Patent Application
20220287977
The present disclosure relates to compositions intended for human use. The compositions are configured for oral use and deliver substances such as flavors and/or active ingredients during use. Such products may include tobacco or a product derived from tobacco, or may be tobacco-free alternatives.
Tobacco may be enjoyed in a so-called “smokeless” form. Particularly popular smokeless tobacco products are employed by inserting some form of processed tobacco or tobacco-containing formulation into the mouth of the user. Conventional formats for such smokeless tobacco products include moist snuff, snus, and chewing tobacco, which are typically formed almost entirely of particulate, granular, or shredded tobacco, and which are either portioned by the user or presented to the user in individual portions, such as in single-use pouches or sachets. Other traditional forms of smokeless products include compressed or agglomerated forms, such as plugs, tablets, or pellets. Alternative product formats, such as tobacco-containing gums and mixtures of tobacco with other plant materials, are also known. See for example, the types of smokeless tobacco formulations, ingredients, and processing methodologies set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 1,376,586 to Schwartz; U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,756 to Pittman et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,993 to Sensabaugh, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,269 to Story et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,599 to Tibbetts; U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,907 to Townsend; U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,352 to Sprinkle, III et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,416 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,839 to Williams; 6,834,654 to Williams; U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,040 to Atchley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,032,601 to Atchley et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,694,686 to Atchley et al.; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2004/0020503 to Williams; 2005/0115580 to Quinter et al.; 2006/0191548 to Strickland et al.; 2007/0062549 to Holton, Jr. et al.; 2007/0186941 to Holton, Jr. et al.; 2007/0186942 to Strickland et al.; 2008/0029110 to Dube et al.; 2008/0029116 to Robinson et al.; 2008/0173317 to Robinson et al.; 2008/0209586 to Neilsen et al.; 2009/0065013 to Essen et al.; and 2010/0282267 to Atchley, as well as WO2004/095959 to Arnarp et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Smokeless tobacco product configurations that combine tobacco material with various binders and fillers have been proposed more recently, with example product formats including lozenges, pastilles, gels, extruded forms, and the like. See, for example, the types of products described in US Patent App. Pub. Nos. 2008/0196730 to Engstrom et al.; 2008/0305216 to Crawford et al.; 2009/0293889 to Kumar et al.; 2010/0291245 to Gao et al; 2011/0139164 to Mua et al.; 2012/0037175 to Cantrell et al.; 2012/0055494 to Hunt et al.; 2012/0138073 to Cantrell et al.; 2012/0138074 to Cantrell et al.; 2013/0074855 to Holton, Jr.; 2013/0074856 to Holton, Jr.; 2013/0152953 to Mua et al.; 2013/0274296 to Jackson et al.; 2015/0068545 to Moldoveanu et al.; 2015/0101627 to Marshall et al.; and 2015/0230515 to Lampe et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure generally provides compositions configured for oral use, the compositions comprising at least one active ingredient and one or more fillers. The compositions may be in chewable form, tablet form, or in the form of a melt.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition in chewable form, configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of cannabinoids, cannabimimetics, terpenes, caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 (or other B vitamins), vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; one or more sugar alcohols in an amount by weight of at least 50%, based on the total weight of the composition; pectin; and an organic acid, a gelation agent, or both, wherein the composition is a homogenous mixture.
In one embodiment, the one or more sugar alcohols is a combination of isomalt and maltitol. In one embodiment, the composition comprises isomalt in an amount of from about 10 to about 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; maltitol in an amount of from about 50 to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and pectin in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the organic acid is citric acid. In one embodiment, the gelation agent is a calcium salt. In one embodiments, the calcium salt is calcium diphosphate.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises caffeine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises taurine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises GABA.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises tryptophan.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both, such as vitamins B6 and B12 in a total amount by weight from about 0.008% to about 0.07%.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin C.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises ginseng.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises lemon balm extract.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises CBD.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally ginseng. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the theanine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng, when present, is in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises citicoline or sunflower lecithin.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract. In one embodiment, the theanine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract, when present, is in an amount from about 0.25 to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises trisodium citrate. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from water, sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises magnesium, such as magnesium in an amount by weight from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.2 to about 1%, based on elemental magnesium. In one embodiment, the magnesium is in the form of a magnesium salt. In one embodiment, the magnesium salt is magnesium gluconate.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of nicotine.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of tobacco.
In another aspect is provided a composition in tablet form configured for oral use, the composition comprising at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 (or other B vitamins), vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; a glucose-polysaccharide blend; and a sugar alcohol; wherein the tablet form comprises the composition as a homogenous mixture.
In one embodiment, the glucose-polysaccharide blend is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is isomalt.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises caffeine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises taurine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises tryptophan.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises GABA.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both, such as vitamins B6 and B12 in a total amount by weight from about 0.008% to about 0.07%.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin C.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises ginseng.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises lemon balm extract.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally ginseng. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the theanine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng, when present, is in an amount from about 0.4 to about 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises citicoline or sunflower lecithin.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine and vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine and taurine. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract. In one embodiment, the theanine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract when present is in an amount from about 3 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine and tryptophan. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine and vitamin B6, B12, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine, tryptophan, and vitamin B6, B12, or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises caffeine and taurine. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises trisodium citrate.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises magnesium, such as magnesium in an amount by weight from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.2 to about 1%, based on elemental magnesium. In one embodiment, the magnesium is in the form of a magnesium salt. In one embodiment, the magnesium salt is magnesium gluconate.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of nicotine.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of tobacco.
In another aspect is provided a composition in meltable form, configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of cannabinoids, cannabimimetics, terpenes, caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 (or other B vitamins), vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; a sugar alcohol; and a lipid; wherein the meltable form comprises the composition as a homogenous mixture.
In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lipid in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the lipid has a melting point of about 29° C. or above. In one embodiment, the lipid has a melting point from about 36° C. to about 45° C. In one embodiment, the lipid is an oil selected from the group consisting of palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, and combinations thereof, wherein the oil may be hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or non-hydrogenated.
In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is isomalt.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises caffeine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises taurine.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises GABA.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises tryptophan.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or both, such as vitamins B6 and B12 in a total amount by weight from about 0.008% to about 0.07%.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises vitamin C.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises ginseng.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises lemon balm extract.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises CBD.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally, ginseng. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; theanine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng when present is in an amount from about 0.3 to about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises citicoline or sunflower lecithin.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of the caffeine is present in encapsulated form.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract. In one embodiment, the theanine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract when present is in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 2.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine and tryptophan. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine and vitamin B6, B12, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises theanine, tryptophan, and vitamin B6, B12, or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C. In one embodiment, the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of the caffeine is present in encapsulated form.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises sodium citrate.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises magnesium, such as magnesium in an amount by weight from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.2 to about 1%, based on elemental magnesium. In one embodiment, the magnesium is in the form of a magnesium salt. In one embodiment, the magnesium salt is magnesium gluconate.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of nicotine.
In one embodiment, the composition is free of tobacco.
In another aspect is provided a composition in chewable, tablet, or melting form as disclosed herein, wherein the at least one active ingredient is a combination of:
The disclosure includes, without limitations, the following embodiments.
Embodiment 1: A composition in chewable form, configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; one or more sugar alcohols in an amount by weight of at least 50%, based on the total weight of the composition; pectin; and an organic acid, a gelation agent, or both, wherein the composition is a homogenous mixture.
Embodiment 2: The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more sugar alcohols is a combination of isomalt and maltitol.
Embodiment 3: The composition of embodiment 1 or 2, comprising isomalt in an amount of from about 10 to about 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; maltitol in an amount of from about 50 to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and pectin in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 4: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the organic acid is citric acid.
Embodiment 5: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally ginseng.
Embodiment 6: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; theanine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 7: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, further comprising citicoline or sunflower lecithin.
Embodiment 8: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract.
Embodiment 9: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein: the theanine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract when present is in an amount of from about 0.25 to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 10: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises: theanine; theanine and tryptophan; or theanine and one or more of vitamins B6 and B12; and optionally tryptophan.
Embodiment 11: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, comprising theanine and one or both of vitamins B6 and vitamin B12.
Embodiment 12: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C.
Embodiment 13: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 14: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, further comprising trisodium citrate.
Embodiment 15: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, further comprising at least one additional component selected from water, sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
Embodiment 16: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the composition is free of nicotine.
Embodiment 17: The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the composition is free of tobacco.
Embodiment 18: A composition in tablet form configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; a glucose-polysaccharide blend; and a sugar alcohol; wherein the tablet form comprises the composition as a homogenous mixture.
Embodiment 19: The composition of embodiment 18, wherein: the glucose-polysaccharide blend is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition;
and the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 20: The composition of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof.
Embodiment 21: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt.
Embodiment 22: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally ginseng.
Embodiment 23: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 22, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; theanine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng is present in an amount of from about 0.4 to about 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 24: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 23, further comprising citicoline or sunflower lecithin
Embodiment 25: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract.
Embodiment 26: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 25, wherein: the theanine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 27: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C.
Embodiment 28: The composition of embodiment 27, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 29: The composition of embodiment 28, further comprising trisodium citrate.
Embodiment 30: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises: theanine; theanine and tryptophan; or theanine and one or more of vitamins B6 and B12; and optionally tryptophan.
Embodiment 31: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, comprising theanine and one or both of vitamins B6 and vitamin B12.
Embodiment 32: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 31, further comprising at least one additional component selected from sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
Embodiment 33: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 32, wherein the composition is free of nicotine.
Embodiment 34: The composition of any one of embodiments 18 to 33, wherein the composition is free of tobacco.
Embodiment 35: A composition in meltable form, configured for oral use, the composition comprising: at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of caffeine, taurine, GABA, tryptophan, theanine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof; a sugar alcohol; and a lipid; wherein the meltable form comprises the composition as a homogenous mixture.
Embodiment 36: The composition of embodiment 35, wherein: the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lipid in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 37: The composition of embodiment 35 or 36, wherein the lipid has a melting point of about 29° C. or above.
Embodiment 38: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 37, wherein the lipid has a melting point from about 36° C. to about 45° C.
Embodiment 39: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 38, wherein the lipid is an oil selected from the group consisting of palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, and combinations thereof, wherein the oil may be hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or non-hydrogenated.
Embodiment 40: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 38, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof.
Embodiment 41: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 40, wherein the sugar alcohol is isomalt.
Embodiment 42: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 41, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally, ginseng.
Embodiment 43: The composition of embodiment 42, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; theanine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the ginseng, when present, is in an amount from about 0.3 to about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 44: The composition of embodiment 43, further comprising citicoline or sunflower lecithin.
Embodiment 45: The composition of embodiment 42, wherein at least a portion of the caffeine is present in encapsulated form.
Embodiment 46: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 41, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract.
Embodiment 47: The composition of embodiment 46, wherein: the theanine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the GABA is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the lemon balm extract when present is in an amount from about 1.5 to about 2.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 48: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 41, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C.
Embodiment 49: The composition of embodiment 48, wherein: the caffeine is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; the taurine is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the vitamin C is present in an amount of from about 3.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 50: The composition of embodiment 48, wherein at least a portion of the caffeine is present in encapsulated form.
Embodiment 51: The composition of embodiment 48, further comprising trisodium citrate.
Embodiment 52: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 41, wherein the at least one active ingredient comprises: theanine; theanine and tryptophan; or theanine and one or more of vitamins B6 and B12;
and optionally tryptophan.
Embodiment 52: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 41, comprising theanine and one or both of vitamins B6 and vitamin B12.
Embodiment 53: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 52, further comprising at least one additional component selected from sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof.
Embodiment 54: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 53, wherein the composition is free of nicotine.
Embodiment 55: The composition of any one of embodiments 35 to 54, wherein the composition is free of tobacco.
Embodiment 56: The composition of any one of embodiments 1, 18, or 35, wherein the at least one active ingredient is a combination of:
Embodiment 57: The composition of any one of embodiments 1-56, further comprising magnesium, such as magnesium in an amount by weight from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.2 to about 1%, based on elemental magnesium.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description. The invention includes any combination of two, three, four, or more of the above-noted embodiments as well as combinations of any two, three, four, or more features or elements set forth in this disclosure, regardless of whether such features or elements are expressly combined in a specific embodiment description herein. This disclosure is intended to be read holistically such that any separable features or elements of the disclosed invention, in any of its various aspects and embodiments, should be viewed as intended to be combinable unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The present disclosure provides compositions configured for oral use, the compositions comprising at least one active ingredient and one or more fillers. The one or more fillers generally comprise a sugar alcohol or a combination of sugar alcohols. The at least one active ingredient may include one or more botanical materials, stimulants, amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, nicotine components, cannabinoids, cannabimimetics, terpenes, pharmaceutical agents, or combinations thereof. The compositions may be in chewable form, tablet form, or in the form of a melt.
The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to example embodiments thereof. These example embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in this specification and the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Reference to “dry weight percent” or “dry weight basis” refers to weight on the basis of dry ingredients (i.e., all ingredients except water). Reference to “wet weight” refers to the weight of the composition including water. Unless otherwise indicated, reference to “weight percent” of a composition reflects the total wet weight of the composition (i.e., including water).
The compositions as described herein comprise at least one active ingredient and one or more fillers. In some embodiments, the compositions may further comprise binders, organic acids, water, sweeteners, salts, flavors, buffers, emulsifiers, colorants, processing aids, and combinations thereof. The relative amounts of the various components within the composition may vary, and typically are selected so as to provide the desired sensory and performance characteristics to the oral composition. The example individual components of the composition are described herein below.
The compositions as described herein comprise one or more fillers. Fillers may fulfill multiple functions, such as enhancing certain organoleptic properties such as texture and mouthfeel, enhancing cohesiveness or compressibility of the product, and the like.
The amount of filler can vary, but is typically greater than about 20%, and up to about 75% of the composition by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. A typical range of filler within the composition can be from about 20 to about 75% by total weight of the composition, for example, from about 20, about 25, or about 30, to about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50% by weight (e.g., about 20 to about 50%, or about 25 to about 45% by weight). In certain embodiments, the amount of filler is at least about 20% by weight, such as at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, based on the total weight of the composition.
Generally, fillers are porous particulate materials and are cellulose-based. For example, suitable fillers are any non-tobacco plant material or derivative thereof, including cellulose materials derived from such sources. Examples of cellulosic non-tobacco plant material include cereal grains (e.g., maize, oat, barley, rye, buckwheat, and the like), sugar beet (e.g., FIBREX® brand filler available from International Fiber Corporation), bran fiber, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of derivatives of non-tobacco plant material include starches (e.g., from potato, wheat, rice, corn), natural cellulose, and modified cellulosic materials. Additional examples of potential fillers include maltodextrin, dextrose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, lactose, mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol. Combinations of fillers can also be used.
“Starch” as used herein may refer to pure starch from any source, modified starch, or starch derivatives. Starch is present, typically in granular form, in almost all green plants and in various types of plant tissues and organs (e.g., seeds, leaves, rhizomes, roots, tubers, shoots, fruits, grains, and stems). Starch can vary in composition, as well as in granular shape and size. Often, starch from different sources has different chemical and physical characteristics. A specific starch can be selected for inclusion in the composition based on the ability of the starch material to impart a specific organoleptic property to composition. Starches derived from various sources can be used. For example, major sources of starch include cereal grains (e.g., rice, wheat, and maize) and root vegetables (e.g., potatoes and cassava). Other examples of sources of starch include acorns, arrowroot, arracacha, bananas, barley, beans (e.g., favas, lentils, mung beans, peas, chickpeas), breadfruit, buckwheat, canna, chestnuts, colacasia, katakuri, kudzu, malanga, millet, oats, oca, Polynesian arrowroot, sago, sorghum, sweet potato, quinoa, rye, tapioca, taro, tobacco, water chestnuts, and yams. Certain starches are modified starches. A modified starch has undergone one or more structural modifications, often designed to alter its high heat properties. Some starches have been developed by genetic modifications, and are considered to be “genetically modified” starches. Other starches are obtained and subsequently modified by chemical, enzymatic, or physical means. For example, modified starches can be starches that have been subjected to chemical reactions, such as esterification, etherification, oxidation, depolymerization (thinning) by acid catalysis or oxidation in the presence of base, bleaching, transglycosylation and depolymerization (e.g., dextrinization in the presence of a catalyst), cross-linking, acetylation, hydroxypropylation, and/or partial hydrolysis. Enzymatic treatment includes subjecting native starches to enzyme isolates or concentrates, microbial enzymes, and/or enzymes native to plant materials, e.g., amylase present in corn kernels to modify corn starch. Other starches are modified by heat treatments, such as pregelatinization, dextrinization, and/or cold water swelling processes. Certain modified starches include monostarch phosphate, distarch glycerol, distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetaphosphate, phosphate distarch phosphate, acetylated distarch phosphate, starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride, starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate, acetylated distarch adipate, acetylated distarch glycerol, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol, and starch sodium octenyl succinate.
In some embodiments, the filler comprises a sugar substitute, such as one or more of allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, and inulin.
Additional examples of potential fillers include maltodextrin, dextrose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, lactose, and sugar alcohols. Combinations of fillers can also be used. In some embodiments, the filler comprises or is a mixture of glucose and starch-derived polysaccharides. One such suitable mixture of glucose and starch-derived polysaccharides is EMDEX®, available from JRS PHARMA LP, USA, 2981 Route 22, Patterson, N.Y. 12563-2359.
In some embodiments, the filler comprises one or more sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols are polyols derived from monosaccharides or disaccharides that have a partially or fully hydrogenated form. Sugar alcohols have, for example, about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms and include erythritol, arabitol, ribitol, isomalt, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof (e.g., hydrogenated starch hydrolysates). Isomalt is an equimolar mixture of two disaccharides, each composed of two sugars as follows: glucose and mannitol (α-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol); and glucose and sorbitol (α-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol). In some embodiments, the one or more sugar alcohols comprise isomalt. In some embodiments, the one or more sugar alcohols is isomalt.
In some embodiments, the filler comprises a combination of isomalt and EMDEX®. In some embodiments, the one or more sugar alcohols is a combination of isomalt and EMDEX®.
In some embodiments, the one or more sugar alcohols is a combination of two or even three sugar alcohols. In some embodiments, the combination of sugar alcohols comprises or is isomalt and maltitol. In some embodiments, combinations of sugar alcohols may be used in order to provide desired attributes to the oral product, to enhance processing ability, or both. The selection of appropriate sugar alcohol(s) may be determined based on desired physical properties of the oral product, the other components present (e.g., binder and moisture content), and to address processing issues (e.g., fluidity, drying time, curing time, gelation, and the like) which may be encountered for any given oral product.
The total amount of sugar alcohols can vary, but is typically greater than about 30%, and up to about 95% of the composition by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. A typical range of sugar alcohols within the composition can be for example, from about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, or about 55, to about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, or about 95%, by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of sugar alcohol is at least about 50% by weight, such as is at least about 55% by weight, or at least about 60%, or at least about 65%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, based on the total weight of the composition.
In particular embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, such as from about 35, about 40, or about 45, to about 50 or about 55% by weight.
In particular embodiments, the sugar alcohol is a combination of isomalt in an amount of from about 10 to about 25% by weight, such as about 10, about 15, about 20, or about 25% by weight; and maltitol in an amount of from about 50 to about 75% by weight, such as about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65%, about 70, about 75% by weight.
In particular embodiments, the filler is a combination of isomalt in an amount of from about 30 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, such as about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50% by weight; and a glucose-polysaccharide blend (e.g., EMDEX®) in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, such as about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50% by weight.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises a lipid. Such compositions may, in some embodiments, be described as “meltable” or “melting” compositions, described further herein below. When present, the lipid of the composition is typically a fat, oil, or wax substance derived from animal or plant material (e.g., plant-derived fats), and typically comprises mostly triglycerides along with lesser amounts of free fatty acids and mono- or diglycerides. In certain embodiments, the lipid is a solid or semi-solid at room temperature (i.e., 25° C.) and capable of at least partially liquefying when subjected to the temperature of the oral cavity of the user (i.e., “melting”). Example plant-derived fats are comprised primarily of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains (most of which are bound within triglyceride structures) having a carbon length of about 10 to about 26 carbon atoms, or about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms, or about 14 to about 18 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, the lipid comprises an oil and, in particular, a food grade oil, including fractionated oils. Such oils include, but are not limited to, vegetable oils (e.g., acai oil, almond oil, amaranth oil, apricot oil, apple seed oil, argan oil, avocado oil, babassu oil, beech nut oil, ben oil, bitter gourd oil, black seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, borage seed oil, borneo tallow nut oil, bottle gourd oil, brazil nut oil, buffalo gourd oil, butternut squash seed oil, cape chestnut oil, canola oil, carob cashew oil, cocoa butter, cocklebur oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cothune oil, coriander seed oil, cottonseed oil, date seed oil, dika oil, egus seed oil, evening primrose oil, false flax oil, flaxseed oil, grape seed oil, grapefruit seed oil, hazelnut oil, hemp oil, kapok seed oil, kenaf seed oil, lallemantia oil, lemon oil, linseed oil, macadamia oil, mafura oil, manila oil, meadowfoam seed oil, mongongo nut oil, mustard oil, niger seed oil, nutmeg butter, okra seed oil, olive oil, orange oil, palm oil, papaya seed oil, peanut oil, pecan oil, perilla seed oil, persimmon seed oil, pequi oil, pili nut oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, pomegranate seed oil, poppyseed oil, pracaxi oil, prune kernel oil, pumpkin seed oil, quinoa oil, ramtil oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, royle oil, sacha inchi oil, safflower oil, sapote oil, seje oil, sesame oil, shea butter, soybean oil, sunflower oil, taramira oil, tea seed oil, thistle oil, tigernut oil, tobacco seed oil, tomato seed oil, walnut oil, watermelon seed oil, wheat germ oil, and combinations thereof), animal oils (e.g., cattle fat, buffalo fat, sheep fat, goat fat, pig fat, lard, camel fat, tallow, liquid margarine, fish oil, fish liver oil, whale oil, seal oil, and combinations thereof), and mineral oils.
In certain embodiments, the plant-derived fats of the present disclosure include palm oil, (including fractionated palm oil) palm kernel oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the lipid is a blend of palm oil and palm kernel oil. The lipid can be, for example, hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or non-hydrogenated. Example embodiments of lipids can be purchased under the brand names CEBES®, CISAO®, or CONFAO®, available from AarhusKarlshamn USA Inc.
The melting point of the lipid is typically about 29° C. or above, such as about 29° C. to about 49° C., or about 36° C. to about 45° C., or about 38° C. to about 41° C. In some embodiments, use of lipids with a melting point of less than about 36° C. is not advantageous due to possible melting during product storage or handling. One test for determining the melting point of lipids is the Mettler dropping point method (ASTM D3954-15, Standard Test Method for Dropping Point of Waxes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015, www.astm.org.).
When present, the amount of lipid within the composition may vary. In certain embodiments, the amount of lipid is at least about 10 percent, at least about 20 percent, or at least about 30 percent, on a dry weight basis of the composition. In certain embodiments, the amount of lipid is less than about 70 percent, less than about 60 percent, or less than about 50 weight percent, on a dry weight basis. Example lipid weight ranges include about 10 to about 70 dry weight percent, such as about 35 to about 50 dry weight percent. In some embodiments, the amount of lipid is about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 percent by weight of the total composition.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises a lipid. In one embodiment, the lipid is an oil selected from the group consisting of palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, and combinations thereof, wherein the oil may be hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or non-hydrogenated. In one embodiment, the lipid is a trans-hydrogenated filling fat of medium hardness such as Confao® 5, available from AarbusKarlshamn USA Inc., 131 Marsh Street, Port Newark, N.J. 07114.
The composition as disclosed herein includes one or more active ingredients. As used herein, an “active ingredient” refers to one or more substances belonging to any of the following categories: API (active pharmaceutical ingredient), food additives, natural medicaments, and naturally occurring substances that can have an effect on humans. Example active ingredients include any ingredient known to impact one or more biological functions within the body, such as ingredients that furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or which affect the structure or any function of the body of humans (e.g., provide a stimulating action on the central nervous system, have an energizing effect, an antipyretic or analgesic action, or an otherwise useful effect on the body). In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be of the type generally referred to as dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, “phytochemicals” or “functional foods.” These types of additives are sometimes defined in the art as encompassing substances typically available from naturally-occurring sources (e.g., botanical materials) that provide one or more advantageous biological effects (e.g., health promotion, disease prevention, or other medicinal properties), but are not classified or regulated as drugs.
Non-limiting examples of active ingredients include those falling in the categories of botanical ingredients, stimulants, amino acids, nicotine components, and/or pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal ingredients (e.g., vitamins, such as A, B3, B6, B12, and C, and/or cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)). Each of these categories is further described herein below. The particular choice of active ingredients will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and desired characteristics of the particular product. Furthermore, any of the aforementioned types of active ingredients may be encapsulated in the composition, the final product, or both to avoid chemical degradation or reduce strong taste of these actives, including but not limited to caffeine, Vitamin A, and iron (Fe). Additionally, these encapsulated actives may need to be paired with an excipient in the composition to increase their solubility and/or bioavailability. Non-limiting examples of these excipients include beta-carotene, lycopene, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Co-enzyme Q10, Vitamin K, and curcumin.
The particular percentages of active ingredients present will vary depending upon the desired characteristics of the particular product. Typically, an active ingredient or combination thereof is present in a total concentration of at least about 0.001% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.001% to about 20%. In some embodiments, the active ingredient or combination of active ingredients is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.5% w/w to about 10%, from about 1% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the active ingredient or combination of active ingredients is present in a concentration of from about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1%, or about 1%, up to about 20% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, about 0.007%, about 0.008%, about 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, or about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Further suitable ranges for specific active ingredients are provided herein below.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a botanical ingredient. As used herein, the term “botanical ingredient” or “botanical” refers to any plant material or fungal-derived material, including plant material in its natural form and plant material derived from natural plant materials, such as extracts or isolates from plant materials or treated plant materials (e.g., plant materials subjected to heat treatment, fermentation, bleaching, or other treatment processes capable of altering the physical and/or chemical nature of the material). For the purposes of the present disclosure, a “botanical” includes, but is not limited to, “herbal materials,” which refer to seed-producing plants that do not develop persistent woody tissue and are often valued for their medicinal or sensory characteristics (e.g., teas or tisanes). Reference to botanical material as “non-tobacco” is intended to exclude tobacco materials (i.e., does not include any Nicotiana species). In some embodiments, the compositions as disclosed herein can be characterized as free of any tobacco material (e.g., any embodiment as disclosed herein may be completely or substantially free of any tobacco material). By “substantially free” is meant that no tobacco material has been intentionally added. For example, certain embodiments can be characterized as having less than 0.001% by weight of tobacco, or less than 0.0001%, or even 0% by weight of tobacco.
When present, a botanical is typically at a concentration of from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.01% w/w, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
The botanical materials useful in the present disclosure may comprise, without limitation, any of the compounds and sources set forth herein, including mixtures thereof. Certain botanical materials of this type are sometimes referred to as dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, “phytochemicals” or “functional foods.” Certain botanicals, as the plant material or an extract thereof, have found use in traditional herbal medicine, and are described further herein. Non-limiting examples of botanicals or botanical-derived materials include ashwagandha, Bacopa monniera, baobab, basil, Centella asiatica, Chai-hu, chamomile, cherry blossom, chlorophyll, cinnamon, citrus, cloves, cocoa, cordyceps, curcumin, damiana, Dorstenia arifolia, Dorstenia odorata, essential oils, eucalyptus, fennel, Galphimia glauca, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng (e.g., Panax ginseng), green tea, Griffonia simplicifolia, guarana, cannabis, hemp, hops, jasmine, Kaempferia parviflora (Thai ginseng), kava, lavender, lemon balm, lemongrass, licorice, lutein, maca, matcha, Nardostachys chinensis, oil-based extract of Viola odorata, peppermint, quercetin, resveratrol, Rhizoma gastrodiae, Rhodiola, rooibos, rose essential oil, rosemary, Sceletium tortuosum, Schisandra, Skullcap, spearmint extract, Spikenard, terpenes, tisanes, turmeric, Turnera aphrodisiaca, valerian, white mulberry, and Yerba mate. In some embodiments, the botanical material is in an encapsulated form.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises lemon balm. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a mildly lemon-scented herb from the same family as mint (Lamiaceae). The herb is native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. The tea of lemon balm, as well as the essential oil and the extract, are used in traditional and alternative medicine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises lemon balm extract. In some embodiments, the lemon balm extract is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises ginseng. Ginseng is the root of plants of the genus Panax, which are characterized by the presence of unique steroid saponin phytochemicals (ginsenosides) and gintonin. Ginseng finds use as a dietary supplement in energy drinks or herbal teas, and in traditional medicine. Cultivated species include Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), South China ginseng (P. notoginseng), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius). American ginseng and Korean ginseng vary in the type and quantity of various ginsenosides present. In some embodiments, the ginseng is American ginseng or Korean ginseng. In specific embodiments, the active ingredient comprises Korean ginseng. In some embodiments, ginseng is present in an amount of from about 0.4 to about 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more stimulants. As used herein, the term “stimulant” refers to a material that increases activity of the central nervous system and/or the body, for example, enhancing focus, cognition, vigor, mood, alertness, and the like. Non-limiting examples of stimulants include caffeine, theacrine, theobromine, and theophylline. Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a purine alkaloid which is structurally related to caffeine, and possesses stimulant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Present stimulants may be natural, naturally derived, or wholly synthetic. For example, certain botanical materials (guarana, tea, coffee, cocoa, and the like) may possess a stimulant effect by virtue of the presence of e.g., caffeine or related alkaloids, and accordingly are “natural” stimulants. By “naturally derived” is meant the stimulant (e.g., caffeine, theacrine) is in a purified form, outside its natural (e.g., botanical) matrix. For example, caffeine can be obtained by extraction and purification from botanical sources (e.g., tea). By “wholly synthetic”, it is meant that the stimulant has been obtained by chemical synthesis. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises caffeine. In some embodiments, the caffeine is present in an encapsulated form. On example of an encapsulated caffeine is Vitashure®, available from Balchem Corp., 52 Sunrise Park Road, New Hampton, N.Y., 10958.
When present, a stimulant or combination of stimulants (e.g., caffeine, theacrine, and combinations thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.1% w/w to about 15% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises caffeine in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition;
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises an amino acid. As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to an organic compound that contains amine (—NH2) and carboxyl (—COOH) or sulfonic acid (SO3H) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group), which is specific to each amino acid. Amino acids may be proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic. By “proteinogenic” is meant that the amino acid is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids found in proteins. The proteinogenic amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. By “non-proteinogenic” is meant that either the amino acid is not found naturally in protein, or is not directly produced by cellular machinery (e.g., is the product of post-tranlational modification). Non-limiting examples of non-proteinogenic amino acids include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), theanine (L-γ-glutamylethylamide), hydroxyproline, and beta-alanine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises theanine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises GABA. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine and GABA. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of theanine, GABA, and lemon balm. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine and tryptophan. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a combination of theanine and one or more B vitamins. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally, ginseng. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises taurine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of caffeine and taurine.
Without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that certain amino acids, such as theanine, tryptophan, GABA, or taurine, can have beneficial impact on mood, anxiety level, focus, or cognitive performance, particularly when combined with other active ingredients, such as caffeine or certain botanicals.
When present, an amino acid or combination of amino acids (e.g., theanine, taurine, GABA, tryptophan, and combinations thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.01% w/w to about 15% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the at least one active ingredient comprises tryptophan in an amount by weight from about 0.03% to about 1%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.5%.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a vitamin or combination of vitamins. As used herein, the term “vitamin” refers to an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) that is an essential micronutrient needed for the proper functioning of metabolism in a mammal. There are thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism, which are: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones). In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin C. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of vitamin C, caffeine, and taurine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more of vitamin B6 and B12. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises theanine and one or more of vitamin B6 and B12. When present, a vitamin or combination of vitamins (e.g., vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin C, or a combination thereof) is typically at a concentration of from about 0.0001% to about 6% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.0001, about 0.001, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, or about 0.1% w/w, to about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, or about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin B6 in an amount from about 0.008% to about 0.06% by weight, or from about 0.01% to about 0.04% by weight.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin B12 in an amount from about 0.0001% to about 0.007% by weight, or from about 0.0005% to about 0.001% by weight.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a combination of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in a total amount by weight from about 0.008% to about 0.07%.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises vitamin A. In some embodiments, the vitamin A is encapsulated.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a mineral. As used herein, the term “mineral” refers to an inorganic molecule (or related set of molecules) that is an essential micronutrient needed for the proper functioning of various systems in a mammal. Non-limiting examples of minerals include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, cobalt, manganese, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, and the like. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises iron. Suitable sources of iron include, but are not limited to, ferrous salts such as ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. In some embodiments, the iron is encapsulated.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more antioxidants. As used herein, the term “antioxidant” refers to a substance which prevents or suppresses oxidation by terminating free radical reactions, and may delay or prevent some types of cellular damage. Antioxidants may be naturally occurring or synthetic. Naturally occurring antioxidants include those found in foods and botanical materials. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include certain botanical materials, vitamins, polyphenols, and phenol derivatives.
Examples of botanical materials which are associated with antioxidant characteristics include without limitation acai berry, alfalfa, allspice, annatto seed, apricot oil, basil, bee balm, wild bergamot, black pepper, blueberries, borage seed oil, bugleweed, cacao, calamus root, catnip, catuaba, cayenne pepper, chaga mushroom, chervil, cinnamon, dark chocolate, potato peel, grape seed, ginseng, gingko biloba, Saint John's Wort, saw palmetto, green tea, black tea, black cohosh, cayenne, chamomile, cloves, cocoa powder, cranberry, dandelion, grapefruit, honeybush, echinacea, garlic, evening primrose, feverfew, ginger, goldenseal, hawthorn, hibiscus flower, jiaogulan, kava, lavender, licorice, marjoram, milk thistle, mints (menthe), oolong tea, beet root, orange, oregano, papaya, pennyroyal, peppermint, red clover, rooibos (red or green), rosehip, rosemary, sage, clary sage, savory, spearmint, spirulina, slippery elm bark, sorghum bran hi-tannin, sorghum grain hi-tannin, sumac bran, comfrey leaf and root, goji berries, gutu kola, thyme, turmeric, uva ursi, valerian, wild yam root, wintergreen, yacon root, yellow dock, yerba mate, yerba santa, bacopa monniera, withania somnifera, Lion's mane, and silybum marianum. Such botanical materials may be provided in fresh or dry form, essential oils, or may be in the form of an extracts. The botanical materials (as well as their extracts) often include compounds from various classes known to provide antioxidant effects, such as minerals, vitamins, isoflavones, phytoesterols, allyl sulfides, dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indoles, lignans, flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Examples of compounds found in botanical extracts or oils include ascorbic acid, peanut endocarb, resveratrol, sulforaphane, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, co-enzyme Q, carnitine, quercetin, kaempferol, and the like. See, e.g., Santhosh et al., Phytomedicine, 12 (2005) 216-220, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Non-limiting examples of other suitable antioxidants include citric acid, Vitamin E or a derivative thereof, a tocopherol, epicatechol, epigallocatechol, epigallocatechol gallate, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, 4-hexylresorcinol, theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate A or B, theaflavin digallate, phenolic acids, glycosides, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, polyphenols, catechols, resveratrols, oleuropein, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and combinations thereof.
When present, an antioxidant is typically at a concentration of from about 0.001% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01% w/w, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, based on the total weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a nicotine component. By “nicotine component” is meant any suitable form of nicotine (e.g., free base or salt) for providing oral absorption of at least a portion of the nicotine present. Typically, the nicotine component is selected from the group consisting of nicotine free base and a nicotine salt. In some embodiments, the nicotine component is nicotine in its free base form, which easily can be adsorbed in for example, a microcrystalline cellulose material to form a microcrystalline cellulose-nicotine carrier complex. See, for example, the discussion of nicotine in free base form in US Pat. Pub. No. 2004/0191322 to Hansson, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the nicotine component can be employed in the form of a salt. Salts of nicotine can be provided using the types of ingredients and techniques set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 2,033,909 to Cox et al. and Perfetti, Beitrage Tabakforschung Int., 12: 43-54 (1983), which are incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, salts of nicotine are available from sources such as Pfaltz and Bauer, Inc. and K&K Laboratories, Division of ICN Biochemicals, Inc. Typically, the nicotine component is selected from the group consisting of nicotine free base, a nicotine salt such as hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, monotartrate, bitartrate, sulfate, salicylate, and nicotine zinc chloride.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the nicotine can be in the form of a resin complex of nicotine, where nicotine is bound in an ion-exchange resin, such as nicotine polacrilex, which is nicotine bound to, for example, a polymethacrylic acid, such as Amberlite IRP64, Purolite C115HMR, or Doshion P551. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,901,248 to Lichtneckert et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Another example is a nicotine-polyacrylic carbomer complex, such as with Carbopol 974P. In some embodiments, nicotine may be present in the form of a nicotine polyacrylic complex.
Typically, the nicotine component (calculated as the free base) when present, is in a concentration of at least about 0.001% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.001% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the nicotine component is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% by weight, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the nicotine component is present in a concentration from about 0.1% w/w to about 3% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.1% w/w to about 2.5%, from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, from about 0.1% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, calculated as the free base and based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the products or compositions of the disclosure can be characterized as free of any nicotine component (e.g., any embodiment as disclosed herein may be completely or substantially free of any nicotine component). By “substantially free” is meant that no nicotine has been intentionally added, beyond trace amounts that may be naturally present in e.g., a botanical material. For example, certain embodiments can be characterized as having less than 0.001% by weight of nicotine, or less than 0.0001%, or even 0% by weight of nicotine, calculated as the free base.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises a nicotine component (e.g., any product or composition of the disclosure, in addition to comprising any active ingredient or combination of active ingredients as disclosed herein, may further comprise a nicotine component).
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises one or more cannabinoids. As used herein, the term “cannabinoid” refers to a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors, also known as the endocannabinoid system, in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain. Ligands for these receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids produced naturally in the body by animals; phytocannabinoids, found in cannabis; and synthetic cannabinoids, manufactured artificially. Cannabinoids found in cannabis include, without limitation: cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinodiol (CBDL), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM), cannabinerolic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCV A). In certain embodiments, the cannabinoid is selected from tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, and cannabidiol (CBD) another major constituent of the plant, but which is devoid of psychoactivity. All of the above compounds can be used in the form of an isolate from plant material or synthetically derived.
In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is selected from the group consisting of cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabinodiol (CBDL), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM), cannabinerolic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), Cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabmolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCV A), and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises at least tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises at least cannabidiol (CBD). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD). In some embodiments, the CBD is synthetic CBD. The choice of cannabinoid and the particular percentages thereof which may be present within the disclosed oral product will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and other characteristics of the oral product.
Alternatively, the active ingredient can be a cannabimimetic, which is a class of compounds derived from plants other than cannabis that have biological effects on the endocannabinoid system similar to cannabinoids. Examples include yangonin, alpha-amyrin or beta-amyrin (also classified as terpenes), cyanidin, curcumin (tumeric), catechin, quercetin, salvinorin A, N-acylethanolamines, and N-alkylamide lipids. Such compounds can be used in the same amounts and ratios noted herein for cannabinoids.
When present, a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD) or cannabimimetic is typically in a concentration of at least about 0.1% by weight of the composition, such as in a range from about 0.1% to about 30%, such as, e.g., from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, or about 0.9%, to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition as disclosed herein comprises CBD in an amount from about 0.1 to about 30% by weight, or from about 1 to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
Active ingredients suitable for use in the present disclosure can also be classified as terpenes, many of which are associated with biological effects, such as calming effects. Terpenes are understood to have the general formula of (C5H8)n and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. Terpenes can be acyclic, monocyclic or bicyclic in structure. Some terpenes provide an entourage effect when used in combination with cannabinoids or cannabimimetics. Examples include beta-caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, beta-citronellol, linalyl acetate, pinene (alpha or beta), geraniol, carvone, eucalyptol, menthone, iso-menthone, piperitone, myrcene, beta-bourbonene, and germacrene, which may be used singly or in combination.
In some embodiments, the terpene is a terpene derivable from a phytocannabinoid producing plant, such as a plant from the stain of the cannabis sativa species, such as hemp. Suitable terpenes in this regard include so-called “C10” terpenes, which are those terpenes comprising 10 carbon atoms, and so-called “C15” terpenes, which are those terpenes comprising 15 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises more than one terpene. For example, the active ingredient may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more terpenes as defined herein. In some embodiments, the terpene is selected from pinene (alpha and beta), geraniol, linalool, limonene, carvone, eucalyptol, menthone, iso-menthone, piperitone, myrcene, beta-bourbonene, germacrene and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The API can be any known agent adapted for therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic use. These can include, for example, synthetic organic compounds, proteins and peptides, polysaccharides and other sugars, lipids, phospholipids, inorganic compounds (e.g., magnesium, selenium, zinc, nitrate), neurotransmitters or precursors thereof (e.g., serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, oxitriptan, acetylcholine, dopamine, melatonin), and nucleic acid sequences, having therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic activity. Non-limiting examples of APIs include analgesics and antipyretics (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, 3-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid), phosphatidylserine, myoinositol, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Omega-3), arachidonic acid (AA, Omega-6), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), citicoline (cytidine-5′-diphosphate-choline), and cotinine. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises citicoline. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of citicoline, caffeine, theanine, and ginseng. In some embodiments, the active ingredient comprises sunflower lecithin. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is a combination of sunflower lecithin, caffeine, theanine, and ginseng.
The amount of API may vary. For example, when present, an API is typically at a concentration of from about 0.001% w/w to about 10% by weight, such as, e.g., from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5% about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, or about 1%, to about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of any API. By “substantially free of any API” means that the composition does not contain, and specifically excludes, the presence of any API as defined herein, such as any Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic agent intended to treat any medical condition.
In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of caffeine, taurine, GABA, theanine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, lemon balm extract, ginseng, citicoline, sunflower lecithin, and combinations thereof. For example, the active ingredient can include a combination of caffeine, theanine, and optionally ginseng. In another embodiment, the active ingredient includes a combination of theanine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and optionally lemon balm extract. In a further embodiment, the active ingredient includes theanine, theanine and tryptophan, theanine and one or more of B vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, or tryptophan, theanine and one or more of B vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. In a still further embodiment, the active ingredient includes a combination of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C, optionally further including one or more B vitamins (e.g., vitamin B6 or B12). A magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium gluconate) could be added to any of the above combinations, particularly combinations also including theanine.
In some embodiments, the active ingredient as described herein may be sensitive to degradation (e.g., oxidative, photolytic, thermal, evaporative) during processing or upon storage of the oral product. In such embodiments, the active ingredient (such as caffeine, vitamin A, and iron (Fe)) may be encapsulated, or the matrix otherwise modified with fillers, binders, and the like, to provide enhanced stability to the active ingredient. For example, binders such as functional celluloses (e.g., cellulose ethers including, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose) may be employed to enhance stability of such actives toward degradation. Additionally, encapsulated actives may need to be paired with an excipient in the composition to increase their solubility and/or bioavailability. Non-limiting examples of suitable excipients include beta-carotene, lycopene, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Co-enzyme Q10, Vitamin K, and curcumin.
In other embodiments, in order to provide a desired concentration of the active ingredient by weight, an initial quantity of the active ingredient may be increased to compensate for a gradual degradative loss. Accordingly, larger initial amounts than those disclosed herein are contemplated by the present disclosure.
The moisture content (e.g., water content) of the composition, prior to use by a consumer of the product, may vary according to the desired properties. Typically, the composition, prior to insertion into the mouth of the user, is less than about 60% by weight of water, and generally is from about 1 to about 60% by weight of water, for example, from about 5 to about 55%, about 10 to about 50%, about 20 to about 45%, or about 25 to about 40% water by weight, including water amounts of at least about 5% by weight, at least about 10% by weight, at least about 15% by weight, and at least about 20% by weight.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises a salt (e.g., an alkali metal salt), typically employed in an amount sufficient to provide desired sensory attributes to the composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable salts include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, flour salt, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, calcium citrate, and the like. In some embodiments, the salt is sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the salt is trisodium citrate, calcium citrate, or a combination thereof.
When present, a representative amount of salt is about 0.1% by weight or more, about 0.5% by weight or more, about 1.0% by weight or more, or about 1.5% by weight or more, but will typically make up about 10% or less of the total weight of the composition, or about 7.5% or less, or about 5% or less (e.g., from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight).
In order to improve the sensory properties of the composition according to the disclosure, one or more sweeteners may be added. The sweeteners can be any sweetener or combination of sweeteners, in natural or artificial form, or as a combination of natural and artificial sweeteners. Examples of natural sweeteners include fructose, sucrose, glucose, maltose, isomaltulose, mannose, galactose, lactose, allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, inulin, stevia, honey, and the like. Examples of artificial sweeteners include sucralose, maltodextrin, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K, neotame, and the like. In some embodiments, the sweetener comprises one or more sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols are polyols derived from monosaccharides or disaccharides that have a partially or fully hydrogenated form. Sugar alcohols have, for example, about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms and include erythritol, arabitol, ribitol, isomalt, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof (e.g., hydrogenated starch hydrolysates). In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucralose, acesulfame K, or a combination thereof.
When present, a sweetener or combination of sweeteners may make up from about 0.01 to about 20% or more of the of the composition by weight, for example, from about 0.01 to about 0.1, from about 0.1 to about 1%, from about 1 to about 5%, from about 5 to about 10%, or from about 10 to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight of the composition, such as about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, or about 0.1% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the composition, such as about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a combination of sweeteners is present at a concentration of from about 1% to about 3% by weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises a flavoring agent. As used herein, a “flavoring agent,” “flavor” or “flavorant” is any flavorful or aromatic substance capable of altering the sensory characteristics associated with the oral product. Examples of sensory characteristics that can be modified by the flavoring agent include taste, mouthfeel, moistness, coolness/heat, and/or fragrance/aroma. Flavoring agents may be natural or synthetic, and the character of the flavors imparted thereby may be described, without limitation, as fresh, sweet, herbal, confectionary, floral, fruity, or spicy. Specific types of flavors include, but are not limited to, vanilla, coffee, chocolate/cocoa, cream, mint, spearmint, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, eucalyptus, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, trigeminal sensates, terpenes, and any combinations thereof. See also, Leffingwell et al., Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (1972), which is incorporated herein by reference. Flavoring agents also may include components that are considered moistening, cooling or smoothening agents, such as eucalyptus. These flavors may be provided neat (i.e., alone) or in a composite, and may be employed as concentrates or flavor packages (e.g., spearmint and menthol, orange and cinnamon; lime, pineapple, and the like). Representative types of components also are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,416 to White et al.; US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2005/0244521 to Strickland et al.; and PCT Application Pub. No. WO 05/041699 to Quinter et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some instances, the flavoring agent may be provided in a spray-dried form or a liquid form.
The amount of flavoring agent utilized in the composition can vary, but is typically up to about 10% by weight, and certain embodiments are characterized by a flavoring agent content of at least about 0.1% by weight, such as about 0.5 to about 10%, about 1 to about 5%, or about 2 to about 4% weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In order to improve the organoleptic properties of a composition as disclosed herein, the composition may include one or more taste modifying agents (“taste modifiers”) which may serve to mask, alter, block, or improve e.g., the flavor of a composition as described herein. Non-limiting examples of such taste modifiers include analgesic or anesthetic herbs, spices, and flavors which produce a perceived cooling (e.g., menthol, eucalyptus, mint), warming (e.g., cinnamon), or painful (e.g., capsaicin) sensation. Certain taste modifiers fall into more than one overlapping category.
In some embodiments, the taste modifier modifies one or more of bitter, sweet, salty, or sour tastes. In some embodiments, the taste modifier targets pain receptors. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an active ingredient having a bitter taste, and a taste modifier which masks or blocks the perception of the bitter taste. In some embodiments, the taste modifier is a substance which targets pain receptors (e.g., vanilloid receptors) in the user's mouth to mask e.g., a bitter taste of another component (e.g., an active ingredient). Suitable taste modifiers include, but are not limited to, capsaicin, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), lactisole, or a combination thereof.
When present, a representative amount of taste modifier is about 0.01% by weight or more, about 0.1% by weight or more, or about 1.0% by weight or more, but will typically make up less than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition, (e.g., from about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, or about 0.5%, to about 1%, about 5%, or about 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition).
A binder (or combination of binders) may be employed in certain embodiments, in amounts sufficient to provide the desired physical attributes and physical integrity to the composition, and binders also often function as thickening or gelling agents. Typical binders can be organic or inorganic, or a combination thereof. Representative binders include cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose ethers), povidone, sodium alginate, starch-based binders, pectin, gums, carrageenan, pullulan, zein, and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the binder comprises pectin or carrageenan or combinations thereof.
The amount of binder utilized in the composition can vary based on the binder and the desired composition properties, but is typically up to about 30% by weight, and certain embodiments are characterized by a binder content of at least about 0.1% by weight, such as about 0.5 to about 30% by weight, or about 1 to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the binder includes a gum, for example, a natural gum. As used herein, a natural gum refers to polysaccharide materials of natural origin that have binding properties, and which are also useful as a thickening or gelling agents. Representative natural gums derived from plants, which are typically water soluble to some degree, include xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, ghatti gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. When present, natural gum binder materials are typically present in an amount of up to about 5% by weight, for example, from about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1%, to about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the binder comprises pectin. Pectins are natural polymers related to carbohydrates and which are acidic heteropolysaccharides (polysaccharides comprising multiple monosaccharide units). As opposed to carbohydrates, the pectin C-6 position contains a carboxylic acid (or corresponding methyl ester or carboxamide) group instead of a hydroxymethyl group. The principal subunit is known as galacturonic acid, which can be copolymerized with L-rhamnose. Other sugars are featured as side-chain substituents. Pectin acts as a thickening and gelling agent. Pectin isolated from sources such as apple pomace, citrus peels, sugarbeet waste from sugar manufacturing, sunflower heads discarded from seed harvesting, mango waste, and other commercially available pectins may be used. In combination with certain sugars, under acidic conditions (e.g., a pH of from about 2.5 to about 5), or in the presence of a gelation agent (calcium or other divalent alkaline earth elements), pectins may provide a gel or gum consistency to compositions as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the binder comprises low methoxy pectin. Suitable low methoxy pectins include, for example, “GENU® pectin type LM-104 AS”, available from CP Kelco, Atlanta, Ga., USA. In some embodiments, the binder comprises low methoxy pectin in combination with a gelation agent. In some embodiments, the gelation agent comprises calcium ions, such as, but not limited to, calcium diphosphate. In some embodiments, the binder comprises a high methoxy pectin in combination with an organic acid, described herein below. In some embodiments, the binder comprises a high methoxy pectin in combination with citric acid.
When present, a pectin binder is typically present in an amount of up to about 3% by weight, for example, from about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1, to about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8. about 1.9, about 2, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3. about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, combinations of binders may be used, such as various combinations of starches, pectins, carrageenans, agar, gums, and the like, in order to provide desired attributes to the oral product, to enhance processing ability, or both. Examples of desired attribures include, but are not limited to, mouth feel, texture, firmness, chewability, and dissolution rate.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises an organic acid. As used herein, the term “organic acid” refers to an organic (i.e., carbon-based) compound that is characterized by acidic properties. Typically, organic acids are relatively weak acids (i.e., they do not dissociate completely in the presence of water), such as carboxylic acids (—CO2H) or sulfonic acids (—SO2OH). As used herein, reference to organic acid means an organic acid that is intentionally added. In this regard, an organic acid may be intentionally added as a specific mixture ingredient as opposed to merely being inherently present as a component of another mixture ingredient (e.g., the small amount of organic acid which may inherently be present in a mixture ingredient such as a tobacco material). In some embodiments, the one or more organic acids are added neat (i.e., in their free acid, native solid or liquid form) or as a solution in, e.g., water. In some embodiments, the one or more organic acids are added in the form of a salt, as described herein below.
Suitable organic acids will typically have a range of lipophilicities (i.e., a polarity giving an appropriate balance of water and organic solubility). Lipophilicity is conveniently measured in terms of log P, the partition coefficient of a molecule between an aqueous and lipophilic phase, usually water and octanol, respectively. Typically, lipophilicities of organic acids may be between about −2 and about 6.5.
In some embodiments, the organic acid may be more soluble in water than in octanol (i.e., having a negative log P value, such as from about −2 to about −1). In some embodiments, the organic acid may be about equally soluble in octanol than in water (i.e., having a log P value of about 0). In some embodiments, the organic acid may be more soluble in octanol than in water (i.e., having a positive log P value, such as from about 1 to about 6.5). In some embodiments, the organic acid has a log P value of from about 1.5 to about 5.0, e.g., from about 1.5, about 2.0, about 2.5, or about 3.0, to about 3.5, about 4.0, about 4.5, or about 5.0.
In some embodiments, the organic acid has a log P value of from about 1.5 to about 4.0, e.g., from about 1.5, about 2.0, about 2.5, or about 3.0, to about 3.5, about 4.0, about 4.5, or about 5.0. Particularly suitable organic acids have a log P value of from about 1.7 to about 4, such as from about 2.0, about 2.5, or about 3.0, to about 3.5, or about 4.0. In specific embodiments, the organic acid has a log P value of about 2.5 to about 3.5. In some embodiments, organic acids outside this range may also be utilized for various purposes and in various amounts, as described further herein below. For example, in some embodiments, the organic acid may have a log P value of greater than about 4.5, such as from about 4.5 to about 8.0. Particularly, the presence of certain solvents or solubilizing agents (e.g., inclusion in the composition of glycerin or propylene glycol) may extend the range of lipophilicity (i.e., values of log P higher than 4.5, such as from about 4.5 to about 8.0).
In some embodiments, the organic acid is a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid. The carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid functional group may be attached to any alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group having, for example, from one to twenty carbon atoms (C1-C20). In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl carboxylic or sulfonic acid.
As used herein, “alkyl” refers to any straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon. The alkyl group may be saturated (i.e., having all sp3 carbon atoms), or may be unsaturated (i.e., having at least one site of unsaturation). As used herein, the term “unsaturated” refers to the presence of a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond in one or more positions within the alkyl group. Unsaturated alkyl groups may be mono- or polyunsaturated. Representative straight chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl. Branched chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and 2-methylbutyl. Representative unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-l-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.
“Cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a carbocyclic group, which may be mono- or bicyclic. Cycloalkyl groups include rings having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted, and may include one or more sites of unsaturation (e.g., cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl).
The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.
“Heteroaryl” and “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refer to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system, respectively, in which one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group comprises up to 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. A heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (for example, 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (for example, 4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S), for example: a bicyclo[4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. Examples of heteroaryl groups include by way of example and not limitation, pyridyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 1H-indazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, and isatinoyl. Examples of heterocycloalkyls include by way of example and not limitation, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), tetrahydrothiophenyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bis-tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, piperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and morpholinyl. Heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.
“Substituted” as used herein and as applied to any of the above alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, means that one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —Cl, Br, F, alkyl, —OH, —OCH3, NH2, —NHCH3, —N(CH3)2, —CN, —NC(⊚O)CH3, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)NH2, and —C(═O)N(CH3)2. Wherever a group is described as “optionally substituted,” that group can be substituted with one or more of the above substituents, independently selected for each occasion. In some embodiments, the substituent may be one or more methyl groups or one or more hydroxyl groups.
In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl carboxylic acid. Non-limiting examples of alkyl carboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid is an alkyl sulfonic acid. Non-limiting examples of alkyl sulfonic acids include propanesulfonic acid and octanesulfonic acid.
In some embodiments, the alkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acid is substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups. Non-limiting examples include glycolic acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, and lactic acid.
In some embodiments, an organic acid may include more than one carboxylic acid group or more than one sulfonic acid group (e.g., two, three, or more carboxylic acid groups). Non-limiting examples include oxalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and glutaric acid. In organic acids containing multiple carboxylic acids (e.g., from two to four carboxylic acid groups), one or more of the carboxylic acid groups may be esterified. Non-limiting examples include succinic acid monoethyl ester, monomethyl fumarate, monomethyl or dimethyl citrate, and the like.
In some embodiments, the organic acid may include more than one carboxylic acid group and one or more hydroxyl groups. Non-limiting examples of such acids include tartaric acid, citric acid, and the like. In some embodiments, the organic acid is citric acid, sodium citrate, calcium citrate, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the organic acid is an aryl carboxylic acid or an aryl sulfonic acid. Non-limiting examples of aryl carboxylic and sulfonic acids include benzoic acid, toluic acids, salicylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Additional non-limiting examples of suitable organic acids include 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid (L), aspartic acid (L), camphoric acid (+), camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+), capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, cyclamic acid, decanoic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, pyroglutamic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, and undecylenic acid.
Examples of suitable acids include, but are not limited to, the list of organic acids in Table 1.
In some embodiments, the organic acid is a mono ester of a di- or poly-acid, such as mono-octyl succinate, mono-octyl fumarate, or the like.
The selection of organic acid may further depend on additional properties in addition to or without consideration to the log P value. For example, an organic acid should be one recognized as safe for human consumption, and which has acceptable flavor, odor, volatility, stability, and the like. Determination of appropriate organic acids is within the purview of one of skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the organic acid is benzoic acid, a toluic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, decanoic acid, or octanoic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is benzoic acid, octanoic acid, or decanoic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is octanoic acid.
In some embodiments, the one or more organic acids is a single organic acid. In some embodiments, more than one organic acid may be present. For example, the composition may comprise two, or three, or four, or more organic acids. Accordingly, reference herein to “an organic acid” contemplates mixtures of two or more organic acids. The relative amounts of the multiple organic acids may vary. For example, a composition may comprise equal amounts of two, or three, or more organic acids, or may comprise different relative amounts. In this manner, it is possible to include certain organic acids (e.g., citric acid or myristic acid) which have a log P value outside the desired range, when combined with other organic acids to provide the desired average log P range for the combination. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to include organic acids in the composition which have log P values outside the desired range for purposes such as, but not limited to, providing desirable organoleptic properties, stability, as flavor components, and the like. Further, certain lipophilic organic acids have undesirable flavor and or aroma characteristics which would preclude their presence as the sole organic acid (e.g., in equimolar or greater quantities relative to nicotine). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a combination of different organic acids may provide the desired ion pairing while the concentration of any single organic acid in the composition remains below the threshold which would be found objectionable from a sensory perspective.
For example, in some embodiments, the organic acid may comprise from about 1 to about 5 or more molar equivalents of benzoic acid relative to nicotine, combined with e.g., about 0.2 molar equivalents of octanoic acid acid or a salt thereof, and 0.2 molar equivalents of decanoic acid or a salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of any two organic acids selected from the group consisting of benzoic acid, a toluic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, decanoic acid, and octanoic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of benzoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid, or benzoic and octanoic acid. In some embodiments, the composition comprises citric acid in addition to one or more of benzoic acid, a toluic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, decanoic acid, and octanoic acid.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkali metal salt of an organic acid. For example, at least a portion of the organic acid may be present in the composition in the form of an alkali metal salt. Suitable alkali metal salts include lithium, sodium, and potassium. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium or potassium. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an organic acid and a sodium salt of the organic acid.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, octanoic acid and sodium octanoate, decanoic acid and sodium decanoate, or a combination thereof.
The amount of organic acid present in the composition may vary. Generally, the mixture comprises from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight of organic acid, present as one or more organic acids, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% organic acid by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 0.5% by weight of organic acid, for example, about 0.1, about 0.15, about 0.2, about 0.25, about 0.3, about 0.35, about 0.4, about 0.45, or about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.25 to about 0.35% by weight of organic acid, for example, from about 0.25, about 0.26, about 0.27, about 0.28, about 0.29, or about 0.3, to about 0.31, about 0.32, about 0.33, about 0.34, or about 0.35% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In the case where a salt of an organic acid is added (e.g., sodium citrate), the percent by weight is calculated based on the weight of the free acid, not including any counter-ion which may be present.
In certain embodiments the organic acid inclusion is sufficient to provide a composition pH of from about 4.0 to about 9.0, such as from about 4.5 to about 7.0, or from about 5.5 to about 7.0, from about 4.0 to about 5.5, or from about 7.0 to about 9.0. In some embodiments, the organic acid inclusion is sufficient to provide a composition pH of from about 4.5 to about 6.5, for example, from about 4.5, about 5.0, or about 5.5, to about 6.0, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the organic acid is provided in a quantity sufficient to provide a pH of the composition of from about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example, from about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, or about 6.0, to about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, or about 6.5. In other embodiments, a mineral acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or the like) is added to adjust the pH of the composition to the desired value.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 2 to about 10, or from about 2 to about 5 molar equivalents of the organic acid, the alkali metal salt thereof, or the combination thereof, to nicotine, on a free-base nicotine basis. In some embodiments, the organic acid, the alkali metal salt thereof, or the combination thereof, is present in a molar ratio with the nicotine from about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5, to about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10. In embodiments wherein more than one organic acid, alkali metal salt thereof, or both, are present, it is to be understood that such molar ratios reflect the totality of the organic acids present.
In some embodiments, the ratio of the organic acid to the sodium salt of the organic acid is from about 0.1 to about 10, such as from about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.3, about 0.5, about 0.75, or about 1, to about 2, about 5, or about 10. For example, in some embodiments, both an organic acid and the sodium salt thereof are added to the other components of the composition, wherein the organic acid is added in excess of the sodium salt, in equimolar quantities with the sodium salt, or as a fraction of the sodium salt. One of skill in the art will recognize that the relative amounts will be determined by the desired pH of the composition, as well as the desired ionic strength. For example, the organic acid may be added in a quantity to provide a desired pH level of the composition, while the alkali metal (e.g., sodium) salt is added in a quantity to provide a desired extent of ion pairing. As one of skill in the art will understand, the quantity of organic acid (i.e., the protonated form) present in the composition, relative to the alkali metal salt or conjugate base form present in the composition, will vary according to the pH of the composition and the pKa of the organic acid, as well as according to the actual relative quantities initially added to the composition.
Organic acids (e.g., citric acid) may be added neat (i.e., as a solid) or in solution, for example, in water. In some embodiments, the organic acid is added as a 50% aqueous solution.
In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure can comprise pH adjusters or buffering agents. Examples of pH adjusters and buffering agents that can be used include, but are not limited to, metal hydroxides (e.g., alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), and other alkali metal buffers such as metal carbonates (e.g., potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate), or metal bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable buffers include alkali metals acetates, glycinates, phosphates, glycerophosphates, citrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, borates, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium bicarbonate.
Where present, the buffering agent is typically present in an amount less than about 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, for example, from about 0.1% to about 5%, such as, e.g., from about 0.1% to about 1%, or from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
A colorant may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide the desired physical attributes to the composition. Examples of colorants include various dyes and pigments, such as caramel coloring and titanium dioxide. Natural colorants such as curcumin, beet juice extract, spirulina; also a variety of synthetic pigments may also be used. The amount of colorant utilized in the composition can vary, but when present is typically up to about 3% by weight, such as from about 0.1%, about 0.5%, or about 1%, to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, one or more humectants may be employed in the composition. Examples of humectants include, but are not limited to, glycerin, propylene glycol, and the like. Where included, the humectant is typically provided in an amount sufficient to provide desired moisture attributes to the composition. Further, in some instances, the humectant may impart desirable flow characteristics to the composition for depositing in a mold. When present, a humectant will typically make up about 5% or less of the weight of the composition (e.g., from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight), for example, from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, or about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises an oral care ingredient (or mixture of such ingredients). Oral care ingredients provide the ability to inhibit tooth decay or loss, inhibit gum disease, relieve mouth pain, whiten teeth, or otherwise inhibit tooth staining, elicit salivary stimulation, inhibit breath malodor, freshen breath, or the like. For example, effective amounts of ingredients such as thyme oil, eucalyptus oil and zinc (e.g., such as the ingredients of formulations commercially available as ZYTEX® from Discus Dental) can be incorporated into the composition. Other examples of ingredients that can be incorporated in desired effective amounts within the present composition can include those that are incorporated within the types of oral care compositions set forth in Takahashi et al., Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 19 (1), 61-64 (2004); U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,527 to Thistle; and US Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos. 2006/0210488 to Jakubowski and 2006/02228308 to Cummins et al. Other exemplary ingredients of tobacco containing-formulation include those contained in formulations marketed as MALTISORB® by Roquette and DENTIZYME® by NatraRx. When present, a representative amount of oral care additive is at least about 1%, often at least about 3%, and frequently at least about 5% of the total dry weight of the composition. The amount of oral care additive within the composition will not typically exceed about 30%, often will not exceed about 25%, and frequently will not exceed about 20%, of the total dry weight of the composition.
If necessary for downstream processing of the composition, such as granulation, mixing, or molding, a flow aid can also be added to the composition in order to enhance flowability of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., melt and chew forms) may be surface treated with anti-stick agents, such as oils, silicones, and the like. Exemplary flow aids include microcrystalline cellulose, silica, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, canauba wax, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flow aid is sodium stearyl fumarate.
When present, a representative amount of flow aid may make up at least about 0.5 percent or at least about 1 percent, of the total dry weight of the composition. Preferably, the amount of flow aid within the composition will not exceed about 5 percent, and frequently will not exceed about 3 percent, of the total dry weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, an emulsifier may be added. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is lecithin. For example, lecithin (e.g., soy lecithin or sunflower lecithin) may be added to the composition to provide smoother textural properties to the composition and to improve flowability and mixing of e.g., a lipid with the remaining components of the composition. Emulsifiers (e.g., lecithin) can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5% by dry weight of the composition, such as from about 0.1 to about 2.5%, or from about 0.1 to about 1.0% based on the total weight of the composition.
Other additives can be included in the disclosed composition. For example, the composition can be processed, blended, formulated, combined, and/or mixed with other materials or ingredients. The additives can be artificial, or can be obtained or derived from herbal or biological sources. Examples of further types of additives include thickening or gelling agents (e.g., fish gelatin), emulsifiers, preservatives (e.g., potassium sorbate and the like), disintegration aids, zinc or magnesium salts selected to be relatively water soluble for compositions with greater water solubility (e.g., magnesium or zinc gluconate) or selected to be relatively water insoluble for compositions with reduced water solubility (e.g., magnesium or zinc oxide), or combinations thereof. See, for example, those representative components, combination of components, relative amounts of those components, and manners and methods for employing those components, set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 9,237,769 to Mua et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,728 to Holton, Jr. et al., US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/0291245 to Gao et al., and US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0062549 to Holton, Jr. et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Typical inclusion ranges for such additional additives can vary depending on the nature and function of the additive and the intended effect on the final composition, with an example range of up to about 10% by weight, based on total weight of the composition (e.g., about 0.1 to about 5% by weight).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises a magnesium salt. A non-limiting example of a suitable magnesium salt is magnesium gluconate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises magnesium in an amount by weight from about 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.2 to about 1%, based on elemental magnesium.
The aforementioned additives can be employed together (e.g., as additive formulations) or separately (e.g., individual additive components can be added at different stages involved in the preparation of the final composition). Furthermore, the aforementioned types of additives may be encapsulated as provided in the final product or composition. Exemplary encapsulated additives are described, for example, in WO2010/132444 to Atchley, which has been previously incorporated by reference herein.
Provided herein is a composition configured for oral use. The term “configured for oral use” as used herein means that the composition is provided in a form such that during use, saliva in the mouth of the user causes one or more of the components of the composition (e.g., flavoring agents and/or active ingredients) to pass into the mouth of the user. In certain embodiments, the composition is adapted to deliver components to a user through mucous membranes in the user's mouth, the user's digestive system, or both, and, in some instances, said component is an active ingredient (including, but not limited to, for example, a stimulant, vitamin, an amino acid, a botanical, or combinations thereof) that can be absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth or absorbed through the digestive tract when the product is used.
Compositions configured for oral use as described herein may take various forms, including gels, pastilles, gums, chews, melts, tablets, lozenges, powders, and pouches. Certain compositions of the disclosure are in the form of solids. Certain compositions can exhibit, for example, one or more of the following characteristics: crispy, granular, chewy, syrupy, pasty, fluffy, smooth, and/or creamy. In certain embodiments, the desired textural property can be selected from the group consisting of adhesiveness, cohesiveness, density, dryness, fracturability, graininess, gumminess, hardness, heaviness, moisture absorption, moisture release, mouthcoating, roughness, slipperiness, smoothness, viscosity, wetness, and combinations thereof.
The compositions as disclosed herein can be formed into a variety of shapes, including pills, tablets, spheres, strips, films, sheets, coins, cubes, beads, ovoids, obloids, cylinders, bean-shaped, sticks, or rods. Cross-sectional shapes of the composition can vary, and example cross-sectional shapes include circles, squares, ovals, rectangles, and the like. Such shapes can be formed in a variety of manners using equipment such as moving belts, nips, extruders, granulation devices, compaction devices, and the like.
In certain embodiments, the composition is in the form of a compressed or molded pellet. Example pellet weights range from about 250 mg to about 1500 mg, such as about 250 mg to about 700 mg, or from about 700 mg to about 1500 mg. The pellet can have any of a variety of shapes, including traditional pill or tablet shapes. Generally, the composition in tablet form comprises a glucose-polysaccharide blend and a sugar alcohol. In some embodiments, the glucose-polysaccharide blend is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; and the sugar alcohol is present in an amount of from about 30 to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt.
The compositions of the present disclosure may be dissolvable. As used herein, the terms “dissolve,” “dissolving,” and “dissolvable” refer to compositions having aqueous-soluble components that interact with moisture in the oral cavity and enter into solution, thereby causing gradual consumption of the composition. According to one aspect, the dissolvable composition is capable of lasting in the user's mouth for a given period of time until it completely dissolves. Dissolution rates can vary over a wide range, from about 1 minute or less to about 60 minutes. For example, fast release compositions typically dissolve and/or release the desired component(s) (e.g., active ingredient, flavor, and the like) in about 2 minutes or less, often about 1 minute or less (e.g., about 50 seconds or less, about 40 seconds or less, about 30 seconds or less, or about 20 seconds or less). Dissolution can occur by any means, such as melting, mechanical disruption (e.g., chewing), enzymatic or other chemical degradation, or by disruption of the interaction between the components of the composition. In other embodiments, the products do not dissolve during the product's residence in the user's mouth.
In some embodiments, the products disclosed herein may be in the form of a dissolvable and lightly chewable pastille product for oral use. As used herein, the term “pastille” refers to a dissolvable oral product made by solidifying a liquid or gel composition, such as a composition that includes a gelling or binding agent, so that the final product is a hardened solid gel. A pastille product may alternatively be referred to as a soft lozenge. In certain embodiments, the pastille products of the disclosure are characterized by sufficient cohesiveness to withstand light chewing action in the oral cavity without rapidly disintegrating. The pastille products of the disclosure typically do not exhibit a highly deformable chewing quality as found in conventional chewing gum. See, for example, the smokeless tobacco pastilles, pastille formulations, pastille configurations, pastille characteristics and techniques for formulating or manufacturing pastilles set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,204,667 to Cantrell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,775,376 to Cantrell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 10,357,054 to Marshall et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference.
Pastille products of the present disclosure typically include a composition comprising at least one active ingredient in an amount of less than about 10 weight percent (e.g., a nicotine compound), a gum, and a sugar alcohol as a filler component. Any active ingredient (e.g., a tobacco material and/or an active ingredient) as discussed herein below is meant to be suitable for use as an active ingredient in the pastille compositions according to the present disclosure. Such active ingredients may be added as a singular active ingredient, or in combinations with one or more other active ingredients. In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be provided in liquid form or in a dry powder or particulate form. As noted above, the active ingredient typically is present in an amount from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, such as, e.g., from about 0.1 weight percent, about 0.5 weight percent, about 1 weight percent, about 1.5 weight percent, about 2 weight percent, about 2.5 weight percent, about 3 weight percent, about 3.5 weight percent, about 4 weight percent, or about 4.5 weight percent, to about 5.5 weight percent, about 6 weight percent, about 6.5 weight percent, about 7 weight percent, about 7.5 weight percent, about 8 weight percent, about 8.5 weight percent, about 9 weight percent, about 9.5 weight percent, or about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be present in an amount of less than about 10 weight percent, less than about 9 weight percent, less than about 8 weight percent, less than about 7 weight percent, less than about 6 weight percent, less than about 5 weight percent, less than about 4 weight percent, less than about 3 weight percent, less than about 2 weight percent, or less than about 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
A gum (or combination of two or more gums) may be employed in amounts sufficient to provide the desired physical attributes and physical integrity to the pastille products. In some embodiments, the gum may function as a binder component in the oral product. A representative amount of gum may make up at least about 5 percent or at least about 10 percent of the total weight of the pastille composition. In certain embodiments, the gum(s) of the composition will be present in an amount of at least about 30 weight percent, at least about 35 weight percent, at least about 40 weight percent, at least about 45 weight percent, or at least about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the gum in the composition may be present in an amount of about 35 weight percent to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the total amount of gum within the pastille product will not exceed about 55 percent of the total weight of the composition. Often, the amount of gum within a desirable composition will not exceed about 65 percent, and frequently will not exceed about 60 percent, of the total weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the gum includes a natural gum. Particularly, natural gums (e.g., such as gum arabic) may be incorporated into the pastille products as a softener. Advantageously, use of a natural gum as a softener provides the desired textural qualities necessary for forming pastille compositions, particularly those described herein. Particularly, it should be noted that increasing the amount of a natural gum (e.g., gum arabic) while, subsequently, decreasing the amount of sugar alcohol can advantageously increase softness in the resulting pastille product. As used herein, a natural gum refers to polysaccharide materials of natural origin that are useful as softening agents. Representative natural gums derived from plants, which are typically water soluble to some degree, include xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, ghatti gum, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, and combinations thereof. Preferably, gum arabic may be used as an example natural gum which provides the above noted softening characteristics when incorporated into the pastille compositions of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the gum can optionally include a tobacco-derived material in the form of a binder, which can be combined with one or more additional binder components. For example, in one particular embodiment, the gum component comprises gum arabic in combination with a tobacco-derived binder as described herein. In such embodiments, the amount of tobacco-derived binder within the composition is at least about 0.5 percent or at least about 1 percent or at least about 1.5 percent, on a weight basis of the composition. An example weight range is about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent, more often about 1 to about 5 weight percent.
As noted above, pastille products of the present disclosure may comprise at least one sugar alcohol in the form of a filler component. Sugar alcohols are particularly advantageous as filler components in the pastilles of the disclosure because such materials contribute some sweetness and do not disrupt the desired chewable characteristics of the final product. In some embodiments, isomalt may be incorporated as the sole filler component. A sugar alcohol is typically added to compositions of the disclosure in the form of an aqueous solution or suspension, such as a solution or suspension with a solids content of about 50 to about 90 weight percent. Combinations of a sugar alcohol with a further filler component can also be used. A filler component often fulfills multiple functions, such as enhancing certain organoleptic properties such as texture and mouthfeel, enhancing cohesiveness or compressibility of the product, and the like. In some embodiments, the filler comprises a sugar substitute, such as one or more of allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, and inulin. Such sugar substitutes may be an alternative to sugar alcohols, or used in combination with one or more sugar alcohols.
When present, a representative amount of filler, whether an organic and/or inorganic filler, may make up at least about 10 percent, at least about 20 percent, or at least about 25 percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the amount of filler within the composition will not exceed about 50 percent, and frequently will not exceed about 40 percent, of the total weight of the composition. A typical filler range is about 15 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, about 25 weight percent to about 45 weight percent, or about 30 weight percent to about 40 weight percent.
Representative pastille compositions and products may incorporate about 10 weight percent or less of at least one active ingredient, about 0.01 to about 2 percent sweetener, about 0.1 to about 5 percent humectant, about 25 to about 45 percent of at least one sugar alcohol filler, about 35 to about 55 percent of at least one gum, about 0.1 to about 5 percent of at least one flavoring agent, and about 0.1 to about 5 percent of a salt, based on the total weight of the product. The particular percentages and choice of ingredients will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and other characteristics.
Oral products of the present disclosure in the form of a pastille may contain various amounts of water. For example, the water content of the pastille product may be provided within a specified range so as to dictate the final form of the product. The water content of the pastille products described herein, prior to use by a consumer of the product, may vary within such ranges according to the desired properties and characteristics, in addition to dictating the final form of the product. For example, pastille-type products typically possess a water content in the range of about 5 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the moisture content of a pastille product, as present within a single unit of product prior to insertion into the mouth of the user, is within the range of about 5 to about 25 weight percent, often about 8 to about 20 weight percent, more often about 10 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the product unit. In some embodiments, the moisture content of a pastille product may be at least about 5 weight percent, at least about 10 weight percent, at least about 15 weight percent, or at least about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the product.
In some embodiments, the products disclosed herein may be in the form of a dissolvable lozenge product configured for oral use. Example lozenge-type products of the invention have the form of a lozenge, tablet, microtab, or other tablet-type product. See, for example, the types of nicotine-containing lozenges, lozenge formulations, lozenge formats and configurations, lozenge characteristics and techniques for formulating or manufacturing lozenges set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,773 to Shaw; U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,605 to Acharya; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,574 to Dam; U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,761 to Santus; U.S. Pat. No. 6,676,959 to Andersson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,760 to Wilhelmsen; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,374,779; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2001/0016593 to Wilhelmsen; 2004/0101543 to Liu et al.; 2006/0120974 to Mcneight; 2008/0020050 to Chau et al.; 2009/0081291 to Gin et al.; and 2010/0004294 to Axelsson et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference.
Lozenge products are generally described as “hard”, and are distinguished in this manner from soft lozenges (i.e., pastilles). Hard lozenges are mixtures of sugars and/or carbohydrates in an amorphous state. Although they are made from aqueous syrups, the water, which is initially present, evaporates as the syrup is boiled during processing so that the moisture content in the finished product is very low, such as 0.5% to 1.5% by weight. To obtain lozenges that are hard and not tacky, the temperature of the melt generally must reach the hard crack stage, with an example temperature range of 149° to 154° C.
Lozenge-type products, in some embodiments, may exhibit translucence or transparency. The desired transparency or translucency of the product can be quantified by any known method. For example, optical methods such as turbidimetry (or nephelometry) and colorimetry may be used to quantify the cloudiness (light scattering) and the color (light absorption), respectively, of the products. Translucency can also be confirmed by visual inspection by simply holding the product up to a light source and determining if light travels through the material or product in a diffuse manner.
The lozenge-type products of the present disclosure may incorporate various different additives in addition to at least one active ingredient and may be prepared according to a variety of different methods commonly known in the art for preparing lozenge-type products. Example compositions, products, and methods of preparing such products will be detailed herein below.
Lozenge products of the present disclosure typically include composition comprising at least one active ingredient in an amount of less than about 2 weight percent (e.g., a nicotine compound), a sugar substitute in an amount of at least about 80 weight percent, and a sugar alcohol syrup. Any active ingredient (e.g., a tobacco material and/or an active ingredient) as discussed herein below is meant to be suitable for use as an active ingredient in the lozenge compositions provided herein. Such active ingredients may be added as a singular active ingredient, or in combinations with one or more other active ingredients. In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be provided in liquid form or in a dry powder or particulate form. As noted above, the active ingredient typically is present in an amount from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, such as, e.g., from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, such as, e.g., from about 0.1 weight percent, about 0.5 weight percent, about 1 weight percent, about 1.5 weight percent, about 2 weight percent, about 2.5 weight percent, about 3 weight percent, about 3.5 weight percent, about 4 weight percent, or about 4.5 weight percent, to about 5.5 weight percent, about 6 weight percent, about 6.5 weight percent, about 7 weight percent, about 7.5 weight percent, about 8 weight percent, about 8.5 weight percent, about 9 weight percent, about 9.5 weight percent, or about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the active ingredient may be present in an amount of less than about 10 weight percent, less than about 9 weight percent, less than about 8 weight percent, less than about 7 weight percent, less than about 6 weight percent, less than about 5 weight percent, less than about 4 weight percent, less than about 3 weight percent, less than about 2 weight percent, or less than about 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the lozenge product comprises a sugar substitute. The sugar substitute is typically provided in pure, solid form (e.g., granular or powdered form). In certain embodiments, the sugar substitute is dry, comprising a very low water content. For example, the sugar substitute can comprise less than about 5% water by weight, less than about 3% water by weight, less than about 2% water by weight, or less than about 1% water by weight.
In certain embodiments, the sugar substitute is capable of forming a glassy matrix. The formation of a glassy matrix is commonly characterized by a translucent/transparent appearance. Typically, the sugar substitute is substantially non-hygroscopic. Non-hygroscopic materials typically do not absorb, adsorb, and/or retain a significant quantity of moisture from the air. For example, in some embodiments, the sugar substitute exhibits a weight gain of water of less than about 50% upon exposure to conditions of 25° C., 80% relative humidity for two weeks. Typically, the sugar substitute exhibits a weight gain of less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% upon exposure to conditions of 25° C., 80% relative humidity for two weeks. Non-hygroscopic materials can provide the benefit of reducing the tendency of the lozenge product to tackify upon exposure to humidity.
The sugar substitute can be any sugarless material (i.e., sucrose-free material) and can be natural or synthetically produced. The sugar substitute used in the products described herein can be nutritive or non-nutritive. For example, the sugar substitute is commonly a sugar alcohol. Sugar alcohols that may be useful according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribotol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, iditol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and mixtures thereof. For example, in certain embodiments, the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of erythritol, sorbitol, and isomalt. The amount of sugar substitute in the lozenge compositions can vary, but is typically at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% by weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the sugar substitute comprises one or more sugar alcohols. For example, in one embodiment, the sugar substitute is isomalt. Isomalt is a disaccharide that is typically made by enzymatic rearrangement of sucrose into isomaltulose, followed by hydrogenation to give an equimolar composition of 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosido-D-sorbitol (1,6-GPS) and 1-O-α-D-glucopyranoido-D-mannitol-dihydrate (1,1-GPM-dihydrate).
In some embodiments, the sugar substitute is one or more of allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, and inulin. Such sugar substitutes may be an alternative to sugar alcohols, or used in combination with one or more sugar alcohols.
In some embodiments, the lozenge products of the present disclosure may comprise a syrup, e.g., a sugar syrup or a sugar alcohol syrup. “Sugar alcohol syrup” as used herein is intended to refer to a thick solution of sugar alcohol in water, e.g., having greater than about 40% solids, preferably having greater than about 50% solids, greater than about 60% solids, greater than about 70% solids, or greater than about 80% solids. Typically, the solid content of the sugar alcohol syrup primarily comprises the named sugar alcohol (i.e., maltitol syrup typically comprises greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, or greater than about 90% by weight maltitol on a dry basis). Sugar alcohol syrups are generally prepared by heating a solution of the sugar alcohol in water and cooling the mixture to give a viscous composition. The resulting syrup is typically characterized by a relatively high concentration of sugar alcohol and relatively high stability (i.e., the sugar alcohol typically does not crystallize from solution, e.g., at room temperature).
The syrup, e.g., sugar alcohol syrup, desirably is capable of affecting the re-crystallization of a melted sugar substitute. One example sugar alcohol syrup that is particularly useful according to the present disclosure is maltitol syrup. Other sugar alcohol syrups can be used, including, but not limited to, corn syrup, golden syrup, molasses, xylitol, mannitol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, iditol, isomalt, lactitol, and polyglycitol syrups. Such sugar alcohol syrups can be prepared or can be obtained from commercial sources. For example, maltitol syrups are commercially available from such suppliers as Corn Products Specialty Ingredients. Although sugar alcohol syrups may be preferred, sugar syrups can, in certain embodiments, be used in place of or in combination with the sugar alcohol syrup. For example, in some embodiments, corn syrup, golden syrup, and/or molasses can be used.
The amount of sugar alcohol syrup added to the lozenge composition mixture is typically that amount required to slow recrystallization of the sugar substitute in melted form. It should be noted that it may be possible to vary the amount of sugar alcohol syrup depending on the composition of the remaining ingredients to ensure that the recrystallization is sufficiently slow to provide a material with the desired characteristics (e.g., a desired level of translucency/transparency). Accordingly, the amount of sugar alcohol syrup can vary, but typically ranges from about 0.1% to about 2%, often from about 0.5% to about 1.5%, and more often about 1% by weight of the lozenge product mixture. In certain embodiments, the amount of sugar alcohol syrup is higher, for example, up to about 2% by weight of the mixture, up to about 5% by weight of the mixture, up to about 10% by weight of the mixture, or up to about 20% by weight of the mixture.
Representative lozenge compositions and products may incorporate about 10 weight percent or less of at least one active ingredient, about 0.01 to about 2 percent artificial sweetener, about 1 to about 5 percent humectant, about 1 to about 5 percent natural sweetener, at least about 80 percent of a sugar substitute, about 0.1 to about 10 percent of a sugar alcohol syrup, one or more flavorants in an amount of up to about 5 percent, and salt in an amount up to about 3 percent, based on the total weight of the product. The particular percentages and choice of ingredients will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and other characteristics.
Oral products of the present disclosure in the form of a lozenge may contain various amounts of water. The water content of the lozenge described herein, prior to use by a consumer of the product, may vary within such ranges according to the desired properties and characteristics, in addition to dictating the final form of the product. For example, lozenge-type products typically possess a water content in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the moisture content of a lozenge product, as present within a single unit of product prior to insertion into the mouth of the user, is less than about 5 weight percent, less than about 3 weight percent, less than about 2 weight percent, or less than about 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the product unit. In some embodiments, the moisture content of a lozenge product as described herein may be within the range of about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent, about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent, or about 1 to about 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the product.
In some embodiments, the composition can be chewable, meaning the composition has a mild resilience or “bounce” upon chewing, and possesses a desirable degree of malleability. A composition in chewable form may be entirely dissolving, or may be in the form of a non-dissolving gum in which only certain components (e.g., active ingredients, flavor, sweetener) dissolve, leaving behind a non-dissolving matrix. Chewable embodiments generally include a binder, such as a natural gum, pectin, agar, carrageenan, starch, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder comprises or is pectin.
Representative chew compositions and products may incorporate about 10 weight percent or less of at least one active ingredient, a binder (e.g. pectin, agar, carrageenan, starch, or a combination thereof), about 0.01 to about 2 percent sweetener, at least about 50 percent of one or more sugar alcohols, and about 0.1 to about 5 percent of at least one flavoring agent, based on the total weight of the product. The particular percentages and choice of ingredients will vary depending upon the desired flavor, texture, and other characteristics. In some embodiments, the composition in chewable form comprises pectin and an organic acid, along with one or more sugar alcohols in an amount by weight of at least 50%, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is a combination of isomalt and maltitol. Generally, the pectin is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, and an organic acid, a gelation agent, or both are present to crosslink the pectin. In some embodiments, a sugar substitute may be an alternative to sugar alcohols, or used in combination with one or more sugar alcohols. Suitable sugar substitutes include allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, inulin, and combinations thereof.
Oral products of the present disclosure in the form of a chew may contain various amounts of water. For example, the water content of the chew product may be provided within a specified range so as to dictate the final form of the product. The water content of the chew products described herein, prior to use by a consumer of the product, may vary within such ranges according to the desired properties and characteristics, in addition to dictating the final form of the product. For example, chew-type products typically possess a water content in the range of about 10 to about 20 weight percent, such as from about 12 to about 18 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition can be meltable as discussed, for example, in US Patent App. Pub. No. 2012/0037175 to Cantrell et al., incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As used herein, “melt,” “melting,” and “meltable” refer to the ability of the composition to change from a solid state to a liquid state.
That is, melting occurs when a substance (e.g., a composition as disclosed herein) changes from solid to liquid, usually by the application of heat. The application of heat in regard to a composition as disclosed herein is provided by the internal temperature of a user's mouth. Thus, the term “meltable” refers to a composition that is capable of liquefying in the mouth of the user as the composition changes phase from solid to liquid, and is intended to distinguish compositions that merely disintegrate in the oral cavity through loss of cohesiveness within the composition that merely dissolve in the oral cavity as aqueous-soluble components of the composition interact with moisture. Generally, meltable compositions comprise a lipid as described herein above. In some embodiments, the composition in meltable form comprises a lipid in an amount of from about 35 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, and a sugar alcohol in an amount of from about 35 to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt, erythritol, sorbitol, arabitol, ribitol, maltitol, dulcitol, iditol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is isomalt. In some embodiments, a sugar substitute may be an alternative to the sugar alcohol, or used in combination with one or more sugar alcohols. Suitable sugar substitutes include allulose, soluble tapioca fiber, inulin, and combinations thereof.
The manner by which the various components of the composition (e.g., filler, active ingredient, and the like) are combined may vary. As such, the overall composition with e.g., powdered composition components may be relatively uniform in nature (e.g., homogenous). The components noted above, which may be in liquid or dry solid form, can be admixed in a pretreatment step prior to mixture with any remaining components of the composition, or simply mixed together with all other liquid or dry ingredients. The compositions of the disclosure are prepared, for example, by dry-blending dry ingredients, such as filler, sweeteners, salts, and the like. In certain embodiments, water can be added to the dry blend at this stage. Additionally, it is optional to add, such as by spraying, active ingredients and/or flavoring agents to the dry blend, followed by mixing.
The various components of the composition may be contacted, combined, or mixed together using any mixing technique or equipment known in the art. Any mixing method that brings the composition ingredients into intimate contact can be used, such as a mixing apparatus featuring an impeller or other structure capable of agitation. Examples of mixing equipment include casing drums, conditioning cylinders or drums, liquid spray apparatus, conical-type blenders, ribbon blenders, mixers available as FKM130, FKM600, FKM1200, FKM2000 and FKM3000 from Littleford Day, Inc., Plough Share types of mixer cylinders, Hobart mixers, and the like. See also, for example, the types of methodologies set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,325 to Solomon et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,855 to Korte et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,654 to Williams, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the components forming the composition are prepared such that the mixture thereof may be used in a starch molding process for forming the composition. Manners and methods for formulating compositions will be apparent to those skilled in the art. See, for example, the types of methodologies set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,325 to Solomon et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,855 to Korte et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,654 to Williams, U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,440 to Ridgway et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,524 to Bolder et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a compressed pellet or tablet. In one embodiment, the process for making the pellet or tablet involves first mixing the bulk filler (e.g., EMDEX®) and the active ingredients. The remaining composition ingredients (e.g., sugar alcohol and any other desired components, such as binders, colorants, sweeteners, flavors, and the like) are then added. Optionally, a colorant can may be added to one of the composition components in a separate step prior to mixing with the remaining components of the composition. The mixing of the composition can be accomplished using any mixing device. The final composition is then compressed into pellet or tablet form using conventional tableting techniques and optionally coated. Compressed composition pellets can be produced by compacting the composition, including any associated formulation components, in the form of a pellet, and optionally coating each pellet with an overcoat material. Example compaction devices, such as compaction presses, are available as Colton 2216 and Colton 2247 from Vector Corporation and as 1200i, 2200i, 3200, 2090, 3090 and 4090 from Fette Compacting. Devices for providing outer coating layers to compacted pelletized compositions are available as CompuLab 24, CompuLab 36, Accela-Cota 48 and Accela-Cota 60 from Thomas Engineering. When present, a coating typically comprises a film-forming polymer, such as a cellulosic polymer, an optional plasticizer, and optional flavorants, colorants, salts, sweeteners or other additives of the types set forth herein. The coating compositions are usually aqueous in nature and can be applied using any pellet or tablet coating technique known in the art, such as pan coating. Example film-forming polymers include cellulosic polymers such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxy methylcellulose. Example plasticizers include aqueous solutions or emulsions of glyceryl monostearate and triethyl citrate. Additional potential coatings include food grade shellac, waxes such as carnuaba wax, and combinations thereof.
The manners and methods used to formulate and manufacture a pastille product as described herein above can vary. For example, the compositions forming the pastille products are prepared such that the mixture thereof may be used in a starch molding process for forming the pastille product. Example pastille production processes are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,440 to Ridgway et al and U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,524 to Bolder et al., which are incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, the compositions for forming the pastille products may be prepared such that the mixture thereof may be used in a starchless molding process (e.g., not including a starch-based component in the molding process) for forming the pastille product.
In one embodiment, the process comprises heating a gum, and optionally hydrating that gum component with water, and then stirring at least one active ingredient into the heated gum component. Generally, the gum may be heated to a temperature in the range of about 60° C. to about 80° C. for a period of a few seconds to a few minutes. In some embodiments, the gum may be heated to a temperature of about 71° C. before stirring in the at least one active ingredient, to allow the at least active ingredient to dissolve therein. In some instances, an aqueous mixture is formed in a separate container by mixing one or more additives (e.g., such as salts, sweeteners, humectants, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, and others) with water to form the aqueous mixture. Then, the aqueous mixture may be admixed with the heated gum (including the at least one active ingredient that has been added therein) to form a mixture in the form of a slurry.
In some embodiments, the at least one sugar alcohol component may be added separately to this mixture, or, in other embodiments, the at least one sugar alcohol may be combined with the gum and the active ingredient prior to addition to the mixture. In some instances, the at least one sugar alcohol may be heated in yet another separate container and added to the mixture separately. For example, in some embodiments, the at least one sugar alcohol (which may optionally include isomalt/maltitol/erythritol) may be heated to a temperature in the range of about 160° C. to about 190° C. before addition to the mixture. In some embodiments, the at least one sugar alcohol may be heated to a temperature of at least about 160° C., at least about 170° C., at least about 180° C., or at least about 190° C. In some instances, the heated sugar alcohol may be allowed to cool to a temperature in the range of about 120° C. to about 160° C. prior to addition to the mixture. In some embodiments, for example, the heated sugar alcohol may be cooled to a temperature of about 160° C. or less, about 150° C. or less, about 140° C. or less, or about 130° C. or less prior to addition to the mixture.
In some instances, the heated (and optionally cooled) sugar alcohol may be combined with the mixture (e.g., including the heated gum, the at least one active ingredient, and the aqueous mixture) and stirred using a high shear mixer or a Hobart mixing bowl with a whipping attachment to provide a pastille composition, which may also be in the form of a slurry. The pastille composition may then be heated to an elevated temperature for a period of time, for example, heated to between about 40° C. to about 80° C., and typically heated to about 71° C., for a period of about 1 to about 3 minutes, for example, to dissolve any dry ingredient within the pastille composition. The heating step can be characterized as heating at a temperature of at least about 50° C., at least about 60° C., or at least about 70° C. The pastille composition typically has a moisture content of at least about 40 percent by weight water, based on the total weight of the composition.
According to some aspects, the pastille composition, in the form of a slurry, may optionally be put through a deaerating step or process prior to being received in a mold or being subjected to other processing steps, so as to reduce or eliminate air bubbles present in the slurry mixture. Air bubbles entrapped within the slurry may affect the final weight of the pastille product, which could lead to a lack of weight uniformity between units of the final product. As such, any deaerating methods and systems may be employed for removing such air bubbles from the slurry material. For example, the slurry may be placed under reduced pressure (i.e., below atmospheric pressure) to pull the air bubbles out of the slurry mixture. In some instances, a vacuum deaerating process may be employed in which the slurry mixture is placed in a vacuum deaerator for deaerating the slurry mixture using pressure reduction. In some instances, the slurry mixture may be under vacuum for about 1 to about 10 minutes, and typically for about 3 to about 5 minutes. The deaerating step may be observed and adjusted accordingly in order to controllably remove the gaseous components from the slurry mixture.
The viscosity of the heated and deaerated slurry mixture may be measured using, for example, a Brookfield viscometer HA Series, SC4 water jacket, 27/13R sample chamber and a No. 27 spindle. The pastille composition may have a viscosity of about 5.7 Pascal-seconds (Pa·s) to about 6.2 Pa·s when heated to a temperature of about 38° C., about 4.9 Pa·s to about 5.4 Pa·s when heated to a temperature of about 43° C., and about 4.2 Pa·s to about 4.7 Pa·s when heated to a temperature of about 50° C. In some instances, extra water may be added to the pastille composition so as to provide a desired viscosity thereof.
Once the desired viscosity is achieved, the heated pastille composition may then be deposited into a mold, such as, for example, a starch mold. While the process as further described herein is directed to forming a pastille product using a starch mold, it is noted that other types of molds may be used in the process, such as, for example, starchless molds, pectin molds, plastic tray molds, silicone tray molds, metallic tray molds, neoprene tray molds, and the like.
In instances involving the use of starch molds, the starch molds may be pre-dried to remove moisture content from the starch mold itself. That is, prior to receiving the slurry or viscous pastille composition, the starch mold may be subjected to an elevated temperature to drive out moisture in the starch mold. For example, in some instances, the starch mold may initially have a moisture content of about 10-15 weight percent. Such levels of moisture could potentially have an effect on the uniformity of the resultant product. In this regard, certain moisture levels in the starch mold could potentially have a wrinkling or pruning effect on the product such that the final product has a shriveled or otherwise wrinkled appearance. As such, the starch mold may be dried at an elevated temperature to reduce the moisture content of the starch mold to between about 4 and about 10 weight percent, and preferably between about 6 and about 8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the starch mold. By taking such steps, the product may, in some instances, be more uniformly consistent in appearance. Furthermore, the starch mold may be heated to an elevated temperature prior to receiving the pastille composition such that the starch mold itself is at an elevated temperature when receiving the pastille composition.
The pastille composition remains in the starch mold at an elevated temperature such as, for example, at between about 40° C. to about 80° C. (e.g., at least about 40° C. or at least about 50° C.), and typically at about 60° C. The pastille composition may be held at the elevated temperature for a predetermined duration of time such as, for example, about 12-48 hours, and typically about 24 hours, so as to allow the pastille composition to cure and solidify into pastille form, while driving the moisture content of the pastille composition to a desired final moisture level. As noted above, in some embodiments, the desired final moisture level of the pastille product may be within the range of about 5 to about 25 weight percent, or about 8 to about 20 weight percent, or about 10 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the product unit. In this regard, curing generally refers to the solidification process in which moisture loss occurs, the viscosity of the composition is raised, and chemical and physical changes begin to occur (e.g., crystallization, cross-linking, gelling, film forming, etc.). The pastille composition is allowed to cool and thereafter removed from the starch mold. In some instances, the pastille composition may be allowed to cool at refrigerated or below ambient temperatures. An air blower/shaker device can be used to remove starch remnants from the pastille composition after being removed from the starch mold.
The pastille composition is then allowed to post-cure for a time and at a temperature suitable to allow the composition to become equilibrated to a desired moisture, shape and form. The time and temperature can vary without departing from the invention and depend in part on the desired final characteristics of the product. In one embodiment, the post-cure is conducted at ambient temperature for at least about 20 hours after being removed from the mold. The resultant pastille product may be provided in individual pieces weighing between about 0.5 grams to about 5 grams, although aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to such weights.
The curing times and temperatures of the pastille composition can be varied as desired. In this regard, such variables may affect the final visual appearance of the pastille product. For example, extended curing times and/or low curing temperatures may affect the final outer configuration or contours of the pastille product. That is, the rate of drying and/or curing of the product can affect the final properties of the product. In some instances, for example, lowering the curing temperature and extending the curing time may cause the pastille product to have a relatively smooth outer surface. In contrast, curing at higher temperatures for shorter period of times can lead to a roughened or wrinkled appearance in the product.
According to other aspects of the present disclosure, rather than using molds to prepare the pastille product, an extrusion process may be employed in which the final pastille product is extruded. In some instances, the pastille composition in slurry form may be formed into a sheet and allowed to dry to a moisture content, for example, of about 15 percent to about 25 percent by weight water to form a tacky or otherwise pasty material, which is in a form capable of physical handling. The material may then be chopped or otherwise cut into smaller pieces using, for example, a mixer. The chopped material may then be extruded through an extrusion device to any shape/size desired, including shapes that may be difficult or impossible to achieve with a mold. In some instances, the extruded product may then be dried to achieve a desired moisture content. A similar type process is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,617 to Smylie et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further, the pastille composition may be subjected to a co-extrusion process with another composition.
Shapes such as, for example, rods and cubes can be formed by first extruding the material through a die having the desired cross-section (e.g., round or square) and then optionally cutting the extruded material into desired lengths. Techniques and equipment for extruding tobacco materials are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,098,492 to Wursburg; U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,000 to Tamol et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,018 to Graves et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,620 to Keritsis et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,744 to Luke et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,453 to White et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,670 to White et al.; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Example extrusion equipment suitable for use include food or gum extruders, or industrial pasta extruders such as Model TP 200/300 available from Emiliomiti, LLC of Italy. In some instances, a single machine may be capable of achieving multiple steps of the processes described herein, such as, for example, kneader systems available from Buss AG.
The pastille product can be provided in any suitable predetermined shape or form, and most preferably is provided in the form having a general shape of a pill, pellet, tablet, coin, bead, ovoid, obloid, cube, or the like. The mouthfeel of the pastille product preferably has a slightly chewable and dissolvable quality with a mild resilience or “bounce” upon chewing that gradually leads to greater malleability during use. According to one aspect, the pastille product is preferably capable of lasting in the user's mouth for about 10-15 minutes until it completely dissolves. Preferably, the products do not, to any substantial degree, leave any residue in the mouth of the user thereof, and do not impart a slick, waxy, or slimy sensation to the mouth of the user.
According to some embodiments, the pastille composition may be coated with a coating substance after being removed from the starch mold and prior to drying. For example, a glazing or anti-sticking coating substance, such as, for example, CAPOL 410 (available from Centerchem, Inc.), may be applied to the pastille composition to provide free-flowing properties. Outer coatings can also help to improve storage stability of the pastille products of the present disclosure as well as improve the packaging process by reducing friability and dusting. Devices for providing outer coating layers to the products of the present disclosure include pan coaters and spray coaters, and particularly include the coating devices available as CompuLab 24, CompuLab 36, Accela-Cota 48 and Accela-Cota 60 from Thomas Engineering.
An example outer coating comprises a film-forming polymer, such as a cellulosic polymer, an optional plasticizer, and optional flavorants, colorants, salts, sweeteners or other additives of the types set forth herein. The coating compositions are usually aqueous in nature and can be applied using any pellet or tablet coating technique known in the art, such as pan coating. Example film-forming polymers include cellulosic polymers such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxy methylcellulose. Example plasticizers include aqueous solutions or emulsions of glyceryl monostearate and triethyl citrate.
In one embodiment, the coating composition comprises up to about 75 weight percent of a film-forming polymer solution (e.g., about 40 to about 70 weight percent based on total weight of the coating formulation), up to about 5 weight percent of a plasticizer (e.g., about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent), up to about 5 weight percent of a sweetener (e.g., about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent), up to about 10 weight percent of one or more colorants (e.g., about 1 to about 5 weight percent), up to about 5 weight percent of one or more flavorants (e.g., about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent), up to about 2 weight percent of a salt such as NaCl (e.g., about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent), and the balance water. Example coating compositions and methods of application are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/876,785 to Hunt et al.; filed Sep. 7, 2010, and which is incorporated by reference herein.
Although the foregoing description focuses on compositions that are uniform throughout each product unit, products can also be formed with multiple different formulations having different properties in the same product unit. For example, two different compositions can be deposited in a single mold to produce a layered product. Still further, two different compositions could be co-extruded to form a product with different characteristics across its cross-section. Such a process could be used to provide a product with two different compositions featuring different dissolution rates such that a first portion of the product dissolves at a first rate (e.g., a faster rate) and a second portion dissolves at a second, slower rate.
The manners and methods used to formulate and manufacture a lozenge product as described herein above can vary. For example, the compositions can be prepared via any method commonly used for the preparation of hard boiled confections. Example methods for the preparation of hard confections can be found, for example, in LFRA Ingredients Handbook, Sweeteners, Janet M. Dalzell, Ed., Leatherhead Food RA (December 1996), pp. 21-44, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Typically, a first mixture of ingredients is prepared. The composition of the first mixture of ingredients can vary; however, it typically comprises a sugar substitute and may contain various additional substances (e.g., the sugar alcohol syrup, NaCl, preservatives, further sweeteners, water, and/or flavorings). In certain embodiments, it comprises the sugar substitute, salt, and vanillin. In other embodiments, the first mixture comprises the sugar substitute and the sugar alcohol syrup. Typically, the first mixture of ingredients does not contain the active ingredient; although, it some embodiments, the active ingredient may be incorporated into the first mixture of ingredients.
The first mixture of ingredients is heated until it melts; subsequently, the mixture is heated to or past the hard crack stage. In confectionary making, the hard crack stage is defined as the temperature at which threads of the heated mixture (obtained by pulling a sample of cooled syrup between the thumb and forefinger) are brittle or as the temperature at which trying to mold the syrup results in cracking. According to the present method, the temperature at which the hard crack stage is achieved can vary, depending on the specific makeup of the product mixture but generally is between about 145° C. and about 170° C. Typically, the mixture is not heated above about 171° C., which is the temperature at which caramelization begins to occur. In the processes of the present disclosure, the mixture is typically heated to the hard crack stage temperature or above and then allowed to cool. The heating can be conducted at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum. Typically, the method of the present invention is conducted at atmospheric pressure.
In one example embodiment, the first mixture of ingredients comprises a high percentage of isomalt and the mixture is heated to about 143° C. Once all components are dissolved, the temperature is raised past the hard crack stage (e.g., to about 166° C.). The mixture is heated to this temperature and then removed from the heat to allow the mixture to cool.
In certain embodiments, the active ingredients and, optionally, additional components (e.g., additional sweeteners, fillers, flavorants, and water) as described above are separately combined in a second mixture. The second mixture is added to the first mixture of ingredients, typically after the first mixture of ingredients has been removed from the heat. The addition of the second mixture may, in some embodiments, occur only after the heated first mixture of ingredients has cooled to a predetermined temperature (e.g., in certain embodiments, to about 132° C.). In certain embodiments, one or more flavorants are added to the second mixture immediately prior to adding the mixture to the first, heated mixture of ingredients. Certain flavorants are volatile and are thus preferably added after the mixture has cooled somewhat.
The combined mixture is then formed into the desired shape. In certain embodiments, the mixture is poured directly into molds, formed (e.g., rolled or pressed) into the desired shape, or extruded. If desired, the mixture can be extruded or injection molded. In certain embodiments, the mixture is formed or extruded into a mold of desired shape in an enclosed system, which may require decreased temperature and which may limit evaporation of certain mixture components. For example, such a system may limit the evaporation of volatile components including, but not limited to, flavorants. Other methods of producing lozenges are also intended to be encompassed herein.
Typical conditions associated with manufacture of food-grade lozenge products such as described herein include control of heat and temperature (i.e., the degree of heat to which the various ingredients are exposed during manufacture and the temperature of the manufacturing environment), moisture content (e.g., the degree of moisture present within individual ingredients and within the final composition), humidity within the manufacturing environment, atmospheric control (e.g., nitrogen atmosphere), airflow experienced by the various ingredients during the manufacturing process, and other similar types of factors. Additionally, various process steps involved in product manufacture can involve selection of certain solvents and processing aids, use of heat and radiation, refrigeration and cryogenic conditions, ingredient mixing rates, and the like. The manufacturing conditions also can be controlled due to selection of the form of various ingredients (e.g., solid, liquid, or gas), particle size or crystalline nature of ingredients of solid form, concentration of ingredients in liquid form, or the like. Ingredients can be processed into the desired composition by techniques such as extrusion, compression, spraying, and the like.
In certain embodiments, the lozenge product may be transparent or translucent. As used herein, “translucent” or “translucency” refers to materials allowing some level of light to travel therethrough diffusely. In certain embodiments, lozenge products of the present disclosure can have such a high degree of clarity that the material can be classified as “transparent” or exhibiting “transparency,” which is defined as a material allowing light to pass freely through without significant diffusion. The clarity of the lozenge product is such that there is some level of translucency as opposed to opacity (which refers to materials that are impenetrable by light). Transparency/translucency can be determined by any means commonly used in the art; however, it is commonly measured by spectrophotometric light transmission over a range of wavelengths (e.g., from about 400-700 nm). Alternatively, optical methods such as turbidimetry (or nephelometry) and colorimetry may be used to quantify the cloudiness (light scattering) and the color (light absorption), respectively, of the lozenge products provided herein. Translucency can also be confirmed by visual inspection by simply holding the material (e.g., extract) or product up to a light source and determining if light travels through the product in a diffuse manner.
In some embodiments, the composition is in chewable form. For the preparation of the composition in chewable form, generally, a binder (e.g. pectin, agar, carrageenan, starch, or a combination thereof) is pre-blended with all or a portion of the sugar alcohol, sweetener, or combination thereof). Water is added, and the mixture heated to boiling with stirring. Any remaining sugar alcohol or sweetener is added to the boiling mixture, along with the active ingredients, followed by buffer. The mixture is cooked to a degrees Brix from about 50 to about 80. Heat is removed, and flavorant added, along with colorant and acid or cross-linking agent, and the mixture thoroughly combined. The composition is deposited into molds for storage at ambient temperature.
In some embodiments, the composition is deposited in a starch mold. Starch trays with molded shapes are prepared and pre-heated at 60° C. for at least 1-2 hours. The starch can be any starch as disclosed herein above. In some embodiments, the starch is corn starch.
In some starch molded embodiments, pectin binder is pre-blended with a portion of the isomalt. Water is added, and the mixture heated to boiling with stirring. Maltitol syrup and any remaining isomalt are added to the boiling mixture, along with the active ingredients, followed by trisodium citrate. The mixture is cooked to 78 degrees Brix. Heat is removed, and sweetener (e.g., sucralose and acesulfame K) and flavorant added, along with the colorant and citric acid solution (or dicalcium phosphate), and the mixture thoroughly combined. The hot mixture is deposited into starch molds for storage at ambient temperature. The resulting chews are removed from the starch mold, and any excess starch removed.
In other starch molded embodiments, a gum powder (e.g. pectin, agar, carrageenan, starch, or a combination thereof) is mixed with water until lump free. Isomalt, maltitol syrup, and sucralose are mixed together and the mixture heated to 82-104° C. The gum powder solution is added into the isomalt/maltitol solution and mixed thoroughly. The active ingredient(s), color and flavor are added to above solution and mixed thoroughly. The mixture is cooked at 93-104° C. until a degrees Brix of 50-80 is achieved. A solution of citric acid and trisodium citrate dihydrate in water is prepared and added to the hot mixture. Any gelling agents (e.g. dicalcium phosphate solution) is then added into the mixture if necessary. The hot mixture is deposited into the prepared starch molds and kept in an oven at 60° C. overnight, or until proper setting is achieved. The resulting chews are removed from the starch mold, and any excess starch removed. In some embodiments, the chews are coated with CAPOL.
In other embodiments, the composition is deposited in a starchless mold. In such embodiments, a gum powder (e.g. pectin, agar, carrageenan, starch, or a combination thereof) is mixed with water until lump free. Maltitol syrup, sucralose, and optionally isomalt, are mixed together and the mixture heated to 82-104° C. The gum powder solution is added into the maltitol solution and mixed thoroughly. The active ingredient(s), color and flavor are added to and the mixture mixed thoroughly. The mixture is cooked at 93-104° C. until a degrees Brix of 50-80 is achieved. A solution of citric acid and trisodium citrate dihydrate in water is prepared and added to the hot mixture to achieve a pH between 2.5 and 4. Any gelling agents (e.g. dicalcium phosphate solution) is then added into the mixture if necessary. The hot mixture is deposited into the starchless molds and left at room temperature, until proper setting is achieved.
The chew composition may be held in the mold (starch or starchless) for a predetermined duration of time such as, for example, about 10 minutes to about 24 or even 48 hours, so as to allow the chew composition to cure and solidify.
According to other aspects of the present disclosure, rather than using molds to prepare the chew product, an extrusion process may be employed in which the final chew product is extruded as described herein above with respect to pastille extrusion methods.
In some embodiments, the composition is in meltable form. For preparation of meltable compositions, the lipid is typically heated to slightly above the melting temperature such that the lipid is liquefied. Optionally, active ingredients, flavoring agents, and/or lecithin can be added to the liquefied lipid at this stage. Thereafter, all or a portion of the liquefied lipid can be blended with the dry blend and mixed until the composition reaches the desired level of homogeneity or until the desired textural properties are achieved. The mixture is milled (e.g., in a dry roll mill) until the particle size is less than about 20 microns. The milled isomalt-palm oil is combined with any remaining lipid, and the dry ingredients and flavor mixed in. The base is generally warmed to a fluid consistency.
In some embodiments, a sugar alcohol (e.g., isomalt) is added to a mixer bowl, and a portion of the total lipid (e.g., melted palm oil) is added, along with salt and emulsifier. Additional lipid is added with mixing until adhesive clumps form. The clumped mixture is transferred portion-wise to a 3 roll mill and processed to a particle size of less than 50 microns, or about 20 microns. The refined mixture is transferred to a mixer bowl, and the remaining lipid added with mixing. The mixture is warmed as necessary to maintain a fluid consistency. Sweetener, flavor, and active ingredient(s) are added with mixing. Mixing is continued until a homogenous composition is obtained. The mixture is allowed to rest for a period of time, such as about 10 to 15 minutes. The composition can be divided into discrete portions, such as by pouring the composition into a sheet-like structure, cooling, and then cutting the structure into individual portions, or by depositing the composition into molds and allowing to cool. The molds may be starch molds or starchless molds. In particular embodiments, the molds are starchless.
The melt composition may be held in the mold (starch or starchless) for a predetermined duration of time such as, for example, from about 1 to about 15 minutes, to allow the melt composition to cool and solidify. Optionally, the molds containing the melt composition may be cooled by refrigeration to accelerate solidification.
According to other aspects of the present disclosure, rather than using molds to prepare the melt product, an extrusion process may be employed in which the final melt product is extruded as described herein above with respect to pastille extrusion methods.
Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
Aspects of the present invention are more fully illustrated by the following examples, which are set forth to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting thereof.
An oral product in the form of a pastille and configured for oral use is provided in the following manner.
An aqueous mixture is prepared. The aqueous mixture is formed by admixing water, a salt, a sweetener (sucralose), a humectant (glycerin), and a flavoring agent. Next, a gum (gum arabic) solution is heated to a temperature of about 71° C. and the at least one active ingredient (e.g., including caffeine, taurine, and ascorbic acid) is stirred into the heated gum component. The heated gum (including the at least one active ingredient therein) is then added to the aqueous composition to form a mixture. Then, the at least one sugar alcohol (e.g., including isomalt, maltitol, and erythritol) is heated to a temperature of about 175° C. and then cooled to a temperature of about 150° C. The cooled sugar alcohol is then added to the mixture and stirred in a Hobart mixing bowl to form a pastille composition and allowed to cool.
The pastille composition is heated to about 71° C. and then deposited into a starch mold. The pastille composition remains in the starch mold for about 24 hours at about 60° C. The pastille composition is allowed to cool and then removed from the starch mold. The oral composition is then cured at ambient room temperature for about 24 hours to provide the pastille product configured for oral use. Table 2 below illustrates the relative percentages of each individual component in the final oral product prepared as described herein.
A composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in chewable form was prepared from a composition containing a mixture of fillers, a mixture of caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C as the active ingredient, and additional components as disclosed herein (salt, sweeteners, flavoring agent, water, binder, citric acid, gelation agent). The ingredients of the composition and their concentrations in the composition in weight% are provided in Table 3.
The pectin binder was pre-blended with a portion of the isomalt. Water was added, and the mixture heated to boiling with stirring. Maltitol syrup and any remaining isomalt were added to the boiling mixture, along with the active ingredients (e.g., caffeine, taurine, and vitamin C), followed by trisodium citrate. The mixture was cooked to 78 degrees Brix. Heat was removed, and sweetener (e.g., sucralose and acesulfame K, colorant and flavorant were added, along with the citric acid and dicalcium phosphate, and the mixture thoroughly combined, and the composition deposited into starch molds for storage at ambient temperature. The chews each weighed 2600 mg.
A composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in chewable form is prepared from a composition containing a mixture of fillers, active ingredients, and additional components as disclosed herein (salt, sweeteners, flavoring agent, water, binder, citric acid, gelation agent). The ingredients of the composition and their concentrations in the composition in weight% are provided in Table 4.
The pectin is mixed with water until lump free. The maltitol syrup, isomalt, and sucralose are mixed together and the mixture heated to 82-104° C. The pectin solution is added into the maltitol/isomalt solution and mixed thoroughly. The active ingredient(s), color and flavor are added and the mixture mixed thoroughly. The mixture is cooked at 93-104° C. until a degrees Brix of about 50 to about 80 is achieved. A solution of the citric acid and trisodium citrate dihydrate in water is prepared and added to the hot mixture to achieve a pH between 2.5 and 4. The dicalcium phosphate is then added into the mixture. The hot mixture is deposited into starchless molds and left at room temperature, until proper setting is achieved.
A composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in meltable form was prepared from a composition containing a filler, a lipid, a mixture of theanine, GABA, and lemon balm as the active ingredient, and additional components as disclosed herein (salt, sweeteners, flavoring agent). The ingredients of the composition and their concentrations in the composition in weight % are provided in Table 5.
A portion of the palm oil was melted and mixed with the isomalt in a mixer. The mixture was transferred to a dry roll mill and milled until the particle size was less than 20 microns. In a mixer, the milled isomalt-palm oil was combined with the remaining portion of palm oil. The base was warmed to a fluid consistency. Sunflower oil, the dry ingredients, and flavor were mixed in. The isomalt-palm oil-ingredient mixture was transferred to a heated depositing funnel. The appropriate weight of the samples was deposited into a starchless shape mold. If needed, the mold was placed on a vibrator to ensure even filling. The product was allowed to cool and solidify, then removed from the mold. The melts each weighed 1300 mg.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/158,608, filed on Mar. 9, 2021, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63158608 | Mar 2021 | US |
