Patent Application
20230240138
The present invention relates to an organic electronic device an display device comprising the organic electronic device. The invention further relates to a novel composition which can be of use in organic electronic devices.
Organic electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes OLEDs, which are self-emitting devices, have a wide viewing angle, excellent contrast, quick response, high brightness, excellent operating voltage characteristics, and color reproduction. A typical OLED comprises an anode, a hole transport layer HTL, an emission layer EML, an electron transport layer ETL, and a cathode, which are sequentially stacked on a substrate. In this regard, the HTL, the EML, and the ETL are thin films formed from organic compounds.
When a voltage is applied to the anode and the cathode, holes injected from the anode move to the EML, via the HTL, and electrons injected from the cathode move to the EML, via the ETL. The holes and electrons recombine in the EML to generate excitons. When the excitons drop from an excited state to a ground state, light is emitted. The injection and flow of holes and electrons should be balanced, so that an OLED having the above-described structure has excellent efficiency and/or a long lifetime.
Performance of an organic light emitting diode may be affected by characteristics of the organic semiconductor layer, and among them, may be affected by characteristics of the materials comprised in said organic semiconductor layer.
In the art there is the common conception that ultrapure materials which are essentially free from impurities and also isomer-free must be used. These requirements, however, largely reduce the possibilities of obtaining such compounds in practice.
There remains a need to find new organic semiconductor materials as well as organic semiconductor layers, and organic electronic devices comprising those materials, in particular to the availability of those materials.
An aspect of the present invention provides an organic electronic device comprising an anode layer, a cathode layer and at least one organic semiconductor layer, wherein the at least one organic semiconductor layer is arranged between the anode layer and the cathode layer; and wherein the at least one organic semiconductor layer comprises a composition (in the following also to be referred to as “composition according to the invention”) comprising a compound of formula (I)
and at least one compound of formula (II)
wherein
wherein
A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from deuterium, halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
A2, A4 and A6 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from deuterium, halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
the compound of formula (I) is different from the compound of formula (II).
It should be noted that throughout the application and the claims any An, Bn, Rn etc. always refer to the same moieties, unless otherwise noted.
In the context of the present invention, “different” means that the compounds do not have an identical chemical structure.
Just for the sake of understanding the invention better—and not for any limitation purpose
According to one embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises a compound of formula (I) and at least one compound of formula (IIa) to (IId)
In the present specification, when a definition is not otherwise provided, “substituted” refers to one or more substitutions with deuterium, C1 to C12 alkyl and/or C1 to C12 alkoxy.
However, in the present specification “aryl substituted” refers to a substitution with one or more aryl groups, which themselves may be substituted with one or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups.
Correspondingly, in the present specification “heteroaryl substituted” refers to a substitution with one or more heteroaryl groups, which themselves may be substituted with one or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups.
In the present specification, when a definition is not otherwise provided, an “alkyl group” refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group. The alkyl group may be a C1 to C12 alkyl group. More specifically, the alkyl group may be a C1 to C10 alkyl group or a C1 to C6 alkyl group. For example, a C1 to C4 alkyl group includes 1 to 4 carbons in alkyl chain, and may be selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
Specific examples of the alkyl group may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group.
The term “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated hydrocarbyl groups derived from a cycloalkane by formal abstraction of one hydrogen atom from a ring atom comprised in the corresponding cycloalkane. Examples of the cycloalkyl group may be a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a methylcyclohexyl group, an adamantly group and the like.
The term “hetero” is understood the way that at least one carbon atom, in a structure which may be formed by covalently bound carbon atoms, is replaced by another polyvalent atom. Preferably, the heteroatoms are selected from B, Si, N, P, O, S; more preferably from N, P, O, S.
In the present specification, “aryl group” refers to a hydrocarbyl group which can be created by formal abstraction of one hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring in the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbon. Aromatic hydrocarbon refers to a hydrocarbon which contains at least one aromatic ring or aromatic ring system. Aromatic ring or aromatic ring system refers to a planar ring or ring system of covalently bound carbon atoms, wherein the planar ring or ring system comprises a conjugated system of delocalized electrons fulfilling Hückel's rule. Examples of aryl groups include monocyclic groups like phenyl or tolyl, polycyclic groups which comprise more aromatic rings linked by single bonds, like biphenyl, and polycyclic groups comprising fused rings, like naphtyl or fluoren-2-yl.
Analogously, under heteroaryl, it is especially where suitable understood a group derived by formal abstraction of one ring hydrogen from a heterocyclic aromatic ring in a compound comprising at least one such ring.
Under heterocycloalkyl, it is especially where suitable understood a group derived by formal abstraction of one ring hydrogen from a saturated cycloalkyl ring in a compound comprising at least one such ring.
The term “fused aryl rings” or “condensed aryl rings” is understood the way that two aryl rings are considered fused or condensed when they share at least two common sp2-hybridized carbon atoms
In the present specification, the single bond refers to a direct bond.
It should be noted that although above the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) have been used in the context of the compound(s) of formula (II) only, these formulae may also be used to describe the compound of formula (I).
The term “free of”, “does not contain”, “does not comprise” does not exclude impurities which may be present in the compounds prior to deposition. Impurities have no technical effect with respect to the object achieved by the present invention.
The term “contacting sandwiched” refers to an arrangement of three layers whereby the layer in the middle is in direct contact with the two adjacent layers.
The terms “light-absorbing layer” and “light absorption layer” are used synonymously.
The terms “light-emitting layer”, “light emission layer” and “emission layer” are used synonymously.
The terms “OLED”, “organic light-emitting diode” and “organic light-emitting device” are used synonymously.
The terms “anode”, “anode layer” and “anode electrode” are used synonymously.
The terms “cathode”, “cathode layer” and “cathode electrode” are used synonymously.
In the specification, hole characteristics refer to an ability to donate an electron to form a hole when an electric field is applied and that a hole formed in the anode may be easily injected into the emission layer and transported in the emission layer due to conductive characteristics according to a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level.
In addition, electron characteristics refer to an ability to accept an electron when an electric field is applied and that electrons formed in the cathode may be easily injected into the emission layer and transported in the emission layer due to conductive characteristics according to a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level.
Surprisingly, it was found that the special types of radialene compounds according to the present invention can be used as a mixture of isomers in suitable organic devices without significantly deteriorating the performance of the device or even in some cases improving the performance of the device. As a result, in many applications, the availability of the materials is greatly increased as well as the access to them improved, as the yields are often higher and tedious separation processes can be omitted. This is in stark contrast to the current beliefs in the field, e.g. as indicated in Tsujimura, “OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd ed. Wiley, 2017, p. 67/68 where a high degree of purity is described as essential.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the composition comprises more than one compound of formula (II), which are all different from each other as well as from the compound of formula (I).
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three from A2, A4 and A6 are selected from C6 to C12 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C12 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three from A2, A4 and A6 are selected from C6 to C12 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C12 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least two A2, A4 and A6 are identical.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, two A2, A4 and A6 are identical and one A2, A4 and A6 is selected different.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, A2, A4 and A6 are identical.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A2, A4 and A6 are independently selected from substituted C6 to C12 aryl or substituted C3 to C12 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, CF3 or OCF3.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one A2, A4 and A6 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl or pyrimidyl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy, and, preferably with the N in para-position to the methylene group.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A2, A4 and A6 are selected from substituted phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl or triazinyl, wherein the substituents on each moiety are independently selected from CN, CF3 or F.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C12 aryl or C3 to C12 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy; more preferred at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, CF3 or OCF3.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred A1, A3 and A5 are CN According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred A2, A4 and A6 are substituted with at least one CF3, OCF3 or CN group or at least two F atoms.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred A2, A4 and A6 are substituted with at least one CF3, at least one CN group or at least two F atoms.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one of, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A2, A4 and A6 are fully substituted.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one of, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A2, A4 and A6 are fully substituted and the substituents are independently selected from halogen, F, CF3 and CN, preferably from F, CF3 and CN.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three A2, A4 and A6 are a moiety according to formula (IV)
whereby R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy; and
whereby X1 to X3 are independently selected from each other substituted or unsubstituted C or N, whereby the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C4 alkoxy; and wherein formula (IV) is linked to the methylene C-atom via the atom marked as “*”.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) comprises less than nine CN groups, preferably less than eight CN groups.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) comprises between three and eight CN groups, preferably between three and seven CN groups.
When the number of CN groups in the compound of formula (I) is selected in this range, improved processing properties, in particular in vacuum thermal deposition, may be obtained.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) are independently selected from one of the following:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) are independently selected from one of the following:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) are independently selected from one of the following:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably at least two and most preferred all three of the formulae (IIIa) to (IJIc) are independently selected from one of the following:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least one, preferably one or two of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) are independently selected from one of the following:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIc) are selected from the following combinations A1 to A13:
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the ratio of the compound of formula (I) and the compound of formula (II)—or the compounds of formula (II) if more than one is present—is ≥10:90 to ≤90:10, preferably 20:80 to ≥80:20, more preferred ≤30:70 to ≤70:30. The ratios may be determined by HPLC (area %) as will be described later on.
According to one embodiment of the present invention the organic semiconductor layer and/or the composition according to the invention are non-emissive.
In the context of the present specification the term “essentially non-emissive” or “non-emissive” means that the contribution of the compound or layer to the visible emission spectrum from the device is less than 10%, preferably less than 5% relative to the visible emission spectrum. The visible emission spectrum is an emission spectrum with a wavelength of about ≥380 nm to about ≤780 nm.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the at least one organic semiconductor layer further comprises a substantially covalent matrix compound.
The organic semiconductor layer may further comprises a substantially covalent matrix compound. According to one embodiment the substantially covalent matrix compound may be selected from at least one organic compound. The substantially covalent matrix may consists substantially from covalently bound C, H, O, N, S, which optionally comprise in addition covalently bound B, P, As and/or Se.
According to one embodiment of the organic electronic device, the organic semiconductor layer further comprises a substantially covalent matrix compound, wherein the substantially covalent matrix compound may be selected from organic compounds consisting substantially from covalently bound C, H, O, N, S, which optionally comprise in addition covalently bound B, P, As and/or Se.
Organometallic compounds comprising covalent bonds carbon-metal, metal complexes comprising organic ligands and metal salts of organic acids are further examples of organic compounds that may serve as substantially covalent matrix compounds of the hole injection layer.
In one embodiment, the substantially covalent matrix compound lacks metal atoms and majority of its skeletal atoms may be selected from C, O, S, N. Alternatively, the substantially covalent matrix compound lacks metal atoms and majority of its skeletal atoms may be selected from C and N.
According to one embodiment, the substantially covalent matrix compound may have a molecular weight Mw of ≥400 and ≤2000 g/mol, preferably a molecular weight Mw of ≥450 and ≤1500 g/mol, further preferred a molecular weight Mw of ≥500 and ≤1000 g/mol, in addition preferred a molecular weight Mw of ≥550 and ≤900 g/mol, also preferred a molecular weight Mw of ≥600 and ≤800 g/mol.
Preferably, the substantially covalent matrix compound comprises at least one arylamine moiety, alternatively a diarylamine moiety, alternatively a triarylamine moiety.
Preferably, the substantially covalent matrix compound is free of metals and/or ionic bonds.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the at least one matrix compound, also referred to as “substantially covalent matrix compound”, may comprises at least one arylamine compound, diarylamine compound, triarylamine compound, a compound of formula (V) or a compound of formula (VI):
wherein:
T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are independently selected from a single bond, phenylene, biphenylene, terphenylene or naphthenylene, preferably a single bond or phenylene;
T6 is phenylene, biphenylene, terphenylene or naphthenylene;
Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C20 heteroarylene, substituted or unsubstituted biphenylene, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene, substituted 9-fluorene, substituted 9,9-fluorene, substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene, substituted or unsubstituted anthracene, substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene, substituted or unsubstituted pyrene, substituted or unsubstituted perylene, substituted or unsubstituted triphenylene, substituted or unsubstituted tetracene, substituted or unsubstituted tetraphene, substituted or unsubstituted dibenzofurane, substituted or unsubstituted dibenzothiophene, substituted or unsubstituted xanthene, substituted or unsubstituted carbazole, substituted 9-phenylcarbazole, substituted or unsubstituted azepine, substituted or unsubstituted dibenzo[b,f]azepine, substituted or unsubstituted 9,9′-spirobi[fluorene], substituted or unsubstituted spiro[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene], or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic fused ring system comprising at least three substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings selected from the group comprising substituted or unsubstituted non-hetero, substituted or unsubstituted hetero 5-member rings, substituted or unsubstituted 6-member rings and/or substituted or unsubstituted 7-member rings, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene, or a fused ring system comprising 2 to 6 substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 7-member rings and the rings are selected from the group comprising (i) unsaturated 5- to 7-member ring of a heterocycle, (ii) 5- to 6-member of an aromatic heterocycle, (iii) unsaturated 5- to 7-member ring of a non-heterocycle, (iv) 6-member ring of an aromatic non-heterocycle;
wherein
the substituents of Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 are selected the same or different from the group comprising H, D, F, C(—O)R2, CN, Si(R2)3, P(—O)(R2)2, OR2, S(—O)R2, S(—O)2R2, substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted branched alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkyl having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl, unsubstituted C3 to C18 heteroaryl, a fused ring system comprising 2 to 6 unsubstituted 5- to 7-member rings and the rings are selected from the group comprising unsaturated 5- to 7-member ring of a heterocycle, 5- to 6-member of an aromatic heterocycle, unsaturated 5- to 7-member ring of a non-heterocycle, and 6-member ring of an aromatic non-heterocycle,
wherein R2 may be selected from H, D, straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, C6 to C18 aryl or C3 to C18 heteroaryl.
According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 may be independently selected from a single bond, phenylene, biphenylene or terphenylene. According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 may be independently selected from phenylene, biphenylene or terphenylene and one of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are a single bond. According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 may be independently selected from phenylene or biphenylene and one of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are a single bond. According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 may be independently selected from phenylene or biphenylene and two of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are a single bond.
According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2 and T3 may be independently selected from phenylene and one of T1, T2 and T3 are a single bond. According to an embodiment wherein T1, T2 and T3 may be independently selected from phenylene and two of T1, T2 and T3 are a single bond.
According to an embodiment wherein T6 may be phenylene, biphenylene, terphenylene. According to an embodiment wherein T6 may be phenylene. According to an embodiment wherein T6 may be biphenylene. According to an embodiment wherein T6 may be terphenylene.
According to an embodiment wherein Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 may be independently selected from D1 to D16:
According to an embodiment, wherein Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 may be independently selected from D1 to D15; alternatively selected from D1 to D10 and D13 to D15.
According to an embodiment, wherein Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 may be independently selected from the group consisting of D1, D2, D5, D7, D9, D10, D13 to D16.
The rate onset temperature may be in a range particularly suited to mass production, when Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 are selected in this range.
The “matrix compound of formula (V) or formula (VI)” may be also referred to as “hole transport compound”.
According to one embodiment, the substantially covalent matrix compound comprises at least one naphthyl group, carbazole group, dibenzofurane group, dibenzothiophene group and/or substituted fluorenyl group, wherein the substituents are independently selected from methyl, phenyl or fluorenyl.
According to an embodiment of the electronic device, wherein the matrix compound of formula (V) or formula (VI) are selected from F1 to F18:
The organic semiconductor layer may be formed on the anode layer or cathode layer by vacuum deposition, spin coating, printing, casting, slot-die coating, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, or the like. When the organic semiconductor layer is formed using vacuum deposition, the deposition conditions may vary according to the compound(s) that are used to form the layer, and the desired structure and thermal properties of the layer. In general, however, conditions for vacuum deposition may include a deposition temperature of 100° C. to 350° C., a pressure of 10−8 to 10−3 Torr (1 Torr equals 133.322 Pa), and a deposition rate of 0.1 to 10 nm/sec.
When the organic semiconductor layer is formed using spin coating or printing, coating conditions may vary according to the compound(s) that are used to form the layer, and the desired structure and thermal properties of the organic semiconductor layer. For example, the coating conditions may include a coating speed of about 2000 rpm to about 5000 rpm, and a thermal treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C. Thermal treatment removes a solvent after the coating is performed.
The thickness of the organic semiconductor layer may be in the range from about 1 nm to about 20 nm, and for example, from about 2 nm to about 15 nm, alternatively about 2 nm to about 12 nm.
When the thickness of the organic semiconductor layer is within this range, the organic semiconductor layer may have excellent hole injecting and/or hole generation characteristics, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the organic semiconductor layer may comprise:
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic device comprises at least one photoactive layer and the at least one of the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the anode and the at least one photoactive layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic device comprises at least two photoactive layers, wherein at least one of the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the first and the second photoactive layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic devices comprises at least one photoactive layer, wherein the photoactive layer is arranged between the anode layer and the cathode layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic devices comprises at least one photoactive layer and the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the anode and the at least one photoactive layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic device comprises at least two photoactive layers, wherein at least one of the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the first and the second photoactive layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the organic electronic device comprises at least two photoactive layers, wherein one of the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the first and the second photoactive layer and one of the at least one organic semiconductor layers is arranged between the anode layer and the first photoactive layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention the electronic organic device is an electroluminescent device, preferably an organic light emitting diode.
The present invention furthermore relates to a display device comprising an organic electronic device according to the present invention.
The present invention furthermore relates to a composition comprising a compound of formula (I)
and at least one compound of formula (II)
wherein
wherein
A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
A2, A4 and A6 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
the compound of formula (I) is different from the compound of formula (II).
The invention furthermore relates to a method of preparing a composition comprising a compound of formula (I)
and at least one compound of formula (II)
wherein
A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
A2, A4 and A6 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
the compound of formula (I) is different from the compound of formula (II); wherein the composition is prepared by transfer from the solid into the gas phase under reduced pressure.
According to another embodiment, the method comprises
The invention furthermore relates to a method of preparing an organic semiconductor layer comprising a composition comprising a compound of formula (I)
and at least one compound of formula (II)
wherein
A1, A3 and A5 are independently selected from CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
A2, A4 and A6 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C18 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C18 heteroaryl, wherein the substituents are selected from halogen, F, Cl, CN, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkoxy; and
the compound of formula (I) is different from the compound of formula (II); wherein the method comprises
Any specifications of formulae (I) and (II) as described above in the context of the organic electronic device apply mutatis mutandis.
Further Layers
In accordance with the invention, the organic electronic device may comprise, besides the layers already mentioned above, further layers. Exemplary embodiments of respective layers are described in the following:
Substrate
The substrate may be any substrate that is commonly used in manufacturing of, electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes. If light is to be emitted through the substrate, the substrate shall be a transparent or semitransparent material, for example a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate. If light is to be emitted through the top surface, the substrate may be both a transparent as well as a non-transparent material, for example a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal substrate or a silicon substrate.
Anode Layer
The anode layer may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material that is used to form the anode layer. The material used to form the anode layer may be a high work-function material, so as to facilitate hole injection. The anode material may also be selected from a low work function material (i.e. aluminum). The anode electrode may be a transparent or reflective electrode. Transparent conductive oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin-dioxide (SnO2), aluminum zinc oxide (AlZO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), may be used to form the anode electrode. The anode layer may also be formed using metals, typically silver (Ag), gold (Au), or metal alloys.
Hole Injection Layer
A hole injection layer (HIL) may be formed on the anode layer by vacuum deposition, spin coating, printing, casting, slot-die coating, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, or the like. When the HIL is formed using vacuum deposition, the deposition conditions may vary according to the compound that is used to form the HIL, and the desired structure and thermal properties of the HIL. In general, however, conditions for vacuum deposition may include a deposition temperature of 100° C. to 500° C., a pressure of 10−8 to 10−3 Torr (1 Torr equals 133.322 Pa), and a deposition rate of 0.1 to 10 nm/sec.
When the HIL is formed using spin coating or printing, coating conditions may vary according to the compound that is used to form the HIL, and the desired structure and thermal properties of the HIL. For example, the coating conditions may include a coating speed of about 2000 rpm to about 5000 rpm, and a thermal treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C. Thermal treatment removes a solvent after the coating is performed.
The HIL may be formed of any compound that is commonly used to form a HIL. Examples of compounds that may be used to form the HIL include a phthalocyanine compound, such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), 4,4′,4″-tris (3-methylphenylphenylamino) triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), TDATA, 2T-NATA, polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (Pani/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (Pani/CSA), and polyaniline)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PANI/PSS).
The HIL may comprise or consist of p-type dopant and the p-type dopant may be selected from tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinonedimethane (F4TCNQ), 2,2′-(perfluoronaphthalen-2,6-diylidene) dimalononitrile or 2,2′,2″-(cyclopropane-1,2,3-triylidene)tris(2-(p-cyanotetrafluorophenyl)acetonitrile) but not limited hereto. The HIL may be selected from a hole-transporting matrix compound doped with a p-type dopant. Typical examples of known doped hole transport materials are: copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), which HOMO level is approximately −5.2 eV, doped with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinonedimethane (F4TCNQ), which LUMO level is about −5.2 eV; zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) (HOMO=−5.2 eV) doped with F4TCNQ; α-NPD (N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) doped with F4TCNQ. α-NPD doped with 2,2′-(perfluoronaphthalen-2,6-diylidene) dimalononitrile. The p-type dopant concentrations can be selected from 1 to 20 wt.-%, more preferably from 3 wt.-% to 10 wt.-%.
The thickness of the HIL may be in the range from about 1 nm to about 100 nm, and for example, from about 1 nm to about 25 nm. When the thickness of the HIL is within this range, the HIL may have excellent hole injecting characteristics, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
Hole Transport Layer
A hole transport layer (HTL) may be formed on the HIL by vacuum deposition, spin coating, slot-die coating, printing, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, or the like. When the HTL is formed by vacuum deposition or spin coating, the conditions for deposition and coating may be similar to those for the formation of the HIL. However, the conditions for the vacuum or solution deposition may vary, according to the compound that is used to form the HTL.
The HTL may be formed of any compound that is commonly used to form a HTL. Compounds that can be suitably used are disclosed for example in Yasuhiko Shirota and Hiroshi Kageyama, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 953-1010 and incorporated by reference. Examples of the compound that may be used to form the HTL are: carbazole derivatives, such as N-phenylcarbazole or polyvinylcarbazole; benzidine derivatives, such as N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), or N,N′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl benzidine (alpha-NPD); and triphenylamine-based compound, such as 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA). Among these compounds, TCTA can transport holes and inhibit excitons from being diffused into the EML.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the hole transport layer may comprise the same substantially covalent matrix compound as the organic semiconductor layer.
The thickness of the HTL may be in the range of about 5 nm to about 250 nm, preferably, about 10 nm to about 200 nm, further about 20 nm to about 190 nm, further about 40 nm to about 180 nm, further about 60 nm to about 170 nm, further about 80 nm to about 160 nm, further about 100 nm to about 160 nm, further about 120 nm to about 140 nm. A preferred thickness of the HTL may be 170 nm to 200 nm.
When the thickness of the HTL is within this range, the HTL may have excellent hole transporting characteristics, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
Electron Blocking Layer
The function of an electron blocking layer (EBL) is to prevent electrons from being transferred from an emission layer to the hole transport layer and thereby confine electrons to the emission layer. Thereby, efficiency, operating voltage and/or lifetime are improved. Typically, the electron blocking layer comprises a triarylamine compound. The triarylamine compound may have a LUMO level closer to vacuum level than the LUMO level of the hole transport layer. The electron blocking layer may have a HOMO level that is further away from vacuum level compared to the HOMO level of the hole transport layer. The thickness of the electron blocking layer may be selected between 2 and 20 nm.
If the electron blocking layer has a high triplet level, it may also be described as triplet control layer.
The function of the triplet control layer is to reduce quenching of triplets if a phosphorescent green or blue emission layer is used. Thereby, higher efficiency of light emission from a phosphorescent emission layer can be achieved. The triplet control layer is selected from triarylamine compounds with a triplet level above the triplet level of the phosphorescent emitter in the adjacent emission layer. Suitable compounds for the triplet control layer, in particular the triarylamine compounds, are described in EP 2 722 908 A1.
Photoactive Layer (PAL)
The photoactive layer converts an electrical current into photons or photons into an electrical current.
The PAL may be formed on the HTL by vacuum deposition, spin coating, slot-die coating, printing, casting, LB deposition, or the like. When the PAL is formed using vacuum deposition or spin coating, the conditions for deposition and coating may be similar to those for the formation of the HIL. However, the conditions for deposition and coating may vary, according to the compound that is used to form the PAL.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the photoactive layer does not comprise the composition according to the invention.
The photoactive layer may be a light-emitting layer or a light-absorbing layer.
Emission Layer (EML)
The EML may be formed on the HTL by vacuum deposition, spin coating, slot-die coating, printing, casting, LB deposition, or the like. When the EML is formed using vacuum deposition or spin coating, the conditions for deposition and coating may be similar to those for the formation of the HIL. However, the conditions for deposition and coating may vary, according to the compound that is used to form the EML.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the emission layer does not comprise the composition according to the invention.
The emission layer (EML) may be formed of a combination of a host and an emitter dopant. Example of the host are Alq3, 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP), poly(n-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), 9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene (ADN), 4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine(TCTA), 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl)benzene (TPBI), 3-tert-butyl-9,10-di-2-naphthylanthracenee (TBADN), distyrylarylene (DSA) and bis(2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzo-thiazolate)zinc (Zn(BTZ)2).
The emitter dopant may be a phosphorescent or fluorescent emitter. Phosphorescent emitters and emitters which emit light via a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism may be preferred due to their higher efficiency. The emitter may be a small molecule or a polymer.
Examples of red emitter dopants are PtOEP, Ir(piq)3, and Btp2lr(acac), but are not limited thereto. These compounds are phosphorescent emitters, however, fluorescent red emitter dopants could also be used.
Examples of phosphorescent green emitter dopants are Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=phenylpyridine), Ir(ppy)2(acac), Ir(mpyp)3.
Examples of phosphorescent blue emitter dopants are F2Irpic, (F2ppy)2Ir(tmd) and Ir(dfppz)3 and ter-fluorene. 4.4′-bis(4-diphenyl amiostyryl)biphenyl (DPAVBi), 2,5,8,11-tetra-tert-butyl perylene (TBPe) are examples of fluorescent blue emitter dopants.
The amount of the emitter dopant may be in the range from about 0.01 to about 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host. Alternatively, the emission layer may consist of a light-emitting polymer. The EML may have a thickness of about 10 nm to about 100 nm, for example, from about 20 nm to about 60 nm. When the thickness of the EML is within this range, the EML may have excellent light emission, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
Hole Blocking Layer (HBL)
A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be formed on the EML, by using vacuum deposition, spin coating, slot-die coating, printing, casting, LB deposition, or the like, in order to prevent the diffusion of holes into the ETL. When the EML comprises a phosphorescent dopant, the HBL may have also a triplet exciton blocking function.
The HBL may also be named auxiliary ETL or a-ETL.
When the HBL is formed using vacuum deposition or spin coating, the conditions for deposition and coating may be similar to those for the formation of the HIL. However, the conditions for deposition and coating may vary, according to the compound that is used to form the HBL. Any compound that is commonly used to form a HBL may be used. Examples of compounds for forming the HBL include oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives and azine derivatives, preferably triazine or pyrimidine derivatives.
The HBL may have a thickness in the range from about 5 nm to about 100 nm, for example, from about 10 nm to about 30 nm. When the thickness of the HBL is within this range, the HBL may have excellent hole-blocking properties, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
Electron Transport Layer (ETL)
The organic electronic device according to the present invention may further comprise an electron transport layer (ETL).
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the electron transport layer may further comprise an azine compound, preferably a triazine compound.
In one embodiment, the electron transport layer may further comprise a dopant selected from an alkali organic complex, preferably LiQ.
The thickness of the ETL may be in the range from about 15 nm to about 50 nm, for example, in the range from about 20 nm to about 40 nm. When the thickness of the EIL is within this range, the ETL may have satisfactory electron-injecting properties, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the organic electronic device may further comprise a hole blocking layer and an electron transport layer, wherein the hole blocking layer and the electron transport layer comprise an azine compound. Preferably, the azine compound is a triazine compound.
Electron Injection Layer (EIL)
An optional EIL, which may facilitates injection of electrons from the cathode, may be formed on the ETL, preferably directly on the electron transport layer. Examples of materials for forming the EIL include lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (LiQ), LiF, NaCl, CsF, Li2O, BaO, Ca, Ba, Yb, Mg which are known in the art. Deposition and coating conditions for forming the EIL are similar to those for formation of the HIL, although the deposition and coating conditions may vary, according to the material that is used to form the EIL.
The thickness of the EIL may be in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm, for example, in the range from about 0.5 nm to about 9 nm. When the thickness of the EIL is within this range, the EIL may have satisfactory electron-injecting properties, without a substantial penalty in driving voltage.
Cathode Layer
The cathode layer is formed on the ETL or optional EIL. The cathode layer may be formed of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a mixture thereof. The cathode electrode may have a low work function. For example, the cathode layer may be formed of lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum (Al)-lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), ytterbium (Yb), magnesium (Mg)-indium (In), magnesium (Mg)-silver (Ag), or the like. Alternatively, the cathode electrode may be formed of a transparent conductive oxide, such as ITO or IZO.
The thickness of the cathode layer may be in the range from about 5 nm to about 1000 nm, for example, in the range from about 10 nm to about 100 nm. When the thickness of the cathode layer is in the range from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, the cathode layer may be transparent or semitransparent even if formed from a metal or metal alloy.
It is to be understood that the cathode layer is not part of an electron injection layer or the electron transport layer.
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
The organic electronic device according to the invention may be an organic light-emitting device.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) comprising: a substrate; an anode electrode formed on the substrate; an organic semiconductor layer comprising a composition according to the invention, a hole transport layer, an emission layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode electrode.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an OLED comprising: a substrate; an anode electrode formed on the substrate; an organic semiconductor layer comprising a composition according to the invention, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, an emission layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode electrode.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an OLED comprising: a substrate; an anode electrode formed on the substrate; an organic semiconductor layer comprising a composition according to the invention, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, an emission layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and a cathode electrode.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, there may be provided OLEDs layers arranged between the above mentioned layers, on the substrate or on the top electrode.
According to one aspect, the OLED may comprise a layer structure of a substrate that is adjacent arranged to an anode electrode, the anode electrode is adjacent arranged to a first hole injection layer, the first hole injection layer is adjacent arranged to a first hole transport layer, the first hole transport layer is adjacent arranged to a first electron blocking layer, the first electron blocking layer is adjacent arranged to a first emission layer, the first emission layer is adjacent arranged to a first electron transport layer, the first electron transport layer is adjacent arranged to an n-type charge generation layer, the n-type charge generation layer is adjacent arranged to a hole generating layer, the hole generating layer is adjacent arranged to a second hole transport layer, the second hole transport layer is adjacent arranged to a second electron blocking layer, the second electron blocking layer is adjacent arranged to a second emission layer, between the second emission layer and the cathode electrode an optional electron transport layer and/or an optional injection layer are arranged.
The organic semiconductor layer according to the invention may be the first hole injection layer and/or the p-type charge generation layer.
For example, the OLED according to
Organic Electronic Device
The organic electronic device according to the invention may be a light emitting device, or a photovoltaic cell, and preferably a light emitting device.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an organic electronic device, the method using:
The methods for deposition that can be suitable comprise:
According to various embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method using:
the method comprising the steps of forming the organic semiconductor layer; whereby for an organic light-emitting diode (OLED):
According to various embodiments of the present invention, the method may further include forming on the anode electrode, at least one layer selected from the group consisting of forming a hole transport layer or forming a hole blocking layer, and an emission layer between the anode electrode and the first electron transport layer.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, the method may further include the steps for forming an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), wherein
According to various embodiments, the OLED may have the following layer structure, wherein the layers having the following order:
anode, organic semiconductor layer comprising a composition according to the invention according to the invention, first hole transport layer, second hole transport layer, emission layer, optional hole blocking layer, electron transport layer, optional electron injection layer, and cathode.
According to another aspect of the invention, it is provided an electronic device comprising at least one organic light emitting device according to any embodiment described throughout this application, preferably, the electronic device comprises the organic light emitting diode in one of embodiments described throughout this application. More preferably, the electronic device is a display device.
Hereinafter, the embodiments are illustrated in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the following examples. Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary aspects.
The aforementioned components, as well as the claimed components and the components to be used in accordance with the invention in the described embodiments, are not subject to any special exceptions with respect to their size, shape, material selection and technical concept such that the selection criteria known in the pertinent field can be applied without limitations.
Additional details, characteristics and advantages of the object of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims and the following description of the respective figures which in an exemplary fashion show preferred embodiments according to the invention. Any embodiment does not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention, however, and reference is made therefore to the claims and herein for interpreting the scope of the invention. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are intended to provide further explanation of the present invention as claimed.
Hereinafter, the figures are illustrated in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the following figures.
Herein, when a first element is referred to as being formed or disposed “on” or “onto” a second element, the first element can be disposed directly on the second element, or one or more other elements may be disposed there between. When a first element is referred to as being formed or disposed “directly on” or “directly onto” a second element, no other elements are disposed there between.
Referring to
While not shown in
Hereinafter, one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with, reference to the following examples. However, these examples are not intended to limit the purpose and scope of the one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
The invention is furthermore illustrated by the following examples which are illustrative only and non-binding.
In the following two general procedures are given for the synthesis of the inventive compositions and for the comparative composition
In a dried Schlenk flask 2.33 equivalents of sodium hydride is suspended in 14 mL dry DME and cooled to −10° C. 1 g of Reagent 2 is dissolved in 2 mL dry DME and added dropwise to the suspension. Upon complete addition, the cooling is removed and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature while a slow colour change is observed. The mixture is cooled to −10° C. and a solution of 0.33 equivalents Reagent 1 in 1 mL dry DME is added dropwise. The mixture is then allowed to come to room temperature overnight and then quenched by adding 20 mL of a saturated aqueous solution of calcium chloride dropwise. 10 mL of demineralized water and 20 mL of t-Butylacetate are added to the resulting solution. The mixture is stirred for 1 h then the layers are separated and the organic phase is washed 3 times with 20 mL water. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated yielding a dark brittle foam. The product is dissolved in glacial acetic acid (10 mL) and added dropwise to aqueous nitric acid (65% w/w, 13 ml plus 3 mL acetic acid) at 0° C. under stirring. The solution turned from black/green to red/orange. After stirring for 30 minutes at 0° C., the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for additional 1-4 h water. The crude product was precipitated by adding 10 mL water was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. Filtration gave an orange solid, which was washed with cold water until the filtrate was neutral. The crude product was dissolved in DCM and washed with water two times to remove remaining acid. The soluble fraction was concentrated in vacuo.
A flame dried Schlenk flask was charged with anhydrous cesium carbonate (6 equivalents) under inert gas. The flask was cooled on ice and dry DMF (8 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred on ice for 10 minutes before a solution of Reagent 2 (1.05 equivalents) in DMF (2 mL) was added dropwise. Subsequently, 1 g of Reagent 1 was added. After 20 minutes stirring on ice, the cooling bath was removed and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction was monitored via TLC (DCM/MeOH v:v 4:1) and was stirring until no spot of starting material was visible anymore (usually 1-2 days). The base was filtered off and washed with t-Butylacetate (40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with half-concentrated calcium chloride solution (3×30 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The product is dissolved in glacial acetic acid (10 mL) and added dropwise to aqueous nitric acid (65% w/w, 13 ml plus 3 mL acetic acid) at 0° C. under stirring. The solution turned from black/green to red/orange. After stirring for 30 minutes at 0° C., the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for additional 1-4 h water. The crude product was precipitated by adding 10 mL water was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. Filtration gave an orange solid, which was washed with cold water until the filtrate was neutral. The crude product was dissolved in DCM and washed with water two times to remove remaining acid. The soluble fraction was concentrated in vacuo.
A composition according to invention may be obtained by the following methods:
The recrystallization or precipitation step may be performed only once.
For the comparative example 1 an additional re-crystallization step from 1-chlorobutane was performed.
The composition according to invention and comparative example 1 were dried in vacuo, optionally followed by distillation or sublimation in vacuo.
The ratio of compound of formula (I) to compound of formula (II) may be determined for example by normal phase HPLC. For this purpose, a commercially available silica column and a UV-Vis diode array detector may be used. The composition according to invention may be dissolved in dichloromethane and injected. Suitable mobile phases may comprise cyclohexane, dichloromethane, or similar. A small amount trifluoroacetic acid may be added to the mobile phase to improve separation.
For bottom emission devices, see Table 2, a 15 Ω/cm2 glass substrate with 90 nm ITO (available from Corning Co.) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, ultrasonically washed with isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes and then with pure water for 5 minutes, and washed again with UV ozone for 30 minutes, to prepare the anode.
Then, Biphenyl-4-yl(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-amine (CAS 1242056-42-3) and composition according to Table 2 were vacuum deposited on the anode, to form a HIL having a thickness of 10 nm. The concentration of the composition in the layer can be seen in Table 2.
Then, Biphenyl-4-yl(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl) phenyl]-amine was vacuum deposited on the HIL, to form a first HTL having a thickness of 118 nm.
Then N,N-bis(4-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′: 4′,1″-terphenyl]-4-amine (CAS 1198399-61-9) was vacuum deposited on the HTL, to form an electron blocking layer (EBL) having a thickness of 5 nm.
Then 97 vol.-% H09 (Sun Fine Chemicals, Korea) as EMIL host and 3 vol.-% BD200 (Sun Fine Chemicals, Korea) as fluorescent blue dopant were deposited on the EBL, to form a first blue-emitting EMIL with a thickness of 20 nm.
Then the hole blocking layer is formed with a thickness of 5 nm by depositing 2-(3′-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine on the emission layer.
Then, the electron transporting layer (ETL) having a thickness of 25 nm is formed on the hole blocking layer by depositing 50 wt.-% 4′-(4-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile and 50 wt.-% LiQ.
Al is evaporated at a rate of 0.01 to 1 Å/s at 10−7 mbar to form a cathode with a thickness of 100 nm.
The OLED stack is protected from ambient conditions by encapsulation of the device with a glass slide. Thereby, a cavity is formed, which includes a getter material for further protection. To assess the performance of the inventive examples compared to the prior art, the current efficiency is measured at 20° C. The current-voltage characteristic is determined using a Keithley 2635 source measure unit, by sourcing a voltage in V and measuring the current in mA flowing through the device under test. The voltage applied to the device is varied in steps of 0.1V in the range between 0V and 10V. Likewise, the luminance-voltage characteristics and CIE coordinates are determined by measuring the luminance in cd/m2 using an Instrument Systems CAS-140CT array spectrometer (calibrated by Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle (DAkkS)) for each of the voltage values. The cd/A efficiency at 10 mA/cm2 is determined by interpolating the luminance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics, respectively.
In bottom emission devices, the emission is predominately Lambertian and quantified in percent external quantum efficiency (EQE). To determine the efficiency EQE in % the light output of the device is measured using a calibrated photodiode at 10 mA/cm2.
In top emission devices, the emission is forward directed, non-Lambertian and also highly dependent on the mirco-cavity. Therefore, the efficiency EQE will be higher compared to bottom emission devices. To determine the efficiency EQE in % the light output of the device is measured using a calibrated photodiode at 10 mA/cm2.
Lifetime LT of the device is measured at ambient conditions (20° C.) and 30 mA/cm2, using a Keithley 2400 sourcemeter, and recorded in hours.
The brightness of the device is measured using a calibrated photo diode. The lifetime LT is defined as the time till the brightness of the device is reduced to 97% of its initial value.
In order to investigate the usefulness of the inventive compound preferred materials were tested in view of yield, and efficiency.
Comparative example 1 has the following formula:
In the following Table 1a the structure of eleven inventive examples are listed.
In the following Table 1b the reagents out of which the examples were synthesizes are listed:
In the following Table 1c the yields (if available) and the ratio of the compounds of formula (I) and (II) are given. In case that more than compound of formula (II) is present, the amount is given for each isomer.
In Table 2 are shown OLED data for compositions according to invention and a comparative compound. As can be seen in Table 2, compared to comparative example 1 the operating voltage is reduced and/or the cd/A efficiency and EQE are improved.
A reduced operating voltage and/or an improved cd/A efficiency and EQE may lead to a reduction in power consumption, in particular in mobile devices.
The particular combinations of elements and features in the above detailed embodiments are exemplary only; the interchanging and substitution of these teachings with other teachings in this and the patents/applications incorporated by reference are also expressly contemplated. As those skilled in the art will recognize, variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is described herein can occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended as limiting. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. The invention's scope is defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto. Furthermore, reference signs used in the description and claims do not limit the scope of the invention as claimed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20181386.2 | Jun 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20181398.7 | Jun 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20181408.4 | Jun 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20203447.6 | Oct 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20203457.5 | Oct 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20203458.3 | Oct 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20203460.9 | Oct 2020 | EP | regional |
| 20203463.3 | Oct 2020 | EP | regional |
| PCT/EP2021/065949 | Jun 2021 | WO | international |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/066605 | 6/18/2021 | WO |
