Patent Application
20140285704
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical apparatus such as a video camera, a digital still camera and an interchangeable lens, and particularly to an optical filter, such as an ND (Neutral Density) filter, disposed in an image capturing optical system for forming an object image.
2. Description of the Related Art
Image capturing optical systems for forming an object image generally include a flat-plate-shaped optical filter in order to avoid deterioration of optical performance due to diffraction of light passing through a so-called small stop aperture. Examples of such an optical filter include an ND (Neutral Density) filter for reducing the quantity of light transmitted therethrough, a color filter to limit the quantity of light of a specific wavelength and an infrared or ultraviolet cutting filter to limit the quantity of a near-infrared or ultraviolet ray transmitted therethrough.
However, if rays which come from an object and reach an image plane strike an edge portion (end face) of such an optical filter when the optical filter advances or retracts with respect to a light flux which forms an object image, diffraction of the rays occurs, which changes spread of the rays with respect to their traveling direction. The ray which strikes each point (incident point) of the end face of the optical filter travels toward the image plane while spreading in a direction orthogonal to a tangent at each incident point. Therefore, when at least part of the end face of the optical filter has a straight-line shape, the diffraction of the rays occurs concentrically in a direction orthogonal to the straight line. As a result, a high luminance and high contrast ghost is generated which looks like light extending straightly in a specific direction from a high-luminance object; the ghost hinders image capturing.
Furthermore, since recent cameras have increasingly employed an image sensor capable of preventing generation of smear in a vertical (up-and-down) direction even when capturing a high-luminance object, it is necessary that a high luminance and high contrast ghost due to diffraction at the edge portion of the optical filter be not generated which extends especially in the vertical direction of an image capturing frame.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-065109 discloses a light quantity control apparatus including an optical filter (ND filter) with an edge portion on which a coating having light-absorbing and anti-reflection characteristics is formed. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-178823 discloses a light quantity control apparatus including a stop blade and an optical filter, each with an edge portion on which minute sawtooth-shaped non-periodic convexes and concaves are added. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-186673 discloses a light quantity control apparatus including an optical filter with an edge portion formed in a convex or concave curved shape extending from its right and left ends to its central part. At the central part, a slope angle of the edge portion varies discontinuously and the edge portion is farther from an optical axis than at the right and left ends.
The light quantity control apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-065109 can reduce reflected light which is reflected by the edge portion of the optical filter, but cannot suppress diffraction of light occurring at the edge portion. This means that the apparatus cannot prevent generation of a linearly extending ghost caused by the diffraction of light. The minute non-periodic convexes and concaves of the light quantity control apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-178823 have a height of about 0.5 to 10 μm. Such minute convexes and concaves have an effect of scattering reflected light, but do not have an effect of sufficiently dispersing an extending direction of a ghost caused by diffraction of light.
The light quantity control apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-186673 is capable of dispersing, to some extent, the extending direction of a high-luminance ghost caused by diffraction of light. This dispersion, however, causes the ghost whose original shape is linear to spread in a fan-like manner, which inevitably makes the ghost noticeable as a flare.
The present invention provides an optical filter capable of sufficiently dispersing the extending direction of the linear high-luminance ghost and to thereby prevent the ghost from hindering image capturing. The present invention further provides an image capturing apparatus including the optical filter.
The present invention provides, as one aspect thereof, an optical filter to control light quantity. The optical filter includes a filter edge portion forming a boundary between a region through which a light flux is transmitted and a region through which the light flux is not transmitted, the filter edge portion having a concavo-convex shape whose edge outline is formed by a continuous curved line including convex portions and concave portions alternately arranged in a direction in which the boundary extends. The curved line includes part which satisfies the following condition:
θa≦60°
where θa represents an angle formed by a tangent at an arbitrary point on the curved line between a top point of one convex portion among the convex portions and a bottom point of one concave portion adjacent to the one convex portion among the concave portions with a tangent at the top point of the one convex portion, the angle θa becoming larger as the arbitrary point becomes farther from the top point.
The present invention provides, as another aspect thereof, a light quantity control apparatus whose stop aperture is variable in size. The light quantity control apparatus includes the above optical filter disposed so as to cover at least part of the stop aperture.
The present invention provides, as still another aspect thereof, an image capturing apparatus including an image capturing optical system which causes a light flux from an object to form an object image, and the above optical filter included in the image capturing optical system.
Other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the attached drawings.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanied drawings.
The image capturing apparatus 1 includes an image capturing optical system constituted by lenses 11, 13, 14 and 15 and by a stop apparatus 12 disposed between the lenses 11 and 13. Reference numeral 16 denotes a low-pass and infrared cutting filter, and 17 an image sensor such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor.
A light flux from an object (not illustrated) enters the image capturing optical system and then forms an object image on the image sensor 17 by the imaging action of the image capturing optical system. The image sensor 17 photoelectrically converts the object image to output an electrical signal. The image capturing apparatus 1 performs various processes on the electrical signal output from the image sensor 17 at an image processing circuit (not illustrated) to generate a captured image. The captured image is displayed on a monitor (not illustrated) provided to the image capturing apparatus 1 and is recorded in a recording medium, such as a semiconductor memory, removably inserted in the image capturing apparatus 1.
On the two stop blades 19a and 19b, guiding groove portions 19c and 19d are formed, respectively. The engagement of a guiding pin 18b formed on the stop base plate 18 with the guiding groove portions 19c and 19d guides the stop blades 19a and 19b in their movable directions. On the stop blades 19a and 19b, elongated hole portions 19e and 19f into which drive pins 21a and 21b provided at both ends of a driving lever 21 are inserted are respectively formed. The driving lever 21 is rotated by a stop actuator 22, which is constituted by, for example, a stepping motor, to drive the stop blades 19a and 19b in their movable directions via the drive pins 21a and 21b. The drive of the stop blades 19a and 19b changes a diameter (hereinafter referred to as “a stop aperture diameter”) of the stop aperture S formed by the stop blades 19a and 19b. The change in stop aperture diameter controls light quantity of the light flux which passes through the fixed aperture 18a, namely, the light quantity of the light flux which passes through the image capturing optical system to reach the image sensor 17.
Of the two stop blades 19a and 19b, the stop blade 19b is provided with an ND (Neutral Density) filter 20 attached thereto. The ND filter 20 reduces light quantity, as an example of optical filters to shield the light flux which passes through the stop aperture S, more specifically, to control the light quantity of the light flux. The ND filter 20 covers part of the stop aperture S when the stop aperture S is in a range from an almost fully opened state illustrated in
Moreover, the concavo-convex shape has an edge outline formed by a continuous curved line. More specifically, in this embodiment, each of the edge outlines of the convex portion 20b and the concave portion 20c is formed so as to have an arc shape whose central angle θc is 180 degrees (that is, an arc shape whose central angle θc is equal to or larger than 120°). The expression “formed by a continuous curved line” means that the edge outline is formed only by a curved line without including any straight-line portion. This means that, in this embodiment, the concavo-convex shape has an edge outline in which convex arcs and concave arcs whose central angle θc is 180 degrees are alternately connected with one another.
When part of the edge outline, which is the convex portion 20b or the concave portion 20c itself, or an edge outline at a portion where the convex portion 20b and the concave portion 20c are connected with each other) includes a straight-line portion, light from a high-luminance object present in an image capturing frame is diffracted at the straight-line portion, and the diffracted light concentrates in a direction orthogonal to the straight-line portion. This concentration of the diffracted light generates a linear ghost extending in the direction orthogonal to the straight-line portion.
In contrast, forming the edge outline of the filter edge portion 20a so as to have the shape described in this embodiment enables, even when the light from the high-luminance object is diffracted at the filter edge portion 20a, dispersing a direction of the diffraction of the light, which makes it possible to sufficiently suppress the generation of the high-luminance linear ghost due to the concentration of the diffracted light in a specific direction.
The concavo-convex shape (that is, the curved line of the outer edge portion) is required to satisfy following condition (1) where θa represents an angle that is formed by a tangent LM of the curved line at an intermediate point M as an arbitrary point on the curved line between a top point T of one convex portion 20b and a bottom point B of one concave portion 20c adjacent to the convex portion 20b with a tangent LT thereof at the top point T and that becomes larger as the intermediate point (arbitrary point) M becomes farther from the top point T:
θa≧60° (1).
In this embodiment, the angle θa formed by the tangent LM at, of the arcs of the convex portion 20b and the concave portion 20c, a portion whose central angle θc is equal to or larger than 120° with the tangent LT varies in a range from 60° to 90°, which satisfies condition (1).
The angle 0° corresponds to a case where the edge outline is a straight line. In this case, the angle θa formed by the tangent of an arbitrary point on the filter edge portion 20a with the tangent of another arbitrary point is 0° even when these arbitrary points are selected at random. When the angle θa is 0°, a linear high-luminance ghost is generated as can be seen from the corresponding simulation image.
The angles 30°, 60° and 90° are possible maximum values of the angle θa formed by the tangent LT at the top point T with the tangent LM at the intermediate point M in
The angle θa of 90° corresponds to a case where the edge outline has the shape described in Embodiment 1. The angles θa of 30° and 60° respectively correspond to cases where the edge outline formed by convex portions (20b) and concave portions (20c) whose central angle θc of their arc is 60° and 120°.
The optical filter whose angle θa has a maximum value of 30°, that is, whose central angle θc is 60° generates a flare-like ghost in a specific direction due to remaining linear extension of the diffracted light. On the other hand, the optical filter whose angle θa has a maximum value of 60°, that is, whose central angle θc is 120° can sufficiently disperse the diffracted light.
Cases of angles 60°, 75° and 90° illustrated in
As can be seen from
The “continuous curved line” forming the edge outline is not limited to the arc and may be a curved line represented by a function such as an elliptic arc and a parabola or a curved line formed by smoothly-connected arbitrary dots. Also in these cases, the concavo-convex shape is required to satisfy condition (1).
However, it is most desirable to form the edge outlines of the convex portion 20b and the concave portion 20c as arcs whose central angle is 120° or larger and continuously connect them, taking into consideration the effect of suppressing the high-luminance ghost by dispersing the direction of the diffraction at the filter edge portion 20a, ease of manufacture of the ND filter 20, strength thereof and other factors.
Of the filter edge portion 20a, a part to be inserted with respect to the stop aperture S is not necessarily required to have, as a whole, the above-described concave and convex shape. More specifically, it is enough that 50 percent or more, or more desirably 80 percent or more of the entire part (of the filter edge portion 20a) to be inserted with respect to the stop aperture S have the above-described concavo-convex shape as long as the above-described high-luminance ghost caused by the diffraction is not noticeable.
Furthermore, it is desirable that the concavo-convex shape satisfy at least one of following conditions (2) to (4).
First, it is desirable that the concavo-convex shape satisfy following conditions (2) and (3):
A≧0.1 mm (2)
0<A/D<1.0 (3)
where A represents a distance between the top points T of two convex portions 20b adjacent to each other across one concave portion 20c as shown in
Conditions (2) and (3) are required to be satisfied in order to more effectively disperse the direction of the diffraction of the light from the high-luminance object at the filter edge portion 20a of the ND filter 20. If a result of A/D exceeds the upper limit of condition (3), the dispersion of the diffracted light becomes insufficient because the number of the convex portions 20b and the concave portions 20c in the entrance pupil is too small. This may make it impossible to sufficiently suppress the linear high-luminance ghost. Moreover, if the value of the distance A falls below the lower limit of condition (2), a burr is likely to be generated in the ND filter 20 during manufacture thereof, which may cause an unnatural ghost due to local reflection or diffraction at a portion of the burr.
Furthermore, it is desirable that the concavo-convex shape satisfy following condition (4):
0.1<H/A<1.0 (4)
where H represents a distance in a concavo-convex direction (up-and-down direction in the drawing) of the concavo-convex shape between the top point T of one convex portion 20b and the bottom point B of one concave portion 20c adjacent to the convex portion 20b.
Condition (4) is also required to be satisfied in order to more effectively disperse the direction of the diffraction of the light from the high-luminance object at the filter edge portion 20a of the ND filter 20. If a result of H/A exceeds the upper limit of condition (4), of the edge outline of a paired convex and concave portion formed by the convex portion 20b and the concave portion 20c adjacent thereto, a part which extends in a direction (up-and-down direction in the drawing) orthogonal to a tangent direction (right-and-left direction in the drawing) at the top point T of the convex portion 20b and in directions close thereto has a too large proportion, compared with that of a part which extends in that tangent direction and in directions close thereto. Such a shape is likely to linearly extend the light diffracted at the filter edge portion 20a in the tangent direction at the top point T of the convex portion 20b.
On the other hand, if a result of H/A falls below the lower limit of condition (4), of the edge outline of the paired convex and concave portion, the part which extends in the tangent direction at the top point T of the convex portion 20b and in the directions close thereto has a too large proportion, compared with that of the part which extends in the direction orthogonal to that tangent direction and in the directions close thereto. Such a shape is likely to linearly extend the light diffracted at the filter edge portion 20a in the direction orthogonal to the tangent direction at the top point T of the convex portion 20b.
Changing the numerical ranges of conditions (3) and (4) as shown below makes it possible to further effectively disperse the diffracted light.
0<A/D<0.5 (3)′
0.1<H/A<0.8 (4)′
A numerical example (Numerical Example 1) corresponding to this embodiment is shown below, and the relation of Numerical Example 1 and conditions (3) and (4) is shown in Table 1.
Curvature radius of arcs of convex and concave portions 20b and 20c: 0.1 mm
Distance A: 0.4 mm
Distance H: 0.2 mm
Of the ND filter 30 of this embodiment, filter edge portions 30a and 30a′, which are inserted with respect to the stop aperture S, have a concavo-convex shape in which convex portions and concave portions are alternately arranged in the right-and-left direction in the drawing (direction in which the boundary described in Embodiment 1 extends). Moreover, the concavo-convex shape has an edge outline formed by a continuous curved line. More specifically, also in this embodiment, the respective edge outlines of the convex and concave portions are formed by arcs whose central angle is 180 degrees, as well as in Embodiment 1.
However, in the filter edge portion (denoted by reference numerals 30a and 30a′) in this embodiment, the size of the convex portion and the concave portion varies in the right-and-left direction in the drawing. More specifically, in the right-and-left direction, from a central filter edge portion 30a toward right and left end filter edge portions 30a′, the curvature radius of the edge outline of the convex and concave portions increases gradually (or in a stepwise fashion). This increment in the curvature radius of the edge outline of the convex and concave portions results in gradual (or stepwise) increase of the distances A and H, from the central filter edge portion 30a toward the right and left end filter edge portions 30a′.
The concavo-convex shape in this embodiment also satisfies conditions (1) to (4) described in Embodiment 1. A numerical example corresponding to this embodiment (Numerical Example 2) is shown below, and the relation of Numerical Example 2 and conditions (3) and (4) are shown in Table 1.
Curvature radius of arcs of convex and concave portions
at center (minimum): 0.1 mm
at right and left ends (maximum): 0.5 mm
Distance A: 0.4 mm to 2.0 mm
Distance H: 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm
The distances A and H vary from the central filter edge portion 30a toward right and left end filter edge portions 30a′ while maintaining the relation of H/A=0.5 of between an arbitrary convex portion and a convex portion adjacent to the arbitrary convex portion across one concave portion.
Also in this embodiment, as well as in Embodiment 1, even when light from a high-luminance object is diffracted at the filter edge portions 30a and 30a′, the direction of the diffraction is dispersed, and thereby the generation of a linear high-luminance ghost due to the concentration of the diffracted light in a specific direction is suppressed.
Moreover, in this embodiment, the curvature radius of the convex and concave portions on the filter edge portion decreases from the right and left end filter edge portions 30a′ toward the central filter edge portion 30a, so that the number of the convex and concave portions included in the stop aperture S does not significantly decrease as the stop aperture diameter becomes smaller. Thus, the above effect can be achieved for a smaller stop aperture compared with the case of Embodiment 1.
Of the ND filter 40 of this embodiment, a filter edge portion 40a, which is inserted with respect to the stop aperture S, has a concavo-convex shape in which convex portions 40b and concave portions 40c are alternately arranged in the right-and-left direction in the drawing (direction in which the boundary described in Embodiment 1 extends). The concavo-convex shape has an edge outline formed by a continuous curved line. More specifically, in this embodiment, the respective edge outlines of the convex and concave portions 40b and 40c are formed by arcs whose central angle θc is 210 degrees.
In this embodiment, the angle θa formed by the tangent LM in a portion, of the arc of each of the convex and concave portions 40b and 40c, where the central angle θc is equal to or larger than 140° with the tangent LT varies in a range from 60° to 105°, which satisfies condition (1). As long as the concavo-convex shape of the filter edge portion 40a has the edge outline formed by the continuous curved line as described above, even when each of the convex and concave portions 40b and 40c is shaped so as to have a part where the angle θa exceeds 90 degrees, an effect similar to that of Embodiment 1 can be obtained. As described in Embodiment 1, it is desirable that the angle θa is 120 degrees or smaller.
The concavo-convex shape in this embodiment also satisfies conditions (1) to (4) described in Embodiment 1. A numerical example corresponding to this embodiment (Numerical Example 3) is shown below, and the relation of Numerical Example 3 and conditions (3) and (4) are shown in Table 1.
Curvature radius of arcs of convex and concave portions: 0.1 mm
Distance A: 0.386 mm
Distance H: 0.252 mm
Of the ND filter 50 of this embodiment, a filter edge portion 50a, which is inserted with respect to the stop aperture S, has a concavo-convex shape in which convex portions and concave portions are alternately arranged in the right-and-left direction in the drawing (direction in which the boundary described in Embodiment 1 extends). The concavo-convex shape has an edge outline formed by a continuous curved line. More specifically, also in this embodiment, the respective edge outlines of the convex and concave portions are formed by arcs whose central angle θc is 180 degrees, as well as in Embodiment 1.
However, the sizes of the convex and concave portions of the filter edge portion 50a in this embodiment irregularly vary in the right-and-left direction in the drawing. In other words, the curvature radius of the edge outlines of the convex and concave portions included in the filter edger portion 50a increase and decrease without regularity, from one of the right and left ends toward the other end. Such increase and decrease in the curvature radius of the edge outlines of the convex and concave portions results in irregular increase and decrease of distances A and H from one of the right and left ends toward the other end.
The concavo-convex shape in this embodiment also satisfies conditions (1) to (4) described in Embodiment 1. A numerical example corresponding to this embodiment (Numerical Example 4) is shown below, and the relation of Numerical Example 4 and conditions (3) and (4) are shown in Table 1.
Curvature radius of arcs of convex and concave portions: 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm
Distance A: 0.4 mm to 2.0 mm
Distance H: 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm
Also in this embodiment, as well as in Embodiment 1, even when light from a high-luminance object is diffracted at the filter edge portion 50a, the direction of the diffraction is dispersed, and thereby the generation of a linear high-luminance ghost due to the concentration of the diffracted light in a specific direction is suppressed.
Although each of the above embodiments has described the ND filter attached to the stop blade disposed in the light quantity control apparatus, alternative embodiments of the present invention include one in which the stop blade and the ND filter are separately provided in the light quantity control apparatus such that they are driven independently of each other. Furthermore, the alternative embodiments include one in which other filters than the ND filter, such as a color filter to limit the quantity of light of a specific wavelength and an infrared or ultraviolet cutting filter to limit the quantity of an infrared or ultraviolet ray transmitted therethrough, even when they are not disposed in the light quantity control apparatus as long as they are disposed in the image capturing optical system.
In addition, although each of the above embodiments has described the light quantity control apparatus provided with the two stop blades, the alternative embodiments of the present invention include a light quantity control apparatus provided with three or more stop blades.
Moreover, although Embodiments 1, 2 and 4 have described the cases where the centers of the curvature radii of all convex and concave portions of the filter edge portion are located on a straight line, a line connecting the centers of the curvature radii of all convex and concave portions may alternatively be other curved lines such as an arc and a parabola.
Furthermore, although Embodiment 3 has described the case where a line connecting only the centers of the curvature radii of the convex portions and a line connecting only the centers of the curvature radii of the concave portions are straight lines parallel to each other, they may alternatively be curved lines such as arcs or parabolas.
Moreover, although each of the above embodiments has described the case where the optical filter, which is disposed in an image capturing optical system and whose edge portion is inserted into an optical path for forming an object image, is the ND filter disposed in the light quantity control apparatus, the alternative embodiments of the present invention include image capturing apparatuses in which two or more optical filters are disposed in an image capturing optical system.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-271785, filed Dec. 12, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-271785 | Dec 2011 | JP | national |
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2012/007784, filed on Dec. 5, 2012 which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2012/007784 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Child | 14300380 | US |
