Patent Application
20180081737
The present invention relates to techniques for providing the capability for computing systems to meet tail latency targets using workload redundancy and resource redundancy.
Cloud computing is a type of network-based computing that provides shared processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. Computing and storage resources located in the cloud provide users with the capability to store and process their data in data centers that are typically, owned, operated, and maintained by third-parties. One common service provided by cloud computing is hardware virtualization. With hardware virtualization, virtual computing resources, such as complete computers, or portions of computers, can be provided in the cloud using what are known as virtual machines.
One issue with hardware virtualization is the provisioning of sufficient resources to provide adequate performance. Typically, performance targets are specified in contracts known as cloud service level agreements (CSLAs). One important performance target that is often specified in CSLAs is known as the tail latency. The tail latency may specify that the latency, or time delay experienced in using the system, should be less than a certain target value 95 percent of the time. To meet such a target, it is typical to provision a large amount of resources, such as virtual machines, to service each user. However, this solution can be very costly because typically a large number of virtual machines must be provisioned. This leads to low resource efficiency as the cluster utilization is low. Further, increasing the number of virtual machines may not be sufficient as the increased number of virtual machines may not always able to meet the target.
Accordingly, a need arises for techniques by which tail latency targets may be met with improved performance and reduced cost.
Embodiments of the present invention may provide the capability for meeting tail latency targets with improved performance and reduced cost. For example, embodiments may utilize the concept of double redundancy, which may combine both resource redundancy and workload redundancy. Resource redundancy may involve providing additional computing resources, such as virtual machines. Workload redundancy may involve replicating request for computing services and transmitting the replicated requests to multiple virtual machines. Given multiple requests, fractional workload redundancy may be utilized, in which different requests are replicated different amounts. The workload redundancy, as well as the resource redundancy, may be controlled based on a proactive, speculative strategy. Increasing workload redundancy (replicating requests) may be utilized to lower the tail latency in a cost effective way.
For example, in an embodiment of the present invention, a computer-implemented method for performing computing processing may comprise receiving a plurality of requests for computing processing, replicating at least some of the plurality of requests, wherein the requests are replicated based on a fractional replication factor, and transmitting each received request and each replicated request to a computer resource for processing.
In an embodiment, the replicating may be performed by a process selected from a group of processes comprising replicating selected requests, wherein the requests are selected based on a replication factor, replicating requests a number of times on average based on a randomly generated quantity, replicating each request with a different frequency, replicating requests stochastically by building a probability distribution having only integer values with an average equal to the fractional replication factor and determining a replication factor for each request based on the probability distribution, and replicating requests deterministically by defining a sequence of replication factors with an average equal to the fractional replication factor and determining a replication factor for each request based on the sequence. The method may further comprise determining a tail latency for performing the requested computing processing and increasing the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency does not meet a target tail latency. The method may further comprise decreasing the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency meets the target tail latency. The method may further comprise increasing computing resources provisioned to perform the processing when the when the determined tail latency does not meet the target tail latency and increasing the fractional replication factor does not result in a decrease in the determined tail latency. The computing resources may comprise at least one of a virtual machine or a server. The method may further comprise decreasing the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency meets the target tail latency and decreasing the computing resources provisioned to perform the processing when the when the fractional replication factor has been decreased and increasing the provisioned computing resources have been increased.
As another example, in an embodiment of the present invention, a computer program product for performing computing processing may comprise a non-transitory computer readable storage having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computer, to cause the computer to perform a method comprising receiving a plurality of requests for computing processing, replicating at least some of the plurality of requests, wherein the requests are replicated based on a fractional replication factor, and transmitting each received request and each replicated request to a computer resource for processing.
As another example, in an embodiment of the present invention, a system for performing computing processing may comprise a processor, memory accessible by the processor, and computer program instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to perform receiving a plurality of requests for computing processing, replicating at least some of the plurality of requests, wherein the requests are replicated based on a fractional replication factor, and transmitting each received request and each replicated request to a computer resource for processing.
As another example, in an embodiment of the present invention, a system for performing computing processing may comprising a plurality of computing resources adapted to perform computing processing and a load replicator adapted to receive a plurality of requests for computing processing, replicate at least some of the plurality of requests, wherein the requests are replicated based on a fractional replication factor, and transmit each received request and each replicated request to a computer resource for processing.
In an embodiment, the replicating may be performed by a process selected from a group of processes comprising replicating selected requests, wherein the requests are selected based on a replication factor, replicating requests a number of times on average based on a randomly generated quantity, replicating each request with a different frequency, replicating requests stochastically by building a probability distribution having only integer values with an average equal to the fractional replication factor and determining a replication factor for each request based on the probability distribution, and replicating requests deterministically by defining a sequence of replication factors with an average equal to the fractional replication factor and determining a replication factor for each request based on the sequence. The load replicator may be further adapted to determine a tail latency for performing the requested computing processing and increase the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency does not meet a target tail latency, and decrease the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency meets the target tail latency. The load replicator may be further adapted to increase computing resources provisioned to perform the processing when the when the determined tail latency does not meet the target tail latency and increasing the fractional replication factor does not result in a decrease in the determined tail latency, decrease the fractional replication factor when the determined tail latency meets the target tail latency, and decrease the computing resources provisioned to perform the processing when the when the fractional replication factor has been decreased and increasing the provisioned computing resources have been increased, wherein the computing resources comprise at least one of a virtual machine or a server.
The details of the present invention, both as to its structure and operation, can best be understood by referring to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers and designations refer to like elements.
Embodiments of the present invention may provide the capability for meeting tail latency targets with improved performance and reduced cost. For example, embodiments may utilize the concept of double redundancy, which may combine both resource redundancy and workload redundancy. Resource redundancy may involve providing additional computing resources, such as virtual machines. Workload redundancy may involve replicating request for computing services and transmitting the replicated requests to multiple virtual machines. Given multiple requests, fractional workload redundancy may be utilized, in which different requests are replicated different amounts. The workload redundancy, as well as the resource redundancy, may be controlled based on a proactive, speculative strategy. Increasing workload redundancy (replicating requests) may be utilized to lower the tail latency in a cost effective way.
An exemplary system 100 in which an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented is shown in
Load replicator 104 may receive incoming computing requests, such as requests R1102-1 and R2102-2, may transmit those original requests, such as requests R1(o) 108-1 and R2(o) 108-2, to one or more computing resources 106-1 to 106-N. Likewise, load replicator 104 may replicate one or more incoming requests, such as requests R1102-1 and R2102-2, and may transmit the replicated requests, such as requests R1(r) 110-1 and R2(r) 110-2, 110-3, to one or more computing resources 106-1 to 106-N. In this example, load replicator 104 is implementing a workload replication factor of 2.5. Load replicator 104 may transmit two copies of request R1, original request R1102-1 and replicated request R1(r) 110-1, and load replicator 104 is transmitting three copies of request R2, original request R2102-2 and replicated requests R2(r) 110-2, 110-3. Accordingly, the original two requests may be replicated to form five total requests, which achieves a workload replication factor of 2.5.
An exemplary flow diagram of a process 200 for providing workload redundancy is shown in
If the tail latency does not meet the target value, then at 206, the workload redundancy may be increased by a factor “a”, which may be a fractional increase in the workload redundancy. With the increased workload redundancy, system 100 may continue processing. In order to implement the workload redundancy, load replicator 104 may assign replication levels to incoming requests, such as requests R1102-1 and R2102-2, according to a. The replication levels may be assigned randomly to incoming requests, or the replication levels may be assigned based on non-random factors. For example, in order to achieve fractional replication factors, load replicator 104 may not replicate some requests, rather, load replicator 104 may select every α request to be replicated. As another example, load replicator 104 may replicate requests a times on average using a random number generator. As another example, load replicator 104 may replicate different requests with different frequency or different numbers of times. As another example, load replicator 104 may replicate requests stochastically by building a probability distribution having only integer values with the average equal to the target fractional replication factor. Then the probability distribution may be used to decide the replication factor for each request. As a further example, load replicator 104 may replicate requests deterministically by defining a sequence of replication factors with the average equal to the target fractional replication factor. Then this sequence may be used to decide the replication factor for each request. It is to be noted that the described replication schemes resources are merely examples. The present invention contemplates application of any type of replication scheme.
If the tail latency does meet the target value, then at 208, the workload redundancy may be maintained at the same value, or may be decreased. Decreasing the workload redundancy value at 208 and increasing the workload redundancy value at 206 may allow the system to automatically adjust the workload redundancy to meet the tail latency target value as incoming requests vary.
An exemplary system 300 in which an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented is shown in
An exemplary flow diagram of a process 400 for providing workload redundancy is shown in
If the tail latency does meet the target value, then process 400 proceeds to 416. If the tail latency does not meet the target value, then at 406, the workload redundancy may be increased by a factor “α”, which may be a fractional increase in the workload redundancy. With the increased workload redundancy, system 300 may continue processing. In order to implement the workload redundancy, load replicator 304 may assign replication levels to incoming requests, such as requests R1302-1 and R2302-2, according to α. The replication levels may be assigned randomly to incoming requests, or the replication levels may be assigned based on non-random factors. For example, in order to achieve fractional replication factors, load replicator 304 may not replicate some requests, rather, load replicator 304 may replicate every α request. As another example, load replicator 304 may replicate requests a times on average using a random number generator. As a further example, load replicator 304 may replicate different requests with different frequency or different numbers of times. It is to be noted that the described replication schemes resources are merely examples. The present invention contemplates application of any type of replication scheme.
At 408, after the workload redundancy has been increased, the tail latency may again be measured and it may be determined whether or not the tail latency meets the target value. If the tail latency does meet the target value, then the process may proceed to 416. If the tail latency still does not meet the target value, then at 410, it is determined whether or not the tail latency decreases as a result of the increase in workload redundancy. If the tail latency did decrease as a result of the increase in workload redundancy, then the process may loop back to 406, in which the workload redundancy may be increased again. If the tail latency did not decrease as a result of the increase in workload redundancy, the process may continue to 412, in which the resource redundancy may be increased. For example, an additional virtual machine, such as virtual machine 306-N+1 may be provisioned to the processing task. Likewise, another server, or other computing resource may be provisioned to the processing task.
At 414, after the resource redundancy has been increased, the tail latency may again be measured and it may be determined whether or not the tail latency meets the target value. If the tail latency does meet the target value, then the process may proceed to 416. If the tail latency does not meet the target value, then the process may loop back to 406, in which the workload redundancy may be increased again.
At 416, the workload redundancy may be maintained at the same value, or may be decreased. At 418, it is determined whether or not the resource redundancy is zero. If the resource redundancy is zero, then the minimum allowed resources are provisioned to the processing task, and the process loops back to 404. If the resource redundancy is not zero, then at 420 the resource redundancy may be decreased. For example, a virtual machine, such as virtual machine 306-N+1 may be de-provisioned from the processing task. Likewise, another server, or other computing resource may be de-provisioned from the processing task. Decreasing the workload redundancy value at 416 and the resource redundancy at 420, and increasing the workload redundancy value at 406 and the resource redundancy at 412 may allow the system to automatically adjust the workload redundancy and the resource redundancy to meet the tail latency target value as incoming requests vary.
An exemplary block diagram of a computing device 500, in which processes involved in the embodiments described herein may be implemented, is shown in
Input/output circuitry 504 provides the capability to input data to, or output data from, computing device 500. For example, input/output circuitry may include input devices, such as keyboards, mice, touchpads, trackballs, scanners, analog to digital converters, etc., output devices, such as video adapters, monitors, printers, etc., and input/output devices, such as, modems, etc. Network adapter 506 interfaces device 500 with a network 510. Network 510 may be any public or proprietary LAN or WAN, including, but not limited to the Internet.
Memory 508 stores program instructions that are executed by, and data that are used and processed by, CPU 502 to perform the functions of computing device 500. Memory 508 may include, for example, electronic memory devices, such as random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, etc., and electro-mechanical memory, such as magnetic disk drives, tape drives, optical disk drives, etc., which may use an integrated drive electronics (IDE) interface, or a variation or enhancement thereof, such as enhanced IDE (EIDE) or ultra-direct memory access (UDMA), or a small computer system interface (SCSI) based interface, or a variation or enhancement thereof, such as fast-SCSI, wide-SCSI, fast and wide-SCSI, etc., or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA), or a variation or enhancement thereof, or a fiber channel-arbitrated loop (FC-AL) interface.
The contents of memory 508 may vary depending upon the function that computing device 500 is programmed to perform. In the example shown in
In the example shown in
Virtual machines 514 may include program instructions and data to provide emulation of one or more computer systems, such as virtual machines 1 to N. Each virtual machine may include program instructions and data to perform processing of the computing tasks being provided. Operating system 520 provides overall system functionality.
As shown in
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device.
The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims.
