped light sources.
An encoder system, such as an optical encoder, may include an electro-mechanical device that detects and converts positions (e.g., linear and/or angular positions) of an object to analog or digital output signals by using one or more photodetectors. There are different types of encoders, such as rotary encoders and linear encoders. An exemplary encoder system usually uses a light source, a light modulator located in the source light pathway (e.g., a code disk), and an encoder chip (e.g., an optical sensor integrated circuit) including one or more photodetectors that receive the modulated light and generate electrical signals in response thereto.
Reflective optical encoders use a light emitting diode (LED) on the same side of a code disk as the encoder chip. The LEDs used have historically featured a circular emission resulting in a different optical power level at differing points on a measurement surface. Transmissive encoders have countered this effect over time by using a collimating lens over the LED to provide a more uniform light power level. Reflective solutions where the LED is included inside the encoder chip package do not typically have the option of a collimating lens due to the package height restrictions.
This circular emission provides a non-uniform light intensity on the code disk reflective slits which in turn impacts the resulting reflection on the encoder chip. This non-uniform field may not provide optimal results as the effective collection area of the photodetectors is reduced due to non-uniform power density.
It is therefore desirable to have systems and methods that avoid the disadvantages of circular emissions while preserving the small size constraints and cost efficiencies of reflective optical encoder systems. To that end, various embodiments of the present disclosure include a shaped light emitter in a reflective optical encoder.
For instance, a shaped light emitter may include a light-emitting diode (LED) or other light source that has a non-circular emission pattern. In one example, an LED is doped specifically to cause its emissions to be rectangular or elliptical rather than circular. In another example, an LED assembly includes a rectangular aperture structure that produces an elliptical emissions pattern. As another example, some embodiments may include an elliptical emission LED (EEL) as the light source for a reflective optical encoder.
A shaped light emitter providing a highly oblong emissions pattern may differ from a traditional point source LED which produces a circular emissions pattern. In one aspect, a point source LED produces a pattern that decreases in light intensity in two dimensions (i.e., the X dimension and Y dimension), as discussed in more detail with respect to
Furthermore, in some instances light sources designed to produce highly oblong emissions patterns may be employed to preserve space. As noted above, shaped LEDs may be constructed using doping or apertures, both of which may be manufactured with negligible (or no) extra height added to the LED structure itself. This contrasts with a collimator lens, sometimes used with transmissive optical encoders, wherein the collimator lens may add significant height to the LED structure.
In one aspect of the disclosure, an optical encoder system includes a light emitter configured to emit a light flux. In this example, the light emitter is configured to produce a noncircular pattern of the light flux. Examples of noncircular patterns may include patterns that are approximately rectangular, elliptical, or other appropriate shape. For instance, an EEL may produce an elliptical pattern that behaves much differently than would a circular pattern of a point source LED. The optical encoder system may further include a plurality of photodetectors in an array, wherein each photodetector is operable to generate a current in response to the light flux. The optical encoder system may also include a target object positioned to reflect the light flux onto the plurality of photodetectors.
In another aspect of the disclosure, an optical encoder system includes means for emitting a light flux having a non-circular pattern. An example mentioned above includes an EEL to produce an elliptical emissions pattern. The optical encoder system may also include means for reflecting and encoding the light flux according to a plurality of spaced surface features. The reflecting and encoding means may include, e.g., a code disk or a linear code strip having reflective and non-reflective surface features arranged in a pattern to encode the light. The optical encoder system may also include means for generating electrical currents in response to detecting the encoded light flux, where examples include photodetectors arranged in an array. The optical encoder system may also include means for calculating motion or position in response to the generate electrical currents. For instance, the optical encoder system may include an integrated circuit chip such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other processing device that receives either the currents or voltages resulting from the currents and then calculates motion or position therefrom.
In yet another aspect of the disclosure, a method for operating an optical photodetector system includes generating light flux at a shaped light source and encoding the light flux using a plurality of spaced reflective and non-reflective surface features of a rotary code disk or linear code strip. The method may also include receiving the encoded light flux reflected from the rotary code disk or linear code strip and then generating a plurality of currents responsive to receiving the encoded light flux.
The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Any alterations and further modifications to the described devices, systems, methods, and any further application of the principles of the present disclosure are fully contemplated as would normally occur to one having ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure relates. For example, the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to one embodiment may be combined with the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to other embodiments of the present disclosure to form yet another embodiment of a device, system, or method according to the present disclosure even though such a combination is not explicitly shown. Further, for the sake of simplicity, in some instances the same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
The present disclosure is generally related to optical detection systems and methods, more particularly to an optical encoder with a shaped light source and methods for operation of the encoder system. Various embodiments described herein may use a code wheel (for rotary encoders) as an example of a target object. The principles in the present disclosure can also be used for detecting linear movements (e.g., by a code strip for linear encoders), and the scope of embodiments may include any suitable optical detection of moving objects.
By contrast, the embodiment of
One example of an optical encoder system is an incremental encoder that is used to track motion and can be used to determine position and velocity. This can be either linear or rotary motion. Because the direction can be determined, accurate measurements can be made.
Continuing with this example, a track is the set of the points on the code disk whose distance from the center is between an inner radius R1 and an outer radius R2, and the non-reflective (e.g., bars) and reflective (e.g., slits) regions of the track are arranged such that the track has discrete rotational symmetry of order N about the center, where N≥1. One such track on an incremental encoder is known as the quadrature track, whose order of rotational symmetry is termed the pulses per revolution (PPR) of the encoder system. When applied to the examples of
To add perspective to the embodiments of
Transmissive systems often deal with the non-uniform light by applying a collimating lens over the LED to provide a more uniform light profile. For example, a 4 mm diameter lens may be applied to provide an optical source with a uniform light profile over the 4 mm diameter and ideally no light emitted outside of the 4 mm diameter. This approach works for a transmissive application since the distance from the code disk to the LED is generally large compared with the distance from the code disk to the detector chip. However, as noted above, such solution may not be viable for some reflective optical encoder systems.
Various embodiments dispense with the bare LED associated with emissions pattern 500 and instead use a shaped light source providing an emissions pattern the same as or similar to emissions pattern 700 of
A feature of emissions pattern 700 is that radial falloff in the major dimension may be approximated as zero in some embodiments. For instance, in embodiments in which a major dimension of the emissions pattern 700 is about as long as, or longer than, a slit or a detection circuit (e.g., a photodetector or group of photodetectors), the radial falloff in the major dimension may be negligible when compared to radial falloff in the minor dimension. As a result, some embodiments may effectively have one-dimensional power variation over a set of photodiodes, thereby increasing precision and performance by directing a consistent light flux at relevant photodiodes.
Additionally, some embodiments may include a programmable set of photodiodes, where each of the photodiodes is programmable to one of four quadrature states or OFF. The assignments of the photodiodes may be applied by a network of multiplexers that receive an instruction bitmap to route current from a particular photodiode to a particular bus. Assignments of the photodiodes may be determined by simulation and/or experimentation so that the output of the photodiode array as a whole is close to an idealized set of four sinusoids of equal amplitude and offset by 90 degrees. Furthermore, the shape and phases of the sinusoids may be further fine-tuned by determining and applying weights to some or all of the individual photodiodes through use of summing and amplification. Appropriate summing and amplification may also be determined by simulation and/or experimentation. Examples of assigning photodiodes to different quadrature states and also applying weights may be found at Ser. No. 15/681,182; 62/755,658; and 62/729,474, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
However, radial falloff from a point source LED may complicate the calculations for simulation and experimentation and cause imprecision, or establish a ceiling on precision, because some of the photodiodes would be expected to see much less light intensity than would other photodiodes of the same array, and the differences photodiode-to-photodiode would be two dimensional over the array. By contrast, various embodiments of the disclosure may reduce or effectively eliminate the radial falloff along the major dimension 703, decreasing the complexity of the simulation calculations, and thereby increasing precision of the system. The increase in precision is further illustrated and discussed with respect to
As shown in the top down view of
This example has been described in terms of structures formed by semiconductor deposition processes. Other techniques may be used to provide this shape as well. A non-deposition approach to creating a shaped output would be to apply a non-transparent aperture to the top of the LED. One technique would be to use a metal cover with an opening in the desired rectangular shape. A glass wafer with metal film in proper places may achieve this, where the metal film forms a metal covering with an opening in the desired rectangular shape above the LED. In fact, for wafer processing, there may be a multitude of LEDs in a bottom wafer, and the glass wafer with the metal film put on top may include a multitude of apertures, each corresponding to one of the LEDs, and the glass layer may be bonded to the LED wafer before singulation. Of course, the scope of embodiments is not limited to any particular process to build a shaped light-emitting device, such as an EEL.
In
The example of
Note in this illustration the system shows a rotary system with a fixed diode detector array. The concepts described support either rotary or linear and support either a fixed diode pattern or a programmable diode array.
As noted above, some photodiode arrays may be programmable so that individual ones of the photodiodes may be assigned to one of four quadrature states or OFF, and summing and amplification may be applied as well to further refine the amplitudes and phases of the sinusoids. Programmable photodiode arrays may be used to compensate for LEDs having circular emissions patterns by assigning and weighting the different photodiodes to reduce the effects of the two-dimensional falloff. As further noted above, a programmable photodiode array may be used with embodiments of the present disclosure having a shaped LED and, in some instances, the shaped LED may increase precision by aligning a longest dimension of a photodetector and a slit with a major dimension of an oblong emissions pattern. Additionally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be used with a photodiode array that is non-programmable.
The various embodiments herein are not drawn to scale, and it is understood that various dimensions may be changed for different embodiments as appropriate. One particular dimensional relationship is that of the slits of the target object versus a size of individual photodetectors. In the case wherein a slit width is much larger (more than an order of magnitude larger) than a corresponding dimension of a photodiode, the emissions pattern as it falls upon the photodiode array may be understood as effectively elliptical. However, in a case wherein the slit width is much smaller (e.g., more than an order of magnitude smaller) than the photodiode geometry, the relation of the emissions pattern to the photodiodes becomes a mathematical function amenable only to simulation and experimentation. Nevertheless, the inventors have discovered that shaped LEDs, especially those with elliptical emissions patterns, increase precision in both scenarios.
Various embodiments may provide one or more advantages over some historical reflective optical encoders using point source LEDs having circular emissions patterns as well as over transmissive optical encoders. As noted above, embodiments using a light source having a non-circular emissions pattern may align the dimensions of the emissions pattern, the slits, and the photodetectors to reduce radial falloff along a dimension of the photodetectors, thereby increasing precision. Such feature may also decrease complexity of simulations and experimentation involving emissions pattern compensation, since an oblong emissions pattern may in some instances make major dimension radial falloff substantially reduced or near zero.
Additionally, various embodiments may increase a precision of a reflective optical detector design while preserving low cost and small size characteristics. This may make some reflective optical encoder designs competitive with some transmissive optical encoder designs which are more expensive and larger.
Referring now to
At action 1002, the reflective optical encoder generates light flux at a shaped light source. An example of a shaped light source includes an EEL or other appropriate light source that has a non-circular emissions pattern. One particular example is described above with respect to
At action 1004, the system encodes the light flux using a plurality of spaced reflective and non-reflective surface features. An example may include the rotary code disk of
At action 1006, the system receives the encoded light flux reflected from the target object. For instance, an array of photodiodes may be arranged at a surface of an IC chip, such as shown in
At action 1008, the array of photodiodes generates a plurality of currents responsive to receiving the encoded light flux. As noted above, each of the particular photodiodes may be assigned to a particular quadrature state or OFF. Therefore, at a given time some of the photodiodes are contributing current to their respective quadrature states. That current may or may not be converted to voltage, and in any event is information representing the encoding of the light flux.
The scope of embodiments is not limited only to the series of actions shown in
Information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).
The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/771,274, filed Nov. 26, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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62771274 | Nov 2018 | US |