Patent Application
20230227486
The present disclosure relates to an organic compound and an organic light-emitting element including the organic compound.
An organic light-emitting element (also referred to as an organic electroluminescent element (organic EL element)) is an electronic element including a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. By injecting electrons and holes through the pair of electrodes, excitons of a luminescent organic compound in the organic compound layer are generated. The organic light-emitting element emits light when the excitons return to their ground state.
Recent progress in organic light-emitting elements has been noticeable. For example, low driving voltages, various emission wavelengths, high-speed response, and thinner and lighter light-emitting devices have been enabled.
The sRGB standard and the Adobe RGB standard have been used as color reproduction ranges used for displays, and materials for reproducing them have been required. However, BT-2020 has recently been used as a standard that provides a wider color reproduction range.
Currently, the use of phosphorescence has been proposed as an attempt to improve the light emission efficiency of organic EL elements. Organic EL elements utilizing phosphorescence are expected to have improved light emission efficiency theoretically about four times the light emission efficiency of those utilizing fluorescence. Thus, phosphorescent organometallic complexes have been actively created to date. This is because creation of organometallic complexes having excellent light-emitting properties is important for providing high-performance organic light-emitting elements.
Organometallic complexes created so far include the following compound 1-a disclosed in PTL 1 and the following compound 2-a disclosed in PTL 2.
Organic light-emitting elements produced using compounds disclosed in PTLs 1 and 2 can emit light with high light emission efficiency and high color purity.
The present disclosure has been made to provide an organometallic complex that emits red light with high color purity.
An organometallic complex according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented by general formula (1) below.
In formula (1), X1 to X3 are each independently selected from a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X3 is a nitrogen atom. The carbon atom has a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and the substituent is selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
Y is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. The aryl group or the heterocyclic group represented by Y may have a substituent selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
L is a bidentate ligand. M is a metal atom selected from Ir, Pt, Rh, Os, and Zn. m represents an integer of 1 to 3, and n represents an integer of 0 to 2, provided that m+n=3.
R1 to R5 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
Further features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
Organometallic Complex
An organometallic complex according to this embodiment will be described. The organometallic complex according to this embodiment is represented by general formula (1) below.
In formula (1), X1 to X3 are each independently selected from a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, and at least one of X1 to X3 is a nitrogen atom. The carbon atom has a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and the substituent is selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
Y is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. The aryl group or the heterocyclic group represented by Y may have a substituent selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
L is a bidentate ligand. When a plurality of L's are present, the plurality of L's may be the same or different. M is a metal atom selected from Ir, Pt, Rh, Os, and Zn. m represents an integer of 1 to 3, and n represents an integer of 0 to 2. m+n may be 3. All three ligands may be different. When the organometallic complex has different ligands, their triplet excitation energy levels are preferably higher than that of the ligand shown in general formula (1). That is, among lowest triplet excitation energies of the three different ligands, the lowest triplet excitation energy of the ligand shown in general formula (1) is the lowest. This is for reducing the influence on the emission color of the organometallic complex. The ligand shown in general formula (1) refers to a ligand whose coordination number is denoted by m.
R1 to R5 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a silyl group, and a cyano group.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and halogen atoms represented by R1 to R5 include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and alkyl groups represented by R1 to R5 include alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a normal propyl group, an isopropyl group, a normal butyl group, a tertiary butyl group, a secondary butyl group, an octyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1-adamantyl group, and a 2-adamantyl group, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and alkoxy groups represented by R1 to R5 include alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, 2-ethyl-hexyloxy group, and a benzyloxy group, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and amino groups represented by R1 to R5 include amino groups substituted with any one of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an amino group. The alkyl group, the aryl group, and the amino group may have a halogen atom as a substituent. The aryl group and the amino group may have an alkyl group as a substituent. Alkyl substituents on the amino group may be bonded to each other to form a ring. Specific examples include an N-methylamino group, an N-ethylamino group, an N,N-dimethylamino group, an N,N-diethylamino group, an N-methyl-N-ethylamino group, an N-benzylamino group, an N-methyl-N-benzylamino group, an N,N-dibenzylamino group, an anilino group, an N,N-diphenylamino group, an N,N-dinaphthylamino group, an N,N-difluorenylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-tolylamino group, an N,N-ditolylamino group, an N-methyl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dianisolylamino group, an N-mesityl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dimesitylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)amino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino group, and an N-piperidyl group, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and aryl groups represented by R1 to R5 include aryl groups having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, and a triphenylenyl group.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and heterocyclic groups represented by R1 to R5 include heterocyclic groups having 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The heterocyclic groups may have nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen as a heteroatom. Specific examples include a pyridyl group, a pyrazyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a triazyl group, an imidazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a carbazolyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and aryloxy groups represented by R1 to R5 include a phenoxy group and a thienyloxy group, but are not limited thereto.
Examples of substituents that the carbon atoms represented by X1 to X3 may have and silyl groups represented by R1 to R5 include a trimethylsilyl group and a triphenylsilyl group, but are not limited thereto.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have a halogen atom as a substituent. The halogen atom is, for example, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine and may be a fluorine atom.
The above amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy group may have an alkyl group as a substituent. The alkyl group may have 1 to 10 carbon atoms. More specifically, the alkyl group may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a normal propyl group, an isopropyl group, a normal butyl group, or a tertiary butyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have an aryl group as a substituent. The aryl group may have 6 to 12 carbon atoms. More specifically, the aryl group may be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have a heterocyclic group as a substituent. The heterocyclic group may have 3 to 9 carbon atoms. The heterocyclic group may have nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen as a heteroatom. More specifically, the heterocyclic group may be a pyridyl group or a pyrrolyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have an amino group as a substituent. The amino group may have an alkyl group or an aryl group, and alkyl groups on the amino group may be bonded to each other to form a ring. Specifically, the amino group may be a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, a diphenylamino group, or a ditolylamino group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have, as a substituent, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group, an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or a propoxy group, an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group, a cyano group, or the like. The substituent is not limited to these examples.
Hereinafter, the specific structure of L in formula (1) will be described. A partial structure ML of the complex including L is a structure including a monovalent bidentate ligand (L).
Here, specific examples of the monovalent bidentate ligand include ligands including acetylacetone, phenylpyridine, picoline acid, oxalate, salen, or the like as a basic skeleton, but are not limited thereto.
The organometallic complex according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is preferably an organometallic complex represented by formula (1) where M is Ir, and the partial structure MLn is a structure represented by general formula (10) or (11) below.
In general formulae (10) and (11), * represents a position of linkage or coordination with iridium, that is, the metal M.
In formulae (10) and (11), R11 to R21 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, a substituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
In the organic compound according to this embodiment, the presence of a group other than hydrogen atoms, that is, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an amino group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an aryloxy group, a silyl group, or a cyano group, in the basic skeleton can reduce concentration quenching. In addition, this substitution can provide a compound that exhibits improved sublimability when sublimated and that exhibits improved solvent solubility when used for coating.
Next, a method of synthesizing the organometallic complex according to this embodiment will be described. The organometallic complex according to this embodiment is synthesized according to, for example, a reaction scheme shown below.
In the above synthesis scheme, the organometallic complex according to this embodiment is synthesized via the following states (a) to (h).
(a) Pyridine derivative (E1)
(b) Aldehyde derivative (E3)
(c) Olefin derivative (E5)
(d) Chlorophenanthroline derivative (E6)
(e) Ligand derivative (E8)
(f) Dichloro dimer derivative (E9)
(g) Acetylacetone derivative (E11)
(h) Tris complex (E12)
In the above synthesis scheme, E1, E7, and E10 can be changed to synthesize various exemplary compounds.
The present disclosure is not limited to the above synthesis scheme, and various synthesis reagents can be used.
The organometallic complex according to this embodiment has a nitrogen atom at X1 to X3 in general formula (1) and thus is a stable compound that highly efficiently emits red light with high color purity. In the following, an organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at any one of X1 to X3 will be mainly described, but two or more of X1 to X3 may be nitrogen atoms. When two or more are nitrogen atoms, an organometallic complex having characteristics that combine two or more properties is provided.
Hereinafter, the characteristics of the basic skeleton of the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure will be described while comparing and contrasting with comparative compounds having structures similar to that of the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure. Specifically, comparative compound 1-a and comparative compound 2-b, which is the basic form of comparative compound 2-a, shown below are given as the comparative compounds. Here, the basic form refers to a structure in which all substituents on the basic skeleton are hydrogen atoms.
Exemplary compound A1 has a basic skeleton represented by general formula (1), where X1 and X3 are each a carbon atom having a hydrogen atom as a substituent, X2 is a nitrogen atom, Y is an unsubstituted phenyl group, L is acetylacetone, m is 2, and n is 1.
[1] Because of having a nitrogen atom at X1 to X3, the organometallic complex has a long emission wavelength.
In inventing the organometallic complex represented by formula (1), the present inventors focused on the basic skeleton itself of a ligand of the organometallic complex. Specifically, an attempt was made to obtain a compound that is an organometallic complex having a ligand composed only of a basic skeleton and that has an emission peak in a wavelength region with high color purity. In this embodiment, high color purity means having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 620 nm or more in a dilute solution. In the CIE coordinates, the X-coordinate is 0.68 or more, and the Y-coordinate is 0.33 or less. Using such a material with high color purity can provide a light-emitting element satisfying the color purity of red light emission in BT-2020.
Here, the inventors compared measured maximum peak wavelengths of comparative compound 1-a and exemplary compound A1 of the present disclosure. The results are shown in Table 1. The emission wavelengths were measured using an F-4500 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. by performing photoluminescence (PL) measurement of a dilute toluene solution at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm at room temperature.
Table 1 shows that the emission color of comparative compound 1-a is red but not in the range of 620 nm or more, that is, the emission color is not in the region of high color purity in this specification. By contrast, exemplary compound A1 has a maximum emission wavelength of 620 nm or more and thus exhibits a long-wavelength red emission color suitable for red in display standards such as BT-2020.
A detailed description will be given below. The present inventors have found that replacing a carbon atom of the benzoisoquinoline skeleton coordinated to the metal atom in comparative compound 1-a with a nitrogen atom results in a longer emission wavelength. That is, the benzoisoquinoline skeleton moiety was replaced with a phenanthroline skeleton by replacing a carbon atom of the benzoisoquinoline skeleton with a nitrogen atom. The phenanthroline skeleton provides an electron-withdrawing effect of the nitrogen atom. Because of the electron-withdrawing effect, the organometallic complex having a phenanthroline skeleton according to the present disclosure has a lower LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) than comparative compound 1-a having a benzoisoquinoline ligand. Accordingly, the organometallic complex has a smaller band gap and hence a longer emission wavelength. The organometallic complex according to the present disclosure produces the same effect wherever the nitrogen atom is positioned at X1 to X3 in general formula (1), and thus the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure is a compound that has a longer emission wavelength than comparative compound 1-a.
Table 1 shows the ratio of light emission efficiency of each compound relative to the light emission efficiency of comparative compound 1-a taken as 1.0.
From the above, it follows that the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure can emit red light with high color purity. The chromaticity coordinates of red will be described in detail in EXAMPLES.
[2] Because of having a nitrogen atom at X1 to X3, the organometallic complex has high light emission efficiency.
Table 2 shows exemplary compound A1 and comparative compounds 2-b, 2-c, 2-d, and 2-e. On the basis of comparison with these comparative compounds, the properties of the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure will be described. Table 2 shows the results of molecular orbital calculations of oscillator strength. Conceptual diagrams of conjugate center of gravity and transition based on the molecular orbital calculations are also shown.
When the electronic transition of an exciton in an organometallic complex is MLCT, an excited electron transits from the metal atom side to the bidentate ligand side. In this case, by designing the molecule such that the center of gravity of the conjugate plane of a ligand is farther from the metal atom, the dipole moment of the complex in an excited state is increased, and the oscillator strength can be improved. That is, the emission quantum yield is increased, and the light emission efficiency can be improved.
In the phenanthroline ligand according to the present disclosure, the nitrogen atom is disposed at a position far from the metal atom, that is, a position of X1 to X3. As illustrated in the conceptual diagrams of conjugate center of gravity and transition shown in Table 2, the conjugate center of gravity of the phenanthroline ligand according to the present disclosure is farther from the metal atom than those of comparative compounds 2-b to 2-e are. Thus, the dipole moment is increased, and the oscillator strength can be improved, leading to a high emission quantum yield.
By contrast, in each of comparative compounds 2-b to 2-e, the nitrogen atom is disposed at a position relatively close to the metal atom. Accordingly, the conjugate centers of gravity of the ligands of comparative compounds 2-b to 2-e are closer to the metal atom than that of the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure is. Thus, the dipole moment is decreased, and the oscillator strength is reduced, leading to a low emission quantum yield.
[3] Because of having a nitrogen atom at X1 to X3, the organometallic complex has high exciton stability.
As described above, the electronic transition of an exciton in the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure is from the metal atom side to the phenanthroline side. Since nitrogen has higher electronegativity than carbon, the phenanthroline skeleton, which is derived by replacing a carbon atom of a benzoisoquinoline skeleton with a nitrogen atom, is more strongly polarized than the benzoisoquinoline skeleton and thus has a localized n-electron cloud. Such electron localization makes it difficult for an exciton to stably exist. That is, the localized n-electron cloud due to the nitrogen atom is preferably located away so as to avoid reaction with an exciton. More specifically, the arrow indicating transition shown in Table 2 and the nitrogen atom are preferably separated from each other. When the arrow indicating transition and the nitrogen atom overlap with each other as in comparative compound 2-b, the ratio of excitation energy used for intermolecular reaction, etc. not for light emission in an excited state increases. That is, the light emission efficiency decreases, and thus a larger amount of current is required to achieve the same luminance, resulting in a light-emitting element with a reduced drive endurance time.
Table 2 shows the results of element durability of comparative compound 2-b relative to the element durability of exemplary compound A1 shown in EXAMPLES taken as 1.0. Exemplary compound A1 according to the present disclosure, in which the nitrogen atom is introduced outside a transition dipole moment, is not influenced or not easily influenced by the nitrogen atom in transition. By contrast, comparative compounds 2-b to 2-e, in each of which the nitrogen atom is introduced inside a transition dipole moment, are influenced or easily influenced by the nitrogen atom in transition. Thus, due to less influence by the transition dipole moment, exemplary compound A1 according to the present disclosure is more stable in an excited state than comparative compounds 2-b to 2-e.
From the above, it follows that the organometallic complex of the present disclosure has high stability in an excited state. Thus, when the organometallic complex is used as a light-emitting material for an organic light-emitting element, high element driving durability can be provided.
Calculated values of oscillator strength of the molecular structures shown in Table 2 were determined using the following molecular orbital calculations.
As a method of the molecular orbital calculations, the density functional theory (DFT), which is now widely used, was used. The B3LYP functional and the 6-31G* basis function were used. The same results can be obtained if the 6-31G(d) basis function is used. The molecular orbital calculations were performed by Gaussian09 (Gaussian 09, Revision C.01, M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, T. Keith, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, J. E. Knox, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V. G. Zakrzewski, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, O. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, and D. J. Fox, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford Conn., 2010), which is now widely used.
Features of organometallic complex having nitrogen atom at X2 among X1 to X3
Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, an organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 in general formula (1), that is, an organometallic complex represented by general formula (2), is a compound that emits light with a longer wavelength, has higher efficiency, and also has higher stability in an excited state.
A description will be given of the feature of emitting light with a longer wavelength among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure. In general formula (2), R1 to R7 may be selected from the group from which R1 to R5 are selected.
In a ring structure having a nitrogen atom, the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitrogen atom is great particularly at ortho and para positions. This can also be seen from the following resonance structural formula. That is, the electron density is lower at ortho and para positions than at other positions. This reduces the electron density of the nitrogen atom coordinated to the metal atom, thus lowering the LUMO of the organometallic complex. This results in a narrower band gap and a longer emission wavelength. Therefore, the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 has a long emission wavelength.
As shown in Table 2, among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 has a high oscillator strength and a high quantum yield because the center of gravity of the conjugate plane of the ligand is located farther away. Compounds having high quantum yields has high light emission efficiency. Therefore, the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure has high light emission efficiency.
Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 also has higher stability in an excited state. This is because the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 can have a quinoid structure when written as a resonance structural formula as shown above. This stabilizes the n-conjugated system, thus providing high stability even in an excited state. As a result, the organometallic complex provides a longer element operating life when used in an organic light-emitting element.
Therefore, the organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X2 is an organometallic complex having high color purity, high efficiency, and a long life. Features of organometallic complex having nitrogen atom at X1 or X3 among X1 to X3
Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, an organometallic complex having a nitrogen atom at X1 or X3 in general formula (1), that is, an organometallic complex represented by general formula (3) or (4), is a compound that can reduce intermolecular interactions.
In general formula (3), R1 to R5, R7, and R8 may be selected from the group from which R1 to R5 are selected.
In general formula (4), R1 to R6 and R8 may be selected from the group from which R1 to R5 are selected.
Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, the organometallic complexes represented by general formulae (3) and (4) are each a compound in which the positional relationship between two nitrogen atoms in the phenanthroline skeleton which is a ligand is asymmetric. This reduces interactions between molecules. The reduction of interactions between molecules increases sublimability.
The improvement in sublimability enables an increase in purity of a material by sublimation purification and the production of an organic light-emitting element by vapor deposition. This can reduce impurities contained in the organic light-emitting element, thus reducing the occurrence of a decrease in light emission efficiency due to impurities and a decrease in driving durability. The reduction in concentration quenching is preferred from the viewpoint of improving the light emission efficiency of the organic light-emitting element.
Y in general formula (1) represents a ring structure. The ring structure may be an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, or an alicyclic structure. More specifically, the ring structure may be a benzene ring, a naphthyl ring, a fluorene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a pyridine ring, a quinoline ring, a triazine ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a cyclohexane ring, or the like. A benzene ring having substituents at 3- and 5-positions thereof is preferred. The 3- and 5-positions are based on the assumption that the position bonded to the phenanthroline skeleton is the 1-position. The substituents are preferably alkyl groups, more preferably methyl groups. That is, 3,5-dimethylbenzene is preferred.
Specific examples of the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure are shown below. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these examples.
Among the above exemplary compounds, compounds of group A are organometallic complexes represented by general formula (2) and having a nitrogen atom at X2. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, the compounds of group A are compounds that emit light with longer wavelengths, have higher efficiency, and also have higher stability in excited states.
In group A, A8 to A40 are compounds having a substituent at the ortho position of a nitrogen atom not coordinated to the metal. As described above, the introduction of a nitrogen atom polarizes n-electrons in a ligand, resulting in high electron density on the introduced nitrogen atom. Thus, intramolecular packing is likely to occur. By introducing a substituent at the ortho position of the nitrogen atom not coordinated to the metal, intermolecular packing can be reduced, and sublimability is improved. In addition, in the synthesis of an organometallic complex, if a plurality of coordinatable nitrogen atoms are present when a ligand is coordinated to a metal atom, coordination to a desired position may be prevented. Therefore, by introducing a substituent at the ortho position of a nitrogen atom not coordinated to the metal, coordination to the metal atom can be reduced to facilitate coordination to the desired position. From the above, it follows that among group A, A8 to A40 are more preferred from the viewpoint of reducing intermolecular packing and facilitating metal coordination at a desired position.
The substituent at the ortho position of the nitrogen atom is selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, a substituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. The substituent at the ortho position of the nitrogen atom may be a halogen atom or an alkyl group. The halogen atom may be a fluorine atom, and the alkyl group may be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
In group A, A1 to A25, A37, and A38 are organometallic complexes having a ligand represented by general formula (11) as an ancillary ligand. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these organometallic complexes are preferred because they have small molecular weights and can sublimate at lower temperatures.
In group A, A26 to A31 are organometallic complexes having a ligand represented by general formula (10) as an ancillary ligand. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these organometallic complexes are preferred because they have relatively small molecular weights and have high thermal stability.
In group A, A35 and A36 are compounds composed only of the phenanthroline ligand according to the present disclosure. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these compounds are preferred because they have higher thermal stability.
Among the above exemplary compounds, compounds of group B and group C are organometallic complexes represented by general formula (4) or (3) and having a nitrogen atom at X1 or X3. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, the compounds of group B and group C are compounds that can suppress intermolecular interactions and have high sublimability.
In group B and group C, B5 to B20 and C5 to C20 are compounds having a substituent at the ortho position of a nitrogen atom not coordinated to the metal. As described above, these compounds are more preferred from the viewpoint of reducing intermolecular packing and facilitating metal coordination at a desired position.
The substituent at the ortho position of the nitrogen atom is selected from a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, a substituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. The substituent at the ortho position of the nitrogen atom may be a halogen atom or an alkyl group. The halogen atom may be a fluorine atom, and the alkyl group may be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
In group B and group C, B1 to B16, B20, C1 to C16, and C20 are organometallic complexes having a ligand represented by general formula (11) as an ancillary ligand. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these compounds are preferred because they have small molecular weights and can sublimate at lower temperatures.
In group B and group C, B17 and C17 are organometallic complexes having a ligand represented by general formula (10) as an ancillary ligand. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these organometallic complexes are preferred because they have relatively small molecular weights and have high thermal stability.
In group B and group C, B18, B19, C18, and C19 are organometallic complexes composed only of the phenanthroline ligand according to the present disclosure. Among the organometallic complexes according to the present disclosure, these organometallic complexes are preferred because they have higher thermal stability.
The organometallic complex according to the present disclosure is a compound that exhibits light emission suitable for red light emission. Thus, using the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure as a constituent material for an organic light-emitting element can provide an organic light-emitting element having good light-emitting properties and high durability.
Organic Light-Emitting Element
Next, an organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment will be described. The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment at least includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is an anode, and the other is a cathode. In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, the organic compound layer may be a single layer or a laminate of a plurality of layers as long as the organic compound layer includes a light-emitting layer. When the organic compound layer is a laminate of a plurality of layers, the organic compound layer may include, in addition to the light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a hole/exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and the like. The light-emitting layer may be a single layer or a laminate of a plurality of layers.
In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, at least one layer of the organic compound layer contains the organometallic complex according to this embodiment. Specifically, the organic compound according to this embodiment is contained in any of the light-emitting layer, the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the hole/exciton blocking layer, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, and the like described above. The organic compound according to this embodiment is preferably contained in the light-emitting layer.
In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, when the organic compound according to this embodiment is contained in the light-emitting layer, the light-emitting layer may be a layer formed only of the organic compound according to this embodiment or a layer formed of the organometallic complex according to this embodiment and other compounds. When the light-emitting layer is a layer formed of the organometallic complex according to this embodiment and other compounds, the organic compound according to this embodiment may be used as a host or a guest of the light-emitting layer. The organic compound may also be used as an assist material that can be contained in the light-emitting layer. Here, the host refers to a compound accounting for the largest mass proportion among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer. The guest refers to a compound that accounts for a smaller mass proportion than the host among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that is responsible for main light emission. The assist material refers to a compound that accounts for a smaller mass proportion than the host among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that assists the light emission of the guest. The assist material is also referred to as a second host. The host material can also be referred to as a first compound, and the assist material as a second compound.
When the organic compound according to this embodiment is used as a guest of the light-emitting layer, the concentration of the guest is preferably 0.01 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less, more preferably 0.1 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less, relative to the total mass of the light-emitting layer.
The present inventors have conducted various studies and found that when the organic compound according to this embodiment is used as a host or a guest of a light-emitting layer, particularly, as a guest of a light-emitting layer, an element that outputs light with high efficiency and high luminance and has very high durability can be provided. This light-emitting layer may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. The light-emitting layer may contain a light-emitting material having another emission color so as to emit light having a color mixed with red, which is the emission color of this embodiment. The multilayer structure refers to a state in which the light-emitting layer and another light-emitting layer are stacked on top of each other. In this case, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to red. More specifically, the emission color may be white or an intermediate color. In the case of white, the other light-emitting layer emits light of a color other than red, that is, blue or green. The light-emitting layer is formed by vapor deposition or coating. Details thereof will be described in EXAMPLES given later.
The organometallic complex according to this embodiment can be used as a constituent material of an organic compound layer other than the light-emitting layer constituting the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment. Specifically, the organometallic complex may be used as a constituent material of, for example, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, the hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, or the hole blocking layer. In this case, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to red. More specifically, the emission color may be white or an intermediate color.
In addition to the organic compound according to this embodiment, known low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight hole injection compounds or hole transport compounds, compounds serving as hosts, luminescent compounds, electron injection compounds or electron transport compounds, and the like may optionally be used in combination. Examples of these compounds will be described below.
As hole injection and transport materials, materials that facilitate injection of holes from the anode and that have so high hole mobility that enables injected holes to be transported to the light-emitting layer are preferred. To reduce deterioration of film quality, such as crystallization, in the organic light-emitting element, materials having high glass-transition temperatures are preferred. Examples of low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight materials having hole injection and transport properties include triarylamine derivatives, arylcarbazole derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, poly(vinylcarbazole), poly(thiophene), and other conductive polymers. These hole injection and transport materials are also suitable for use in the electron blocking layer. Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as hole injection and transport materials are shown below.
Examples of light-emitting materials mainly involved in the light-emitting function include, in addition to the organometallic complex represented by general formula (1), fused-ring compounds (e.g., fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, and rubrene), quinacridone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, stilbene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, iridium complexes, platinum complexes, rhenium complexes, copper complexes, europium complexes, ruthenium complexes, and polymer derivatives such as poly(phenylenevinylene) derivatives, poly(fluorene) derivatives, and poly(phenylene) derivatives.
Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as light-emitting materials are shown below.
Examples of light-emitting-layer hosts and light emission assist materials contained in the light-emitting layer include aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and derivatives thereof, carbazole derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, and organic beryllium complexes.
Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as light-emitting-layer hosts or light emission assist materials contained in the light-emitting layer are shown below.
Any electron transport material capable of transporting electrons injected from the cathode to the light-emitting layer can be freely selected in consideration of, for example, the balance with the hole mobility of a hole transport material. Examples of materials capable of transporting electrons include oxadiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, triazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, organic aluminum complexes, and fused-ring compounds (e.g., fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, chrysene derivatives, and anthracene derivatives). These electron transport materials are also suitable for use for the hole blocking layer. Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as electron transport materials are shown below.
Hereinafter, constituent members other than the organic compound layer that constitute the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment will be described. The organic light-emitting element may be provided by forming the first electrode, the organic compound layer, and the second electrode on a substrate. A protective layer, a color filter, and the like may be disposed on the second electrode. When the color filter is disposed, a planarization layer may be disposed between the protective layer and the color filter. The planarization layer may be composed of an acrylic resin or the like.
The substrate may be made of quartz, glass, silicon, resin, metal, or the like. A switching element such as a transistor and a wire may be disposed on the substrate, and an insulating layer may be disposed thereon. The insulating layer may be made of any material as long as contact holes can be formed in order to provide electrical connection between the anode and the wire and insulation from unconnected wires can be provided. For example, resins such as polyimide, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride can be used.
The constituent material for the anode preferably has as high a work function as possible. For example, elemental metals such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, cobalt, selenium, vanadium, and tungsten, mixtures containing these metals, alloys of these metals, and metal oxides such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), and indium zinc oxide can be used. Conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene can also be used. These electrode materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The anode may be composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. When the anode is used as a reflection electrode, for example, chromium, aluminum, silver, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, an alloy thereof, or a laminate thereof can be used. When the anode is used as a transparent electrode, for example, a transparent conductive layer made of an oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide can be used, but these materials are non-limiting examples. Photolithography can be used for anode formation.
The constituent material for the cathode preferably has a low work function. Examples of such materials include alkali metals such as lithium; alkaline earth metals such as calcium; elemental metals such as aluminum, titanium, manganese, silver, lead, and chromium; and mixtures containing these elemental metals. Alloys of these elemental metals can also be used. For example, magnesium-silver, aluminum-lithium, aluminum-magnesium, silver-copper, and zinc-silver can be used. Metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) can also be used. These electrode materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The cathode may be composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. In particular, silver is preferably used, and a silver alloy is more preferred to suppress aggregation of silver. As long as aggregation of silver can be suppressed, the content ratio in the alloy is not limited, and may be, for example, 1:1.
The cathode is not particularly limited, and may be formed as a conductive oxide layer of ITO or the like to provide a top-emission element or may be formed as a reflection electrode of aluminum (Al) or the like to provide a bottom-emission element. The cathode may be formed by any method. For example, DC and AC sputtering methods are preferably used because these methods provide good film coverage and readily reduce resistance.
After the cathode is formed, a protective layer may be disposed. For example, by bonding a glass plate provided with a moisture absorbent to the cathode, permeation of water and the like into the organic compound layer can be suppressed, and the occurrence of a display failure can be suppressed. In another embodiment, a passivation film made of silicon nitride or the like may be disposed on the cathode to suppress permeation of water and the like into the organic compound layer. For example, the protective layer may be formed in such a manner that after the formation of the cathode, the resultant is conveyed to another chamber without breaking the vacuum, and a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 2 μm is formed by CVD. After the film formation by CVD, atomic layer deposition (ALD) may be performed to form a protective layer.
Color filters may be disposed on pixels. For example, color filters sized to fit pixels may be disposed on another substrate and bonded to a substrate disposed on the organic light-emitting element. Alternatively, color filters may be patterned by photolithography on a protective layer made of silicon oxide or the like.
The organic compound layers (e.g., the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the light-emitting layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, and the electron injection layer) constituting the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment are formed by any of the following methods. Specifically, a dry process such as vacuum deposition, ion plating, sputtering, or plasma deposition can be used to form the organic compound layers. Instead of the dry process, a wet process in which a solution in an appropriate solvent is applied by a known coating method (e.g., spin coating, dipping, casting, the LB technique, or an ink jet method) to form a layer can also be used. When the layers are formed by, for example, vacuum deposition or solution coating, the layers are unlikely to undergo crystallization or the like and are highly stable over time. When a coating method is used for film formation, an appropriate binder resin can be used in combination to form a film. Examples of the binder resin include, but are not limited to, polyvinylcarbazole resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, ABS resins, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, phenol resins, epoxy resins, silicone resins, and urea resins. The binder resins may be used alone as a homopolymer or copolymer or may be used as a mixture of two or more. In addition, known additives such as plasticizers, antioxidants, and UV absorbers may optionally be used in combination.
Device and Apparatus Including Organic Light-Emitting Element
The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment can be used as a constituent member of a display device or an illumination apparatus. Other applications include an exposure light source in an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, a backlight in a liquid crystal display, and a light-emitting apparatus including a white light source with a color filter.
The display device may be an image information processor that includes an image input unit to which image information from an area CCD, a linear CCD, a memory card, or the like is input, includes an information-processing unit that processes the input information, and displays the input image on a display unit. The display unit of an image pickup device or an ink-jet printer may have a touch panel function. The touch panel function may be activated by any system, such as an infrared system, an electrostatic capacitive system, a resistive film system, or an electromagnetic induction system. The display device may also be used in a display unit of a multifunctional printer.
The use of a device including the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment enables a stable display with good image quality over a long period of time.
Display Device
A display device according to this embodiment includes a plurality of pixels, and at least one of the pixels includes the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment. The pixels include the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment and an active element. The display device may be used as a display unit of an image display apparatus including an input unit for inputting image information and the display unit for outputting an image.
The interlayer insulating layer 1 may include a transistor and a capacitor element below or inside the interlayer insulating layer 1. The transistor and the first electrode may be electrically connected to each other through a contact hole (not illustrated) or the like.
The insulating layer 3 is also referred to as a bank or a pixel-separating film. The insulating layer 3 is disposed so as to cover the edge of the first electrode and surround the first electrode. A portion in which the insulating layer is not disposed is in contact with the organic compound layer 4 and serves as a light-emitting region.
The organic compound layer 4 includes a hole injection layer 41, a hole transport layer 42, a first light-emitting layer 43, a second light-emitting layer 44, and an electron transport layer 45.
The second electrode 5 may be a transparent electrode, a reflective electrode, or a semitransparent electrode.
The protective layer 6 reduces permeation of water into the organic compound layer. Although the protective layer is illustrated as a single layer, it may be constituted by a plurality of layers. The layers may be constituted by an inorganic compound layer and an organic compound layer.
The color filter 7 is divided into 7R, 7G, and 7B according to their color. The color filter may be formed on a planarizing film (not illustrated). A resin protective layer (not illustrated) may be disposed on the color filter. The color filter may be formed on the protective layer 6. The color filter may be bonded after being formed on a counter substrate such as a glass substrate.
A display device 100 in
The electrodes (anode and cathode) included in the organic light-emitting element 26 and the electrodes (source electrode and drain electrode) included in the TFT need not necessarily be electrically connected to each other in the manner illustrated in
Although the organic compound layer is illustrated as a single layer in the display device 100 in
Although a transistor is used as a switching element in the display device 100 in
The transistor used in the display device 100 in
The transistor included in the display device 100 in
The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment has an emission luminance that is controlled by a TFT, which is an example of a switching element. Disposing a plurality of organic light-emitting elements in a screen enables a display of an image with different emission luminances. The switching element according to this embodiment need not necessarily be a TFT and may be a transistor formed of low-temperature polysilicon or an active matrix driver formed on a substrate such as a Si substrate. The active matrix driver may also be formed in the substrate. Whether a transistor is provided in the substrate or a TFT is used is chosen depending on the size of the display unit. For example, when the display unit has a size of about 0.5 inches, the organic light-emitting element is preferably disposed on a Si substrate.
The display device may include a plurality of light-emitting elements. The light-emitting elements may include a drive circuit. The drive circuit may be an active matrix-type circuit which independently controls the light emission of a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element. The active matrix-type circuit may be voltage programmed or current programmed. The drive circuit includes a pixel circuit for each pixel. The pixel circuit may include a light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the emission luminance of the light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the timing of light emission, a capacitor that holds the gate voltage of the transistor that controls the emission luminance, and a transistor for providing a connection to GND not through the light-emitting element.
The interval between the light-emitting elements constituting a light-emitting apparatus may be 10 μm, 7 μm, or 5 μm or less.
An exposure light source 28 emits light 29 to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of a photoreceptor 27. The exposure light source includes an organic light-emitting element according to the present disclosure. A developing unit 31 contains toner and the like. A charging unit 30 charges the photoreceptor. A transfer unit 32 transfers a developed image onto a recording medium 34. A conveying unit 33 conveys the recording medium 34. The recording medium 34 is paper, for example. A fixing unit 35 fixes an image formed on the recording medium.
In
In the first row, the plurality of light-emitting portions are arranged at intervals. In the second row, the light-emitting portions are arranged at positions corresponding to the spaces between the light-emitting portions in the first row. That is, the plurality of light-emitting portions are arranged at intervals also in the column direction.
The arrangement in
Photoelectric Conversion Apparatus
The display device according to this embodiment may be used as a display unit of a photoelectric conversion apparatus, such as an image pickup device, that includes an optical unit including a plurality of lenses and an image pickup element that receives light that has passed through the optical unit. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may include a display unit that displays information acquired by the image pickup element. The display unit may be exposed to the outside of the photoelectric conversion apparatus or disposed in a viewfinder. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may be a digital camera or a digital camcorder.
Electronic Device
The display device according to this embodiment may be used in a display unit of an electronic device such as a mobile terminal. In this case, the display device may have both a display function and an operating function. Examples of the mobile terminal include cellular phones such as smart phones, tablets, and head mount displays.
Illumination Apparatus
The illumination apparatus is, for example, an indoor illumination apparatus. The illumination apparatus may emit light of cool white, day white, or any other color from blue to red. The illumination apparatus may include a modulation circuit that modulates the light. The illumination apparatus may include the organic light-emitting element of the present disclosure and a power supply circuit connected thereto. The power supply circuit is a circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage. The illumination apparatus may include an inverter circuit. Cool white has a color temperature of 4200 K, and day white has a color temperature of 5000 K. The illumination apparatus may include a color filter. The illumination apparatus according to this embodiment may also include a heat dissipation unit. The heat dissipation unit dissipates heat in the apparatus to the outside and is formed of, for example, a metal with high specific heat or liquid silicon.
Moving Object
A moving object according to this embodiment may be, for example, an automobile, a ship, an aircraft, or a drone. The moving object may include a body and a lighting fixture disposed on the body. The lighting fixture may emit light for allowing the position of the body to be recognized. The lighting fixture includes the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment.
Smart Glasses
Application examples of the display devices according to the above-described embodiments will be described with reference to
The eyeglasses 1600 further include a controller 1603. The controller 1603 functions as a power source for supplying electricity to the image pickup device 1602 and the display device according to any of the embodiments. The controller 1603 controls the operation of the image pickup device 1602 and the display device. The lens 1601 is provided with an optical system for focusing light on the image pickup device 1602.
The gaze of the user toward the displayed image is detected from the captured image of the eyeball obtained by infrared imaging. Any known method can be used for the gaze detection using the captured image of the eyeball. For example, a gaze detection method based on a Purkinje image formed by the reflection of irradiation light on a cornea can be used.
More specifically, a gaze detection process based on a pupil-corneal reflection method is performed. Using the pupil-corneal reflection method, a gaze vector representing the direction (rotation angle) of the eyeball is calculated on the basis of a pupil image and a Purkinje image included in the captured image of the eyeball, whereby the gaze of the user is detected.
A display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include an image pickup device including a light-receiving element and may control a displayed image on the display device on the basis of the gaze information of the user from the image pickup device.
Specifically, the display device determines, on the basis of the gaze information, a first visual field at which the user gazes and a second visual field other than the first visual field. The first visual field and the second visual field may be determined by the controller of the display device, or may be determined by an external controller and sent therefrom. In a display area of the display device, the display resolution of the first visual field may be controlled to be higher than the display resolution in the second visual field. That is, the resolution in the second visual field may be set to be lower than that in the first visual field.
The display area includes a first display area and a second display area different from the first display area, and an area of high priority is determined from the first display area and the second display area on the basis of the gaze information. The first visual field and the second visual field may be determined by the controller of the display device, or may be determined by an external controller and sent therefrom. The resolution in the area of high priority may be controlled to be higher than the resolution in the area other than the area of high priority. That is, the resolution in an area of relatively low priority may be set to be lower.
AI may be used to determine the first visual field or the area of high priority. AI may be a model configured to estimate, from an image of an eyeball, the angle of gaze and the distance to an object gazed, by using the image of the eyeball and the actual direction of gaze of the eyeball in the image as teaching data. The AI program may be included in the display device, the image pickup device, or an external device. When the AI program is included in the external device, it is transmitted to the display device via communications.
When display control is performed on the basis of visual recognition, smart glasses further including an image pickup device that captures an external image are suitable for use. Smart glasses can display captured external information in real time.
The present disclosure will now be described with reference to Examples. It should be noted that these Examples are not intended to limit the present disclosure.
After a 2-ethoxyethanol (4 ml) solvent was degassed, 0.16 g (0.45 mmol) of iridium (III) chloride hydrate was added, and the resultant was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 0.26 g (0.94 mmol) of D8 was added, and the resultant was heated to 120° and stirred for 6 hours. After cooling, water was added, and the resultant was filtered and washed with water. The resultant was dried to obtain 0.27 g of a red solid D9 (yield: 90%).
After a 2-ethoxyethanol (5 ml) solvent was degassed, 0.20 g (0.13 mmol) of D9 and 52 mg (0.52 mmol) of acetylacetone were added, and the resultant was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 0.14 g (1.3 mmol) of sodium carbonate was added, and the resultant was heated to 100° and stirred for 6 hours. After cooling, methanol was added, and the resultant was filtered and washed with methanol. The resultant was dried to obtain 0.16 g of a dark red solid A8 (yield: 72%).
The emission spectrum of a toluene solution of exemplary compound A8 at 1×10−3 mol/L was measured by photoluminescence spectroscopy at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm by using an F-4500 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. The spectrum showed a maximum intensity at 615 nm.
Exemplary compound A2 was subjected to mass spectrometry using MALDI-TOF-MS (Autoflex LRF manufactured by Bruker Corporation).
MALDI-TOF-MS
Measured value: m/z=858, Calculated value: C52H26=858
A8 in an amount of 100 mg (0.117 mmol) and D8 in an amount of 333 mg (1.17 mmol) were heated to 230° C. and stirred for 3 hours. After cooling to 100° C., 2 mL of toluene was added, and the resultant was stirred to room temperature. Subsequently, heptane was added, and the resultant was filtered. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (mobile phase; ethyl acetate) to obtain 13.0 mg of a dark red solid A35 (yield: 11%).
The emission spectrum of a toluene solution of exemplary compound A35 at 1×10−3 mol/L was measured by photoluminescence spectroscopy at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm by using an F-4500 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. The spectrum showed a maximum intensity at 610 nm.
Exemplary compound A35 was subjected to mass spectrometry using MALDI-TOF-MS (Autoflex LRF manufactured by Bruker Corporation).
MALDI-TOF-MS
Measured value: m/z=1042, Calculated value: C52H26=1042
Exemplary compounds of Examples 2 to 20 shown in Table 3 were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 except that raw materials D1, D7, and D10 in Example 1 were replaced with raw material 1, raw material 2, and raw material 3, respectively. Measured values (m/z) of mass spectrometry determined in the same manner as in Example 1 are also shown.
An organic light-emitting element having a bottom-emission structure was produced in which an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and a cathode were sequentially formed on a substrate.
First, an ITO film was formed on a glass substrate and subjected to desired patterning to form an ITO electrode (anode). At this time, the ITO electrode was formed so as to have a thickness of 100 nm. The substrate on which the ITO electrode was formed in this manner was used as an ITO substrate in the following process. Next, organic compound layers and an electrode layer shown in Table 4 were successively formed on the ITO substrate by performing vacuum deposition by resistance heating in a vacuum chamber at 1.33×10−4 Pa. At this time, the electrode area of the counter electrode (metal electrode layer, cathode) was set to 3 mm2.
The characteristics of the element obtained were measured and evaluated. The light-emitting element had a maximum emission wavelength of 617 nm and a maximum external quantum efficiency (E.Q.E.) of 22% and emitted red light with a chromaticity of (X, Y)=(0.69, 0.32). Furthermore, a continuous driving test at a current density of 100 mA/cm2 was performed to measure the time taken for luminance degradation to reach 5%. When the time taken for luminance degradation to reach 5% in Comparative Example 1 was taken as 1.0, the luminance degradation ratio in this Example was 1.0.
In this Example, the following measurement apparatuses were used. Specifically, the current-voltage characteristics were measured with a microammeter 4140B manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company, and the emission luminance was measured with a BM7 manufactured by TOPCON Corporation.
In Examples 22 to 31, organic light-emitting elements were produced in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the compounds were appropriately changed to those shown in Table 5. The elements obtained were measured and evaluated for their characteristics in the same manner as in Example 21. The measurement results are shown in Table 5.
As shown above, the chromaticity coordinates in Comparative Example 1 were (0.65, 0.34), that is, the red light-emitting elements according to the present disclosure exhibited chromaticities closer to the color reproduction range of BT2020. This is because the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure emits red light at a longer wavelength.
The maximum external quantum efficiency (E.Q.E.) in Comparative Example 2 was 15%, that is, the red light-emitting elements according to the present disclosure had higher light emission efficiency. This is because the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure has a higher oscillator strength. Furthermore, the luminance degradation ratio in Comparative Example 2 was 0.6, that is, the red light-emitting elements according to the present disclosure had a longer life. This is because the organometallic complex according to the present disclosure has a nitrogen atom introduced at a position far from the metal atom and thus has high exciton stability.
According to the present disclosure, an organometallic complex whose basic skeleton itself can emit red light with high color purity can be provided.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-161442 | Sep 2020 | JP | national |
This application is a Continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2021/034041, filed Sep. 16, 2021, which claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-161442, filed Sep. 25, 2020, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2021/034041 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Child | 18186094 | US |
