Information
-
Patent Grant
-
6312163
-
Patent Number
6,312,163
-
Date Filed
Tuesday, January 18, 200024 years ago
-
Date Issued
Tuesday, November 6, 200122 years ago
-
Inventors
-
Original Assignees
-
Examiners
- Healy; Brian
- Knauss; Scott
Agents
- Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione
-
CPC
-
US Classifications
Field of Search
US
- 385 60
- 385 61
- 385 35
- 385 50
- 385 55
- 385 98
- 385 33
-
International Classifications
-
Abstract
The optical fiber connector of the invention includes two optical fibers facing to each other, in which one optical fiber of the two has a spherical end face, when the core diameter of the optical fiber having the spherical face is given by E1, the numerical aperture thereof by NA1, the refractive index by n1, the radius of curvature of the spherical face by r, the core diameter of the other optical fiber by E2, the distance between the two optical fibers by L, the focal length f of the optical fiber is expressed by f=r/(n1−1). Further, when the beam diameter on the end face of the optical fiber is given by Es, the beam diameter Es=2·L·tan(sin−1·NA1) is deduced, and the connection efficiency η of the two optical fibers satisfies the following inequality:E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(L/f−1)·E1))2≦1.0,in the focal length f≦L; orE2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(1−L/f)·E1))2≦1.0,in the focal length f>L.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a connection structure for optical fibers, specifically to an optical fiber connector that makes an optical connection between two optical fibers without using a lens member.
2. Description of the Related Art
In connecting optical fibers, the most important technical task is to achieve a low transmission loss.
FIG. 14
illustrates a first conventional optical fiber connector
50
that has implemented a structure with a low transmission loss. As illustrated, the first conventional optical fiber connector
50
includes a cylindrical enclosure
53
, and a biconvex lens
54
contained in this enclosure
53
, in which one end of a first optical fiber
51
is installed in one end of the enclosure
53
, and one end of a second optical fiber
52
is installed in the other end of the enclosure
53
. Incident light from the one end face (not illustrated) of the first optical fiber
51
transmits through the first optical fiber to exit the other end face
51
a
, and, after passing through the lens
54
, the light converges on the end face
52
a
of the optical fiber
52
.
FIG. 15
illustrates a second conventional optical fiber connector
60
, which includes a first cylindrical connecting part
65
with a flange
65
a
and a second cylindrical connecting part
66
with a flange
66
a
, and a first lens
63
contained in the first connecting part
65
and a second lens
64
contained in the second connecting part
66
.
First and second disk-shaped fixing parts
67
,
68
provided with protrusions
67
a
,
68
a
having small holes in the centers thereof are mounted onto the ends of the opposite sides to the flanges
65
a
,
66
a
of the first and second connecting parts
65
,
66
. One end of each of the first optical fiber
61
and the second optical fiber
62
are guided in the center holes of the fixing parts
67
,
68
.
First and second lenses
63
,
64
are fixed inside the first and second connecting parts
65
,
66
, respectively, so that the optical axes coincide with each other; and thereafter, the first and second connecting parts
65
,
66
are attached so that the flanges
65
a
,
66
a
are engaged with each other. The first and second fixing parts
67
,
68
are fastened to the first and second connecting parts
65
,
66
with screws, etc. The first and second optical fibers
61
,
62
are stripped of the sheathing parts from the front ends thereof, and these ends
61
a
,
62
a
each are engaged in the center holes of the fixing parts
67
,
68
.
In the optical fiber connector
60
thus configured, in order to form the focuses on the end faces of the ends
61
a
,
62
a
of the first and second optical fibers
61
,
62
, for example, a light beam emitted from the end face of the end
61
a
of the first optical fiber
61
falls on the first lens
63
, and goes out as a parallel beam from the first lens
63
, and the parallel beam falls on the second lens
64
. Then, the outgoing light from the second lens
64
falls on the end face of the end
62
a
of the second optical fiber
62
.
However, in such optical fiber connectors
50
,
60
, a high positioning accuracy in the connection of the two optical fibers is required in order to transmit a stable light beam through the optical fibers. Further, in order to enhance the efficiency of optical connection through the optical elements such as the lenses and achieve a lower transmission loss than that obtained by directly connecting the optical fibers, it is necessary to fix the lenses
54
,
63
,
64
inside the enclosures
53
,
65
,
66
, align the focal positions of the lenses
54
,
63
,
64
, and adjust the positioning. Accordingly, it takes a large amount of time for the positioning adjustment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made in view of these problems, and it is an object of the invention to provide an optical fiber connector that achieves a low transmission loss and a high efficiency of optical connection without requiring a lens member.
As a first means to solve at least one of the foregoing problems, the optical fiber connector of the invention includes two optical fibers facing to each other, in which one optical fiber of the two on the light emitting side has a spherical front part. In the optical fiber connector thus configured, provided that the core diameter of the optical fiber having the spherical front part is given by E1, the numerical aperture thereof by NA1, the refractive index by n1, the radius of curvature of the spherical front part by r, the core diameter of the optical fiber on the other light receiving side by E2, the distance between the two optical fibers by L, the focal length f of the optical fiber on the light emitting side is expressed by f=r/(n1−1), and provided that the beam diameter on the end face of the optical fiber on the light receiving side is given by Es, the beam diameter Es=2·L·tan(sin
−1
·NA1) is deduced, and the connection efficiency η of the two optical fibers satisfies the following inequality :
E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(L/f−1)·E1))
2
≦1.0,
in the focal length f≦L; or
E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(1−L/f)·E1))
2
≦1.0,
in the focal length f>L.
As a second means, the optical fiber having the spherical face is formed with at least a second radius of curvaturers, which becomes smaller than the radius of curvature r, as the radius approaches the periphery of the core from the center thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1
is a typical sectional view of an optical fiber connector of the invention;
FIG. 2
is a sectional view of a plastic fiber that is attached to the connector;
FIG. 3
is a drawing in which a fiber end face of the optical fiber connector of the invention is flat;
FIG. 4
is a drawing in which the fiber end face of the optical fiber connector of the invention is flat in the multi-mode;
FIG. 5
is a drawing in which the fiber end face of the optical fiber connector of the invention is spherical;
FIG. 6
illustrates the optical fiber connector of the invention in which the fiber end face is spherical, with the divergent light of
FIG. 4
;
FIG. 7
illustrates the optical fiber connector of the invention in which the radius of curvature is different on the circumference;
FIG. 8
is a graph to illustrate the connection efficiency of the optical fiber connector of the invention;
FIG. 9
is a drawing in which the fiber end face of the optical fiber connector of the invention is flat;
FIG. 10
is a drawing in which the fiber end face of the optical fiber connector of the invention is spherical;
FIG. 11
is a typical drawing to explain the divergent beam (beam size), shown in
FIG. 9
, of the optical fiber connector of the invention;
FIG. 12
is a typical drawing in which a two-stage divergent beam (beam size), shown in
FIG. 10
, is generated in the optical fiber connector of the invention;
FIG. 13
is a typical drawing explaining the numerical aperture shown in
FIG. 12
;
FIG. 14
is a sectional view of a first conventional optical fiber connector; and
FIG. 15
is a sectional view of a second conventional optical fiber connector.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An optical fiber connector
10
as the first embodiment of this invention is provided with, as shown in
FIG. 1
, a cylindrical enclosure
11
made of a synthetic resin or a metal that does not transmit a light, cylindrical optical guide path
11
a
provided inside the enclosure
11
, a first round hole
11
b
and a second round hole
11
c
provided on opposing ends of the enclosure
11
, each connected with the optical guide path
11
a.
Plastic fibers (POF)
16
,
18
are constructed, as shown in FIG.
1
and
FIG. 2
, cores
16
a
,
18
a
made of a high purity polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and clading
16
b
,
18
b
that sheathe these cores
16
a
,
18
a
, which are made of a thin layer of special fluororesin. The diameters E1, E2 of the POF
16
,
18
are about 1 mm, and the front ends thereof have spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
that are polished to form spherical lenses with high precision.
The plastic fibers
16
,
18
contain the cores
16
a
,
18
a
whose refractive indexes n1, n2 are uniform in the radial direction, and allow long distance propagation of light while absorptions and scatterings attenuate the light gradually, which is the so-called multi-mode type (MMF).
One end of the POF
16
,
18
each are made to be detachably fit in the first and second round holes
11
b
,
11
c
of the enclosure
11
.
In this optical fiber connector
10
, as shown in
FIG. 1
, a light beam fallen on one end face (not shown) of the core
16
a
of the POF
16
propagates through the core
16
a
, and reaches the spherical front part
16
c
, the other end face. An outgoing beam from the spherical front part
16
c
transmits through the space inside the guide optical path
11
a
, and falls on the other spherical front part
18
c
of the core
18
a
of the POF
18
.
In this manner, bidirectional communication of information is made through the optical fiber connector, between a transmitting end (not illustrated) and a receiving end remotely located (not illustrated). The receiving end converts light signal into an electrical signal, thus the information can be received.
Next, in the optical fiber connector
10
, the optimization condition for connecting two optical fibers will be discussed with the following models.
Here, the POF
16
is assumed as the emitting side optical fiber, and the POF
18
as the receiving side optical fiber; and the optimization condition on the emitting side will be explained mainly with regard to the POF
16
.
Assuming that the end face of the POF
16
is flat, as shown in
FIG. 3
, light beams that fall on the one end of the POF
16
, transmit through the core
16
a
, and go out from the other end face thereof are considered to be emitted as a plurality of virtually parallel light beams, as illustrated by the principal rays (thick lines), and form focuses at different positions.
However generally, as shown in
FIG. 4
, the principal rays become divergent on the circumference of the end face of the POF
16
due to the influence of the emission mode (multi-mode).
As shown in
FIG. 4
, light beams emitted from point light sources, passing through the POF
16
, become uniform divergent beams without any changes effected on the paths, and form focuses, for example, at five different positions. Therefore, the light beams are equivalently considered as those emitted from the five different point sources. Namely, it is equivalent to the five focuses being generated, and the light beams emitted from the one end of the POF
16
become transmuted into those deteriorating the connection efficiency in practice, when falling on the one end face of the POF
18
not illustrated. As illustrated in
FIG. 4
, the exiting of the five principal rays face outer divergent directions, and increasingly deteriorate the connection efficiency.
Next, as shown in
FIG. 5
, in an optical fiber connector having the spherical front part
16
c
on the front of the POF
16
, provided that the radius of curvature is given by r, and the refractive index of the POF
16
is given by n1, the light beams form a focus f
16
at a position given by the expression of the focal length f=r/(n1−1), and also converge at the same focal length f in an annular shape; namely, they are transmuted into two kinds of lights (convergent lights and divergent lights).
The state of the light beams shown in
FIG. 5
is such that the principal rays in the thick lines are drawn toward the center of the optical axis to converge at one point by forming the flat end face of the POF
16
shown in FIG.
3
and
FIG. 4
into the spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
, and the divergent beams are more convergent than the state in FIG.
4
.
Further, although POF
16
,
18
have the flat end faces as shown in
FIG. 4
, in case of the optical fibers being a model multi-mode type, the principal rays become divergent on the periphery; and even though the front ends of the POF
16
,
18
are formed into the spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
having a specific radius of curvature r, as shown in
FIG. 6
, the principal rays on the periphery do not completely converge at one point.
Thus, in the states shown in FIG.
3
through
FIG. 6
, the take-in efficiency of the convergent and divergent lights by the receiving side fiber, namely the POF
18
, will be explained as follows, by using the relation of the beam size at the position of the POF
18
, described later, with the core diameter E2 of the POF
18
.
FIG. 8
illustrates the relation between the focal length f and the connection efficiency η of the optical fiber connector
10
of the invention, in which the horizontal axis plots samples by the characteristic four factors (core diameters E1, E2, a length L between the POF
16
and the POF
18
, and a numerical aperture NA1), and the vertical axis plots the corresponding connection efficiency η between the POF
16
and the POF
18
.
In
FIG. 8
, provided that the refractive index of the POF
16
is given by n1 and the radius of curvature of the spherical front part
16
c
is given by r, the focal length f is expressed as follows.
f=r/(n1−1) (1)
In
FIG. 8
, the curve A illustrates a case in which the focal length f of the POF
16
is smaller than the distance L between the two optical fibers, which shows that the light receiving loss at the POF
18
being the receiving side fiber resulting from the divergent lights lowers the connection efficiency η.
The curve B illustrates a case in which the focal length f is larger than the distance L between the two optical fibers, which shows that the loss of light resulting from two stepped divergent lights lowers the connection efficiency η.
Considering that the connection efficiency η does not exceed 100%, the connection efficiency η includes the following three ranges: namely,
1
) a range in which the distance L between the optical fibers is greater than the focal length f,
2
) a range in which the distance L between the optical fibers is smaller than the focal length f,
3
) a range in which the distance L between the optical fibers is equal to, or approximate to the focal length f.
Assuming that the end faces of the POF
16
,
18
are made flat, the beam size E of a light emitted from the POF
16
at the end-face position of the POF
18
having the core diameter E2, detached by the distance L, is deduced from the area ratio as follows.
η=(E2/E)
2
(2)
Therefore, in this optical fiber connector (having flat end faces), when the core diameter E2 of the POF
18
is sufficiently large and the beam size E is included inside the core diameter E2, the connection efficiency η becomes equal to 1.0 (100%).
In the optical fiber connector shown in
FIG. 11
, which is a typical illustration of
FIG. 9
, the beam size E, since the light beams are divergent, is given by the following expression.
E=E1+2·L·tan(sin
−1
NA1) (3)
Provided that the beam size of a light emitted from the POF
16
at the focal length f is given by E1s, since the light beams are uniformly divergent, E1s is given by the following expression.
E1s=2·f·tan(sin
−1
NA1) (4)
Next, part of the optical fiber connector
10
shown in
FIG. 10
has a two-stepped divergent light beam at the focal length f as the border, since the end face of the POF
16
is made into the spherical front part
16
c
, as shown in FIG.
12
.
Therefore, the expression that defines the beam size E is obtained by the relation of the distance L between the fibers against the focal length f, as follows.
1) a range within which the distance L between the fibers is larger than the focal length f (0≦f<L):
The beam size E is given by the following expression in this range.
E=E1+L/f·(E1s−E1) (5)
Therefore, the optical connection efficiency η is expressed by substituting the expression (5) into the expression (2).
This corresponds to the curve A in FIG.
8
.
2) a range within which the distance L between the fibers is smaller than the focal length f (f>L):
The beam size E is given by the following expression in this range.
E=E1s+2·(L−f)·tan(sin
−1
NA1u) (7)
Here, NAu represents the numerical aperture of the second stepped divergent beam, as illustrated in FIG.
2
.
NAu is the sum of the numerical apertures NA by the angle a and the angle β.
As shown in
FIG. 13
, the numerical aperture by the angle α is NA1. On the other hand, the numerical aperture NA1u by the angle β is given by the following expression, using the core diameter E1 and the focal length f of the POF
16
.
sin α=NA1 (8)
sin β=ΔNA (9)
β=tan
−1
ΔE1/2f (10)
The numerical aperture NA1u is expanded using the angle β by using the expression (9) and the expression (10), and expressed as follows.
Therefore, the connection efficiency η is expressed as follows, by expanding to substitute the expression (7) and the expression (4) for the expression (2)
This corresponds to the curve B in FIG.
8
.
Next, as shown in FIG.
8
and FIG.
11
through
FIG. 13
, when the front ends of the POF
16
,
18
are flat, the connection efficiency of the optical fiber connector
10
is obtained from the expression (3):
η=(E2/E)
2
=(E2/(E1+2L·tan(sin
−1
NA1)))
2
(14)
Therefore, it is necessary that the connection efficiency exceeds the connection efficiency η by this expression (14).
The focal length f when the connection efficiency η is 1.0 (100%) in the curve A, B in
FIG. 8
is deduced from the expression (6) and the expression (13) as follows.
f=L·E1/(E1+E2−2·L·tan(sin
−1
NA1)) (15)
f=L·E1/(E1−E2+2·L·tan(sin
−1
NA1)) (16)
In
FIG. 8
, the intersection by the curve A and B is positioned where the focal length f is equal to L, and the following is deduced from the expression (6) and the expression (16):
η=(E2/2L·tan(sin
−1
NA1))
2
(17)
Here, the connection efficiency η≦1.0 (100%), and η will not exceed 1.0.
In such an optical fiber connector, when the transmission loss of the optical fiber itself is considered, preferably the connection efficiency η is more than 0.5˜0.6, and most preferably, a transmission loss of about 3 dB is achieved.
Next, in the optical fiber connector
10
, the center areas of the spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
of the POF
16
,
18
are formed into spherical shapes a radius of curvature r, and the peripheral areas of the spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
are formed into spherical shapes with a radius of curvaturers which is smaller than r. Thus, the front end faces of the POF
16
,
18
are formed into a spherical shapes, which will be explained hereafter.
As shown in
FIG. 7
, in order to converge the principal rays from the peripheral areas of the spherical front parts
16
c
,
18
c
of the POF
16
,
18
into a point, the optical fiber connector
10
as another embodiment of the invention is provided with a radius of curvaturers on the peripheral areas of the cores
16
a
,
18
c
, which is smaller than the radius of curvature r provided on the center areas thereof.
Comparing the case of the radius of curvaturers provided on the peripheral areas to the case provided with the radius of curvature r only, the peripheries of the front ends of the cores are formed to curve slightly toward the insides of the cores.
To give such a shape to the peripheries will converge the light beams emitted from the peripheries of the cores
16
a
,
18
a
so as to form a focus, thereby reducing the deterioration, of the connection efficiency even more significantly, in the connection of the POF
16
,
18
.
Thus, in case of the end faces of the optical fibers being made spherical, as shown in
FIG. 8
, the relevant factors within the range shown by the slant lines will effect a satisfactory connection efficiency. Therefore, to set the values so as to satisfy the above will achieve the optical fiber connector of the invention.
As described above, the optical fiber connector of the invention includes two optical fibers facing to each other, in which one optical fiber of the two on the light emitting side has a spherical front part. In this configuration, provided that the core diameter of the optical fiber having the spherical front part is given by E1, the numerical aperture thereof by NA1, the refractive index by n1, the radius of curvature of the spherical front part by r, the core diameter of the optical fiber on the other light receiving side by E2, the distance between the two optical fibers by L, the focal length f of the optical fiber on the light emitting side is expressed by f=r/(n1−1). Further, provided that the beam diameter on the end face of the optical fiber on the light receiving side is given by Es, the beam diameter Es=2·L·tan(sin
−1
NA1) is deduced, and the connection efficiency η of the two optical fibers satisfies the following inequality:
E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(L/f−1)·E1))
2
≦1.0,
in the focal length f>L; or
E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(1−L/f)·E1))
2
≦1.0,
in the focal length f>L.
Thereby, the optical fiber connector of the invention is able to achieve a higher connection efficiency than the one having the end faces of the optical fibers flattened.
Further, the optical fiber having the spherical front part is formed with at least a second radius of curvaturers, which becomes smaller than the radius of curvaturer, as the radius approaches the periphery of the core from the center thereof.
Thereby, the divergent beams from the peripheral areas converge at one point more intensively, which achieves a still higher improvement of the connection efficiency.
Claims
- 1. An optical fiber connector comprising two optical fibers facing to each other, in which one optical fiber of the two on the light emitting side has a spherical front part, when a core diameter of the optical fiber having the spherical front part is given by E1, a numerical aperture thereof by NA1, a refractive index by n1, a radius of curvature of the spherical front part by r, a core diameter of the optical fiber on the other light receiving side by E2, a distance between the two optical fibers by L, a focal length f of the optical fiber on the light emitting side is expressed by f=r/(n1−1), and when a beam diameter on an end face of the optical fiber on the light receiving side is given by Es, the beam diameter Es=2·L·tan(sin−1NA1) is deduced, and a connection efficiency η of the two optical fibers satisfies the following inequality:E2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(L/f−1)·E1))2≦1.0, in the focal length f≦L; orE2/(E1+Es)<η<(E2/(Es+(1−L/f)·E1))2≦1.0, in the focal length f>L.
- 2. An optical fiber connector according to claim 1, wherein the optical fiber having the spherical front part is formed with at least a second radius of curvaturers, which becomes smaller than the radius of curvaturer, as the radius approaches the periphery of the core from the center thereof.
Priority Claims (1)
Number |
Date |
Country |
Kind |
11-009643 |
Jan 1999 |
JP |
|
US Referenced Citations (4)