Patent Application
20170049341
The present invention relates in general to a method and device for sensing physical parameters, and a method for improving the sensitivity of an FBG sensor. In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the field of sensing pressure and/or pressure variations in a fluid, typically a liquid or a gas.
It is a general desire to be able to measure various physical parameters, and to be able to do so there is a need for a sensor that is responsive to such physical parameter to be measured. The sensor should ideally be accurate and have a response time allowing stationary as well as dynamic values to be easily measured.
It is well known that an optical fiber provided with a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is capable of providing a measuring signal that accurately follows fiber length variations at the location of the FBG. Length and length variations of the FBG can be determined from its peak frequency using a laser interrogator.
A typical application of FBGs is measuring pressure and pressure variations. However, known devices that comprise optical pressure sensors are relatively complicated and bulky. For instance, a known pressure sensor system comprises an optical fiber wound around a drum, that expands or contracts with pressure variations; such design necessarily has a size at least larger than the drum size.
By way of non-limiting example, steam-assisted oil extraction is a field of technology where it is desirable to be able to sense pressure and/or pressure variations. This technology typically involves long pipes (several hundreds of meters) arranged in the ground, in which high-pressure high-temperature steam is used to extract crude oil and/or bitumen from the surrounding ground and push it through a recovery pipe. Often, in the steam injection pipe, a detection channel is arranged, which typically has an inner diameter of about 8 mm, and which is available for arranging a sensing system therein. This means that the operating conditions for such sensing system include high pressure (typically 100 bar and more), high temperature (typically 320° C. and higher), aggressive atmosphere (steam and oil), and small transverse dimensions and large axial dimensions.
Sensing systems for such conditions have already been proposed. By way of example, reference is made to US patent application 20050195402, which describes a Fabry-Perot-based sensor device having an elongate narrow housing with a sensing chamber located at the tip, confined by a thin membrane that is responsive to pressure. Such design, however, suffers from disadvantages that it provides only one single measuring spot, is not very sensitive, and is not suitable for dynamic pressure variations in the acoustic frequency range.
It is an objective of the present invention to apply the advantages of FBG-based optical sensors in a sensor design that can accurately measure various physical parameters.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a sensor design that is robust and small, and relatively easy to manufacture.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method for improving the sensitivity of FBG-based optical sensors.
The present invention aims particularly to provide a pressure sensing system that is capable of sensing pressure, static as well as dynamic up to acoustic frequencies at high sensitivity, and that has a very narrow shape and sufficient flexibility to be entered into a narrow and curved channel.
According to an important aspect of the present invention, a sensing body is provided, at least partly made from a material of which the size is sensitive to a physical parameter under investigation, i.e. this material contracts or expands with variations in this physical parameter. The sensing body is attached at two points of an optical fiber, at opposite sides of an FBG. Thus, the value of the physical parameter being measured is transformed to a certain length of the part of the fiber on which the FBG is etched. The sensing body can be made to have a very slim profile.
In a specially preferred embodiment, the optical fiber is arranged in a narrow capillary filled with glue, and the sensing body is attached to the capillary. The capillary serves to protect the fiber. In a particular embodiment, the capillary is omitted at the location of the FBG, so that length variations of the fiber are concentrated in the FBG to increase the measuring sensitivity.
These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained by the following description of one or more preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings, in which same reference numerals indicate same or similar parts, and in which:
Optical fibers with FBGs are known per se, therefore an explanation thereof will be kept brief here. An FBG in essence consists of a series of material modifications arranged lengthwise in the fiber. Normally, the optical properties of an optical fiber are constant along the length, which optical properties include the refractive index. Such material modification, however, has a slightly different refractive index. A plurality of such material modifications, at mutually the same distance, behaves as a grating, which typically is reflective for a small wavelength band. If a light pulse is made to enter the fiber, substantially all wavelengths will pass the grating location but light within said small wavelength band will be reflected. At the input end of the fiber, a reflected light pulse will be received, of which the wavelength is indicative for the mutual distance between the successive material modifications, which will also be indicated as the grating pitch. The FBG can therefore be considered to be a narrowband reflector.
Such FBG reflector sensor is typically sensitive to (local) strain. Variations in strain cause variations in length of the fiber, including variations in grating pitch. These distance variations, in turn, translate to variations in the wavelength of the reflected light.
The strain condition of an FBG can thus be measured by providing an external light beam or pulse, using an external light source, making this light beam or pulse enter an input end of the fiber, and detecting any reflected light. Such procedure is indicated as “interrogation” of the FBG sensor by external light. The FBG response to this interrogation is reflecting light of which the wavelength matches the grating. It is also possible that the FBG sensor is used as mirror portion in a fiber laser, so that the laser output wavelength matches the grating; the laser may for instance be a distributed feed back (DFB) fiber laser, or a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fiber laser. The wavelength spectrum of a fiber laser looks similar, qualitatively, to the single wavelength reflection spectrum of a reflector. The present invention is applicable in either type of measurement procedure.
Since the present invention can be implemented using optical fibers with FBG reflectors of the same type as currently are being deployed, a more detailed explanation of design and manufacture of optical fibers with FBG reflectors is omitted here.
Apart from the sensing fiber portion 31 shown, the fiber 30 may have further sensing fiber portions at other positions, but this is not shown. In fact, the fiber 30 may have a plurality of such sensing fiber portions distributed over a large length portion. And, each sensing fiber portion may have one or more FBGs. Thus, the fiber 30 may be provided with multiple FBGs. If these FBGs have mutually different grating pitch, the reflected wavelengths will be mutually different, and it will be possible to perform multiple measurements at the same time.
For being able to sense a certain physical parameter, a further aspect of the sensing assembly 100 is a sensing body 50 attached to the fiber 30. More particularly, the sensing body 50 has body ends 51, 52 arranged at opposite sides of the sensing portion 31 and attached directly to the fiber 30; the positions of the fiber where the sensing body ends 51, 52 engage will be indicated as attachment points 37, 38. For instance, the sensing body 50 may have its ends 51, 52 clamped firmly to the fiber 30. Although it is for instance possible that the sensing body 50 is located adjacent the fiber 30, for sake of symmetry it is preferred that the sensing body 50 surrounds the fiber 30 and has a hollow inner space 55 in which the fiber 30 can move freely. Dependent on the application, the hollow inner space 55 can be air-filled or gas-filled or can be filled with a fluid or gel or in other ways.
It is to be noted that the material of the sensing body 50 should, at the operative temperature, be sufficiently rigid. It is further noted that the fiber 30 is held along a straight line between the attachment points 37, 38.
The sensing body 50 is made of a sensing material that is selected for being size-responsive to the physical property being measured by contracting or expanding in proportion to changes in the said physical property being measured. For example, to measure temperature the sensing body 50 can be made of a material that expands or contracts with a change of temperature. To measure pressure or acoustic waves, it can be made of a material that contracts and expands with increasing or decreasing pressure. Further examples are materials sensitive to change in chemical concentration and materials sensitive to changes in magnetic field strength.
Length variations of the sensing body 50 will be transformed to length variations of the fiber 30, which will be measurable by an interrogating light beam, as should be clear to a person skilled in the art.
In a preferred embodiment, the sensing body 50 is shaped as a cylinder, but this is not essential.
In a preferred embodiment, the inner space 55 of the sensing body 50 is shaped as a cylinder, but this is not essential. In such case, the diameter of the inner space 55 is larger than the diameter of the fiber 30.
In an embodiment, the sensing body 50 is a mono-body, i.e. manufactured as an integral body of single material, as illustrated in
It is noted that in all cases a contraction or expansion of the sensing body 50 along the direction of the fiber 30 is translated to a change in length of the sensing fiber portion 31. The force exerted to the fiber by the expansion or contraction of the sensing body 50 material can be increased by thickening the sensing body 50. Hence the sensitivity of sensor assembly 100 will in most cases increase with thickening the sensing body 50.
In a preferred embodiment, the sensing material is shaped as a cylinder, as mentioned. In most cases this maximizes the transfer of contraction or expansion of the sensing material along the fiber to a change in length of the fiber. It is however not a requirement. For example the sensing material may be available in the form of rods. These can be mounted on the terminating plates 53, 54 to achieve the desired effect.
Also the terminating plates 53, 54 can be replaced by another termination of any shape as long as it is bonded to the fiber and transfers contraction or expansion of the sensing body to the fiber.
If the sensing material of sensing body 50 is sufficiently rigid, the terminating plates 53, 54 may be omitted and the sensing material of the sensing body 50 can be bonded to the fiber directly by various methods including welding and gluing. For instance, certain sensing material can be hardened for example by exposing it to heat, radiation, glue, chemicals, light or other external agent.
An important advantage of the design of the sensing assembly 100 is that it is a very small and flexible design, allowing it to be arranged in narrow and curved pathways. For instance, the outer diameter of the sensing body 50 may be as small as 1-5 mm. The design allows to apply a plurality of FBG-based sensors along a single length of fiber, and to arrange these fibers with multiple sensors in 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional arrays of any shape. It is thus possible to measure a certain physical parameter at a plurality of positions and/or to measure a spatial distribution (scalar field or vector field).
Although it is within the scope of the present invention that all sensing bodies are made of the same sensing material, so that all sensing bodies are sensitive for the same physical parameter, it is also possible to apply sensing bodies made of mutually different sensing material such as to measure different physical properties in parallel.
In the above, it has been explained how variations in a physical parameter may cause length variations of the sensing body 50, and how the body 50 material may be selected to have appropriate sensitivity for a certain physical parameter. One particularly important physical parameter is the ambient pressure in a medium in which the sensing assembly 100 is disposed. The ambient pressure will exert compressive axial forces, i.e. forces directed along the fiber axis, on the axial end faces of the sensing body 50, of which the magnitude will depend on the diameter of the body 50, and variations in this pressure will result in a length variation response of the sensing body 50, with the amount of length variation depending on the combined stiffness of the fiber 30 and the body 50. This is because the sensing body 50 and the fiber 30 are mechanically connected in parallel with respect to the axial forces. For increasing the pressure sensitivity, in a further elaboration of the invention, it is proposed to reduce the axial stiffness of the sensing body 50 while maintaining the radial stiffness. As a result, the combined stiffness of the fiber 30 and the body 50 will be lower, so length variations in the fiber 30 caused by pressure acting on the axial end faces of the cylinder 50 will now effect a larger length variation in the fiber 30.
One feature of reducing the axial stiffness of the sensing body 50 is to have the wall thickness of the sensing body 50 as small as possible.
The enhancement in sensitivity is even greater if the coupling piece 63 is groove-shaped, as shown in
It is to be noted that the details of
In stead of reducing the stiffness of the sensing body 50, or in addition thereto, measuring sensitivity of the sensing assembly can also be increased by adapting the stiffness of the fiber 30. As was explained in the above, any expansion or contraction of the sensing cylinder 50 is translated to a corresponding expansion or contraction of the fiber 30. This length variation is typically distributed evenly of the length of the fiber portion between the ends 51, 52 of the cylinder 50. However, the length of the FBG is smaller than the length of the fiber portion between the ends 51, 52 of the cylinder 50. Consequently, only a relatively small portion of the length variation of the sensing cylinder 50 is ultimately transferred to the FBG and translated into a measuring signal.
The present invention also provides a method for improving the sensitivity of an FBG sensor by changing the fiber design such that length variations are primarily concentrated at the location of the FBG. According to this inventive method, a fiber portion with an FBG is made with less stiffness that a fiber portion without any FBG. Because the fiber 30 is relatively stiff outside the FBG, any length variation of the sensing cylinder 50 is now concentrated to the FBG.
It is possible to manufacture this embodiment by starting with an FBG-free fiber having the first thickness, removing some of the fiber material at a certain fiber portion 34 to reduce the fiber thickness, and to then arrange an FBG at that fiber portion 34 with reduced thickness. It is alternatively possible to manufacture this embodiment by starting with a fiber 30 containing an FBG 32 in a certain fiber portion 34, and then removing some of the fiber material at said fiber portion 34 to reduce the fiber thickness while maintaining FBG functionality. In either case, the sensing body 50 is attached to the adapted fiber 30 later.
It is noted that the figure shows a steep step from first thickness to second thickness, but the transition may be more gradually than shown.
This aspect of the invention may be implemented by starting with any FBG-fiber 30 and add additional cladding portions 73, 75 outside the FBG 32, and then attach the sensing body 50.
Stiffening can also be achieved in other ways, for example by mounting or bonding the section of fiber that needs to be stiff on a stiff material. For example, over that section of fiber, it could be glued to a stiff plastic or metal material.
It is to be noted that the details of
It is further noted that in the embodiments referring to
When a sensed physical parameter caused the length of the sensing body 50 to reduce, for instance an increased ambient pressure, the sensing portion 31 with the FBG is axially compressed. Without protective measures, the fiber 30 can not withstand axial compression and the fiber will consequently buckle, causing loss of measuring signal.
One possible way to overcome this problem is to apply bias tension on the fiber during manufacture. This will mean that, under atmospheric conditions, the fiber will be in a stressed state, and with increasing outside pressure the tension in the fiber will reduce.
In a further elaboration of the present invention, an alternative solution is proposed. In this alternative solution, the fiber is radially supported by a capillary tube having higher stiffness than the fiber. This alternative solution is illustrated in
The capillary 40 may extend over the entire length of the fiber 30, as shown in the figure. Inside the sensing body 50, the capillary 40 serves to radially support the fiber 30 to prevent it from buckling. Outside the sensing body 50, the capillary 40 serves as a protection of the fiber 30 against the environment, which is especially useful in embodiments that are intended for application in circumstances where the conditions are hostile and the fiber 30 needs to be protected, or in circumstances where the fiber should not contact the fluid medium for sanitary reasons, such as for instance medical applications, particularly intra-vascular applications. For instance in the case of steam-assisted oil extraction, the environment includes high temperature and high pressure steam and oil, often with high concentration presence of potentially harmful hydrogen.
The capillary 40 is made from a material that is resistant to the environment; a suitable material is for instance (stainless) steel and alloys. The optical fiber can also be already pre-coated with protective layers, like polyimide and carbon coatings.
For allowing the fiber 30 to be introduced into curved channels, the capillary 40 should have sufficient flexibility as regards bending, which means that the wall thickness of the capillary 40 should be sufficiently low. On the other hand, the wall thickness of the capillary 40 should be sufficiently high to provide sufficient structural robustness and integrity for allowing the assembly 400 to be pushed into narrow channels. A suitable wall thickness is for instance in the range 0.02-0.2 mm.
It is to be noted that in cases where protection of the fiber and/or contact between fiber and surroundings are not a factor of consideration, the capillary 40 may be omitted outside the sensing body 50.
The radial distance between the cylinder 50 and capillary 40 can be closed by the welding process. In a possible embodiment, the cylinder 50 has narrowed end portions matching the outer diameter of the capillary 40. In the embodiment as illustrated in
It will thus be seen that an annular space 55 exists, confined in radial direction between the capillary 40 and the cylinder 50, and confined in axial direction between the opposite ends 51, 52 of the cylinder 50 or the annular attachment members 53, 54, respectively. This annular space 55 is gas-filled. The gas may for instance be air, or an inert gas filling such as nitrogen. This annular space 55 is aligned with the sensing fiber portion 31, or in other words the opposite ends 51, 52 of the cylinder 50 engage the capillary 40 at axially opposite sides of the sensing fiber portion 31.
The cylinder 50 is designed to have higher stiffness than the capillary 40. In an exemplary embodiment, the cylinder 50 is made from inconel, has an outer diameter of between 1.5 and 5 mm a wall thickness of 0.02-0.2 mm.
The operation is as follows. Under reference conditions, for instance 20° C. and 1 bar pressure, the fiber 30 has a reference length and the cylinder 50 has a reference length. With increasing pressure, the cylinder 50 will be compressed in radial direction and in axial direction. The radial compression will influence the fiber 30 hardly or not. The axial compression is transferred to the capillary 40 and to the fiber 30, for which purpose the fiber 30 is bonded to the capillary 40, preferably over its entire length but in any case over the entire length of the cylinder 50. The bonding is such as to effect a good force transmission from the capillary 40 to the fiber 30 in axial direction. In an example, the bonding is effected by a suitable glue 41 arranged between the capillary 40 and the fiber 30.
In a preferred manufacturing process, the glue 41 is arranged in the capillary 40 and then the fiber 30 is introduced. In another preferred manufacturing process, the glue 41 is arranged on the fiber 30 and then the fiber is introduced into the capillary 40. In another preferred manufacturing process, the fiber is introduced into capillary 40, for instance pulled, and the glue 41 is supplied simultaneously at the entrance of the capillary 40 as the fiber 30 enters.
Thus, with increasing pressure, the fiber 30 will be subjected to increasing axial compression, resulting in reducing grating constant of the FBG or FBGs, which can be measured optically, as explained earlier. This applies to static pressure conditions but also to dynamic pressure variations. Due to the low inertia property of the design presented here, the resonance frequency and thus a large operation frequency bandwidth of the dynamic pressure sensor can be achieved.
It will thus be clear that the invention has succeeded in providing a design for a sensing assembly that combines sensitivity and durability with a very narrow cross section.
It is to be noted that the details of
It is further noted that in the embodiments as described referring to
It is specifically noted that in the embodiment shown in
In the particular application wherein the annular space 55 is filled with an incompressible filling material, as pressure increases, a net resulting force acting in a radial direction generates an expansion of the optical fiber 30 if the attachment members 53, 54 are not under a pressure that significantly counteracts the lengthening action due to radial load. Additionally, an isolating mechanism can be put in place so that an axial pressure force Fax does not counteract such expansion action on the fiber.
In one embodiment, a dampening mechanism as known in the art, such as a pair of bellows, can be used as an isolation mechanism isolating the expansion action exerted by the attachment members 53, 54 from axial forces due, e.g. to external pressure. In other embodiments, the bellow can be replaced by a rubber of a member with an air gap.
This embodiment has a further advantage in view of the embodiments of, e.g.,
In a preferred embodiment, the attachment members 53, 54 are highly flexible surfaces such as membranes that are connected to the sensing body 50 that may be an axially stiff and radially flexible body filled with low compressibility medium like gel and the bellows 151, 152 are axially flexible bodies such as bellows filled with high compressibility medium such as gases, like nitrogen or air. Sensing body 50 and attachment members 53 may be formed from the same material but can also be made from different bodies and assembled together. During operation, a pressure may be applied to the sensing assembly 100 resulting in radial forces, denoted by Frad, and axial forces, denoted by Fax, exerted on the sensing assembly 100. While the axial forces may result in a length decrease, such inward movements of the attachment members are at least partially absorbed by the bellows 151, 152 such that the pressure effect on the external axial caps are not significantly transmitted to faces 51 and 52 while the radial forces on the sensing body 50 result in a decrease of diameter resulting in a push of the incompressible filling 55 axially to generate an outward deformation o flexible surfaces 51 and 52 that result in an elongation of the optical fiber 30 that can be measured by interrogating the Fiber Bragg Grating 31.
It is noted that, in principle, a sensing assembly 100 can be provided with a single pressure absorbing body, such as a bellow, abutting the first or second body end of the sensing body.
For illustrating a possible application of the invention,
By way of example, the pressure sensing system 1 shown in
It is noted that in some embodiments the sensing assembly 20 only has one sensing area 21. In a possible embodiment, the elongate sensing assembly 20 may have a length of 100 m or more, for instance about 300 m. In a possible embodiment, the sensing areas 21 may have a mutual distance between 1 m and 100 m, for instance about 20 m. In a possible embodiment, the number of sensing areas 21 may be between 1 and 100, for instance 15.
The sensing assembly 20 may be implemented according to any of the assemblies 100, 200, 300, 400 discussed above. At each of the sensing areas 21, the sensing assembly 20 comprises at least one sensing body 50 associated to an individual or common fiber 30. The sensing assembly 20 may comprise a tubular guide for the fiber or fibers 30 for increased maneuverability.
It is noted that the use of the invention is not limited to the applications described above. By way of example, it is possible to use the same or adapted design for in-vivo blood pressure monitoring by sensing in arteries or capillaries. It will thus be clear that the invention has succeeded in providing a design for a sensing assembly that combines smooth outer shape with narrow profile which can facilitate its use in a body with minimal intrusion.
It should be clear to a person skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments discussed above, but that several variations and modifications are possible within the protective scope of the invention as defined in the appending claims. For instance, two or more functions may be performed by one single entity, unit or processor. Even if certain features are recited in different dependent claims, the present invention also relates to an embodiment comprising these features in common. Any reference signs in a claim should not be construed as limiting the scope of that claim.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1040788 | May 2014 | NL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NL2015/050302 | 5/1/2015 | WO | 00 |
