Optical filtration system for diamond material with nitrogen vacancy centers

Abstract

A system provides light received from NV diamond material to an optical collector. The provision of light received from NV diamond material to an optical collector impacts the efficiency by which light is directed to the optical collector. The system may be employed to efficiently direct light from the NV diamond material to the optical collector.

Description

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure generally relates to a method and system for transmitting light fluoresced from materials with vacancy centers (e.g., nitrogen vacancy (NV) diamond material) to an optical collector. The transmission of light fluoresced from NV diamond material to an optical collector impacts the efficiency by which fluoresced light is directed to the optical collector and detected.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments relate to a system that may comprise: an optical excitation source configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength; a vacancy center material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy center material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation; receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to the first wavelength; and generate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received; a plurality of optical collectors configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength; and an optical filter configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the plurality of optical collectors.

Other embodiments relate to a system that may comprise: an optical excitation source configured frequency (RF) excitation; receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength; vacancy center material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation, receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of light corresponding to the first wavelength, and generate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received, a plurality of optical collectors configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength; and a plurality of optical filters configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the plurality of optical collectors.

Other embodiments relate to a system that may comprise: an optical excitation source configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength; a vacancy center material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation; receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to the first wavelength; and generate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received; an optical collector configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength; and an optical filter configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the optical collector.

These and other features of the implementations described herein, together with the organization and manner of operation thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements have like numerals throughout the several drawings described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an orientation of an NV center in a diamond lattice.

FIG. 2A illustrates an energy level diagram of energy levels of spin states for an NV center.

FIG. 2B illustrates an energy level diagram in the absence of an external magnetic field.

FIG. 2C illustrates an energy level diagram and the excitation of the NV center in the presence of an external magnetic field.

FIG. 2D illustrates an energy level diagram with energy levels of spin states for an NV center.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of some embodiments of an optical filtration system.

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of some embodiments of an optical filtration system.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an optical filter according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an optical filter according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Vacancy Center, its Electronic Structure, and Optical and RF Interaction

The vacancy center in diamond comprises a substitutional nitrogen atom in a lattice site adjacent a carbon vacancy as shown in FIG. 1. The NV center may have four orientations, each corresponding to a different crystallographic orientation of the diamond lattice.

The vacancy center may exist in a neutral charge state or a negative charge state. Conventionally, the neutral charge state uses the nomenclature NV0, while the negative charge state uses the nomenclature NV, which is adopted in this description.

The vacancy center has a number of electrons including three unpaired electrons, one from each of the three carbon atoms adjacent to the vacancy, and a pair of electrons between the nitrogen and the vacancy. The NV center, which is in the negatively charged state, also includes an extra electron.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the vacancy center is illuminated by green light. The vacancy center pair of electrons photo luminesce in the red spectrum responsive to illumination by green light. Green photons are absorbed thereby exciting the electrons from the ground Ms 0 state to the excited Ms 1 state. In turn, the electrons move to the ground state emitting the red light. In some embodiments, the photo luminescence occurs responsive to a consistent excitation (e.g., a continuous green light excitation). Alternatively or additionally, the photo luminescence may occur responsive to an intermittent excitation (e.g., a pulsed green light excitation according to pulsed sequences such as Ramsey, Hahn Echo, CPMG sequences, etc.). During intermittent excitation, the timing of the green emissions can be adjusted or otherwise scaled to maximize the population (probability) of electrons transitioning between the ground state and the excited state.

In the absence of an external magnetic field as shown in FIG. 2B, radio frequency (RF) excitation transitions electrons from the ground state to the +1 and −1 spin state at, for example, a slightly increased energy level responsive to the electrons experiencing spin-spin interaction with the RF magnetic field. The consistent excitation (e.g., a continuous green light excitation) transitions the +/−1 spin electrons to the excited Ms1 state where some of them move to the Ms 0 state. The remaining electrons transition from the excited state to the ground Ms 0 state based, at least in part, on an inter-system crossing (ISC) that does not emit red light. Alternatively, equivalent heat (1˜1042 nm) is emitted. In turn, the “dark” electrons create a reduction in red intensity at 2.89 GHz that looks like a “notch” as depicted in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2C illustrates the excitation of the NV center according to an example embodiment. When an external magnetic field of magnitude B [Ts] is applied to an NV axis, the external magnetic field causes the energy to express an indirect relationship such that the energy increases for the +1 spin electron and decreases (e.g., by the same amount) for the −1 spin electron. Energy is related to frequency according to the equation

$\begin{array}{cc}\delta E=\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{\mathrm{\delta \lambda }}=h\delta f& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

such that one or more “notches” (e.g., two notches) result on the vacancy axis. For example, two notches result equally separated in frequency and linearly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field vector projected on that particular vacancy axis according to the equationδf=2gμB  (2)

The higher frequency notch corresponds to the dark +1 spin electrons depleting through the ISC, and the lower frequency notch from the −1 spin electrons. Advantageously, electron population densities (e.g., probabilities) behave according to the algorithms above resulting in the conservation of each electron.

In some embodiments as shown in FIG. 2D, the vacancy center has rotational symmetry and has a ground state, which is a spin triplet with ³A₂ symmetry with one spin state ms=0, and two further spin states ms=+1, and ms=−1. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the ms=±1 energy levels are offset from the ms=0 due to spin-spin interactions, and the ms=±1 energy levels are degenerate, i.e., they have the same energy. The ms=0 spin state energy level is split from the ms=±1 energy levels by an energy of 2.87 GHz for a zero external magnetic field.

Introducing an external magnetic field with a component along the NV axis lifts the degeneracy of the ms=±1 energy levels, splitting the energy levels ms=±1 by an amount 2gμ_BBz, where g is the g-factor, μB is the Bohr magneton, and Bz is the component of the external magnetic field along the NV axis. This relationship is correct for a first order and inclusion of higher order corrections is a straight forward matter and will not affect the computational and logic steps in the systems and methods described below.

The vacancy center electronic structure further includes an excited triplet state ³E with corresponding ms=0 and ms=±1 spin states. The optical transitions between the ground state ³A₂ and the excited triplet ³E are predominantly spin conserving, meaning that the optical transitions are between initial and final states which have the same spin. For a direct transition between the excited triplet ³E and the ground state ³A₂, a photon of red light is emitted with a photon energy corresponding to the energy difference between the energy levels of the transitions.

There is, however, an alternate non-radiative decay route from the triplet ³E to the ground state ³A₂ via intermediate electron states, which are thought to be intermediate singlet states A, E with intermediate energy levels. Significantly, the transition rate from the ms=±1 spin states of the excited triplet ³E to the intermediate energy levels is significantly greater than that from the ms=0 spin state of the excited triplet ³E to the intermediate energy levels. The transition from the singlet states A, E to the ground state triplet ³A₂ predominantly decays to the ms=0 spin state over the ms=±1 spin states. These features of the decay from the excited triplet ³E state via the intermediate singlet states A, E to the ground state triplet ³A₂ allows that if optical excitation is provided to the system, the optical excitation will eventually pump the vacancy center into the ms=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂. In this way, the population of the ms=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂ may be “reset” to a maximum polarization determined by the decay rates from the triplet ³E to the intermediate singlet states.

Another feature of the decay is that the fluorescence intensity due to optically stimulating the excited triplet ³E state is less for the ms=±1 states than for the ms=0 spin state. This is so because the decay via the intermediate states does not result in a photon emitted in the fluorescence band, and because of the greater probability that the ms=±1 states of the excited triplet ³E state will decay via the non-radiative decay path. The lower fluorescence intensity for the ms=±1 states than for the ms=0 spin state allows the fluorescence intensity to be used to determine the spin state. As the population of the ms=±1 states increases relative to the ms=0 spin, the overall fluorescence intensity will be reduced.

With reference to FIG. 3, some embodiments of an optical filtration system 300 is illustrated. In these embodiments, the optical filtration system 300 includes an optical excitation source 310, a vacancy material 305 with vacancy centers, a RF excitation source 320, optical guide 330, and a optical filter 350.

The optical filter 350 is configured to provide at least a second portion of light corresponding to a second wavelength W2 to a plurality of optical collectors 330 as described herein.

The optical excitation source 310 may be a laser or a light emitting diode. The optical excitation source may be configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength W1. For example, the optical excitation source 310 may emit light corresponding to green.

The vacancy material 305 may be configured to receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of light corresponding to the first wavelength W1. In some further embodiments, the NV diamond material 305 may be configured to receive radio frequency (RF) excitation provided via the RF excitation source as described herein above.

In turn, the vacancy material 305 may be configured to generate light corresponding to a second wavelength W2 (e.g., a wavelength corresponding to red) responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received. In this regard, the optical excitation source 310 induces fluorescence by the vacancy material 305 corresponding to the second wavelength W2. The inducement of fluorescence causes an electronic transition from the excited state to the ground state. The optical excitation source 310, in addition to exciting fluorescence in the NV diamond material 305, also serves to reset the population of the ms=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂ to a maximum polarization, or other desired polarization.

The optical filtration system 300 includes a plurality of optical collectors 330 configured to receive at least a first portion of light corresponding to the second wavelength W2. The optical collectors may take the form of light pipes, light tubes, lenses, optical fibers, optical waveguides, etc. For example, as the vacancy material 305 generates light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 (e.g., red light), a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 may enter or is otherwise received by the optical collectors 330. The light corresponding to the wavelength W2 may be received by the receiving ends 332 of each respective optical collector 330. In some embodiments, the receiving ends 332 may be disposed proximate to (e.g., adjacent to or otherwise near) the vacancy material 305. Although a plurality of optical collectors 330 is depicted, in some embodiments, one optical collector 330 (as depicted in FIG. 4) may be configured to receive at least a first portion of light corresponding to the second wavelength W2.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the NV diamond material 305 is disposed between the receiving ends 332 such that the optical collectors 330 are configured to form a gap G. A second portion of the light corresponding to the wavelength W2 may be directed beyond the gap G and/or the optical collectors 330. For example, the light directed beyond the gap G may not enter or otherwise be received by the optical collectors 330. The gap G may include an adhesive material such as a gel or an epoxy. Although a gap G is depicted, the gap G may be filled or otherwise inexistent such that the NV diamond material 305 may generate light without the gap G as described herein.

The optical filtration system 300 further includes the optical filter 350. The optical filter 350 is configured to provide at least a second portion of light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 to the plurality of optical collectors 330. As used herein, the term “optical filter” may be used to refer to a filter configured to transmit (e.g. pass) light corresponding to one or more predetermined wavelengths (e.g., a first wavelength corresponding to green) while reflecting light corresponding to other predetermined wavelengths (e.g., a second wavelength corresponding to red). In some embodiments, the optical filter 350 may take the form of a dichroic filter, interference filter, thin-film filter, dichroic mirror, dichroic reflector, or a combination thereof. The optical filter 350 (e.g., a dichroic filter) may be configured to reflect light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 (e.g., light in the red fluorescence band) from the vacancy material 305 which, in turn, is received by the optical collectors 330. For example, the optical filter 350 may reflect the light directed beyond the gap G to the optical collectors 330 that would otherwise not enter or be received by the optical collectors 330.

Alternatively or additionally, light corresponding to the first wavelength W1 from the vacancy material 305 may be directed through the optical filter 350 to filter out the light corresponding to the first wavelength W1 (e.g., in the green fluorescence band). Although a single optical filter 350 is depicted, in some embodiments, a plurality of optical filters 350 (as depicted in FIG. 4) may be configured to provide at least a second portion of light corresponding to a second wavelength W2 to one or more optical collectors 330.

In some embodiments, the optical filter 350 includes an optical coating (e.g., an anti-reflection coating, high reflective coating, filter coating, beamsplitter coating, etc.) configured to facilitate transmission of light corresponding to the first wavelength W1 (e.g., light corresponding to green) through the optical filter 350. The optical coating may include at least one of a soft coating (e.g., one or more layers of thin film) or a hard coating. The optical coating may be made of a material such as zinc sulfide, cryolyte, silver, and/or any other like suitable material, or a combination thereof.

The optical coating (e.g., the anti-reflective coating) is further configured to facilitate the provision of the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 to the optical collectors 330. For example, the optical coating facilitates the reflection of the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 from the vacancy material 305 to the optical collectors 330.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the optical coating may include a substrate S and one or more layers Ln configured to at least one of transmit or reflect light according to at least one refractive index which describes how light propagates through the optical filter 350. In this regard, the phase shift between the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 reflected, for example, at the first and second points P1, P2 of the layer Ln is 180°. In turn, the reflections R1, R2 (e.g., the reflected rays) are cancelled responsive to interference such as, but not limited to, destructive interference. Advantageously, the optical coating increases transmission, efficiency by which the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 is received by the optical collectors 330 and resists environmental damage to the optical filter 350.

With reference back to FIG. 3, the optical filter 350 may be disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the vacancy material 305 to receive and, in turn, provide the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 (e.g., light in the red fluorescence band) to the optical collectors 330. As illustrated, the optical filter 350 is disposed behind the NV diamond material 305 such that the optical filter 350 reflects light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 from the vacancy material 305. In some embodiments, the optical filter 350 may be configured to enclose or otherwise surround the vacancy material 305. The enclosing of the vacancy material 305 increases the reflection of light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 from the vacancy material 305 to the optical collectors 330.

In some embodiments, the optical filter 350 is disposed proximate to the plurality of optical collectors 330. The optical filter 350 may be disposed within a predetermined distance to the optical collectors 330. For example, the optical filter 350 may be disposed next to the optical collectors 330 as depicted. The optical filter 350 may be disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the plurality of optical collectors 330. As depicted, the optical filter 350 is disposed behind the plurality of optical collectors 330. Advantageously, disposing the optical filter 350 behind the plurality of optical collectors 330 facilitates the removal of light corresponding to the first wavelength W1 (e.g., light corresponding to green) by the optical filter 350 which reduces noise and/or other errors introduced by W.

In further embodiments, a predetermined dimension (e.g., length, width, height, etc.) corresponding to the optical filter 350 may be configured to extend beyond a predetermined dimension (e.g., length, width, height, etc.) corresponding to the gap G and/or the optical collectors 330. For example, the width of the optical filter 350 may be configured to be greater than the width of the gap G to compensate for over tolerances in manufacturing such that the optical filter 350 covers the gap G. As the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 makes contact C with or otherwise hits the optical filter 350, the light W2 is reflected (as illustrated in FIG. 6) from the optical filter 350 to the optical collectors 330. The light ray W2 R is reflected at an angle of incidence a and an angle of reflection β as depicted across the normal N. The angle of incidence may equal the angle of reflection. Each respective angle may measure between 0 degrees and 180 degrees based on one or more refractive indices corresponding to the optical filter 350. Alternatively or additionally, the height of the optical filter 350 may be configured to be greater than the height of the optical collectors 330 to compensate for over tolerances in manufacturing such that the optical filter 350 receives light (e.g., light corresponding to the second wavelength W2) directed beyond the optical collectors 330. In turn, the optical filter 350 reflects or otherwise provides the light corresponding to the second wavelength W2 to the optical collectors 330.

The dimensional variations are not limited to those included in the respective illustrations. Such dimensional variations may be increased, decreased, adjusted or otherwise scaled depending on the application of the optical filtration system 300.

The embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein have been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts.

Claims

1. A system comprising: an optical excitation source configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength;a vacancy center material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy center material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation;receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to the first wavelength; andgenerate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received;a plurality of optical collectors comprising respective receiving ends configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength, wherein the vacancy center material is disposed in a gap between the receiving ends; andan optical filter disposed adjacent to the gap between the receiving ends of the plurality of optical collectors configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the plurality of optical collectors.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter is further configured to transmit the light corresponding to the first wavelength.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the light corresponding to the first wavelength comprises green and the light corresponding to the second wavelength comprises red.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter comprises an optical coating, and wherein the optical coating comprises one or more layers configured to at least one of transmit or reflect light.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter is disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the plurality of optical collectors.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter is configured to enclose the vacancy center material.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter is disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the vacancy center material.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein a predetermined dimension corresponding to the optical filter is configured to extend beyond a predetermined dimension corresponding to the gap.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a RF excitation source configured to provide the RF excitation to the vacancy center material.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter comprises a dichroic filter.

11. A system comprising: an optical excitation source configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength;a vacancy material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation;receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to the first wavelength; andgenerate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received;a plurality of optical collectors comprising respective receiving ends configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength, wherein the vacancy center material is disposed in a gap between the receiving ends; anda plurality of optical filters disposed adjacent to the gap between the receiving ends of the plurality of optical collectors configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the plurality of optical collectors.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of optical filters are further configured to transmit the light corresponding to the first wavelength.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the light corresponding to the first wavelength comprises green and the light corresponding to the second wavelength comprises red.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of optical filters are disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the plurality of optical collectors.

15. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of optical filters are disposed proximate to the plurality of optical collectors.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of optical filters are disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the vacancy material.

17. The system of claim 11, further comprising a RF excitation source configured to provide the RF excitation to the vacancy material.

18. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprises an optical coating configured to facilitate the provision of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the optical collectors.

19. A system comprising: an optical excitation source configured to generate light corresponding to a first wavelength;a vacancy material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, the vacancy material configured to: receive radio frequency (RF) excitation;receive optical excitation based, at least in part, on the generation of the light corresponding to the first wavelength; and generate light corresponding to a second wavelength responsive to the RF excitation and the optical excitation received;an optical collector comprising a receiving end configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength, wherein the vacancy center material is disposed in a gap adjacent to the receiving end; andan optical filter disposed adjacent to the gap configured to provide at least a second portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength to the optical collector.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the vacancy material is disposed proximate to the optical collector.

21. The system of claim 19, wherein the optical filter is disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the vacancy material.

22. The system of claim 19, wherein the optical filter is disposed within a predetermined distance to the optical collector.

23. The system of claim 19, wherein the optical filter is disposed at least one of above, beneath, behind, or in front of the optical collector.

24. The system of claim 19, wherein the optical filter comprises an optical coating, and wherein the optical coating comprises at least one of a soft coating or a hard coating.

25. An apparatus, the apparatus configured to: receive light corresponding to a first wavelength;receive, via a vacancy material comprising a plurality of vacancy centers, at least a second portion of light corresponding to a second wavelength; andreflect the at least second portion of light corresponding to the second wavelength to a plurality of optical collectors comprising respective receiving ends configured to receive at least a first portion of the light corresponding to the second wavelength, wherein the vacancy center material is disposed in a gap between the receiving ends when the apparatus is disposed adjacent to the gap between the receiving ends of the plurality of optical collectors.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the optical filter comprises an optical coating configured to facilitate the transmission of the light corresponding to the first wavelength.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the optical filter comprises an optical coating configured to facilitate the reflection of the light corresponding to the second wavelength.

28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the optical filter is further configured to transmit light corresponding to the first wavelength.