Patent Grant
8292177
This invention relates, generally, to the use and structure of removable electronic circuit cards and, more specifically, to cards that optimize to conditions external to the card, such as the application for which they are used.
Various commercially available non-volatile memory cards that are becoming popular are extremely small and have different mechanical and/or electrical interfaces. Examples include the related MultiMediaCard (“MMC”) and Secure Digital (“SD”) memory cards that are available from SanDisk Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif., assignee of the present application. There are other cards that conform to standards of the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (“IEC”), an example that is widely implemented being known as the ISO/IEC 7816 standard.
The physical and electrical specifications for the MMC are given in “The MultiMediaCard System Specification” that is updated and published from time-to-time by the MultiMediaCard Association (“MMCA”) of Cupertino, Calif. Versions 2.11 and 2.2 of that Specification, dated June 1999 and January 2000, respectively, are expressly incorporated herein by this reference. MMC products having varying storage capacity up to 64 megabytes in a single card are currently available from SanDisk Corporation, and capacities of 128 megabytes are expected to be available in the near future. These products are described in a “MultiMediaCard Product Manual,” Revision 2, dated April 2000, published by SanDisk Corporation, which Manual is expressly incorporated herein by this reference. Certain aspects of the electrical operation of the MMC products are also described in co-pending patent applications of Thomas N. Toombs and Micky Holtzman, Ser. Nos. 09/185,649 and 09/186,064, both filed Nov. 4, 1998, and assigned to SanDisk Corporation. The physical card structure and a method of manufacturing it are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,622, assigned to SanDisk Corporation. Both of these applications and patent are also expressly incorporated herein by this reference.
The newer SD Card is similar to the MMC card, having the same size except for an increased thickness that accommodates an additional memory chip. A primary difference between them is that the SD Card includes additional data contacts in order to enable faster data transfer between the card and a host. The other contacts of the SD Card are the same as those of the MMC card in order that sockets designed to accept the SD Card will also accept the MMC card. The electrical interface with the SD card is further made to be, for the most part, backward compatible with the MMC product described in version 2.11 of its specification referenced above, in order that few changes to the operation of the host need be made in order to accommodate both types of card. Certain aspects of the SD card are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/641,023, filed Aug. 17, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by this reference.
Cards made according to the ISO/IEC 7816 standard are of a different shape, have surface contacts in different positions, and a different electrical interface than the MMC and SD Cards. The ISO/IEC 7816 standard has the general title of “Identification cards-Integrated Circuits) Cards with Contacts,” and consists of parts 1-10 that carry individual dates from 1994 through 2000. This standard, copies of which are available from the ISO/TEC in Geneva, Switzerland, is expressly incorporated herein by this reference. ISO/IEC 7816 cards are particularly useful in applications where data must be stored in a secure manner that makes it extremely difficult or impossible for the data to be read in an unauthorized manner. The small. ISO/IEC 7816 cards are commonly used in cellular telephones, among other applications.
Current storage systems are designed to work with a number of different applications, such as audio storage, still image storage and video storage, but are generally not optimized for a particular application. The different hosts use memory cards in different applications. These applications have different needs in terms of read and write performance, level of data integrity, and so on. Such systems may operate well in one application, but fail to provide acceptable performance in another application. The differentiation in the applications needs is not taken into account in the card controller.
These removable non-volatile memory cards include a memory array and a controller that performs as the memory control and the host interface function. These removable cards are plugged into different a variety of devices, such as personal data assistants (PDAs), digital camera, cell phone, etc., which access the card in different patterns. This differentiation causes the card to have less than optimal performance and capability to optimize the memory management algorithms according to the host access pattern for the various applications. Although general performance enhancements, such as caching, may help in many applications, there will still be trade offs in a general-purpose card. Alternately, there may be specific optimizations for certain applications, but these need to be engineered into the card ahead of time.
Therefore, the present invention, briefly and generally, presents a memory card that, independently of the host, adapts its operation according to the application to which it applied or the conditions under which it is operated. This allows the card to dynamically self optimize. For example, the card can either “sense” how it is being used or take information received from the host into account and optimize its operation accordingly.
In a first set of embodiments, the card uses host profiling where it will learn about the host during host-card interactions and collect information such read/write buffer transfer speed, idle times between sequential commands and other information and the card's controller will optimize its algorithms accordingly. In another set of embodiments, the host and card will report to one another their capabilities for a quality of service negotiation. Based on the negotiation, the card can adapt its operation accordingly for such things as error and defect management and power versus performance.
Another set of embodiments allow the storage device to memorize access sequences issued by the host under various predefined conditions, such as host reset or a power on boot sequence. As the sequence of host commands following these predefined conditions are usually the same, the storage device can use this information to optimize operation for the expected commands. On deviation from an expected sequence, the device would memorize the new command sequence and save it, thus operating in a self-adaptive manner. This method can be used to optimize memory cards prior to shipment by running a number of applications on the card, allowing the card to learn the corresponding patterns, and fixing the optimization prior to shipment.
In yet another set of embodiments, the controller can adapt its operation according to external operating conditions, such as temperature or power supply levels.
Additional details, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, which should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
With reference to
In most of the examples described herein, the SD card is described but it will be understood that the invention is not limited to implementation with any specific type of removable electronic circuit card. In
The SD card 35 contains nine surface electrical contacts 10-18. Contacts 13, 14 and 16 are connected to power (VSS, VDD and VSS2) when inserted into the host system socket 33. Card contact 15 receives a clock signal (CLK) from the host. Contact 12 receives commands (CMD) from the host and sends responses and status signals back to the host. The remaining contacts 10, 11, 17 and 18 (DAT 2, DAT 3, DAT 0 and DAT 1, respectively) receive data in parallel for storage in its non-volatile memory and send data to the host in parallel from the memory. A fewer number of data contacts are selectable for use, such as a single data contact 17. The maximum rate of data transfer between the host and the card is limited by the number of parallel data paths that are used. The MMC card described in the Background above has a similar contact layout and interface, but omits the data pins 10 and 18 and does not use the contact 11, which is provided as a spare. The MMC card has the same dimensions and operates similarly to the SD card except that the card is only 1.4 millimeters thick and has a single data contact 17. The contacts of the card 35 are connected through respective pins 20-28 of the socket 33 to its host system. Other extensions of memory cards that are compatible with the present invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/924,185 filed Aug. 2, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The exemplary embodiment of the present invention is based on removable electronic circuit card, structured such as that shown in
As shown in more detail in
Memory cards are used in a wide variety of applications storing different types of data that have different requirements. These include audio, video, digital camera, data capture, error free applications (e.g., medical data) and so on. Although current storage systems are designed in a general manner to work in a number of different applications, such as audio storage, still image storage and video storage, they may operate well in one application but fail to provide fully acceptable performance in another application.
The present invention provides for a variety of cards that may be optimized for a single application or several different applications. For example, an audio-optimized card would “sense” when it is used in an audio device, such as an MP3 player, and know that it will need to maintain a certain data rate output, but may not be required to write data often. Given such information, the controller of the card can periodically output data, and during the dead times performs housekeeping functions and/or go into low power mode. Similarly, a video-optimized card can be developed that could either “sense” it is being used in a video application or, alternatively, the host can inform the card of the fact. A video-optimized card will take other information passed from the host into account, such as: record data rate(s), play back data rate(s), format, compression, quality criteria, sound criteria and other information related to video-applications. Knowing these factors will allow the card to perform optimally for the video-application.
For example, some applications can tolerate more error than others. Such applications, such as a fax or some video applications where single pixel errors are not that noticeable, would not require completely lossless ECC. The memory device can poll the host system to determine whether such a lossy scheme is acceptable. Another example where the loss of a few bits in a sector is not critical is the playing of a coded voice that is saved on a memory card because the decoding can be compensated by the interpolation that is done on data, with each coder/decoder can define its threshold number. On the other hand, more intensive ECC can be performed in applications where data integrity is essential (e.g. medical applications). In this case, the memory device employs more complicated ECC at the cost of performance. Such variable ECC or quality of service ECC is one example of card adapting to the host. Although this may be determined based upon polling the host, the card may also adapt to the host based on the card profiling the host.
In a host profiling arrangement, the non-volatile memory system profiles the host system with which it is used in order to determine the most efficient method of communicating with the host system. The host system of the non-volatile memory system provides feedback to the card to exchange information about a number of criteria. This information could include the type of drivers installed on the host and statistics related to those types of drivers, such as whether they are for video, audio, still images, and so on. It could also include the maximum and minimum clock rates or information about the buffer in the host device (whether the host wants to use the buffer or not) or the buffer in non-volatile system (whether the host wants to use the buffer on the non-volatile system). Based upon the profile of the host established by the card, the card can optimize itself accordingly.
As an example, consider the case where the card would optimize itself based on the frequency of host reads and writes for a card used in an MP3 player. MP3 players do not write often, but they do read a lot, as opposed to cameras that write often and frequently down load to a PC or PDAs that both read and write frequently. Additionally, MP3 players read fairly regularly and not at great speed. Consequently, there is a lot of non-busy time during reads, as shown in
In any of these host-profiling methods, the card controller will identify the host access profile to optimize its algorithms. In addition to a memory array 111 (
As noted, these cards are designed to be plugged into different devices, such as PDAs, digital cameras, cell phones, and so on, which access the card in different patterns. In the prior art, this differentiation in function causes the card a hit in performance and in the capability to optimize the memory management algorithms according to the host access pattern as the prior art lacks the algorithm optimization aspect of the present invention. The different hosts use different applications with the memory cards. These applications have different needs in terms of read/write performance, level of data integrity, etc. that is not taken into account in the prior art card controllers. The host profiling aspect of the present invention improves upon the prior art by having two modes of operation. In the first of these, the host profiling is by the card controller. The second is based on a quality of service negotiation between the card and the host. These operations will allow the card controller to tune its algorithms according to the data collected on the host. The various embodiments can be implemented in hardware or firmware.
In the mode where the host profiling is performed by the card controller, the card will learn about the host during its transactions and will collect information, such as write/read buffer transfer speed, the idle time between data buffers, block count in read/write, LBA rewrites, file access table (FAT) updates, idle time between sequential commands, and so on. The card will then use this information to optimize the memory control algorithms to the host. For example, on a host that reads slowly, such as an MP3 player, the card can handle correctable ECC errors by having the card controller read ahead enough sectors that will allow a safe correction in the flash memory without a degradation in performance. In another example, if the card recognizes rewrites to the file access table, it can have FAT data caching in the card and update these sectors less frequently.
A first example of host profiling by the card's controller is the profiling of the clock rate used on the card's system bus, for example the SD or MMC bus as described in the references incorporated above for these cards. In this example, the card's hardware can include a counter that will be incremented on every system bus clock. Such a counter 133 is shown in
In a further example, the card can set its system clock (or clocks) to meet the host's transfer rate and minimize power consumption. As the higher the clock rate, the greater the power consumption of the card's controller, the controller's system clock(s) have a major impact over the card's power consumption. If the card system maintains a clock rate faster than needed to conform with the host's transfer rate, unnecessary power will be consumed, so by setting the system clock settings to meet the host transfer rate, the card optimizes its power consumption while maintaining performance. The card's firmware can hold a table to indicate the card's data transfer rate for a given clock setting. Once the card's profiling has determined the host's transfer rate, it can then use the minimum clock rates that allow the card to successfully supply the host's data transfer rate. This will allow the card's power consumption to be optimized. The firmware can continue to monitor the host's data transfer rate and update the controller's clock(s) setting(s) accordingly.
In another set of examples, the card can profile a host's block count for both read and write. Again referring to the SD and MMC cards as the exemplary embodiment, the write and read commands do not have a defined block count and the termination of an operation is based on a stop transmission command. In a first instance, during a reset process, such as power on, the card's firmware can determine whether an access by the host is to the file system area instead of the user data area. At reset, the firmware can read assigned area where the Master Boot Record (MBR) is stored, such as Logical Block Address (LBA) 0. If the master boot record is a file system sector, the firmware can find the LBA range of the file system, such as (MBR+Partition Table+FAT1+FAT2) in the MMC/SD card example, where FAT1 and FAT2 are the two copies of the file access table. Once the LBA range of the file system determined, any access to this address space by the host can be considered as access to file system area and not to user area.
In a second instance, the firmware can find the block count used by the host to write data to the user space during write or read operations and the sequence of starting LBAs. Once the card's firmware has determined the block count that the host uses and the sequence of starting LBAs, it can tune its algorithms and hardware to maximize performance and minimize power consumption. Examples of such tuning can include data caching, prioritizing tasks/interrupt service routines/direct memory accesses, determine garbage collection (data relocation) preferences (such as least recently used or most recently used blocks), and so on. In systems having multiple Direct Memory Access (DMA) and Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) operations, the priority order chosen can have a major impact on performance.
In the quality of service mode, the host requests the card report its capabilities and recommendation. The host will report to the card the configuration it prefers to work with and its profile for accessing the card. The card capabilities reported to the host can include: read/write speed, best write block count, best start logical block address (LBA) alignment, ECC capabilities correct/ignore/abort, performance versus current consumption, performance versus data retention, and other operating parameters. There are usually a number of trade offs between these in card design, and this process allows these parameters to be adapted to the particular application. The host profile reported to the card can include: write/read maximum speed; logical address offsets for data types (for example, the offset in number of blocks for user data with a start LBA and block count due to overhead, such as (blocks devoted to list of transactions+start LBA+block count) or (blocks devoted to FAT area−start LBA+block count); the level of data integrity in acceptable in a read (for example, ECC errors can be corrected or can be ignored and the read continued; alternately, a bad block can be set to some pattern or the read can be aborted); and so on. All of the features described above for the host-profiling mode can also be implemented in the quality of service mode and vice versa. Additionally, it should be noted that these two modes are not exclusive of each other and be used in a complimentary manner.
As an example of the quality of service mode, if the card knows the memory area storing FATs, it can use a different algorithm to write to these FAT blocks to minimize garbage collections. In another example, if a host, such as a PC, requires high performance and has a high power supply, the card can choose a high performance/high power consumption mode, such as using multiple plane or multi-chip programming (described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/315,451, filed Dec. 9, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference); on the other hand, in a low power host, such as an MP3 player, the card can choose low performance and low power operation.
If the controller has the ability to adjust its own internal clock frequency such as by writing a value to a defined hardware register, the controller performance can be adjusted to meet that required by the application and can even be varied depending on external conditions. For example, in a high performance application, a maximum frequency may be desirable at the expense of increased power consumption, and an intelligent controller can measure suitable external variables such as temperature or power supply voltage and adjust the clock frequency accordingly. It is common to design an internal oscillator to be relatively constant with respect to temperature and voltage. However, CMOS circuits are normally capable of higher speed operation at lower temperatures and at higher voltages. The chip temperature can be measured, such as through the use of a temperature sensitive resistor or p-n junction, and the frequency set accordingly. Similarly the external voltage is easily measured using well know analog to digital converter circuitry and the internal oscillator frequency adjusted in response to this measurement. In this manner the application can override the normally pre-set clock frequency and obtain maximum performance under a variety of application and environmental condition.
After the QOS negotiation between the host and the card, the host can set the card's configuration according to the host applications' needs. For instance, an MP3 application may require only require a low bit rate and low power, while an image-capture application may require the maintaining high bit rate, and so on. For example, to use the card in a first application APP 1610, the host sets the card's QOS 611 optimized for the application: for example, it could be an application were the rate and consistency of data transfer is more important that minor amounts of error. In this ease, the use of ECC could be used only in as much as it does not affect the transfer rate. At a subsequent time, the host can use the card in another application APP N 620 and resets the card's QOS 621 accordingly: For example, application APP N could require data, such as in medical imaging, to be stored at with highest integrity with speed of far less importance.
All of these embodiments have the card learning host profile in real time and tuning the memory management algorithms according the collected information for achieving the best performance. They also differ from the prior art in that the host and card negotiate over capabilities and the card sets the card operating algorithms according to the best configuration.
A particular implementation of the invention based on dynamic optimization through pattern recognition is described with respect to
The techniques of the embodiment of
Referring to
When a pattern matches the initial portion of a stored command sequence, the card can pre-execute the command sequence corresponding to pattern, as shown at step 509. The actual action taken may depend upon implementation and may be actions in preparation for the command or the actual execution of the command, such as a read operation to fill a cache or doing a seek to an expected location in the memory, preloading control information or tables, or performing logical to physical address translations. Controller 131 (
If step 515 finds that it is not the end of the list, the flow continues to step 519 for the dynamic updating portion of the process. In step 519, the command is executed and the new sequence is stored in the memory, such as RAM 121 of
For example, consider the case where a non-volatile memory is organized into a series of “zones”, such as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/315,451 filed Dec. 9, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In this arrangement, various data used as part of the boot process, such as the file access table (FAT), is stored in a specific area, which can be taken as part of zone 0. When initially accessing a given zone, there is an initial process of logging in to that zone. For example, there may be initial header data associated with each zone that needs to be read (logical to physical conversions, remapping, etc.) and processed before the actual data content is retrieved. By performing this login ahead of time and pre-fetching any likely data, this time is saved if the sequence is as expected, and nothing is lost if it turns out to be different.
In the bottom row of
For example, consider a boot process, where zone 0 is most likely to be accessed (to retrieve the FAT), followed by, say, zone 5 and then zone 1. Based on the initial portion of the sequence, during the dead time after accessing zone 0, the controller may as well login to zone 5 and be ready. If 451, 453, and 455 respectively correspond to the respective combined access times for zones 0, 5, and 1 in the exemplary process, by moving the login and pre-fetch time (453b in
The dynamic optimization through pattern recognition described with respect to
Although the discussion so far has considered the adaptation of a removable electronic circuit card to host behavior, more generally the controller can adapt to the card to other external conditions. For example, it is known that the performance of flash memories, such as those found in the exemplary embodiments above, degrades when operated at extreme temperatures. Further such examples of conditions external to the memory card that may affect card operation are when the battery is low on host device. As noted above, chip temperature can be measured, such as through the use of a temperature sensitive resistor or p-n junction, and the frequency set accordingly. Similarly the external voltage is easily measured using well know analog to digital converter circuitry and the internal oscillator frequency adjusted in response to this measurement. In this manner the application can override the normally pre-set clock frequency and obtain adjust performance to a variety of external conditions.
When the controller senses any of these additional conditions that may adversely affect performance, the controller could operate the memory in a more reliable manner. This could be done in various ways similar to those already described, such as lowering performance, increased use of ECC or margining, and so on. The sensing of such conditions can be accomplished using reference cells in the memory or other techniques, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,356, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The particular conditions to which the controller responds, and how it does so, would correspond to the memory technologies (e.g. thin film, MRAM, FRAM, NMOS, etc.) employed.
The forgoing examples memory systems have been based on flash EEPROM memory cells have been described with respect to the type of cell that utilizes conductive floating gates as charge storage elements. However, the various aspects of the present invention can be used in conjunction with the various alternate non-volatile memory technologies (such as thin film, MRAM, FRAM, NMOS, etc.) described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/841,379 filed May 7, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference. For example, the invention may also be implemented in a system that uses a charge trapping dielectric as the storage elements in individual memory cells in place of floating gates. Dielectric storage elements are also discussed further in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/280,352, filed Oct. 25, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by this reference.
Although various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is protected within the full scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/166,533 filed on Jul. 2, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/901,849 filed on Jul. 28, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,027, which applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 13047631 | US | |
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| Child | 12166533 | US |
