Patent Grant
7751117
This application is a 371 National Stage of International Application No. PCT/FR2006/001280, filed Jun. 6, 2006, which claims the benefit of European Application No. 05/05708, filed Jun. 6, 2005. The aforementioned patent applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The present invention relates to the field of optical parametric conversion systems, optical parametric oscillators (OPO), optical parametric amplifiers (OPA), as well as the field of the generation of twin photons.
The optical parametric conversion obtained in a non-linear optical medium enables for example “pump” photons, injected into the system at a frequency .ωp, to be converted into pairs of “signal” and “idler” photons at the different frequencies ωs and ωi. It enables twin photons to be generated, new frequencies to be generated (for the OPO) or weak signals to be amplified (for the OPA). Said effect is amplified when the non-linear medium is placed within a resonant cavity so as to produce an oscillator. It is known that when the cavity is close to the resonance for the “signal” and “idler” (doubly resonant OPO, or DROPO) or for the three waves (triply resonant OPO, or TROPO), the threshold for the parametric generation may be significantly reduced, which significantly increases the efficiency of the mechanism. It will be noted that one such system may generally operate under impulsional excitation. The OPO are sources of coherent light wherein the generation of new frequencies is spontaneous above a power threshold of the “pump”. The OPA, wherein the generation is not spontaneous, are used for the capacity thereof for amplifying the light beams, of low intensity, at the ωs or ωi frequency. The nature of the non-linear medium as well as the drawing of the cavities determines the ωs and ωi frequencies. For an active medium having an χ(2) type non-linear susceptibility, the conservation of energy results in the 2ωP=ωs+ωi relation. For an χ(3) type medium, the relation is 2ωp=ωs+ωi. In both cases, an effective parametric conversion requires optimisation of the phase agreement condition which is written as follows:
Δk=kp−ki−ks=0 for an χ(2) type system or Δk=2kp−ki−k5=0 for an χ(3) type system.
Prior art knows monolithic or non-monolithic parametric conversion systems with the aid of cavities for obtaining a multi-resonance. The problem with the conventional non-monolithic OPO is the bulkiness thereof and complexity thereof because they require a pump laser, a non-linear crystal and external mirrors for the cavities. The difficulty for obtaining an effective parametric conversion is linked to the need to satisfy that which is known by the person skilled in the art as the phase agreement condition on one hand and on the other hand the necessity for obtaining resonant cavity modes with the parametric frequencies. Concerning the monolithic systems, two very different situations are differentiated depending on whether the non-linearity is in χ(2) or χ(3).
The publication by Savvidis, Baumberg, Stevenson, Skolnick, Whittaker and Roberts “Angle-Resonant Stimulated Polariton Amplifier”, published in Physical Review Letters, Vol 84, page 1547, February 2000, discloses a system for the parametric amplification via the means of a single planar microcavity. The electromagnetic field is entirely confined by the cavity according to the direction of growth and is moreover in strong exciton-photon coupling regime with the quantum well system placed in the core thereof. In said system, the χ(3) susceptibility is very high and enables an effective parametric conversion to be obtained for the ωp, ωs and ωi close frequencies, all included the stop band of the Bragg mirrors. The single cavity, in strong exciton-photon coupling regime, here enables a triple resonance to be obtained for the three frequencies. Nevertheless, the compliance of the phase agreement conditions requires that the injection of pump photons is carried out at a high value (typically)16° and delicate to determine particular angle, which makes any practical use difficult. In addition, the idler photons are emitted at an even higher angle, an angle for which the coupling of photons with the outside of the cavity is particularly low, which makes the generation of twin photons difficult. Finally, the strong exciton-photon coupling regime being essential for obtaining the phase agreement, the system only operates, with the materials available for the manufacturing, such as GaAs, at a low temperature.
On the other hand, for the systems using a non-linearity in χ(2), the publication by Haidar, Forget and Rosencher, “Optical Parametric Oscillation in Microcavities Based on Isotropic Semiconductors: a Theoretical Study”, published in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol 30, No 4, April 2003, discloses a system for the parametric oscillation wherein the reflectivity diagram of the mirrors used is such as illustrated in
Patent application FR 2 751 796 is also known, in the name of the CEA, which describes a system of two coupled lasers wherein a first laser pumps a second laser. The laser cavities of said document are however not arranged for generating parametric frequencies. Indeed, the system described in D1 is not a parametric oscillator, but a simple laser. In particular, said document does not describe the nature of the coupling between the laser cavities and does not enable parametric frequencies to be managed.
One aim of the present invention is to provide an alternative solution to the existing parametric conversion systems in order to easily produce the parametric conversion.
Another aim of the present invention is to enable the parametric conversion for close frequencies, in the direction defined further, between the pump, the signal and the idler or at least for close frequencies between two of the three parametric frequencies.
Another aim of the present invention is to produce a vertical parametric conversion system for an injection angle of the pump according to the axis of the system.
In order to solve at least one of said problems, the present invention relates to a monolithic system, for the parametric conversion from a pump wave to a pump frequency, comprising at least two resonant cavities, said cavities being strongly coupled via at least one coupling mirror, said cavities being arranged for generating parametric frequencies associated to said pump frequencies, at least one of said cavities comprising an active non-linear medium, said at least one coupling mirror being arranged such that said parametric frequencies are located in the stop band of said at least one mirror for an injection direction of said pump wave via the surface of said system.
For the purposes of the present application, and as will be understood by the person skilled in the art, the term “cavities strongly coupled to one another” corresponds to the degeneracy lift of the resonant cavity modes.
It is also noted that the direction of the injection of the pump wave is produced “via the surface” of the system. Indeed, the system according to the invention comprises a plurality of layers according to substantially parallel planes and forming a monolithic system. The injection is therefore produced according to said planes and not via the wafer of said layers as in known systems. The system according to the invention is therefore known by the person skilled in the art as being a system with vertical injection, as opposed with an injection via the wafer. Likewise, the system according to the invention is a surface emission system.
In this way, the specific modes of the coupled system produce an assembly of multi-resonant optical modes for the parametric frequencies.
According to a first embodiment, the non-linear material has an .chi..sup.(3) type susceptibility enabling signal and idler photons to be generated at close frequencies of the pump.
According to a second embodiment, the material has an χ(2) type susceptibility enabling a conversion wherein two of the three parametric frequencies will be close to one another.
For the purposes of the present application, the term “close frequencies” corresponds to the frequencies included in the stop band of the Bragg mirror.
According to a first mode of implementation, in order to obtain a triply resonant device, the abovementioned system may comprise three resonant cavities, said cavities being strongly coupled via two coupling mirrors, said cavities being arranged for generating three parametric frequencies associated to said pump frequency, said system comprising two mirrors which close the system and which form said cavities with said two coupling mirrors.
According to a second mode of implementation, in order to obtain a doubly resonant device, said system may comprise two resonant cavities, said cavities being strongly coupled via a coupling mirror, said cavities being arranged for generating three parametric frequencies associated to said pump frequencies, said system comprising two mirrors which close the system and which form said cavities with said coupling mirror.
The active non-linear medium may be either a quantum well, or a quantum dot system, or even a solid material, for example a semiconductor or a polymer, or any other solid active medium.
The coupling mirrors used are preferably Bragg mirrors, or even a dielectric or metallic layer having the reflectivity parameters suitable for the present invention.
According to one possible embodiment, said at least one cavity has a thickness substantially equal to a small integral number of times the semi-wavelength of the pump wave desired to be converted, and this, so that the field is sufficiently intense in the cavity.
Advantageously, the parametric conversion system according to the present invention enables the phase agreement condition to be obtained for the case of a weak light-matter coupling regime and also for the case of a strong light-matter coupling regime (photon-exciton).
If the growth method is not accurate enough for targeting the nominal thicknesses and in order to finely adjust the resonance condition between the cavity modes and the parametric frequencies, the thickness of at least one cavity optionally has a lateral gradient, i.e. in the normal plane of the direction of the growth axis for a vertical system.
Preferably, if the growth method is not accurate enough for targeting the nominal thicknesses and in order to finely adjust the resonance condition between the cavity modes and the parametric frequencies, the thickness of one of the cavities has a lateral gradient in a first direction, and a second cavity has a lateral gradient in a second direction different to said first direction, for example perpendicular, in the normal plane to the direction of the growth axis.
Moreover, in order to obtain a more isotropic light mode, and as opposed to the devices giving an emission via the wafer of the structure, the system according to the invention is a surface emission system. The latter also has the advantage of being able to test the components before cutting and optionally being able to parallelise the manufacture or use of a large number of components of the same nature. Said type of geometry also enables easy coupling with optical fibres.
According to an advantageous growth technique in the field of microstructures, the core of the cavities and/or certain Bragg mirrors are epitaxied.
The invention also relates to an optical device intended for producing parametric conversion comprising a system such as above-described, the device further comprising a means for injecting a pump wave to a pump wavelength, said injection means being suitable for injecting said pump wave substantially according to the axis of said system.
Advantageously, according to one embodiment and in order to obtain a compact device said injection means is formed by a cavity known as injection, rigidly connected to said system and weakly coupled to same via a weak coupling mirror for said pump wavelength.
Advantageously, the cavity known as injection may be outside of the system such as above-described and may be attached after the growth of the system via the technique known under the name of “wafer bonding”.
Advantageously, the cavity known as injection may be manufactured according to prior art for the manufacturing of VCSEL so as to authorise an electrical injection of same.
Advantageously and according to another embodiment of a compact system, the injection cavity may be one of the cavities used for producing the parametric conversion system.
The invention will be better understood from the following description, provided merely for purposes of explanation, of one embodiment of the invention, in reference to the appended figures:
According to one embodiment illustrated in
According to the example presented, each cavity has a thickness equal to once the wavelength. Each of the cavities is gripped by two Bragg reflection mirrors 1 and 2 for cavity 5; 2 and 3 for cavity 6, and 3 and 4 for cavity 7. The mirrors consist of a repeated stacking of two transparent layers, with different indexes and with a thickness enabling the desired reflectivity to be obtained for operating the device. The thickness is therefore for example equal to the quarter of the pump wavelength for each of the layers. More specifically, in the example illustrated in
More specifically, cavities 5 and 6 are strongly coupled via the Bragg mirror 2 and cavities 6 and 7 are strongly coupled via the Bragg mirror 3. As the person skilled in the art will understand, for a dual-cavity system, the strong coupling is obtained when the reflectivity of the coupling mirror is less than 4R/(1+R)2, where R is the reflectivity of the mirrors which grip the assembly of two cavities. In a more general case, it is easy to determine the reflectivity and therefore the number of layers required for obtaining a strong coupling mirror, by carrying out the calculation of the reflectivity via the standard transfer matrices method.
The assembly here is coupled on the outside via the Bragg mirrors 1 and 4.
Individually, each of said cavities is presented in the form of structure of known type and the manufacturing of which is controlled by the person skilled in the art for producing vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers, such as for example described in the publications by J. L. Jewell, J. P. Harbison, A. Sherer, Y. H. Lee, L. T. Florez, “Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers—design, growth, fabrication, characterization”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-27, p 1332 (1991) and by M. Shimada, T. Asaka, Y. Yamasaki, H. Iwano, M. Ogura, S. Mukai, “Low-threshold surface-emitting lasers-diodes with distributed Bragg reflectors and current blocking layers”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, p 1289 (1990), or for producing dual-cavity coupled systems, such as described in the publications by P. Michler, M. Hilpert, G. Reiner, “Dynamics of dual-wavelength emission from a coupled semiconductor microcavity laser”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, p 2073 (1997), and by P. Pellandini, R. P. Stanley, R. Houdre, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, C. Weisbuch, “Dual-wavelength emission from a coupled semiconductor microcavity”, Appl. Phys. Left. 71, p 864 (1997).
Apart from the inter-cavity coupling, each cavity has a specific Fabry-Perot mode having an energy of the mode noted w(k) which grows rapidly according to the wave vector in the plane of the layers k, or in an equivalent manner according to the angle of incidence, one and the other being linked by a simple trigonometric relation.
When the cavities have the same thickness, the inter-cavity coupling lifts the degeneracy between the three modes, in so far as the coupling between cavities is greater than the spectral width of the modes.
The result is the appearance of 3 new specific modes which correspond to the photonic modes delocalised in the entire structure and no longer localised in each of the cavities.
In said embodiment of the invention, an active non-linear medium formed for example by an assembly of quantum wells 8, 9, 10, is positioned within the cavities, in the vicinity of the maxima of the electrical field.
The fundamental excitonic transition here has an energy close to the resonance with the microcavities. According to one simple variant, a single quantum well of InGaAs (at 6% of In) is placed at the centre of each of the three cavities, being understood that increasing the number of quantum wells enables the non-linearity to be increased.
In this way, a significant contribution is obtained from the non-linearities with each of the specific modes of the system, thus favouring the existence of a low excitation power threshold for the parametric oscillations, via distinction with a non-resonant non-linearity, when the operation is carried out in the transparency area of the non-linear medium.
The system 20 therefore constitutes an assembly of 6 coupled oscillators (3 photonic modes and 3 excitons). According to the excitation power and temperature conditions, the matter-radiation coupling therefore corresponds to either a weak exciton-photon coupling regime, or to a strong exciton-photon coupling regime, when the coupling force predominates over the losses.
In weak coupling regime, the system is characterised here, by the existence in the spectrum of 3 resonances (the 3 photonic modes expanded by the excitonic absorption). Therefore, said three resonances are respectively chosen for the injection in the “pump” state and the emission via the “signals” and “idler” states.
In strong coupling regime, the degeneracy between photons and excitons is lifted and the spectrum therefore has 6 new specific modes, mixed exciton-photon states known as the microcavity polaritons. In this case, the “pump”, “signal” and “idler” states will be selected among 3 of the 6 specific modes, according to the most advantageous configuration in terms of gain for the parametric oscillation.
It should be noted that, contrarily to the parametric oscillation obtained for the single cavities, the operation principle is no longer limited by the nature of the matter-radiation coupling (weak or strong), and the parametric oscillation may be reached, irrespective of the type of matter-radiation coupling.
According to a principle already known, the parametric oscillation regime may be obtained on condition of satisfying the conservation of the energy or the impulsion (or of the wave vector) between the photons injected in the “pump” state and the photons emitted in the “signal” and “idler” states, which constitutes the phase agreement condition.
The conservation of the energy is satisfied on condition of selecting 3 equidistant energy states, such as to respect the 2ωp=ωs+ωc condition, (for a non-linear process of the 3rd order), where ωp is the energy of the pump, ωs the energy of the signal and ωc the energy of the idler (ωs<ωp<ωc).
Likewise, the conservation of the impulsion is satisfied on condition of respecting the 2kp=ka+kc relation where kp is the wave vector of the pump, kc the wave vector of the signal and kc the wave vector of the idler.
According to one advantageous variant of the invention, a thickness gradient is introduced into one or more cavities such as to be able to obtain the zero angle phase agreement for the “pump”, “signal” and “idler” states. The introduction of a gradient may be carried out via selective interruption of the rotation of the wafer during the growth, according to a similar principle to that which is known for the single planar cavities, for example described in the publication by C. Weisbuch, M. Nishioka, A. Ishikawa, and Y. Arakawa, “Observation of the coupled exciton-photon mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, p 3314 (1992).
In particular, it is possible to introduce a gradient (approximately 1 meV/mm) in perpendicular directions for two of the three cavities, which enables the energy of the three cavities to be adjusted separately. For this purpose, the rotation of the wafer is interrupted during the growth of the first cavity (first thickness gradient), then interrupted, for the second cavity, according to a direction perpendicular to that chosen for the first cavity (second thickness gradient perpendicular to the first). The rotation is again interrupted for the third cavity according to the same direction as for the first. Thus, by moving to the surface of the sample, the relative discordance between the “pump”, “signal” and “idler” states may be adjusted in order to adjust the conservation condition of the energy.
The conservation of the impulsion is therefore obtained naturally for an excitation with a zero angle of incidence, i.e. an injection perpendicular to the surface of the sample when the energies respect the 2ωp(kp=0)=ωs(ks=0)+ωc(kc−0) condition.
The reflectivity diagram associated with one such configuration is shown schematically in
It is also possible, by moving on the sample, to obtain a phase agreement for the non-zero angles. The reflectivity diagram associated with one such configuration is presented schematically in
Said last configuration not producing single “signal” and “idler” modes, it is not favourable for obtaining a parametric oscillation, but nevertheless may enable an emission of intricated modes to be observed on a ring in a plane perpendicular to the growth axis, according to a mechanism similar to the one predicted for photonic wires in a parametric fluorescence type emission.
The above-described effect may be highlighted by an assembly known in the field of emission for semiconductor nanostructures. The device comprises a laser source for the excitation for example the frequency accordable Titan-sapphire type. The excitation is carried out in continuous regime, via the surface of the sample, after focusing on a spot of approximately 20 micrometers in diameter.
For the study of the device, a sample is placed in a Helium cryostat. Positive results have been obtained by the Applicant with the device illustrated in
However, it is understood that the use of the present invention may be extended to the ambient temperature according to the same principle.
In operatory mode, the substrate has been thinned down via a standard power sanding method, such as to enable optical transmission as well as reflection measurements to be produced. The emission is collected in transmission, with the aid of an optical fibre mounted on a goniometer in order to carry out the angular analysis of the emission. The radiation emitted is detected via a multi-channel photodiode analyzer placed at the output of a spectrometer having a resolution of 100 micro-eV.
It is noted that the Applicant was able to experimentally verify that the polarisation of the “signal” and of the “idler” respects the rules of selection imposed by the parametric mechanism (right-hand or left-hand co-circular emission for a right-hand or left-hand co-circular excitation).
It is noted that the Applicant was able to experimentally verify that the device according to the invention also enabled the parametric amplification of a second continuous laser beam, of low intensity, injected in the system at the frequency of the signal to be verified.
It will be noted that apart from the diffusion mechanism shown in
Moreover, a technical choice is described here, where the number of layers in the Bragg mirrors (13 pairs) and the number of quantum wells (1 well per cavity) was minimised in order to reduce the growth time and minimise a possible inhomogeneity (for example on the width of the quantum wells and therefore on the energy of the wells with respect to each other).
The number of pairs of layers in the Bragg mirrors has an influence on two parameters in the present invention: the finesse of the photonic modes and the importance of the coupling between the cavities. It is known according to the state-of-the-art on the single planar cavities that the threshold for the parametric oscillation is all the more lower as the finesse is large. Inversely, it is important here to obtain a good coupling between the three cavities and therefore to reduce the number of layers for the intermediate mirrors 2 and 3.
It may also be envisaged to optimise the structure by developing a structure having a larger number of pairs for the outer mirrors 1 and 4, in order to increase the overall finesse, while minimising the number of pairs in the coupling mirrors 2 and 3.
According to a second embodiment, a system 20a comprising only two coupled cavities is produced, as illustrated in
The invention also relates to a parametric conversion device comprising a system such as described in the preceding embodiments as well as an injection means for the pump at the frequency of the pump.
According to a first variant, the injection means is for example of laser type and is arranged so that the injection angle, in the system according to the invention, is substantially zero. In accordance with the invention, a parametric conversion and the generation of a signal and idler photon is produced.
According to a second variant, the injection means is built into the system according to the invention and is presented in the form of an additional cavity weakly coupled for the pump wavelength, via a weak coupling mirror having for example a greater reflectivity.
One embodiment for a device comprising an electrical injection means, noted 20c, is presented in
A plurality of uses of the device are possible. The device being able to operate in the parametric amplification regime, it may be used in the field of telecommunications for the regeneration of weak signals.
For the embodiment involving a non-linearity in χ(2), the parametric generation enables frequencies approximately twice as weak as that of the pump to be obtained, in a spectral range that is difficult to access by conventional laser diodes.
The parametric generation of twin photons is the basis of cryptographic methods and serve as a substitute to using single photon sources. Within this framework, the photons emitted by the idler serve to trigger the detection of signal photons. Any interception of a photon by a third party is systematically detected. Moreover, the parametric generation offers an additional advantage in relation to single photon sources, i.e. the possibility of generating intricated states, such as those presented in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 05 05708 | Jun 2005 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2006/001280 | 6/6/2006 | WO | 00 | 5/16/2008 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006/131640 | 12/14/2006 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5402437 | Mooradian | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5854802 | Jin et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 6356370 | Damen et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 20050271092 | Ledentsov et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060092500 | Melloni et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2 751 796 | Jan 1998 | FR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090097510 A1 | Apr 2009 | US |
