Organic light-emitting device and apparatus including the same

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0123353, filed on Oct. 4, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND
1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting device and an apparatus including the same.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that produce full-color images, and also have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, as well as suitable (e.g., excellent) characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and/or response speed.

An example of the organic light-emitting devices may include a first electrode disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode, which are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating (e.g., emitting) light.

SUMMARY

Aspects according to one or more embodiments are directed toward an organic light-emitting device and an apparatus including the same.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

According to one embodiment, an organic light-emitting device includes:

a first electrode;

a second electrode; and

an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer,

the emission layer includes a first compound, a second compound, a third compound, and a fourth compound,

the first compound is represented by Formula 1,

the second compound is represented by Formula 2A or Formula 2B,

the third compound is represented by Formula 3,

the fourth compound is represented by any one of Formulae 4-1 to 4-3, and

the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound are different from each other:

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In Formula 1,

X₁₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₁₉), and C(R₁₉)(R₂₀),

R₁₁to R₂₀may each independently be selected from:

a group represented by *-(L₁₁)_a11-A₁₁, hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), and —N(Q₁)(Q₂);

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group substituted with a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),

L₁₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —B(Q₁)-, and —N(Q₁)-; and

a11 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3, and

A₁₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group;

a it electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

In Formulae 2A to 2B,

X₂₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₂₄), and C(R₂₄)(R₂₅),

k21 and k22 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the sum of k21 and k22 may be 1 or more,

k23 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,

R₂₁to R₂₅may each independently be selected from:

a group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂);

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃). —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —S(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and —P(═S)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),

L₂₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —B(Q₁)-, —N(Q₁)-, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —P(═O)(Q₁)-, and —P(═S)(Q₁)-; and

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S) (Q₃₁)(Q₃₂);

a21 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3, and

A₂₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group;

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S) (Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

In Formula 3,

M₃₁may be selected from transition metals of Period 4, Period 5, and Period 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements,

L₃₁may be a ligand represented by one selected from Formulae 3A to 3D,

L₃₂may be selected from a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, and a tridentate ligand,

n31 may be 1 or 2,

n32 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4,

A₃₁to A₃₄may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group and a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

T₃₁to T₃₄may each independently be selected from a single bond, a double bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—C(R₃₅)(R₃₆)—*′, *—C(R₃₅)═C(R₃₆)—*′, *—C(R₃₅)═*′, *—Si(R₃₅)(R₃₆)—*′, *—B(R₃₅)—*′, *—N(R₃₅)—*′, and *—P(R₃₅)—*′,

k31 to k34 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

Y₃₁to Y₃₄may each independently be selected from a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(R₃₇)(R₃₈)—*′, *—Si(R₃₇)(R₃₈)—*′, *—B(R₃₇)—*′, *—N(R₃₇)—*′, and *—P(R₃₇)—*′,

*₁, *₂, *₃, and *₄may each indicate a binding site to M₃₁,

R₃₁to R₃₈may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein R₃₁to R₃₈are optionally linked to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, and

b31 to b34 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10.

In Formulae 4-1 to 4-3,

A₄₁and A₄₂may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), and —N(Q₁)(Q₂);

m41 and m42 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

D₄₁and D₄₂may each independently be selected from:

—F, a cyano group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a group containing C(═O), a group containing P(═O), and a group containing P(═S);

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a group containing C(═O), a group containing P(═O), and a group containing P(═S), each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group; and

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group,

n41 and n42 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

L₄₁and L₄₂may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —B(Q₁)-, and —N(Q₁)-; and

a11 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.

In Formulae 1, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4-1 to 4-3,

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each be independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

According to another embodiment, an apparatus includes: a thin-film transistor including a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer; and the organic light-emitting device as described above, wherein the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and enhancements of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device according to another embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to another embodiment; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same or corresponding components will be denoted by the same reference numerals, and thus redundant description thereof will be omitted (i.e., will not be provided).

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” or “onto” another layer, region, or component, it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present.

Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The term “organic layer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device. A material included in the “organic layer” is not limited to an organic material.

The organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an organic layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer, the emission layer includes a first compound, a second compound, a third compound, and a fourth compound, the first compound is represented by Formula 1, the second compound is represented by Formula 2A or Formula 2B, the third compound is represented by Formula 3, the fourth compound is represented by any one of Formulae 4-1 to 4-3, and the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound are different from each other:

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In Formulae 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4-1 to 4-3,

X₁₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₁₉), and C(R₁₉)(R₂₀),

R₁₁to R₂₀may each independently be selected from:

L₁₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —B(Q₁)-, and —N(Q₁)-; and

a11 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

A₁₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group;

X₂₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₂₄), and C(R₂₄)(R₂₅),

k21 and k22 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the sum of k21 and k22 may be 1 or more,

k23 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,

R₂₁to R₂₅may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

L₂₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S) (Q₃₁)(Q₃₂);

a21 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

A₂₁may be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group;

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S) (Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

M₃₁may be selected from transition metals of Period 4, Period 5, and Period 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements,

L₃₁may be a ligand represented by one selected from Formulae 3A to 3D,

L₃₂may be selected from a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, and a tridentate ligand,

n31 may be 1 or 2,

n32 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4,

A₃₁to A₃₄may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group and a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

k31 to k34 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

*₁, *₂, *₃, and *₄may each indicate a binding site to M₃₁,

R₃₁to R₃₈may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein R₃₁to R₃₈(e.g., adjacent R₃₁to R₃₈) are optionally linked to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

b31 to b34 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,

A₄₁and A₄₂may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), and —N(Q₁)(Q₂);

m41 and m42 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

D₄₁and D₄₂may each independently be selected from:

—F, a cyano group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a group containing C(═O), a group containing P(═O), and a group containing P(═S);

n41 and n42 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, and 3,

L₄₁and L₄₂may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —B(Q₁)-, and —N(Q₁)-; and

a11 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, and

For example, at least one selected from R₁₁to R₁₉in Formula 1 may be a group represented by *-(L₁₁)_a11-A₁₁.

For example, X₁₁in Formula 1 may be N(R₁₉).

For example, R₁₁to R₂₀in Formula 1 may each independently be selected from:

a group represented by *-(L₁₁)_a11-A₁₁, hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), and —N(Q₁)(Q₂);

For example, L₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃).

In one embodiment, L₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-; and

a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃).

For example, a11 in Formula 1 may be 1 or 2.

For example, A₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from:

In one embodiment, A₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, —C(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃).

In one or more embodiments, A₁₁in Formula 1 may be represented by one of Formulae 8-1 to 8-5 below:

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In Formulae 8-1 to 8-5,

X₈₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₈₉), and C(R₈₉)(R₉₀),

R₈₁to R₉₀may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, the first compound may be represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-5 below:

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In Formulae 1-1 to 1-5,

L₁₁, a11, A₁₁, and R₁₁to R₁₉may each be understood by referring to the descriptions provided in connection with Formula 1. That is, L₁₁, a11, A₁₁, and R₁₁to R₁₉may each be the same as respectively defined in connection with Formula 1.

For example, A₁₁in Formulae 1-1 to 1-5 may be represented by one of Formulae 8-1 to 8-5 below:

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In Formulae 8-1 to 8-5,

X₈₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₈₉), and C(R₈₉)(R₉₀),

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

For example, at least one selected from R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₄, and R₂₅in Formula 2A may be a group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁, and at least one R₂₃in the number of (6-k23) in Formula 2B may be a group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁.

For example, R₂₁to R₂₅in Formulae 2A and 2B may each independently be a group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, an indeno fluorenyl group, an indolofluorenyl group, a benzofurofluorenyl group, a benzothienofluorenyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, an indenodibenzofuranyl group, an indolodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzothienodibenzofuranyl group, an indenodibenzothiophenyl group, an indolodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, a diazafluorenyl group, a diazacarbazolyl group, a diazadibenzofuranyl group, a diazadibenzothiophenyl group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂);

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, an indeno fluorenyl group, an indolofluorenyl group, a benzofurofluorenyl group, a benzothienofluorenyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, an indenodibenzofuranyl group, an indolodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzothienodibenzofuranyl group, an indenodibenzothiophenyl group, an indolodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, a diazafluorenyl group, a diazacarbazolyl group, a diazadibenzofuranyl group, and a diazadibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, an indeno fluorenyl group, an indolofluorenyl group, a benzofurofluorenyl group, a benzothienofluorenyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, an indenodibenzofuranyl group, an indolodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzothienodibenzofuranyl group, an indenodibenzothiophenyl group, an indolodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, a diazafluorenyl group, a diazacarbazolyl group, a diazadibenzofuranyl group, and a diazadibenzothiophenyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, an indeno fluorenyl group, an indolofluorenyl group, a benzofurofluorenyl group, a benzothienofluorenyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, an indenodibenzofuranyl group, an indolodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzothienodibenzofuranyl group, an indenodibenzothiophenyl group, an indolodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, a diazafluorenyl group, a diazacarbazolyl group, a diazadibenzofuranyl group, a diazadibenzothiophenyl group, —C(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —S(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and —P(═S)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

For example, L₂₁in Formulae 2A and 2B may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, an indeno fluorenyl group, an indolofluorenyl group, a benzofurofluorenyl group, a benzothienofluorenyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, an indenodibenzofuranyl group, an indolodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzothienodibenzofuranyl group, an indenodibenzothiophenyl group, an indolodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, a diazafluorenyl group, a diazacarbazolyl group, a diazadibenzofuranyl group, a diazadibenzothiophenyl group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, L₂₁in Formulae 2A and 2B may be selected from:

a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —S(═O)—, and —P(═O)(Q₁)-; and

a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

For example, a21 in Formulae 2A and 2B may be 1 or 2.

For example, A₂₁in Formulae 2A and 2B may be selected from:

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, A₂₁in Formula 2A and A₂₁in Formula 2B may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, —C(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, the second compound may be represented by one of Formulae 2-1 and 2-2 below:

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In Formulae 2-1 and 2-2,

X₂₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₂₄), and C(R₂₄)(R₂₅),

R_21ato R_21c, R_22ato R_22d, R_23ato R_23e, R₂₄, and R₂₅may each independently be selected from:

a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group and a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —S(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —P(═S)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

at least one selected from R_21ato R_21c, R_22ato R_22d, R₂₄, and R₂₅in Formula 2-1 may be the group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁,

at least one selected from R_23ato R_23ein Formula 2-2 may be the group represented by *-(L₂₁)_a21-A₂₁,

b41 to b43 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

For example, M₃₁in Formula 3 may be selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), and thulium (Tm).

In one embodiment, M₃₁in Formula 3 may be selected from Pt and Ir.

For example, A₃₁to A₃₄in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings and one or more second rings are condensed with each other,

wherein the first ring may be selected from a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a borole group, a phosphole group, a silole group, a germole group, a selenophene group, an oxazole group, a dihydroxazole group, an isoxazole group, a dihydroisoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a dihydroxaddiazole group, an isozadiazole group, a dihydroisozadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, a dihydroxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a dihydroisoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, a dihydrothiazole group, an isothiazole group, a dihydroisothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a dihydrothiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a dihydroisothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, a dihydrothiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a dihydroisothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, a dihydropyrazole group, an imidazole group, a dihydroimidazole group, a triazole group, a dihydrotriazole group, a tetrazole group, a dihydrotetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, and a triazasilole group, and

the second ring may be selected from a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, an admantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a dihydropyridazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, and a triazine group.

In one embodiment, A₃₁to A₃₄in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indole group, a carbazole group, an indenopyridine group, an indolopyridine group, a benzofuropyridine group, a benzothienopyridine group, a benzosilolopyridine group, an indenopyrimidine group, an indolopyrimidine group, a benzofuropyrimidine group, a benzothienopyrimidine group, a benzosilolopyrimidine group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a dihydroimidazole group, a triazole group, a dihydrotriazole group, an oxazole group, a dihydroxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, a dihydrothiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a dihydroxaddiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a dihydrothiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a dihydrobenzimidazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazopyrazine group, a benzoxazole group, a dihydrobenzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a dihydrobenzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a dihydrobenzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, and a dihydrobenzothiadiazole group.

For example, T₃₁to T₃₄in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be selected from a single bond, a double bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(R₃₅)(R₃₆)—*′, and *—N(R₃₅)—*′.

For example, Y₃₁to Y₃₄in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be selected from a single bond, *—O—*′, and *—S—*′.

For example, R₃₁to R₃₈in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group;

—B(Q₁)(Q₂) and —N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁and Q₂may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, and a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group;

In one embodiment, R₃₁to R₃₈in Formulae 3A to 3D may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group and butoxy group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—B(Q₁)(Q₂) and —N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁and Q₂may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group;

In one embodiment, the third compound may be represented by one selected from Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 below:

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In Formulae 3-1 and 3-2,

X₃₁to X₄₀may each independently be selected from N and C, and

the remaining components may each be understood by referring to the corresponding descriptions thereof provided herein in connection with Formula 3.

In Formulae 3-1 and 3-2, X₃₁and X₃₂may each independently be a ring member of A₃₁, and X₃₃to X₄₀may be also understood by referring to descriptions provided in connection with Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 above. That is, X₃₃to X₄₀may each independently be N or C.

For example, A₄₁and A₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 12, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), and —N(Q₁)(Q₂):

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In Formula 12,

X₁₂₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₁₂₃), and C(R₁₂₃)(R₁₂₄),

X₁₂₂may be selected from a single bond, O, S, N(R₁₂₅), and C(R₁₂₅)(R₁₂₆),

A₁₂₁and A₁₂₂may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group,

R₁₂₁to R₁₂₆may each independently be selected from:

a binding site, hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

b122 and b122 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may be understood by referring to descriptions thereof provided above.

In one embodiment, A₄₁and A₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 12 below, and —N(Q₁)(Q₂):

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In Formula 12,

X₁₂₁may be selected from O, S, N(R₁₂₃), and C(R₁₂₃)(R₁₂₄),

X₁₂₂may be selected from a single bond, O, S, N(R₁₂₅), and C(R₁₂₅)(R₁₂₆),

A₁₂₁and A₁₂₂may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group,

R₁₂₁to R₁₂₆may each independently be selected from:

a binding site, hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group and —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), wherein R₁₂₃and R₁₂₄may optionally be linked to each other to form a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, R₁₂₅and R₁₂₆may optionally be linked to each other to form a π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group, and at least one selected from R₁₂₁to R₁₂₆is a binding site,

b₁₂₂and b₁₂₂may each independently be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and

Q₁to Q₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may be understood by referring to descriptions thereof provided above.

For example, D₄₁and D₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from:

—F, a cyano group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isozadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, and a group represented by one selected from Formulae 13-1 to 13-3;

a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isozadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, and a quinazoline group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a benzene group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a chrysene group, a fluoranthene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzofluorene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, and a dinaphthothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group; and

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a benzene group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a chrysene group, a fluoranthene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzofluorene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, and a dinaphthothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, and a dinaphthothiophenyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group:

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In Formulae 13-1 to 13-3,

X₁₃₁may be selected from C(═O), S(═O), S(═O)₂, P(═O)(R₁₃₄), and P(═S)(R₁₃₄),

X₁₃₂may be selected from O, S, C(═O), S(═O), S(═O)₂, P(═O)(R₁₃₅), and P(═S)(R₁₃₅),

k132 may be 0 or 1, wherein, when k132 is 0, —(X₁₃₂)_k132— is not present.

Y₁₃₁may be selected from O and S,

A₁₃₁and A₁₃₂may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group,

R₁₃₁to R₁₃₅may each independently be selected from:

a binding site, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group; and

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, an isoxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an isothiadiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group, wherein at least one selected from R₁₃₁to R₁₃₅is a binding site, and

b131 and b132 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

In one embodiment, D₄₁and D₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from:

—F, a cyano group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazine group, and a group represented by one selected from Formulae 13-1 to 13-3;

a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, and a triazine group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group;

a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, and a triazine group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group;

a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group;

a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group; and

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group that are each independently substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group:

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In Formulae 13-1 to 13-3,

X₁₃₁may be selected from C(═O), S(═O), S(═O)₂, P(═O)(R₁₃₄), and P(═S)(R₁₃₄),

X₁₃₂may be selected from O, S, C(═O), S(═O), S(═O)₂, P(═O)(R₁₃₅), and P(═S)(R₁₃₅),

k132 may be 0 or 1, wherein, when k132 is 0, —(X₁₃₂)_k132— is not present.

Y₁₃₁may be selected from O and S,

A₁₃₁and A₁₃₂may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group,

R₁₃₁to R₁₃₅may each independently be selected from:

a binding site, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group; and

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, wherein at least one selected from R₁₃₁to R₁₃₅may be a binding site, and

b131 and b132 may each independently be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

For example, L₄₁and L₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenalene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dinaphthofuranyl group, a dinaphthothiophenyl group, —C(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

Q₁, Q₂, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, L₄₁and L₄₂in Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 may each independently be selected from:

a benzene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)-, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-; and

In one embodiment, the first compound may be selected from compounds of Group I,

the second compound may be selected from compounds of Group II,

the third compound may be selected from compounds of Group III-I and Group III-II, and

the fourth compound may be selected from compounds of Group IV:

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In Group III-I, compounds 1 to 5 are represented by the first structure of this group, with the substituent R respectively defined under the corresponding structure. Compounds 6-20, 29 to 48, and 57 to 76 are defined similarly.

The first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may substantially not emit light. For example, the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may not emit any light, or light emitted by the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may only be of an insignificant amount compared to light emitted by the other compounds, e.g., the fourth compound.

In more detail, the third compound may not emit light, and instead, reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and/or intersystem crossing (ISC) may actively occur therein, thereby causing triplet excitons generated from the first compound and the second compound to be delivered to the fourth compound.

Accordingly, by transferring singlet excitons and triplet excitons generated in the emission layer to the fourth compound, an organic light-emitting device having improved efficiency may be obtained. In addition, because an organic light-emitting device having a significantly reduced energy loss is obtained, the lifespan characteristics of the organic light-emitting device may be improved.

In addition, because the exciton is transitioned in the third compound and then transitioned in the fourth compound, the degradation of the fourth compound due to the exciton's energy can be suppressed, thereby improving the lifespan characteristics.

The lowest excitation triplet energy level of the third compound may be from about 2.5 eV to about 3.5 eV. Accordingly, the lowest excitation triplet level of the third compound is higher than the lowest excitation singlet energy level of the fourth compound, so that the lowest triplet excitons of the third compound may be easily transferred to the lowest excitation singlet energy level of the fourth compound.

The fourth compound emits light, and the fourth compound may be a delayed fluorescence emitter. That is, the fourth compound is configured to emit light, and the fourth compound may be a delayed fluorescence emitting material.

In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter.

In one or more embodiments, the ratio of a light-emitting component emitted from the fourth compound to the total light-emitting components emitted from the emission layer may be 80% or more. That is, the ratio of light emitted from the fourth compound to the total light emitted from the emission layer may be 80% or more.

The fourth compound may have a maximum emission wavelength in the range of about 420 nm to about 490 nm, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In more detail, the fourth compound in the emission layer may emit blue delayed fluorescent light by receiving energy from the excitons (formed in other compounds) without directly participating in the formation of the excitons.

The fourth compound may satisfy Condition 1:

ΔE_ST(C4)≤0.3 eV Condition 1

In Condition 1, ΔE_ST(C4) is a difference between the lowest excitation singlet energy level (E_S1(C4)) and the lowest excitation triplet energy level (E_T1(C4)) of the fourth compound.

Here, E_S1(C4) and E_T1(C4) may each be evaluated utilizing the Density Function Theory (DFT) method of Gaussian program which is structure-optimized at a B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) level.

The T₁level of the fourth compound is much higher than the T₁level of a typical fluorescent dopant, which may facilitate reverse intersystem crossing (RISC).

In a related art (e.g., a typical) fluorescent dopant, for example, DCJTB, the T₁level thereof is significantly lower than the T₁level of the third compound, and thus the exciton at the T₁level generated by the third compound is likely (e.g., highly likely) to be transitioned to the T₁level of the fluorescent dopant, and even after transition, the exciton is likely (e.g., highly likely) to be quenched without participating in light emission. In addition, due to the low T₁level of the fluorescent dopant, the triplet excitons generated in the first compound and the second compound are likely (e.g., highly likely) to be quenched without participating in light emission while transferring to the T₁level of the fluorescent dopant, not to the T₁level of the third compound. Accordingly, it would be inappropriate to replace the fourth compound with another typical fluorescent dopant. That is, when replacing the fourth compound with another related art fluorescent dopant, light emission efficiency will be significantly lowered.

However, because the fourth compound has a sufficiently high RISC efficiency even at room temperature, even when the exciton at the T₁level of the third compound moves to the T₁level of the fourth compound, the exciton at the T1 level of the fourth compound is reverse-intersystem transitioned to the S₁level of the fourth compound, and then is emitted as fluorescence. In other words, the exciton is not quenched. The probability of exciton quenching may be significantly or substantially (e.g., extremely) reduced and the luminescence efficiency may be significantly or substantially (e.g., greatly) increased. Also, because the exciton is transitioned in the third compound and then transitioned in the fourth compound, the degradation of the fourth compound due to the exciton energy may be suppressed and lifespan properties may also be improved.

In general, when electrons are not efficiently injected from the electron transport region to the emission layer, charges are accumulated at the interface between the emission layer and the electron transport region, thus deteriorating the interface. On the contrary, when holes are not efficiently injected from the hole transport region to the emission layer, charges are accumulated at the interface between the emission layer and the hole transport region, thus deteriorating the interface. Thus, the lifespan of the organic light-emitting device is lowered.

Because the second compound is a compound essentially including an electron transport moiety, the second compound may be utilized (e.g., easily utilized) to adjust the electron transporting characteristics of the organic light-emitting device. Because the first compound is a compound not including an electron transport moiety, the first compound may be utilized (e.g., easily utilized) to adjust the hole transporting characteristics of the organic light-emitting device. In this manner, it is possible to enhance or optimize the charge balance in the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device.

An amount of the first compound in the emission layer is in a range of about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % based on the total weight of the emission layer.

An amount of the second compound in the emission layer may be in a range of about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % based on the total weight of the emission layer.

The amount of the third compound in the emission layer may be larger than or equal to the amount of the fourth compound.

The amount of the fourth compound in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.25 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the emission layer.

The amount of the fourth compound may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the sum of the amount of the first compound and the amount of the second compound.

When the first compound, the second compound, the third compound and the fourth compound are within these respective ranges, the organic light-emitting device having both improved efficiency and improved lifespan may be provided.

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may consist of (i.e., include only) the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, and the organic layer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and/or an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and/or an electron blocking layer, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and/or an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the hole blocking layer may include a hole blocking material represented by one of Formulae 2A and 2B.

The hole blocking material may be understood by referring to the description provided in connection with Formulae 2A and 2B.

The hole blocking material may be selected from compounds of Group II.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a second electrode 190.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with FIG. 1.

[First Electrode 110]

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be a glass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having suitable (e.g., excellent) mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and/or water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material to form the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-reflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material to form the first electrode may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material to form the first electrode 110 may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

Organic Layer 150

The organic layer 150 is disposed on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.

The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.

Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in the stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201 below, and a compound represented by Formula 202 below:

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In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁to L₂₀₄may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁to R₂₀₄and Q₂₀₁may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one embodiment, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁and R₂₀₂may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃and R₂₀₄may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In one embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁to L₂₀₅may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁to R₂₀₄and Q₂₀₁may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁to Q₃₃are the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁to R₂₀₃in Formula 201 may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁and R₂₀₂may be linked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃and R₂₀₄may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁to R₂₀₄in Formula 202 may each independently be selected from:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A below:

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In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1) below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

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In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

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In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A below:

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In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1 below:

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In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂to R₂₀₄may each be understood by referring to the corresponding descriptions thereof presented herein in connection with Formulae 201 and 202,

R₂₁₁and R₂₁₂may each be understood by referring to the descriptions provided in connection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃to R₂₁₇may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT39 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

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A thickness of the hole transport region may be from about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 3,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials as described above.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and/or F4-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ);

a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide and/or molybdenum oxide;

1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and

a compound represented by Formula 221 below:

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

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In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁to R₂₂₃may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least one selected from R₂₂₁to R₂₂₃may have at least one substituent selected from a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with —I.

Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, suitable (e.g., excellent) light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the emission layer in the stated order. However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” refers to a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601 below:

[Ar₆₀₁]_xe11-[(L₆₀₁)_xe1-R₆₀₁]_xe21 Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁to Q₆₀₃may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 and R₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, Ar₆₀₁in Formula 601 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1 below:

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In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆may be N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one selected from X₆₁₄to X₆₁₆may be N,

L₆₁₁to L₆₁₃may each be understood by referring to the descriptions provided in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each be understood by referring to the description presented in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁to R₆₁₃may each be understood by referring to the descriptions provided in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄to R₆₁₆may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one embodiment, L₆₀₁and L₆₁₁to L₆₁₃in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁and R₆₁₁to R₆₁₃in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), and

Q₆₀₁and Q₆₀₂are the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

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In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, and diphenyl(4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)-phosphine oxide (TSPO1):

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A thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, the electron blocking layer may have suitable (e.g., excellent) electron blocking characteristics or electron control characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the ranges described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from alkali metal complex and alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2 below:

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The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In one embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, and/or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li and/or Cs, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and/or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, and/or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and/or KI. In one embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_xSr_1-xO (0<x<1), and/or Ba_xCa_1-xO (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes the organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, the rare earth metal compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 is disposed on the organic layer 150 having such a structure. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 190 may be selected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and combinations thereof, which may have a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Description of FIGS. 2 to 4

An organic light-emitting device 20 of FIG. 1 has a structure in which a first capping layer 210, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 are sequentially stacked in this stated order; an organic light-emitting device 30 of FIG. 3 has a structure in which the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220 are sequentially stacked in this stated order; and an organic light-emitting device 40 of FIG. 4 has a structure in which the first capping layer 210, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the second capping layer 220 are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

Regarding FIGS. 2 to 4, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 may be understood by referring to the corresponding descriptions provided in connection with FIG. 1.

In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 20 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the first electrode 110 and the first capping layer 210 toward the outside, wherein the first electrode 110 may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode. In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the second electrode 190 and the second capping layer 220 toward the outside, wherein the second electrode 190 may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may increase external luminescence efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include at least one material selected from carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds, porphyrine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth-based complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing at least one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I. In one embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include an amine-based compound.

In one embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include the compound represented by Formula 201 or the compound represented by Formula 202.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compounds CP1 to CP5 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

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Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment has been described in connection with FIGS. 1 to 4, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI).

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸torr to about 10⁻³torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to 200° C. by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

Apparatus

The organic light-emitting device may be included in various suitable apparatuses.

In more detail, one example of such apparatuses may include: a thin-film transistor including a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer; and the organic light-emitting device. Here, the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device may be in electrical contact with the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulation layer, and/or the like.

The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The apparatus may further include a sealing part for sealing the organic light-emitting device. The sealing part may allow an image from the organic light-emitting device to be displayed and may block outside air and moisture from penetrating into the organic light-emitting device. The sealing part may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass or a plastic substrate. The sealing part may be a thin film encapsulation layer including a plurality of organic layers and/or a plurality of inorganic layers. When the sealing part is a thin film encapsulation layer, the entire apparatus may be flexible.

For example, the apparatus may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or an electronic apparatus.

The light-emitting apparatus may be utilized as various suitable displays, light sources, and/or the like.

The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus for authenticating an individual by utilizing biometric information of a biometric body (for example, a finger tip, a pupil, and/or the like). The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram (ECG) displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, and/or endoscope displays), fish finders, various suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and/or a vessel), projectors, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, for example, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and/or an azacarbazole group.

The π electron-depleted nitrogen-free cyclic group may be selected from a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a corozen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group and a triindolobenzene group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The term “transition metal of Period 4 of the Periodic Table of Elements” as used herein refers to an element of Period 4 and the d-block of the Periodic Table of Elements, and non-limiting examples thereof include scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).

The term “transition metal of Period 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements” as used herein refers to an element of Period 5 and the d-block of the Periodic Table of Elements, and non-limiting examples thereof include yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), and cadmium (Cd).

The term “transition metal of Period 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements” as used herein refers to an element of Period 6 and the d-block and the f-block of the Periodic Table of Elements, and non-limiting examples thereof include lanthanum (La), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pr), gold (Au), and mercury (Hg).

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in, for example, the middle and/or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in, for example, the middle and/or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁(wherein A₁₀₁is the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 10 carbon atoms as the remaining ring-forming atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms as the remaining ring-forming atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀arylene group” used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₆-C₆₀aryl group. When the C₆-C₆₀aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms as the remaining ring-forming atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group. When the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed (fused) with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₂(wherein A₁₀₂is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylthio group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₃(wherein A₁₀₃is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₄(wherein A₁₀₄is the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group), and the term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group” as used herein refers to —SA₁₀₅(wherein A₁₀₅is the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms), and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the molecular structure as a whole does not have aromaticity). A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as that of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the molecular structure as a whole does not have aromaticity). A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as that of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms in which ring-forming atoms are carbon atoms only. The term “C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be a ring (such as benzene), a monovalent group (such as a phenyl group), or a divalent group (such as a phenylene group). In one or more embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a group having the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon atoms (the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60).

In the present specification, at least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁to Q₁₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But” as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group, and “D” refers to deuterium.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group”. For example, the “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. For example, the “terphenyl group” may be a phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀aryl group.

* and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The expression “B was utilized instead of A” utilized in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of B was utilized in place of A.

EXAMPLES
Example 1-1

As an anode, a substrate with ITO deposited thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, and sonicated utilizing isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and then irradiated with ultraviolet light for 30 minutes and exposed to ozon for cleaning. Then the resultant glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

m-MTDATA was deposited on the ITO substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 40 Å, NPB was vacuum deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Compounds HT-01, ET-1, PD1, and DA-03 were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 70:30:10:1 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 200 Å. Compound ET-1 was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å. Al was deposited on the electron transport layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1200 Å, and thereby, an organic light-emitting device was manufactured.

Examples 1-2 to 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-15

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that emission layers were each formed utilizing compounds respectively shown in Table 1.

Evaluation Example 1

The efficiency, emission wavelength and lifespan of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1-1 to 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-15 were measured utilizing a Keithley SMU 236 and luminance meter PR650 at a current density of 10 mA/cm². The results are shown in Table 1. The lifespan is a period of time that was taken until the brightness was reduced from an initial brightness to 90% of the initial brightness.

TABLE 1

Emission

Emission layer

wave

first
second
third
fourth
Brightness
Efficiency
length
Lifespan

compound
compound
compound
compound
(cd/m²)
(cd/A)
(nm)
(hr)

Example
HT-01
ET-1
PD1
DA-03
1000
131.28
456
28

1-1

Example
HT-02
ET-3
PD7
DA-05
1000
148.79
458
43

1-2

Example
HT-07
ET-5
PD12
DA-10
1000
189.61
456
35

1-3

Example
HT-12
ET-8
PD26
DA-19
1000
219.14
457
40

1-4

Example
HT-16
ET-11
PD35
DA-28
1000
238.58
458
51

1-5

Comparative
HT-01
—
PD1
DA-03
1000
50.53
459
0.2

Example

1-1

Comparative
HT-02
—
PD7
DA-05
1000
21.46
457
6

Example

1-2

Comparative
—
ET-5
PD12
DA-10
1000
13.74
486
3

Example

1-3

Comparative
—
ET-8
PD26
DA-19
1000
38.21
485
0.8

Example

1-4

Comparative
CBP
PD1
DA-03
1000
27.13
461
1

Example

1-5

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
—
DA-03
1000
72.18
456
10

Example

1-6

Comparative
HT-02
ET-3
—
DA-05
1000
75.77
458
12

Example

1-7

Comparative
HT-07
ET-5
—
DA-10
1000
80.62
456
11

Example

1-8

Comparative
HT-12
ET-8
—
DA-19
1000
95.24
457
15

Example

1-9

Comparative
HT-16
ET-11
—
DA-28
1000
89.18
458
22

Example

1-10

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
PD1
DCJTB
1000
50.12
465
8

Example

1-11

Comparative
HT-02
ET-3
PD7
DCJTB
1000
45.22
466
4

Example

1-12

Comparative
HT-07
ET-5
PD12
DCJTB
1000
65.59
465
3

Example

1-13

Comparative
HT-12
ET-8
PD26
DCJTB
1000
42.54
465
4

Example

1-14

Comparative
HT-16
ET-11
PD35
DCJTB
1000
22.42
466
9

Example

1-15

Table 1 shows that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1-1 to 1-5 have greater current efficiency and longer lifespan than the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-15.

Example 2-1

As an anode, an indium tin oxide (ITO)-deposited substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, and sonicated utilizing isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and then irradiated with ultraviolet light for 30 minutes and exposed to ozon for cleaning. Then the resultant glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

m-MTDATA was deposited on the ITO substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 40 Å, NPB was vacuum deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Compounds HT-01, ET-1, PD2, and DA-02 were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 70:30:10:3 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 200 Å. Compound ET2 was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å. Compound ET-1 was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å. Al was deposited on the electron transport layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1200 Å, and thereby, an organic light-emitting device was manufactured.

Examples 2-2 to 2-10 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-30

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that an emission layer and a hole blocking layer were each formed utilizing compounds respectively shown in Table 2.

Evaluation Example 2

The efficiency, emission wavelength and lifespan of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 2-1 to 2-10 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-30) were measured utilizing a Keithley SMU 236 and luminance meter PR650 at a current density of 10 mA/cm². The results are shown in Table 2. The lifespan is a period of time that was taken until the brightness was reduced from an initial brightness to 90% of the initial brightness.

TABLE 2

Emission

Emission layer
Hole
wave-

first
second
third
fourth
blocking
Brightness
Efficiency
length
Lifespan

compound
compound
compound
compound
layer
(cd/m²)
(cd/A)
(nm)
(hr)

Example
HT-01
ET-1
PD2
DA-02
ET-2
1000
147.45
456
33

2-1

Example
HT-04
ET-2
PD4
DA-04
ET-2
1000
198.56
458
32

2-2

Example
HT-06
ET-3
PD5
DA-14
ET-7
1000
207.45
457
51

2-3

Example
HT-08
ET-7
PD20
DA-15
ET-7
1000
210.15
457
15

2-4

Example
HT-12
ET-9
PD16
DA-16
ET-10
1000
224.31
458
55

2-5

Example
HT-02
ET-4
PD5
DA-08
ET-1
1000
136.87
456
23

2-6

Example
HT-02
ET-4
PD5
DA-09
ET-2
1000
134.12
458
37

2-7

Example
HT-09
ET-5
PD6
DA-10
ET-3
1000
109.45
457
38

2-8

Example
HT-09
ET-9
PD20
DA-15
ET-3
1000
210.15
457
29

2-9

Example
HT-12
ET-9
PD14
DA-18
ET-5
1062
254.31
458
56

2-10

Comparative
HT-01
—
PD2
DA-02
ET-2
1000
8.15
456
0.1

Example

2-1

Comparative
HT-04
—
PD4
DA-04
ET-2
1000
11.45
458
0.8

Example

2-2

Comparative
—
ET-3
PD5
DA-14
ET-7
1000
16.14
457
0.9

Example

2-3

Comparative
—
ET-7
PD20
DA-15
ET-7
1000
8.36
457
1

Example

2-4

Comparative
CBP
PD16
DA-16
ET-10
1000
19.12
458
22

Example

2-5

Comparative
HT-02
—
PD5
DA-08
ET-1
1000
9.18
456
0.1

Example

2-6

Comparative
HT-02
—
PD5
DA-09
ET-2
1000
8.45
458
0.1

Example

2-7

Comparative
—
ET-5
PD6
DA-10
ET-3
1000
10.23
457
0.8

Example

2-8

Comparative
—
ET-9
PD20
DA-15
ET-3
1000
5.11
457
1

Example

2-9

Comparative
CBP
PD14
DA-18
ET-5
1000
19.12
444
2

Example

2-10

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
—
DA-02
ET-2
1000
56.45
456
12

Example

2-11

Comparative
HT-04
ET-2
—
DA-04
ET-2
1000
98.16
458
10

Example

2-12

Comparative
HT-06
ET-3
—
DA-14
ET-7
1000
56.55
457
9

Example

2-13

Comparative
HT-08
ET-7
—
DA-15
ET-7
1000
99.25
457
9

Example

2-14

Comparative
HT-12
ET-15
—
DA-16
ET-10
1000
98.31
458
10

Example

2-15

Comparative
HT-02
ET-4
—
DA-08
ET-1
1000
45.65
456
8

Example

2-16

Comparative
HT-02
ET-4
—
DA-09
ET-2
1000
65.13
458
4

Example

2-17

Comparative
HT-09
ET-5
—
DA-10
ET-3
1000
66.12
457
5

Example

2-18

Comparative
HT-09
ET-9
—
DA-15
ET-3
1000
64.12
457
6

Example

2-19

Comparative
HT-12
ET-9
—
DA-18
ET-5
1000
95.13
458
4

Example

2-20

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
PD2
DCJTB
ET-2
1000
80.43
465
12

Example

2-21

Comparative
HT-04
ET-2
PD4
DCJTB
ET-2
1000
76.12
466
11

Example

2-22

Comparative
HT-06
ET-3
PD5
DCJTB
ET-7
1000
76.33
465
12

Example

2-23

Comparative
HT-08
ET-7
PD20
DCJTB
ET-7
1000
95.12
465
10

Example

2-24

Comparative
HT-12
ET-9
PD16
DCJTB
ET-10
1000
105.13
466
21

Example

2-25

Comparative
HT-02
ET-4
PD5
DCJTB
ET-1
1000
111.13
466
20

Example

2-26

Comparative
HT-02
ET-4
PD5
DCJTB
ET-2
1000
90.0
466
5

Example

2-27

Comparative
HT-09
ET-5
PD6
DCJTB
ET-3
1000
110.13
465
12

Example

2-28

Comparative
HT-09
ET-9
PD20
DCJTB
ET-3
1000
88.13
465
21

Example

2-29

Comparative
HT-12
ET-9
PD14
DCJTB
ET-5
1000
89.13
465
13

Example

2-30

From Table 2, it may be confirmed that the current efficiency and lifespan of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 2-1 to 2-10 are better (e.g., superior) to the current efficiency and lifespan of the organic light-emitting device of Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-30.

Example 3-1

m-MTDATA was deposited on the ITO substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 40 Å, NPB was vacuum deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Compounds HT-01, ET-1, 1, and DA-07 were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 70:30:10:1 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 200 Å. Compound ET-1 was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å. Al was deposited on the electron transport layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1200 Å, and thereby, an organic light-emitting device was manufactured.

Examples 3-2 to 3-5 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-15

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that an emission layer is formed utilizing compounds respectively shown in Table 3.

Evaluation Example 3

The efficiency, emission wavelength, and lifespan of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 3-1 to 3-5 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-15 were measured by utilizing Kethley SMU 236 and a luminance photometer PR650 at a current density of 10 mA/cm², and results thereof are shown in Table 3. The lifespan is a period of time that was taken until the brightness was reduced from an initial brightness to 90% of the initial brightness.

TABLE 3

Emission

Emission layer

wave

first
second
third
fourth
Brightness
Efficiency
length
Lifespan

compound
compound
compound
compound
(cd/m²)
(cd/A)
(nm)
(hr)

Example
HT-01
ET-1
1
DA-07
1000
150.12
458
20

3-1

Example
HT-05
ET-8
5
DA-11
1000
145.11
457
17

3-2

Example
HT-11
ET-9
7
DA-04
1000
241.45
457
19

3-3

Example
HT-17
ET-11
9
DA-30
1000
222.13
457
44

3-4

Example
HT-15
ET-9
8
DA-21
1000
244.23
455
45

3-5

Comparative
HT-01
—
1
DA-07
1000
10.21
459
0.1

Example

3-1

Comparative
HT-05
—
5
DA-11
1000
10.45
457
0.1

Example

3-2

Comparative
—
ET-9
7
DA-04
1000
14.12
457
0.5

Example

3-3

Comparative
—
ET-11
9
DA-30
1000
17.25
457
0.7

Example

3-4

Comparative
CBP
8
DA-21
1000
5.14
455
2

Example

3-5

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
—
DA-07
1000
80.12
458
10

Example

3-6

Comparative
HT-05
ET-8
—
DA-11
1000
65.11
457
5

Example

3-7

Comparative
HT-11
ET-9
—
DA-04
1000
99.13
457
4

Example

3-8

Comparative
HT-17
ET-11
—
DA-30
1000
100.13
457
10

Example

3-9

Comparative
HT-15
ET-9
—
DA-21
1000
100.23
455
18

Example

3-10

Comparative
HT-01
ET-1
1
DCJTB
1000
88.14
465
11

Example

3-11

Comparative
HT-05
ET-8
5
DCJTB
1000
81.12
466
8

Example

3-12

Comparative
HT-11
ET-9
7
DCJTB
1000
78.45
465
7

Example

3-13

Comparative
HT-17
ET-11
9
DCJTB
1000
65.15
465
8

Example

3-14

Comparative
HT-15
ET-9
8
DCJTB
1000
69.31
466
12

Example

3-15

From Table 3, it may be confirmed that the current efficiency and lifespan of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 3-1 to 3-5 are better (e.g., superior) to the current efficiency and lifespan of the organic light-emitting device of Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-15.

The organic light-emitting device according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have high efficiency and long lifespan.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

As used herein, the term “substantially,” “about,” and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein. All such ranges are intended to be inherently described in this specification such that amending to expressly recite any such subranges would comply with the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112, first paragraph, or 35 U.S.C. § 112(a), and 35 U.S.C. § 132(a).

The use of “may” when describing embodiments of the inventive concept refers to “one or more embodiments of the inventive concept.”

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims, and equivalents thereof.

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20160190478	Nakanotani et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20170148997	Lee	May 2017	A1
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20190019964	Jeon et al.	Jan 2019	A1
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Number	Date	Country
3800679	Apr 2021	EP
2019-169710	Oct 2019	JP
10-2015-0126381	Nov 2015	KR
10-1680934	Nov 2016	KR
10-1706752	Feb 2017	KR
10-2017-0026075	Mar 2017	KR
10-2018-0013380	Feb 2018	KR
10-2018-0043886	May 2018	KR
10-2019-0008481	Jan 2019	KR
WO 2019128105	Jul 2019	WO

Organic light-emitting device and apparatus including the same

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