Patent Application
20220384742
The present disclosure generally relates to organometallic compounds and formulations and their various uses including as emitters in devices such as organic light emitting diodes and related electronic devices.
Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for various reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting diodes/devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials.
OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting.
One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Alternatively, the OLED can be designed to emit white light. In conventional liquid crystal displays emission from a white backlight is filtered using absorption filters to produce red, green and blue emission. The same technique can also be used with OLEDs. The white OLED can be either a single emissive layer (EML) device or a stack structure. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides compound comprising a first ligand LA, wherein:
LA comprises a structure of Formula I
wherein
X1 represents CR1, CR1R1′, NR1, or N;
X2 represents CR2, CR2R2′, NR2, or N;
X3 represents CR3, CR3R3′, NR3, or N;
X4 represents CR4, CR4R4′, NR4, or N;
Y is selected from the group consisting of BR′, BR′R″, NR′, PR′, O, S, Se, SO2, CR′, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;
each of R, R′, R″, R1, R1′, R2, R2′, R3, R3′, R4, and R4′ is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, boryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, selenyl, and combinations thereof;
each independently represents a single bond or a double bond;
any two adjacent R, R′, R″, R1, R1′, R2, R2′, R3, R3′, R4, and R4′ may be joined or fused to form a ring;
two adjacent ones of X1, X2, X3, and X4 are CR1 or NR1, CR2 or NR2, CR3 or NR3, or CR4 or NR4, respectively, and the adjacent ones of R1, R2, R3, and R4 are joined together to form a fused 5-membered heterocyclic ring, Ring A, while the remaining two of X1, X2, X3, and X4 cannot be part of an aromatic ring fused to the ring of Formula I;
Ring A is joined to a metal M by a direct bond;
M can be coordinated to other ligands; and
LA can be joined with other ligands to comprise a bidentate, tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, or hexadentate ligand, with the proviso that, if each represents a single bond and R3 and R4 are joined to form Ring A, then R4 and R cannot be joined to form a ring.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a formulation comprising a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides an OLED having an organic layer comprising a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a consumer product comprising an OLED with an organic layer comprising a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
Unless otherwise specified, the below terms used herein are defined as follows:
As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.
As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.
As used herein, “solution processable” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.
A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.
As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.
As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.
The terms “halo,” “halogen,” and “halide” are used interchangeably and refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
The term “acyl” refers to a substituted carbonyl radical (C(O)—Rs).
The term “ester” refers to a substituted oxycarbonyl (—O—C(O)—Rs or —C(O)—O—Rs) radical.
The term “ether” refers to an —ORs radical.
The terms “sulfanyl” or “thio-ether” are used interchangeably and refer to a —SRs radical.
The term “selenyl” refers to a —SeRs radical.
The term “sulfinyl” refers to a —S(O)—Rs radical.
The term “sulfonyl” refers to a —SO2—Rs radical.
The term “phosphino” refers to a —P(Rs)3 radical, wherein each Rs can be same or different.
The term “silyl” refers to a —Si(Rs)3 radical, wherein each Rs can be same or different.
The term “germyl” refers to a —Ge(Rs)3 radical, wherein each Rs can be same or different.
The term “boryl” refers to a —B(Rs)2 radical or its Lewis adduct —B(Rs)3 radical, wherein Rs can be same or different.
In each of the above, Rs can be hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combination thereof. Preferred Rs is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combination thereof.
The term “alkyl” refers to and includes both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term “cycloalkyl” refers to and includes monocyclic, polycyclic, and spiro alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, spiro[5.5]undecyl, adamantyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The terms “heteroalkyl” or “heterocycloalkyl” refer to an alkyl or a cycloalkyl radical, respectively, having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. Optionally the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably, O, S or N. Additionally, the heteroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term “alkenyl” refers to and includes both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Alkenyl groups are essentially alkyl groups that include at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl chain. Cycloalkenyl groups are essentially cycloalkyl groups that include at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cycloalkyl ring. The term “heteroalkenyl” as used herein refers to an alkenyl radical having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom.
Optionally the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si, and Se, preferably, O, S, or N. Preferred alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or heteroalkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or heteroalkenyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term “alkynyl” refers to and includes both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Alkynyl groups are essentially alkyl groups that include at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the alkyl chain. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.
The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” are used interchangeably and refer to an alkyl group that is substituted with an aryl group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term “heterocyclic group” refers to and includes aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic radicals containing at least one heteroatom. Optionally the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si, and Se, preferably, O, S, or N. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals may be used interchangeably with heteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are those containing 3 to 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers/thio-ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.
The term “aryl” refers to and includes both single-ring aromatic hydrocarbyl groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic hydrocarbyl group, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Preferred aryl groups are those containing six to thirty carbon atoms, preferably six to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably six to twelve carbon atoms. Especially preferred is an aryl group having six carbons, ten carbons or twelve carbons. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene, preferably phenyl, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, fluorene, and naphthalene. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.
The term “heteroaryl” refers to and includes both single-ring aromatic groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems that include at least one heteroatom. The heteroatoms include, but are not limited to O, S, N, P, B, Si, and Se. In many instances, O, S, or N are the preferred heteroatoms. Hetero-single ring aromatic systems are preferably single rings with 5 or 6 ring atoms, and the ring can have from one to six heteroatoms. The hetero-polycyclic ring systems can have two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. The hetero-polycyclic aromatic ring systems can have from one to six heteroatoms per ring of the polycyclic aromatic ring system. Preferred heteroaryl groups are those containing three to thirty carbon atoms, preferably three to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably three to twelve carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine, preferably dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, triazine, benzimidazole, 1,2-azaborine, 1,3-azaborine, 1,4-azaborine, borazine, and aza-analogs thereof. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.
Of the aryl and heteroaryl groups listed above, the groups of triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, triazine, and benzimidazole, and the respective aza-analogs of each thereof are of particular interest.
The terms alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl, as used herein, are independently unsubstituted, or independently substituted, with one or more general substituents.
In many instances, the general substituents are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, boryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, selenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.
In some instances, the preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, boryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, boryl, and combinations thereof.
In some instances, the more preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, aryl, heteroaryl, sulfanyl, and combinations thereof.
In yet other instances, the most preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.
The terms “substituted” and “substitution” refer to a substituent other than H that is bonded to the relevant position, e.g., a carbon or nitrogen. For example, when R1 represents mono-substitution, then one R1 must be other than H (i.e., a substitution). Similarly, when R1 represents di-substitution, then two of R1 must be other than H. Similarly, when R1 represents zero or no substitution, R1, for example, can be a hydrogen for available valencies of ring atoms, as in carbon atoms for benzene and the nitrogen atom in pyrrole, or simply represents nothing for ring atoms with fully filled valencies, e.g., the nitrogen atom in pyridine. The maximum number of substitutions possible in a ring structure will depend on the total number of available valencies in the ring atoms.
As used herein, “combinations thereof” indicates that one or more members of the applicable list are combined to form a known or chemically stable arrangement that one of ordinary skill in the art can envision from the applicable list. For example, an alkyl and deuterium can be combined to form a partial or fully deuterated alkyl group; a halogen and alkyl can be combined to form a halogenated alkyl substituent; and a halogen, alkyl, and aryl can be combined to form a halogenated arylalkyl. In one instance, the term substitution includes a combination of two to four of the listed groups. In another instance, the term substitution includes a combination of two to three groups. In yet another instance, the term substitution includes a combination of two groups. Preferred combinations of substituent groups are those that contain up to fifty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium, or those which include up to forty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium, or those that include up to thirty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium. In many instances, a preferred combination of substituent groups will include up to twenty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium.
The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e. aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means that one or more of the C—H groups in the respective aromatic ring can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.
As used herein, “deuterium” refers to an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterated compounds can be readily prepared using methods known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,557,400, Patent Pub. No. WO 2006/095951, and U.S. Pat. Application Pub. No. US 2011/0037057, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, describe the making of deuterium-substituted organometallic complexes. Further reference is made to Ming Yan, et al., Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 1425-30 and Atzrodt et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (Reviews) 2007, 46, 7744-65, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, describe the deuteration of the methylene hydrogens in benzyl amines and efficient pathways to replace aromatic ring hydrogens with deuterium, respectively.
It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g. benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.
In some instance, a pair of adjacent substituents can be optionally joined or fused into a ring. The preferred ring is a five, six, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, includes both instances where the portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is saturated and where the portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is unsaturated. As used herein, “adjacent” means that the two substituents involved can be on the same ring next to each other, or on two neighboring rings having the two closest available substitutable positions, such as 2, 2′ positions in a biphenyl, or 1, 8 position in a naphthalene, as long as they can form a stable fused ring system.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising a first ligand LA, wherein:
LA comprises a structure of Formula I
wherein
X1 represents CR1, CRR′, NR′, or N;
X2 represents CR2, CR2R2′, NR2, or N;
X3 represents CR3, CR3R3′, NR3, or N;
X4 represents CR4, CR4R4′, NR4, or N;
Y is selected from the group consisting of BR′, BR′R″, NR′, PR′, O, S, Se, SO2, CR′, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;
each of R, R′, R″, R1, R1′, R2, R2′, R3, R3′, R4, and R4′ is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the General Substituents defined herein;
each independently represents a single bond or a double bond;
any two adjacent R, R′, R″, R1, R2, R3, and R4 may be joined or fused to form a ring;
two adjacent ones of X1, X2, X3, and X4 are CR1 or NR1, CR2 or NR2, CR3 or NR3, or CR4 or NR4, respectively, and the adjacent ones of R1, R2, R3, and R4 are joined together to form a fused 5-membered heterocyclic ring, Ring A, while the remaining two of X1, X2, X3, and X4 cannot be part of an aromatic ring fused to the ring of Formula I;
Ring A is joined to a metal M by a direct bond;
M can be coordinated to other ligands; and
LA can be joined with other ligands to comprise a bidentate, tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, or hexadentate ligand, with the proviso that, if each represents a single bond and R3 and R4 are joined to form Ring A, then R4 and R cannot be joined to form a ring.
In some embodiments, the compound comprises a structure of Formula IA
wherein each of X1, X2, X3, and X4 is independently C or N.
In some embodiments of Formula IA, one of X1 to X4 is N. In some embodiments, two of X1 to X4 are N.
In some embodiments, each of R, R′, R″, R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the Preferred General Substituents defined herein. In some embodiments, each of R, R′, R″, R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the More Preferred General Substituents defined herein. In some embodiments, each of R, R′, R″, R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the Most Preferred General Substituents defined herein.
In some embodiments, Ring A is heteroaryl.
In some embodiments, R1 and R2 are joined to form Ring A. In some embodiments, X1 is CR1, X2 is CR2, and R1 and R2 are joined to form Ring A.
In some embodiments, R2 and R3 are joined to form Ring A. In some embodiments, X2 is CR2, X3 is CR3, and R2 and R3 are joined to form Ring A.
In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are joined to form Ring A. In some embodiments, X3 is CR3, X4 is CR4, and R3 and R4 are joined to form Ring A.
In some embodiments, the only heteroatom in Ring A is N. In some such embodiments, Ring A includes exactly one N. In some such embodiments, Ring A includes exactly 2 N.
In some embodiments, Ring A includes at least one heteroatom other than N. In some embodiments, Ring A includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S, B, Se, and Te. In some embodiments, Ring A includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O and S.
In some embodiments of Formula IA, each of X1, X2, X3, and X4 is C.
In some embodiments of Formula IA, at least one of X1, X2, X3, and X4 is N.
In some embodiments of Formula IA, exactly one of X1, X2, X3, and X4 is N.
In some embodiments, each represents a double bond.
In some embodiments, the between X1 and X2 is a double bond and the
between X3 and X4 is a single bond.
In some embodiments, the between X1 and X2 is a single bond and the
between X3 and X4 is a double bond.
In some embodiments, each represents a single bond.
In some embodiments, Ring A is joined to metal M by a direct bond with a heteroatom. In some embodiments, Ring A is joined to metal M by a direct bond with a carbon. In some embodiments, Ring A is joined to metal M by a direct bond with a carbene. As used herein, a direct bond with the metal M has its usual meaning, and includes a coordination bond.
In some embodiments, Y is selected from the group consisting of BR′, NR′, PR′, and CR′. In some embodiments, Y is selected from the group consisting of BR′R″, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″. In some embodiments, Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and SO2. In some embodiments, Y is NR′.
In some embodiments, ligand LA is selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following LIST 1:
wherein:
each of Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 is independently C or N;
each RA and RB is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the General Substituents defined herein;
RB represents mono, up to the maximum allowed number of substitutions, or no substitutions;
K1 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, O, and S;
Q is selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR′, SiRR′, GeRR′, BR, BRR′, N, NR, O, and S.
each of Q1 and Q2 is independently selected from the group consisting of BR, BRR′, NR, PR, P(O)R, O, S, Se, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR′, C═CR′R″, S═O, SO2, CR, CRR′, SiRR′, GeRR′, alkylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and combinations thereof; and
any two adjacent R, R′, R″, RA, RB, R1, R2, R3, and R4 may be joined or fused to form a ring.
In some embodiments, Q is selected from the group consisting of CRR′, SiRR′, GeRR′, BR, NR, O, and S.
In some embodiments, the ligand LA is Selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following LIST
wherein:
each of RB, RC, and RD independently represents mono, up to the maximum allowed number of substitutions, or no substitutions;
each RA, RB, RC, RD, R5, R6, R7, and R8 is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the General Substituents defined herein
any two adjacent R, R′, R″, RA, RB, RC, RD, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 may be joined or fused to form a ring; and
G is selected from the group consisting of:
In some embodiments, the ligand LA is Selected from the group consisting of LA1-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA6-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA7-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA8-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA9-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA10-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA16-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA17-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA18-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA19-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA20-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA21-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA22-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA23-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA24-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA25-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA31-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA32-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA33-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA34-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA35-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA36-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA37-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA38-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA39-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA40-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA41-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA42-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA43-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA56-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA57-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA58-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA59-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA63-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA64-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA65-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA66-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA67-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA75-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA76-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA77-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA78-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA79-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA80-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA82-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn),
wherein each of l, m, n, and o is independently an integer from 1 to 134,
wherein LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1) to LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134) have the structures in the following LIST 3:
wherein R1 to R134 have the structures in the following LIST 4:
In some embodiments, ligand the compound has a formula of M(LA)p(LB)q(LC)r wherein LB and LC are each a bidentate ligand; and wherein p is 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, or 2; r is 0, 1, or 2; and p+q+r is the oxidation state of the metal M.
In some embodiments, the compound has a formula selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA)3, Ir(LA)(LB)2, Ir(LA)2(LB), Ir(LA)2(LC), and Ir(LA)(LB)(LC); and wherein LA, LB, and LC are different from each other.
In some embodiments, LB is a substituted or unsubstituted phenylpyridine, and LC is a substituted or unsubstituted acetylacetonate.
In some embodiments, the compound has a formula of Pt(LA)(LB); and wherein LA and LB can be same or different. In some such embodiments, LA and LB are connected to form a tetradentate ligand.
In some embodiments, LB and LC are each independently selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following LIST 5:
wherein:
T is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, and In;
each of Y1 to Y13 is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;
Y′ is selected from the group consisting of BRe, NRe, PRe, O, S, Se, C═O, S═O, SO2, CReRf, SiReRf, and GeReRf;
Re and Rf can be fused or joined to form a ring;
each Ra, Rb, Re, and Rd independently represent zero, mono, or up to a maximum allowed number of substitutions to its associated ring;
each of Ra1, Rb1, Re1, Rd1, Ra, Rb, Re, Rd, Re and Rf is independently a hydrogen or a subsituent selected from the group consisting of the General Substituents defined herein; and
any two adjacent Ra, Rb, Re, Rd, Re and Rf can be fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand.
In some embodiments, LB and LC are each independently selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following LIST 6:
wherein:
Ra′, Rb′, and Rc′ each independently represent zero, mono, or up to a maximum allowed number of substitutions to its associated ring;
each of Ra1, Rb1, Re1, Ra, Rb, Re, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, RN, Ra′, Rb′, and Rc′ is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, boryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, boryl, and combinations thereof; and
two adjacent Ra1, Rb1, Re1, Ra, Rb, Re, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, RN, Ra′, Rb′, and Rc′ can be fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand.
In some embodiments, ligand LA can be selected from LAi-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), wherein i is an integer from 1 to 82, and l, m, n, and o are each independently an integer from 1 to 134; LB can be selected from LBk, wherein k is an integer from 1 to 561; and LC can be selected from LCj-I and LCj-II, wherein j is an integer from 1 to 1416, wherein:
when the compound has formula Ir(LA)3, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1))3 to Ir(LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134))3;
when the compound has formula Ir(LA)(LBk)2, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1))(LB1)2 to Ir(LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134))(LB561)2;
when the compound has formula Ir(LA)2(LBk), the compound is selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1))2(LB1) to Ir(LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134))2(LB561);
when the compound has formula Ir(LA)2(LCj-I), the compound is selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1))2(LC1-I) to Ir(LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134))2(LC1416-I); and
when the compound has formula Ir(LA)2(LCj-II), the compound is selected from the group consisting of Ir(LA1-(R1)(R1)(R1))2(LC1-II) to Ir(LA82-(R134)(R134)(R134))2(LC1416-II);
wherein each LBk has the structure defined in the following LIST 7:
wherein each LCj-I has a structure based on formula
and
each LCj-II has a structure based on formula
wherein for each LCj in LCj-I and LCj-II, R201 and R202 are each independently defined in the following LIST 8:
wherein RD1 to RD246 have the structures in the following LIST 9:
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of only those compounds whose LBk corresponds to one of the following: LB1, LB2, LB18, LB28, LB38, LB108, LB118, LB122, LB124, LB126, LB128, LB130, LB132, LB134, LB136, LB138, LB140, LB142, LB144, LB156, LB155, LB160, LB162, LB164, LB168, LB172, LB175, LB204, LB206, LB214, LB216, LB218, LB220, LB222, LB231, LB233, LB235, LB237, LB240, LB242, LB244, LB246, LB248, LB250, LB252, LB254, LB256, LB258, LB260, LB262, LB264, LB265, LB266, LB267, LB268, LB269, and LB270.
In some embodiments, ligand LA the compound is selected from the group consisting of only those compounds whose LBk corresponds to one of the following: LB1, LB2, LB18, LB28, LB38, LB108, LB118, LB122, LB126, LB128, LB132, LB136, LB138, LB142, LB156, LB162, LB204, LB206, LB214, LB216, LB218, LB220, LB231, LB233, LB237, LB264, LB265, LB266, LB267, LB268, LB269, and LB270.
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of only those compounds having LCj-I or LCj-II ligand whose corresponding R201 and R202 are defined to be one of the following structures: RD1, RD3, RD4, RD5, RD9, RD10, RD17, RD18, RD20, RD22, RD37, RD40, RD41, RD42, RD43, RD48, RD49, RD50, RD54, RD55, RD58, RD59, RD78, RD79, RD81, RD87, RD88, RD89, RD93, RD116, RD117, RD118, RD119, RD120, RD133, RD134, RD135, RD136, RD143, RD144, RD145, RD146, RD147, RD149, RD151, RD154, RD155, RD161, RD175, RD190, RD193, RD200, RD201, RD206, RD210, RD214, RD215, RD216, RD218, RD219, RD220, RD227, RD237, RD241, RD242, RD245, and RD246.
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of only those compounds having LCj-I or LCj-II ligand whose corresponding R201 and R202 are defined to be one of selected from the following structures: RD1, RD3, RD4, RD5, RD9, RD10, RD17, RD22, RD43, RD50, RD78, RD116, RD118, RD133, RD134, RD135, RD136, RD143, RD144, RD145, RD146, RD149, RD151, RD154, RD155, RD190, RD193, RD200, RD201, RD206, RD210, RD214, RD215, RD216, RD218, RD219, RD220, RD227, RD237, RD241, RD242, RD245, and RD246.
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of only those compounds having one of the following structures for the LCj-I ligand:
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following LIST 10:
In some embodiments, the compound has a structure selected from the group consisting of Formula II,
wherein:
M1 is Pd or Pt;
moieties B, E and F are each independently monocyclic or polycyclic ring structure comprising 5-membered and/or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;
Z1 and Z2 are each independently C or N;
K1, K2, K3, and K4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, O, and S, wherein at least two of them are direct bonds;
L1, L2, and L3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a single bond, absent a bond, O, S, C═NR′, C═CRR′, CRR′, SiRR′, BR, BRR′, PR, P(O)R, Se, C═O, C═S, C═Se, S═O, SO2, CR, GeRR′, NR, alkylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, wherein at least one of L1 and L2 is present;
RA, RB, RE and RF each independently represents zero, mono, or up to a maximum allowed number of substitutions to its associated ring;
each RA, RB, RE and RF is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the preferred general substituents defined herein; and
two adjacent R, R′, R″, R1, R2, R3, R4, RA, RB, RE, and RF can be joined or fused together to form a ring.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, ring E and ring F are both 6-membered aromatic rings.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, ring F is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, L1 is O or CRR′.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, Z2 is N and Z1 is C.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, Z2 is C and Z1 is N.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, L2 is a direct bond.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, L2 is NR.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, K1, K2, K3, and K4 are all direct bonds.
In some embodiments having a structure of one of Formula II, Formula III, or Formula IV, one of K1, K2, K3, and K4 is O.
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds having the formula of Pt(LA′)(Ly):
wherein LA′ is selected form the group consisting of the structures in the following LIST 11:
wherein Ly is selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following LIST 12:
wherein each RA, RB, RC, RD, RE, and RF independently represents mono, up to a maximum allowed substitutions, or no substitutions;
wherein each R, R′, RA, RB, RC, RD, RE, RF, R5, R6, R7, R8, RX, and RY is independently selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following LIST 13:
In some LA′ structures, the linkage to Ly is shown at the bottom of LA′ while the linkage to Ly is at the top of LA′ in other structures. In instances where the linkage to Ly is shown at the top of LA the corresponding Ly is flipped so that the connecting portions align. For example, a combination of
yields
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds having the formula of Pt(LA′)(Ly):
wherein LA′ is selected from the group consisting of LA′1-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′6-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′7-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′8-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′9-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′10-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′14-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′15-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro) to LA′19-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′20-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′21-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′22-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′23-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′24-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′31-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′32-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′33-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′34-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′35-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′36-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′37-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′38-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′39-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′40-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′41-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro) to LA′46-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′47-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′54-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′55-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′56-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′57-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′63-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′64-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′65-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′66-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′67-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′68-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′69-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′70-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′71-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′72-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′73-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′74-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro) to LA′85-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′86-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′96-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′97-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′98-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′99-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′100-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′101-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′102-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′103-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′104-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′105-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′108-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′109-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′110-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′111-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′115-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′116-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro) to LA′119-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′120-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′124-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′125-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro) to LA′129-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′130-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′131-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′132-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′133-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′134-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′135-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′136-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′137-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′138-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′139-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′143-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn), LA′144-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), LA′145-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn)(Ro), and LA′146-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn) to LA′148-(Rl)(Rm)(Rn);
wherein each of l, m, n, and o is independently an integer from 1 to 138,
wherein LA′1-(R1)(R1)(R1) to LA′148-(R138)(R138)(R138) have the structures in the following LIST 14:
wherein Ly′, is selected from the group consisting of Ly′1-(Rr)(Rp)(Rq) to LA′33-(Rr)(Rp)(Rq);
wherein each of p, q, and r is independently an integer from 1 to 138,
wherein Ly′1-(R1)(R1)(R1) to Ly′33-(R138)(R138)(R138) have the structures shown in the following LIST 15:
wherein R1 to R138 have the structures of the following LIST 16:
In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following LIST 17:
In some embodiments, the compound having a first ligand LA as described herein can be at least 30% deuterated, at least 40% deuterated, at least 50% deuterated, at least 60% deuterated, at least 70% deuterated, at least 80% deuterated, at least 90% deuterated, at least 95% deuterated, at least 99% deuterated, or 100% deuterated. As used herein, percent deuteration has its ordinary meaning and includes the percent of possible hydrogen atoms (e.g., positions that are hydrogen, deuterium, or halogen) that are replaced by deuterium atoms.
In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an OLED device comprising a first organic layer that contains a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the OLED comprises: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, where the organic layer comprises a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
In some embodiments, the organic layer may be an emissive layer and the compound as described herein may be an emissive dopant or a non-emissive dopant.
In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a triphenylene containing benzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan, wherein any substituent in the host is an unfused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1—Ar2, CnH2n—Ar1, or no substitution, wherein n is from 1 to 10; and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.
In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5,2-benzo[d]benzo[4,5]imidazo[3,2-a]imidazole, 5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene, triazine, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-indolocarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, aza-5,2-benzo[d]benzo[4,5]imidazo[3,2-a]imidazole, and aza-(5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene).
In some embodiments, the host may be selected from the HOST Group consisting of:
and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a metal complex.
In some embodiments, the compound as described herein may be a sensitizer; wherein the device may further comprise an acceptor; and wherein the acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of fluorescent emitter, delayed fluorescence emitter, and combination thereof.
In yet another aspect, the OLED of the present disclosure may also comprise an emissive region containing a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the emissive region can comprise a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
In some embodiments, at least one of the anode, the cathode, or a new layer disposed over the organic emissive layer functions as an enhancement layer. The enhancement layer comprises a plasmonic material exhibiting surface plasmon resonance that non-radiatively couples to the emitter material and transfers excited state energy from the emitter material to non-radiative mode of surface plasmon polariton. The enhancement layer is provided no more than a threshold distance away from the organic emissive layer, wherein the emitter material has a total non-radiative decay rate constant and a total radiative decay rate constant due to the presence of the enhancement layer and the threshold distance is where the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises an outcoupling layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed over the enhancement layer on the opposite side of the organic emissive layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on opposite side of the emissive layer from the enhancement layer but still outcouples energy from the surface plasmon mode of the enhancement layer. The outcoupling layer scatters the energy from the surface plasmon polaritons. In some embodiments this energy is scattered as photons to free space. In other embodiments, the energy is scattered from the surface plasmon mode into other modes of the device such as but not limited to the organic waveguide mode, the substrate mode, or another waveguiding mode. If energy is scattered to the non-free space mode of the OLED other outcoupling schemes could be incorporated to extract that energy to free space. In some embodiments, one or more intervening layer can be disposed between the enhancement layer and the outcoupling layer. The examples for interventing layer(s) can be dielectric materials, including organic, inorganic, perovskites, oxides, and may include stacks and/or mixtures of these materials.
The enhancement layer modifies the effective properties of the medium in which the emitter material resides resulting in any or all of the following: a decreased rate of emission, a modification of emission line-shape, a change in emission intensity with angle, a change in the stability of the emitter material, a change in the efficiency of the OLED, and reduced efficiency roll-off of the OLED device. Placement of the enhancement layer on the cathode side, anode side, or on both sides results in OLED devices which take advantage of any of the above-mentioned effects. In addition to the specific functional layers mentioned herein and illustrated in the various OLED examples shown in the figures, the OLEDs according to the present disclosure may include any of the other functional layers often found in OLEDs.
The enhancement layer can be comprised of plasmonic materials, optically active metamaterials, or hyperbolic metamaterials. As used herein, a plasmonic material is a material in which the real part of the dielectric constant crosses zero in the visible or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the plasmonic material includes at least one metal. In such embodiments the metal may include at least one of Ag, Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. In general, a metamaterial is a medium composed of different materials where the medium as a whole acts differently than the sum of its material parts. In particular, we define optically active metamaterials as materials which have both negative permittivity and negative permeability. Hyperbolic metamaterials, on the other hand, are anisotropic media in which the permittivity or permeability are of different sign for different spatial directions. Optically active metamaterials and hyperbolic metamaterials are strictly distinguished from many other photonic structures such as Distributed Bragg Reflectors (“DBRs”) in that the medium should appear uniform in the direction of propagation on the length scale of the wavelength of light. Using terminology that one skilled in the art can understand: the dielectric constant of the metamaterials in the direction of propagation can be described with the effective medium approximation. Plasmonic materials and metamaterials provide methods for controlling the propagation of light that can enhance OLED performance in a number of ways.
In some embodiments, the enhancement layer is provided as a planar layer. In other embodiments, the enhancement layer has wavelength-sized features that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly. In some embodiments, the wavelength-sized features and the sub-wavelength-sized features have sharp edges.
In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer has wavelength-sized features that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer may be composed of a plurality of nanoparticles and in other embodiments the outcoupling layer is composed of a pluraility of nanoparticles disposed over a material. In these embodiments the outcoupling may be tunable by at least one of varying a size of the plurality of nanoparticles, varying a shape of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing a material of the plurality of nanoparticles, adjusting a thickness of the material, changing the refractive index of the material or an additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles, varying a thickness of the enhancement layer, and/or varying the material of the enhancement layer. The plurality of nanoparticles of the device may be formed from at least one of metal, dielectric material, semiconductor materials, an alloy of metal, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack or layering of one or more materials, and/or a core of one type of material and that is coated with a shell of a different type of material. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of at least metal nanoparticles wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials.
The plurality of nanoparticles may have additional layer disposed over them. In some embodiments, the polarization of the emission can be tuned using the outcoupling layer. Varying the dimensionality and periodicity of the outcoupling layer can select a type of polarization that is preferentially outcoupled to air. In some embodiments the outcoupling layer also acts as an electrode of the device.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a consumer product comprising an organic light-emitting device (OLED) having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, the consumer product comprises an OLED having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise a compound having a first ligand LA as described herein.
In some embodiments, the consumer product can be one of a flat panel display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cell phone, tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro-display that is less than 2 inches diagonal, a 3-D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall comprising multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a sign.
Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.
Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.
More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.
More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The simple layered structure illustrated in
Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in
Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP, also referred to as organic vapor jet deposition (OVJD)), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and organic vapor jet printing (OVJP). Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons are a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processability than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.
Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.
Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure can be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units) that can be incorporated into a variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices such as discrete light source devices or lighting panels, etc. that can be utilized by the end-user product manufacturers. Such electronic component modules can optionally include the driving electronics and/or power source(s). Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure can be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products that have one or more of the electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. A consumer product comprising an OLED that includes the compound of the present disclosure in the organic layer in the OLED is disclosed. Such consumer products would include any kind of products that include one or more light source(s) and/or one or more of some type of visual displays. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, mobile phones, tablets, phablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays (displays that are less than 2 inches diagonal), 3-D displays, virtual reality or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls comprising multiple displays tiled together, theater or stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present disclosure, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25° C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80° C.
More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.
In some embodiments, the OLED has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of being flexible, being rollable, being foldable, being stretchable, and being curved. In some embodiments, the OLED is transparent or semi-transparent. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising carbon nanotubes.
In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising a delayed fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the OLED comprises a RGB pixel arrangement or white plus color filter pixel arrangement. In some embodiments, the OLED is a mobile device, a hand held device, or a wearable device. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having less than 10 inch diagonal or 50 square inch area. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having at least 10 inch diagonal or 50 square inch area. In some embodiments, the OLED is a lighting panel.
In some embodiments, the compound can be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compound can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, i.e., TADF (also referred to as E-type delayed fluorescence; see, e.g., U.S. application Ser. No. 15/700,352, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes. In some embodiments, the emissive dopant can be a racemic mixture, or can be enriched in one enantiomer. In some embodiments, the compound can be homoleptic (each ligand is the same). In some embodiments, the compound can be heteroleptic (at least one ligand is different from others). When there are more than one ligand coordinated to a metal, the ligands can all be the same in some embodiments. In some other embodiments, at least one ligand is different from the other ligands. In some embodiments, every ligand can be different from each other. This is also true in embodiments where a ligand being coordinated to a metal can be linked with other ligands being coordinated to that metal to form a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, or hexadentate ligands. Thus, where the coordinating ligands are being linked together, all of the ligands can be the same in some embodiments, and at least one of the ligands being linked can be different from the other ligand(s) in some other embodiments.
In some embodiments, the compound can be used as a phosphorescent sensitizer in an OLED where one or multiple layers in the OLED contains an acceptor in the form of one or more fluorescent and/or delayed fluorescence emitters. In some embodiments, the compound can be used as one component of an exciplex to be used as a sensitizer. As a phosphorescent sensitizer, the compound must be capable of energy transfer to the acceptor and the acceptor will emit the energy or further transfer energy to a final emitter. The acceptor concentrations can range from 0.001% to 100%. The acceptor could be in either the same layer as the phosphorescent sensitizer or in one or more different layers. In some embodiments, the acceptor is a TADF emitter. In some embodiments, the acceptor is a fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the emission can arise from any or all of the sensitizer, acceptor, and final emitter.
According to another aspect, a formulation comprising the compound described herein is also disclosed.
The OLED disclosed herein can be incorporated into one or more of a consumer product, an electronic component module, and a lighting panel. The organic layer can be an emissive layer and the compound can be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, while the compound can be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments.
In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a formulation that comprises the novel compound disclosed herein is described. The formulation can include one or more components selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, hole transport material, electron blocking material, hole blocking material, and an electron transport material, disclosed herein.
The present disclosure encompasses any chemical structure comprising the novel compound of the present disclosure, or a monovalent or polyvalent variant thereof. In other words, the inventive compound, or a monovalent or polyvalent variant thereof, can be a part of a larger chemical structure. Such chemical structure can be selected from the group consisting of a monomer, a polymer, a macromolecule, and a supramolecule (also known as supermolecule). As used herein, a “monovalent variant of a compound” refers to a moiety that is identical to the compound except that one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with a bond to the rest of the chemical structure. As used herein, a “polyvalent variant of a compound” refers to a moiety that is identical to the compound except that more than one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with a bond or bonds to the rest of the chemical structure. In the instance of a supramolecule, the inventive compound can also be incorporated into the supramolecule complex without covalent bonds.
D. Combination of the Compounds of the Present Disclosure with Other Materials
The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.
A charge transport layer can be doped with conductivity dopants to substantially alter its density of charge carriers, which will in turn alter its conductivity. The conductivity is increased by generating charge carriers in the matrix material, and depending on the type of dopant, a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor may also be achieved.
Hole-transporting layer can be doped by p-type conductivity dopants and n-type conductivity dopants are used in the electron-transporting layer.
Non-limiting examples of the conductivity dopants that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified below together with references that disclose those materials: EP01617493, EP01968131, EP2020694, EP2684932, US20050139810, US20070160905, US20090167167, US2010288362, WO06081780, WO2009003455, WO2009008277, WO2009011327, WO2014009310, US2007252140, US2015060804, US20150123047, and US2012146012.
A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoOx; a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.
Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:
Each of Ar1 to Ar9 is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Each Ar may be unsubstituted or may be substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acids, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.
In one aspect, Ar1 to Ar9 is independently selected from the group consisting of:
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X101 to X108 is C (including CH) or N; Z101 is NAr1, O, or S; Ar1 has the same group defined above.
Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general formula:
wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y101-Y102) is a bidentate ligand, Y101 and Y102 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L101 is an ancillary ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.
In one aspect, (Y101-Y102) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y101-Y102) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc*/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.
Non-limiting examples of the HIL and HTL materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified below together with references that disclose those materials: CN102702075, DE102012005215, EP01624500, EP01698613, EP01806334, EP01930964, EP01972613, EP01997799, EP02011790, EP02055700, EP02055701, EP1725079, EP2085382, EP2660300, EP650955, JP07-073529, JP2005112765, JP2007091719, JP2008021687, JP2014-009196, KR20110088898, KR20130077473, TW201139402, U.S. Ser. No. 06/517,957, US20020158242, US20030162053, US20050123751, US20060182993, US20060240279, US20070145888, US20070181874, US20070278938, US20080014464, US20080091025, US20080106190, US20080124572, US20080145707, US20080220265, US20080233434, US20080303417, US2008107919, US20090115320, US20090167161, US2009066235, US2011007385, US20110163302, US2011240968, US2011278551, US2012205642, US2013241401, US20140117329, US2014183517, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,061,569, 5,639,914, WO05075451, WO07125714, WO08023550, WO08023759, WO2009145016, WO2010061824, WO2011075644, WO2012177006, WO2013018530, WO2013039073, WO2013087142, WO2013118812, WO2013120577, WO2013157367, WO2013175747, WO2014002873, WO2014015935, WO2014015937, WO2014030872, WO2014030921, WO2014034791, WO2014104514 WO2014157018.
An electron blocking layer (EBL) may be used to reduce the number of electrons and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies, and/or longer lifetime, as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the EBL interface. In one aspect, the compound used in EBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as one of the hosts described below.
The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present disclosure preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. Any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.
Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:
wherein Met is a metal; (Y103-Y104) is a bidentate ligand, Y103 and Y104 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L101 is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.
In one aspect, the metal complexes are:
wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.
In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y103-Y104) is a carbene ligand.
In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Each option within each group may be unsubstituted or may be substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acids, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.
In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
wherein R101 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acids, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, and when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20. X101 to X108 are independently selected from C (including CH) or N. Z101 and Z102 are independently selected from NR101, O, or S.
Non-limiting examples of the host materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified below together with references that disclose those materials: EP2034538, EP2034538A, EP2757608, JP2007254297, KR20100079458, KR20120088644, KR20120129733, KR20130115564, TW201329200, US20030175553, US20050238919, US20060280965, US20090017330, US20090030202, US20090167162, US20090302743, US20090309488, US20100012931, US20100084966, US20100187984, US2010187984, US2012075273, US2012126221, US2013009543, US2013105787, US2013175519, US2014001446, US20140183503, US20140225088, US2014034914, U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,114, WO2001039234, WO2004093207, WO2005014551, WO2005089025, WO2006072002, WO2006114966, WO2007063754, WO2008056746, WO2009003898, WO2009021126, WO2009063833, WO2009066778, WO2009066779, WO2009086028, WO2010056066, WO2010107244, WO2011081423, WO2011081431, WO2011086863, WO2012128298, WO2012133644, WO2012133649, WO2013024872, WO2013035275, WO2013081315, WO2013191404, WO2014142472, US20170263869, US20160163995, U.S. Pat. No. 9,466,803,
One or more additional emitter dopants may be used in conjunction with the compound of the present disclosure. Examples of the additional emitter dopants are not particularly limited, and any compounds may be used as long as the compounds are typically used as emitter materials. Examples of suitable emitter materials include, but are not limited to, compounds which can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, i.e., TADF (also referred to as E-type delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes.
Non-limiting examples of the emitter materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified below together with references that disclose those materials: CN103694277, CN1696137, EB01238981, EP01239526, EP01961743, EP1239526, EP1244155, EP1642951, EP1647554, EP1841834, EP1841834B, EP2062907, EP2730583, JP2012074444, JP2013110263, JP4478555, KR1020090133652, KR20120032054, KR20130043460, TW201332980, U.S. Ser. No. 06/699,599, U.S. Ser. No. 06/916,554, US20010019782, US20020034656, US20030068526, US20030072964, US20030138657, US20050123788, US20050244673, US2005123791, US2005260449, US20060008670, US20060065890, US20060127696, US20060134459, US20060134462, US20060202194, US20060251923, US20070034863, US20070087321, US20070103060, US20070111026, US20070190359, US20070231600, US2007034863, US2007104979, US2007104980, US2007138437, US2007224450, US2007278936, US20080020237, US20080233410, US20080261076, US20080297033, US200805851, US2008161567, US2008210930, US20090039776, US20090108737, US20090115322, US20090179555, US2009085476, US2009104472, US20100090591, US20100148663, US20100244004, US20100295032, US2010102716, US2010105902, US2010244004, US2010270916, US20110057559, US20110108822, US20110204333, US2011215710, US2011227049, US2011285275, US2012292601, US20130146848, US2013033172, US2013165653, US2013181190, US2013334521, US20140246656, US2014103305, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,303,238, 6,413,656, 6,653,654, 6,670,645, 6,687,266, 6,835,469, 6,921,915, 7,279,704, 7,332,232, 7,378,162, 7,534,505, 7,675,228, 7,728,137, 7,740,957, 7,759,489, 7,951,947, 8,067,099, 8,592,586, 8,871,361, WO06081973, WO06121811, WO07018067, WO07108362, WO07115970, WO07115981, WO08035571, WO2002015645, WO2003040257, WO2005019373, WO2006056418, WO2008054584, WO2008078800, WO2008096609, WO2008101842, WO2009000673, WO2009050281, WO2009100991, WO2010028151, WO2010054731, WO2010086089, WO2010118029, WO2011044988, WO2011051404, WO2011107491, WO2012020327, WO2012163471, WO2013094620, WO2013107487, WO2013174471, WO2014007565, WO2014008982, WO2014023377, WO2014024131, WO2014031977, WO2014038456, WO2014112450.
A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies and/or longer lifetime as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (further from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the HBL interface.
In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.
In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L101 is another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.
Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.
In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
wherein R101 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acids, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar1 to Ar3 has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X101 to X108 is selected from C (including CH) or N.
In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:
wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L1I is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.
Non-limiting examples of the ETL materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are exemplified below together with references that disclose those materials: CN103508940, EP01602648, EP01734038, EP01956007, JP2004-022334, JP2005149918, JP2005-268199, KR0117693, KR20130108183, US20040036077, US20070104977, US2007018155, US20090101870, US20090115316, US20090140637, US20090179554, US2009218940, US2010108990, US2011156017, US2011210320, US2012193612, US2012214993, US2014014925, US2014014927, US20140284580, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,656,612, 8,415,031, WO2003060956, WO2007111263, WO2009148269, WO2010067894, WO2010072300, WO2011074770, WO2011105373, WO2013079217, WO2013145667, WO2013180376, WO2014104499, WO2014104535,
In tandem or stacked OLEDs, the CGL plays an essential role in the performance, which is composed of an n-doped layer and a p-doped layer for injection of electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holes are supplied from the CGL and electrodes. The consumed electrons and holes in the CGL are refilled by the electrons and holes injected from the cathode and anode, respectively; then, the bipolar currents reach a steady state gradually. Typical CGL materials include n and p conductivity dopants used in the transport layers.
In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. The minimum amount of hydrogen of the compound being deuterated is selected from the group consisting of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, and 100%. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. may be undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also may be undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.
It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.
a) Preparation of Examplary Compounds
Ir(LA8-(R33)(R3)(R3))3 having the following structure
Ir(LA8-(R33)(R3)(R3))3 is prepared by the following 11 steps:
2-(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)benzonitrile (314 g, 1677 mmol), potassium phosphate (742 g, 3494 mmol), SPhos Pd G2 (40.3 g, 55.9 mmol), 2-bromo-3-methylaniline (175 mL, 1397 mmol) in THF (5080 mL), and Water (508 mL) were added to a 12 L flask under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to reflux (60° C.) and stirred overnight. After 18 hours at reflux the mixture was allowed to cool to 40° C. and additional 2-(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)benzonitrile (41.85 g, 224 mmol) and SPhos Pd G2 (4.03 g, 5.59 mmol) were added. The mixture was returned to reflux and allowed to stir for 5 hours then allowed to cool to room temperature (RT). Water (1 L) was added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred for 5 min. The organic layer was separated, to the aqueous layer was diluted with brine (1 L), and extracted with EtOAc (3×1 L). The organic layers were combined and concentrated to a brown oil (291 g) identified as 2′-amino-6′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile that was used in the next step without further purification.
2′-amino-6′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile (291 g, 1397 mmol), sodium hydroxide solution in water (50 wt. %, 1746 ml), and DMSO (11170 mL) were added to a 22 L flask. The solution was stirred at room temperature. After 18 hours, water (6 L) was added to the stirring reaction mixture. Then the solution was removed from the reaction flask 1 L at a time and added to stirring water (2 L) and the resulting solid was collected via suction filtration. This was repeated 20 times. The resulting brown solid was triturated with water (1 L) then 25% methyl tert-butyl ether in heptane (1 L), then dried in a vacuum oven for 5 hours, yielding 390 g of a brown solid, identified as 1-methylphenanthridin-6-amine wet with water, that was used in the next step without further purification.
1-methylphenanthridin-6-amine (390 g from previous step), sodium bicarbonate (470 g, 5589 mmol), 2-Propanol (14 L), and 2-chloroacetaldehyde solution in water (0.588 L, 4192 mmol) were added to a 22 L flask under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred and heated to reflux overnight. After 19 hours at reflux, the mixture was cooled to RT and the bulk of the 2-propanol was removed under reduced pressure. The brown oil was dissolved in EtOAc (6 L) and washed with water (5 L). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×4 L and 2×2 L). The organic layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was dissolved in DCM (3 L), dried over Na2SO4, filtered (washed with 4 L DCM), concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain 143.8 g of 8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine as a tan solid.
8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine (115.40 g, 497 mmol) and DCM (2657 ml) were added to a 5 L flask under nitrogen. N-bromosuccinimide (86 g, 484 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (3 L) and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (6×1 L). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated, then purified by chromatography. The combined fractions from chromatography were concentrated to a solid that was further triturated with methanol then dried under high vacuum overnight to yield 115.2 g (64% yield) of solid 3-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine.
3-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine (5.25 g, 16.87 mmol) and DCM (125 mL) were added to a 250 mL round bottom flask with a stir bar. The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice water bath, then N-bromo-succinimide (3.00 g, 16.87 mmol) was added all at once as a solid. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated then purified by silica gel column chromatography to yield 3.61 g (54.9% yield) of 2,3-dibromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine as a colorless solid.
2,3-dibromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine (3.61 g, 9.25 mmol) and anhydrous THF (100 mL) were added to a 250 mL round bottom flask with a stir bar under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was cooled to −78° C., then sec-butyllithium solution (1.4 M in cyclohexane, 7 mL, 9.80 mmol) was added dropwise via a syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes, then quenched by addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The reaction mixture was then further diluted with water and DCM and transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic and aqueous layers were separated, then the aqueous layer extracted with DCM (twice). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, concentrated, then purified by column chromatography to yield 2.25 g (78% yield) of 2-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine as a brown solid.
2-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine (2.25 g, 7.23 mmol) and anhydrous THF (70 mL) were added to a 250 mL round bottom flask with a stir bar. The resulting solution was cooled to −78° C., then sec-butyllithium solution (1.4 M in cyclohexane, 5.5 mL, 7.7 mmol) was added dropwise via a syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes, then N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 5 mL, 64 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and diluted with DCM and transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic and aqueous layers were separated, then the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (twice). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, concentrated, then purified by column chromatography to yield 0.85 g (45% yield) of 8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine-2-carbaldehyde as an off-white solid.
8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine-2-carbaldehyde (850 mg, 3.27 mmol) was weighed, then anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added to a 100 mL round bottom flask with a stir bar. The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C., then N-bromosuccinimide (581 mg, 3.27 mmol) was added as a solid at once. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was directly purified by silica gel column chromatography to yield 0.914 g (83% yield) of 3-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine-2-carbaldehyde as a green-tinted solid that was used without further purification.
Chloro(methoxymethyl)triphenyl-15-phosphane (905 mg, 2.64 mmol) and anhydrous THF (10 ml) were added to a 50 mL Schlenk flask with a stir bar. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., then lithium diisopropylamide solution (LDA, 2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene, 1.40 ml, 2.80 mmol) were added dropwise via a syringe. The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. Simultaneously, 3-bromo-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine-2-carbaldehyde (814 mg, 2.400 mmol) and anhydrous THF (10 ml) were added to a 100 mL Schlenk flask with a stir bar. This solution was cooled to 0° C., then the pre-formed ylide was transferred into this flask by cannula transfer, rinsing with additional THF (5 ml). The cooling bath was removed and the combined reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT while stirring for 1 hour. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and transferred to separatory funnel with DCM and water. Aqueous and organic layers were separated and aqueous was extracted with DCM (twice). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and water, then dried (Na2SO4), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to yield 0.123 g (14% yield) of (E)-3-bromo-2-(2-methoxyvinyl)-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine as an off-white solid.
3-bromo-2-(2-methoxyvinyl)-8-methylimidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine (32 mg, 0.087 mmol) and anhydrous THF (2 ml) were added to a 25 mL Schlenk tube with a stir bar. The resulting solution was cooled to −78° C., then sec-butyllithium solution (1.4 M in cyclohexane, 0.07 mL, 0.098 mmol) were added dropwise via a syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 minutes, then trimethyl borate (0.02 mL, 0.179 mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 15 minutes at −78° C. before warming to RT and stirred for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the reaction was cooled back to −78° C. Anhydrous THF (2 mL) and 2-bromo-1,3-diisopropylbenzene (0.05 mL, 0.243 mmol) were added to a separate 25 mL Schlenk tube. This solution was cooled to −78° C., then n-butyllithium (0.1 mL, 0.250 mmol) was added via a syringe. This mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at −78° C., then added into the first reaction mixture by cannula transfer. The combined reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 5 minutes, then cooling bath was removed and it was allowed to warm slowly to RT then heated to 50° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, then solid methyl ammonium chloride (50 mg, 0.741 mmol) was added in as a solid all at once and the mixture was heated to 35° C. and stirred for 16 hours. Formation of desired product was observed and monitored by GCMS. Purification of the crude reaction mixture by silica gel column chromatography affords 10-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5,11-dimethyl-10,11-dihydro-[1,2]azaborinino[4′,3′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine.
Reaction between intermediate 10-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5,11-dimethyl-10,11-dihydro-[1,2]azaborinino[4′,3′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine and Ir(acac)3(2-chloropyridine) in refluxing dichlorobenzene affords Ir(LA8-(R33)(R3)(R3))3 (reference Macor et. al., US20200354390).
Geometry optimization calculations were performed within the Gaussian 09 software package using the B3LYP hybrid functional and CEP-31G basis set which includes effective core potentials. It should be understood that these calculations obtained with the DFT functional set and basis set as identified herein are theoretical. Computational composite protocols, such as Gaussian with the CEP-31G basis set used herein, rely on the assumption that electronic effects are additive and, therefore, larger basis sets can be used to extrapolate to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. However, when the goal of a study is to understand variations in HOMO, LUMO, Si, T1, bond dissociation energies, etc. over a series of structurally-related compounds, the additive effects are expected to be similar. Accordingly, while absolute errors from using the B3LYP may be significant compared to other computational methods, the relative differences between the HOMO, LUMO, Si, T1, and bond dissociation energy values calculated with B3LYP protocol are expected to reproduce experiment quite well. See, e.g., Hong et al., Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 5791-98, 5792-93 and Supplemental Information (discussing the reliability of DFT calculations in the context of OLED materials). Moreover, with respect to iridium or platinum complexes that are useful in the OLED art, the data obtained from DFT calculations correlates very well to actual experimental data. See Tavasli et al., J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 6419-29, 6422 (Table 3) (showing DFT calculations closely correlating with actual data for a variety of emissive complexes); Morello, G. R., J. Mol. Model. 2017, 23:174 (studying of a variety of DFT functional sets and basis sets and concluding the combination of B3LYP and CEP-31G is particularly accurate for emissive complexes).
The data provided in Table 1 below shows that each compound 1 through 4 has a blue-shifted triplet energy compared to their corresponding benzannulated comparison compounds 1A through 4A. Based on the fact that comparison structures 1A through 4A have the same molecular structure as compounds 1 through 4 with the only difference being the replacement of a benzene ring with a substituted borazine ring, the significant performance improvement of a 5 nm to 19 nm blueshift in triplet energy was unexpected. Without being bound by any theories, these improvement may be attributed to disrupting the conjugation of the aromatic system using borazine instead of benzene.
All the Compounds 1-4 have sufficiently high triplet energy to be useful as deep blue OLED emitter.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/293,949, filed on Dec. 27, 2021, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/223,456, filed on Jul. 19, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/174,868, filed on Apr. 14, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63293949 | Dec 2021 | US | |
| 63174868 | Apr 2021 | US | |
| 63223456 | Jul 2021 | US |
