BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to optical communication systems and, more specifically, to monitoring the performance of such systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fiber optic networks are widely used for data transmission in modem communication systems. Due to increasing data traffic volumes, monitoring and management of networks become increasingly important. For example, such monitoring may include a measurement at a particular point in the network of the quality of an optical signal corresponding to one or more optical communication channels. The optical signal may be analyzed for various impairments, e.g., timing jitter, noise level, chromatic dispersion, and the like. Obtained information may then be used to improve the performance of the network, for example, if certain impairments exceed a tolerable level.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a representative fiber-optic network 100 configured to carry optical signals modulated with data from a source node 102 to a destination node 112 via a plurality of intermediate nodes 104. An optical transmission link 120 connects a pair of intermediate nodes 104A and 104B via an optical fiber 106. Link 120 may include one or more optical amplifiers, optical regenerators, and optical performance monitors. In FIG. 1, link 120 is illustratively shown as having one optical amplifier (OA) 108, one regenerator 110, and one optical performance monitor (OPM) 114. Amplifier 108 is located between sections 106A and 106B of fiber 106 and is configured to boost optical signals attenuated by light absorption in section 106A. Regenerator 110 is located before node 104B and is configured to correct optical impairments induced by the preceding network components, e.g., fiber 106 and OA 108. OPM 114 is optically coupled to section 106B and is configured to monitor the quality of optical signals received by regenerator 110.
Depending on the particular implementation, regenerator 110 may be designed to perform reshaping and re-amplification (2R) or reshaping, re-amplification, and retiming (3R) of optical signals. Descriptions of representative prior-art 2R and 3R regenerators can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,498,671, 6,317,232, and 5,353,146, the teachings of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In a typical implementation, OPM 114 operates by converting an optical signal into a corresponding electrical signal and then analyzing the electrical signal for impairments using electrical signal processing methods. However, one disadvantage of such an OPM is that it typically requires high-speed electronics. Furthermore, at relatively high bit rates, e.g., about 40 Gb/s, either the sensitivity or bandwidth of the electronics may be insufficient to accurately and/or cost-effectively measure the impairments. On the other hand, optical methods applied to monitoring optical signals have certain advantages over electrical methods because at least part of the signal processing is accomplished in the optical domain. Descriptions of representative optical-domain-based OPMs can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,433,901 and 6,396,051, the teachings of both of which are also incorporated herein by reference. However, one problem with such optical-domain-based OPMs is that they often require relatively expensive optical components, such as nonlinear crystals, interferometers, tunable filters, etc.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Problems in the prior art are addressed, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, by an optical device having a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) coupled to an optical filter, which device may be used for optical performance monitoring. One embodiment of the invention provides an optical regenerator/monitor (RM), in which an SOA is used both for optical regeneration of a communication signal applied to the RM and for evaluation of the quality of that signal. The RM has (i) a 2R regenerator, which includes the SOA and an optical filter, and (ii) a relatively simple signal processor configured to receive optical signals from two or more sampling points located at the regenerator. In one configuration, the processor evaluates the quality of the communication signal by comparing optical power tapped from the input and output of the regenerator. The RM, so configured, can be used, for example, to monitor chromatic dispersion and/or optical noise in the communication signal. Advantageously, a single RM of the invention can perform network functions of two separate prior-art devices, a regenerator and an optical performance monitor.
According to one embodiment, the present invention is a device, comprising: a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) adapted to receive an input optical signal; a first optical filter coupled to an output of the SOA to produce a first filtered signal; and a signal processor adapted to measure optical power corresponding to each of the input and first filtered signals to monitor signal quality of the input signal.
According to another embodiment, the present invention is a method of monitoring signal quality, comprising: (A) applying an input optical signal to a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA); (B) optically filtering at least a portion of a signal generated by the SOA to produce a first filtered signal; and (C) measuring optical power corresponding to each of the input and first filtered signals to monitor signal quality of the input signal.
According to yet another embodiment, the present invention is an optical communication network configured to transmit optical communication signals between network nodes, the network including a device comprising: a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) adapted to receive an input optical signal; a first optical filter coupled to an output of the SOA to produce a first filtered signal; and a signal processor adapted to measure optical power corresponding to each of the input and first filtered signals to monitor signal quality of the input signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other aspects, features, and benefits of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a representative prior-art fiber-optic network;
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a fiber-optic network according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a regenerator/monitor (RM) that can be-used in the network of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a representative configuration of the RM shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 graphically illustrates the behavior of two quality measures generated by the RM of FIG. 3 when said RM is configured in accordance with FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 graphically illustrates another representative configuration of the RM shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 graphically illustrates the behavior of two quality measures generated by the RM of FIG. 3 when said RM is configured in accordance with FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a fiber-optic network according to another embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a fiber-optic network 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Network 200 is analogous to network 100 of FIG. 1 with analogous elements of the two networks marked with labels having the same last two digits. However, one difference between networks 200 and 100 is that network 200 employs a novel regenerator/monitor (RM) 216, which performs functions analogous to those of the combination of regenerator 110 and OPM 114 in network 100. As will be explained below, some optical components in RM 216 are used both for optical regeneration of a communication signal applied to the RM and evaluation of the quality of that signal. Due to the component sharing, the cost of RM 216 may be substantially reduced compared to that of the combination of regenerator 110 and OPM 114 in network 100.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an RM 300 that can be used as RM 216 (FIG. 2) according to one embodiment of the present invention. RM 300 includes an optical regenerator 310 and a signal processor 320. Processor 320 has one primary port and one or more secondary ports, each port coupled to a sampling point at regenerator 310. The sampling point corresponding to the primary port (labeled 0 in FIG. 3) is a tap 302A located at the input port of regenerator 310. The sampling points corresponding to the (illustratively three) secondary ports (labeled 1 through 3) are located as follows. The sampling point corresponding to secondary port 1 is a tap 302C located at the output port of regenerator 310; and the sampling point corresponding to secondary ports 2 and 3 is a tap 302B located within the regenerator. Tap 302B is coupled to ports 2 and 3 via filters 328A and 328B, respectively. At each port, processor 320 has a power meter (not shown) configured to measure average optical power received at that port, where the averaging is performed over a certain time interval, e.g., about 100 ms or greater than about 109 optical bits. Processor 320 evaluates the quality of an optical communication signal 304 applied to RM 300 based on said power measurements. For example, in one configuration, processor 320 generates a first quality measure (corresponding to port 1) by computing a ratio of the optical power received at secondary port 1 to the optical power received at primary port 0. Similarly, one or more additional quality measures may be generated based on power measurements at other secondary ports. As will be further explained below, each quality measure may be used to evaluate one or more impairments in signal 304.
In one embodiment, regenerator 310 is a 2R regenerator designed to convert signal 304 into a new signal 324, which new signal carries the same data as signal 304, but has a different carrier wavelength. It is also possible to configure regenerator 310 such that signal 324 has the same carrier wavelength as signal 304. Advantageously, signal 324 has improved characteristics, e.g., (i) pulse shapes that are substantially free of distortions, (ii) relatively high power, and (iii) relatively high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR).
A 3-dB coupler 314 combines signal 304′ applied to regenerator 310 via tap 302A with a monochromatic continuous wave (CW) beam 306 produced by a CW source (e.g., laser) 312. Alternatively, a waveguide grating router, a circulator, an asymmetric splitter, a grating, or another suitable device may be utilized, as known in the art, in place of coupler 314. The combined signal is then applied to a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) 316, the output of which (labeled in FIG. 3 as signal 308) is passed through a filter 318 to produce signal 324. Wavelength conversion in regenerator 310 is achieved due to the cross-phase-modulation-induced chirp in SOA 316. More specifically, when signal 304 has an optical “0”, substantially only the CW light of beam 306 is coupled into and amplified by SOA 316. However, transmission characteristics of filter 318 are chosen such that the wavelengths corresponding to beam 306 are suppressed by the filter. As a result, substantially no light appears at the output of regenerator 310, thereby producing an optical “0” in signal 324. When signal 304 has an optical “1”, signal 304′ and beam 306 become nonlinearly coupled in SOA 316. This coupling produces a chirp of the CW signal corresponding to beam 306 toward longer (red) and shorter (blue) wavelengths at the leading and trailing edges, respectively, of each pulse representing an optical “1” in signal 304′. While filter 318 blocks the blue-shifted light, it allows the red-shifted light to pass, thereby producing an optical “1” in signal 324. Beam 306 may also be affected by cross-gain modulation of SOA 316 by signal 304′. As already indicated above, signal 324 is a reshaped and re-amplified (2R) replica of signal 304.
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates one representative configuration of RM 300, which configuration may be used to evaluate the OSNR of signal 304. In particular, FIG. 4 shows a representative spectrum of signal 308 corresponding to the following characteristics of signal 304 and beam 306. Signal 304 is a 33% duty factor, 40 Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) having a carrier wavelength of about 1559.0 nm, and beam 306 has a wavelength of about 1549.2 nm. In addition, FIG. 4 shows representative transmission curves of filters 318 and 328A, each of which is a 0.8-nm band-pass filter, the former centered at about 1549.9 nm and the latter centered at about 1548.2 nm.
FIG. 5 shows two quality measures generated by RM 300 as functions of the OSNR of signal 304, when the RM is configured in accordance with FIG. 4. More specifically, measures 1 and 2 shown in FIG. 5 correspond to secondary ports 1 and 2, respectively, of processor 320. Each measure value is computed as described above, i.e., by determining the corresponding power ratio and then normalizing it to the ratio corresponding to minimum noise, i.e., maximum OSNR. The results of FIG. 5 indicate that each of measures 1 and 2 is sensitive to optical noise and therefore can be used to monitor the OSNR of signal 304.
FIG. 6 graphically illustrates another representative configuration of RM 300, which configuration may be used to evaluate the amount of chromatic dispersion in signal 304. More specifically, FIG. 6 shows a representative spectrum of signal 308 corresponding to the following characteristics of signal 304 and beam 306. Signal 304 corresponding to FIG. 6 is similar to signal 304 corresponding to FIG. 4, but, in addition, it is distorted by chromatic dispersion in the amount of about 120 ps/nm. Beam 306 has a wavelength of about 1549.7 nm. FIG. 6 also shows representative transmission curves of filters 318 and 328B, each of which is a 0.8-nm band-pass filter, the former centered at about 1550.4 nm and the latter centered at about 1550.6 nm.
FIG. 7 shows two quality measures generated by RM 300 as functions of the amount of chromatic dispersion in signal 304, when the RM is configured in accordance with FIG. 6. More specifically, measures 1 and 3 shown in FIG. 7 correspond to secondary ports 1 and 3, respectively, of processor 320 and are computed by determining the corresponding power ratios and normalizing them to the ratio corresponding to the absence of dispersion. FIG. 7 indicates that each of measures 1 and 3 (i) adopts a value of about 1 in the absence of dispersion due to the normalization and (ii) has a value smaller than 1 when some amount of dispersion is present. As such, each of measures 1 and 3 can be used to monitor the amount of dispersion in signal 304. Furthermore, measures 1 and 3 may be used to implement signal processing that can reduce the amount of dispersion in signal 304. For example, in one configuration of network 200 (FIG. 2), a dispersion compensator (not shown) may be placed between section 206B of fiber 206 and RM 216. The compensator may then be configured to receive a feedback signal generated based on measures 1 and/or 3 shown in FIG. 7. Utilizing the relatively weak dependence of measure 3 on the amount of dispersion, the compensator can be coarse-tuned based on measure 3. Similarly, utilizing the relatively steep dependence of measure 1 on the amount of dispersion in the vicinity of zero dispersion, the compensator can be fine-tuned based on measure 1.
The combination of FIGS. 5 and 7 shows that the use of filter 318 provides an unambiguous indication of signal quality for both noise and distortion. The measured parameter decreases with decreasing signal quality, whether it is impaired by noise or distortion.
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a fiber-optic network 800 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Network 800 is analogous to network 100 of FIG. 1 with analogous elements of the two networks marked with labels having the same last two digits. However, one difference between networks 800 and 100 is that network 800 has RM 300 (FIG. 3) configured as an OPM, which performs functions analogous to those of OPM 114 in network 100. More specifically, in network 800, RM 300 is configured such that optical regeneration of the RM is substantially disabled, e.g., by discarding regenerated signal 324 (FIG. 3) into a signal blocker 814. Alternatively, optical regeneration in RM 300 may be disabled by turning off CW source 312 (FIG. 3). As a result, in network 800, RM 300 acts substantially as an optical performance monitor, while regenerator 810 performs optical regeneration.
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. For example, although the present invention has been described in the context of 2R regenerators, it can similarly be used with suitable 3R regenerators. An RM of the invention may be designed to generate a desired number of quality measures and have a desired number of filters 328, including no such filters at all. Sampling at the output port of the RM (e.g., tap 302C) may optionally be removed. An RM of the invention may be used solely for monitoring, without being applied to regeneration of the signal and/or configured to operate without changing the signal carrier wavelength. Although the present invention has been described in the context of using an SOA, a different suitable nonlinear optical device exhibiting cross-gain and/or cross-phase modulation may be used, e.g., in place of SOA 316 (FIG. 3). For systems characterized by steady and/or known optical power at the input of RM 300, measuring said power with processor 320 may be excluded. Different mathematical operations may be applied to the obtained power values to generate different quality measures and different filter shapes and positions may also be applied. Various modifications of the described embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are deemed to lie within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.
Although the steps in the following method claims, if any, are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those steps, those steps are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.
Patent Application
20050052727
