Patent Application
20240244952
One or more embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting device and an organometallic compound.
Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, as compared to other devices in the art.
An example of such organic light-emitting devices may include a first electrode on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode, which are sequentially on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit (e.g., transition or relax) from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.
One or more embodiments include an organic light-emitting device having high luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan, and an organometallic compound.
Additional aspects of embodiments will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting device including:
In Formulae 1, 2-1, and 2-2,
Another aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of embodiments of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the organic layer includes a first compound represented by Formula 1 below:
Formula 1 may be the same as described herein above.
The organic layer may further include, in addition to the first compound represented by Formula 1, a second compound represented by Formula 2, a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, or any combination thereof:
Formulae 2 and 3 may each independently be the same as described herein above.
The second compound and the third compound may be different from each other.
In one embodiment, the organic layer may include the second compound and the third compound.
In one or more embodiments, the organic layer may include the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound, and the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may be all included in the emission layer.
M in Formula 1 may be a transition metal, but may not be iridium.
For example, M may be titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), osmium (Os), or rhenium (Re).
In one embodiment, M in Formula 1 may be Pt, Pd, or Au.
L2 in Formula 1 may be a monodentate ligand represented by Formula 2-1 or 2-2, but may be none of —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I:
Formulae 2-1 and 2-2 may each independently be the same as described herein.
X1 to X4 in Formulae 1 and 2-1 may each independently be N or C, wherein at least one of X1 to X3 may be a carbon atom (C) of a carbene moiety.
For example, X1 and X3 in Formula 1 may each be a carbon atom (C) of a carbene moiety.
T11 to T14 in Formulae 1 and 2-1 may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a single bond), *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—B(R′)—*′, *—N(R′)—*′, *—P(R′)—*′, *—C(R′)(R″)—*′, *—Si(R′)(R″)—*′, *—Ge(R′)(R″)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, or *—C(═S)—*′, and T15 in Formula 2-2 may be a chemical bond (for example, a single bond), *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—B(R′)—*′, *—N(R′)—*′, *—P(R′)—*′, *—C(R′)(R″)—*′, *—Si(R′)(R″)—*′, *—Ge(R′)(R″)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, *—O—C(═O)—*′, *—S—C(═O)—*′, *—O—C(═S)—*′, *—S—C(═S)—*′, *—C(R′)═C(R″)—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—C≡C—C(═O)—*′, or *—C≡C—C(═S)—*′.
In Formulae 1, 2-1, and 2-2, when T11 is a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), X1 and M may be directly linked to each other, when T12 is a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), X2 and M may be directly linked to each other, when T13 is a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), X3 and M may be directly linked to each other, and when T14 or T15 is a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), X4 or R5, respectively, and M may be directly linked to each other.
For example, in Formulae 1, 2-1, and 2-2, T11 to T13 may each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), and T14 and T15 may be a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), O, or S, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In Formulae 1, 2-1, and 2-2, two bonds selected from i) a bond between X1 or T11 and M, ii) a bond between X2 or T12 and M, iii) a bond between X3 or T13 and M, and iv) a bond between X4, T14, R5, or T15 and M may each be a coordinate bond (which may also be referred to as a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond), and the other two bonds may each be covalent bond. Therefore, the first compound represented by Formula 1 may be electrically neutral (e.g., the first compound represented by Formula 1 may have no or substantially no electric charge).
In one embodiment, in Formula 1, T11 to T13 may each be a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), a bond between X1 and M and a bond between X3 and M may each be a coordinate bond (which may also be referred to as a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond), a bond between X2 and M may be a covalent bond, and a bond between X4, T14, R5, or T15 and M may be a covalent bond, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In Formula 1, T1 may be a single bond, a double bond, *—N(R6)—*′, *—B(R6)—*′, *—P(R6)—*′, *—C(R6a)(R6b)—*′, *—Si(R6a)(R6b)—*′, *—Ge(R6a)(R6b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(R6)═*′, *═C(R6)—*′, *—C(R6a)═C(R6b)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′, and T2 may be a single bond, a double bond, *—N(R7)—*′, *—B(R7)—*′, *—P(R7)—*′, *—C(R7a)(R7b)—*′, *—Si(R7a)(R7b)—*′, *—Ge(R7a)(R7b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(R7)═*′, *═C(R7)—*′, *—C(R7a)═C(R7b)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′.
For example, T1 and T2 in Formula 1 may be a single bond.
In Formulae 1, 2-1, and 3, ring CY1 to ring CY4, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be a C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2-1, and 3, ring CY1 to ring CY4, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), or v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings are condensed (e.g., combined together) with one or more second rings.
The first ring may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, or a triazasilole group.
The second ring may be an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, an oxasiline group, a thiasiline group, a dihydroazasiline group, a dihydrodisiline group, a dihydrosiline group, a dioxine group, an oxathiine group, an oxazine group, a pyran group, a dithiine group, a thiazine group, a thiopyran group, a cyclohexadiene group, a dihydropyridine group, or a dihydropyrazine group.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, ring CY1 and ring CY3 may each independently be i) a first ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), or v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings are condensed (e.g., combined together) with one or more second rings, and ring CY2 may be ii) a second ring, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), or v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings are condensed (e.g., combined together) with one or more second rings.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2-1, and 3, ring CY1 to ring CY4, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzoboracyclohexadiene group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1 and 2-1,
In Formula 2, L51 to L53 may each independently be a C5-C30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, in Formula 2, L51 to L53 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenyl fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenylcarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group (or, a dibenzothienyl group), a dibenzosilolyl group, a dimethyl dibenzosilolyl group, a diphenyl dibenzosilolyl group, —O(Q31), —S(Q31), —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —P(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
In one embodiment, in Formula 2, a bond between L51 and R51, a bond between L52 and R52, a bond between L53 and R53, a bond between two or more L51(s), a bond between two or more L52(s), a bond between two or more L53(s), a bond between L51 and carbon between X54 and X55 in Formula 2, a bond between L52 and carbon between X54 and X56 in Formula 2, and a bond between L53 and carbon between X55 and X56 in Formula 2 may each be a “carbon-carbon single bond,” but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In Formula 2, b51 to b53 each indicate the number of L51(s) to L53(s), and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, wherein, when b51 is 0, *-(L51)b51-*′ may be a single bond, when b52 is 0, *-(L52)b52-*′ may be a single bond, when b53 is 0, *-(L53)b53-*′ may be a single bond, when b51 is 2 or more, two or more L51(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is 2 or more, two or more L52(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b53 is 2 or more, two or more L53(s) may be identical to or different from each other. For example, b51 to b53 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In Formula 2, X54 may be N or C(R54), X55 may be N or C(R55), X56 may be N or C(R56), and at least one of X54 to X56 may be N. R54 to R56 may each independently be the same as described herein above. For example, two or three of X54 to X56 may each independently be N.
In Formula 3, X81 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R81), B(R81), C(R81a)(R81b), or Si(R81a)(R81b). R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be the same as described herein above.
R1 to R4, R6, R6a, R6b, R7, R7a, R7b, R′, R″, R51 to R56, R71, R72, R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein Q1 to Q3 may be understood by referring to corresponding description provided herein.
R10a may be the same as defined in connection with R1, and R10a is not hydrogen.
For example, R1 to R4, R6, R6a, R6b, R7, R7a, R7b, R′, R″, R51 to R56, R71, R72, R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be:
In Formula 91,
For example, in Formula 91,
In Formula 2-2, R5 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein, when T15 in Formula 2-2 is a chemical bond (e.g., a single bond), R5 may be none of —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.
For example, R5 may be:
In one or more embodiments, R1 to R4, R6, R6a, R6b, R7, R7a, R7b, R′, R″, R51 to R56, R71, R72, R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a group represented by one of Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one of Formulae 10-1 to 10-243, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and R5 may be deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a group represented by one of Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2) (wherein Q1 to Q3 are the same as described herein above), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In Formulae 9-1 to 9-19 and 10-1 to 10-243, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ph indicates a phenyl group, and TMS indicates a trimethylsilyl group.
R10a may be the same as defined in connection with R1, and R10a is not hydrogen,
In one embodiment, at least one of the R2(s) (e.g., R2 in the number of a2) in Formula 1 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
For example, at least one of the R2(s) (e.g., R2 in the number of a2) in Formula 1 may each independently be a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cycloctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C1-C10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, or a group represented by Formula 91, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CDs, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cycloctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C1-C10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, —O(Q31), —S(Q31), —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —P(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of the R4(s) (e.g., R4 in the number of a4) in Formula 2-1 may be:
In Formulae 1, 2-1, and 3, a1 to a4, a71, and a72 each indicate the number of R1(s) to R4(s), R71(s), and R72(s), and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20 (for example, an integer from 0 to 5). When a1 is 2 or more, two or more R1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and this may be equally applied to a2 to a4, a71 and a72, and R2 to R4, R71, and R72.
In Formula 1, i) two or more of the R1(s) (e.g., R1(s) in the number of a1) may optionally linked to each other (for example, via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group) to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, ii) two or more of the R2(s) (e.g., R2(s) in the number of a2) may optionally be linked to each other (for example, via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group) to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, iii) two or more of the R3(s) (e.g., R3(s) in the number of a3) may optionally be linked to each other (for example, via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group) to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and iv) two or more of the R4(s) (e.g., R4(s) in the number of a4) may optionally be linked to each other (for example, via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group) to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a. R10a may be the same as defined in connection with R1, and R10a is not hydrogen. The first linking group may be selected from *—N(R95)—*′, *—B(R95)—*′, *—P(R95)—*′, *—C(R95a)(R95b)—*′, *—Si(R95a)(R95b)—*′, *—Ge(R95a)(R95b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(R95)═*′, *═C(R95)—*′, *—C(R95a)═C(R95b)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, and *—C≡C—*′, and R95, R95a, and R95b may each independently be the same as defined in connection with R1. As described herein, “C5-C30 carbocyclic group” and the “C1-C30 heterocyclic group” may be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with ring CY1.
In one embodiment, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae A1-1(1) to A1-1(55):
In Formulae A1-1(1) to A1-1(55),
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae A2-1(1) to A2-1(15):
In Formulae A2-1(1) to A2-1(15),
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by Formula CY2-1:
In Formula CY2-1,
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one of Formulae A3-1(1) to A3-1(55):
In Formulae A3-1(1) to A3-1(55),
In one embodiment, i) in Formula 1, X1 may be C, and a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae A1-1(44) to A1-1(55), and/or ii) in Formula 1, X3 may be C, and a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae A3-1(44) to A3-1(55).
In one or more embodiments, L2 in Formula 1 may be a ligand represented by one of Formulae A4-1(1) to A4-1(4):
In Formulae A4-1(1) to A4-1(4),
In one or more embodiments, L2 in Formula 1 may be a ligand represented by one of Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-8:
In Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-8,
In one embodiment, in Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-8,
In one or more embodiments, the first compound may be represented by Formula 1A, 1B, or 1C:
In Formulae 1A to 1C,
In one embodiment, L2 in Formulae 1A to 1C may be a ligand represented by Formula A4-1(1) or A4-1(2) (or a ligand represented by one of Formulae CY4-1 to CY4-8).
In one or more embodiments, X22 in Formulae 1A to 1C may be C(R22), wherein R22 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
In Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may not be a phenyl group.
In one embodiment, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may be identical to each other.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, b51 and b52 may be 1, 2, or 3, L51 and L52 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
R10a may be the same as described herein above.
For example, in Formula 2, R51 and R52 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), and
Q1 to Q3 may each independently be: a C1-C60 alkyl group substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group; a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group; a C6-C60 aryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; a C6-C60 aryloxy group; a C6-C60 arylthio group; a C1-C60 heteroaryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
In one embodiment, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 in Formula 2 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-22, and/or
In Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-22, CY52-1 to CY52-22, and CY53-1 to CY53-18,
For example,
In Formulae CY51-16 and CY51-17, i) Y63 may be O or S, and Y64 may be Si(R64a)(R64b), or ii) Y63 may be Si(R63a)(R63b), and Y64 may be O or S.
In Formulae CY52-16 and CY52-17, i) Y67 may be O or S, and Y68 may be Si(R68a)(R68b), or ii) Y67 may be Si(R67a)(R67b), and Y68 may be O or S, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one embodiment, the third compound may be represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-5:
In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, ring CY71, ring CY72, X81, R71, R72, a71, and a72 may each independently be the same as described herein,
For example, L81 may be:
In one embodiment, a group represented by
in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8),
in Formulae 3-1 and 3-3 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8),
in Formulae 3-2 and 3-4 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32),
in Formulae 3-3 to 3-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or
in Formula 3-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),
In Formula 1, L2 may not be linked to neighboring R1 and/or R3. In other words, Formula 1 has one tridentate ligand and one monodentate ligand (for example, L2).
In one embodiment, the first compound may be selected from Compounds BD1 to BD105, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the second compound may be selected from Compounds ETH1 to ETH80, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may be selected from Compounds HTH1 to HTH28, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one embodiment, a weight ratio of the second compound to the third compound may be in a range of 1:9 to 9:1, 2:8 to 8:2, 3:7 to 7:3 or 4:6 to 6:4.
In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4 below:
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (eV) of the third compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the first compound Condition 1
LUMO energy level (eV) of the first compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the second compound Condition 2
highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the first compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound Condition 3
HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound Condition 4
The HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level of each of the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound are negative values and may be actually measured by any suitable method such as, for example, a method described in Evaluation Example 1.
In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the first compound and the LUMO energy level of the second compound may be about 0.1 eV or more and about 1.0 eV or less. An absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the first compound and the LUMO energy level of the third compound may be about 0.1 eV or more and about 1.0 eV or less. An absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the first compound and the HOMO energy level of the second compound may be about 1.25 eV or less (for example, about 1.25 eV or less and about 0.2 eV or more). An absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the first compound and the HOMO energy level of the third compound may be about 1.25 eV or less (for example, about 1.25 eV or less and about 0.2 eV or more).
When the organic light-emitting device satisfies the relationship between the LUMO energy level and the HOMO energy level described herein, hole and electron injection balance to the emission layer may be achieved.
The organic light-emitting device may be prepared according to a first embodiment or according to a second embodiment, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In the organic light-emitting device according to the first embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer, the emission layer may further include a host, the first compound and the host may be different from each other, and the emission layer may be configured to emit blue light emitted from the first compound.
For example, in the first embodiment, the first compound may act as a phosphorescence emitter (or a phosphorescent dopant).
In first embodiment, the blue light may be blue phosphorescence light emitted from the first compound.
In the organic light-emitting device according to the second embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer, the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant (or an emitter), the first compound, the host, and the dopant may be different from each other, and the emission layer may be configured to emit phosphorescence light or fluorescence light (for example, delayed fluorescence light) emitted from the dopant.
For example, in the second embodiment, the first compound may act as not an emitter but as an auxiliary dopant for transferring energy to the dopant (or the emitter).
In the second embodiment, the first compound may act as the emitter and may also act as the auxiliary dopant for transferring energy to the dopant (or the emitter).
For example, in the second embodiment, phosphorescence light or fluorescence light emitted from the dopant (or the emitter) may be blue phosphorescence light or blue fluorescence light (for example, blue delayed fluorescence light).
In the organic light-emitting device according to the second embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer, the emission layer may further include a host and a fluorescent dopant (for example, delayed fluorescence dopant), the fluorescent dopant does not include a transition metal, the first compound, the host, and the fluorescent dopant may be different from each other, the emission layer may be configured to emit both phosphorescence light from the first compound and fluorescence light (for example, delayed fluorescence light) from the fluorescent dopant.
In the second embodiment, the dopant (or the emitter) may be any suitable phosphorescent dopant material (for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401, or any combination thereof) or any suitable fluorescent dopant material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 501, a compound represented by Formula 502, or any combination thereof).
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the blue light may be blue light having a maximum emission wavelength of about 390 nm or more and about 500 nm or less (for example, about 430 nm or more and about 470 nm or less).
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the host may be any suitable host material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 301, a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof).
The above formulae 401, 501, 502, 301, 301-1 and 301-2 will be described below in detail.
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the host may be the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the host may be any suitable host material (for example, Compound ETH2, Compound ETH77, Compound HTH2, Compound HTH4, or any combination thereof), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
Another aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. Formula 1 may be the same as described herein above.
i) At least one of X1 to X3 in Formula 1 is a carbon atom (C) of a carbene moiety, ii) L2 in Formula 1 is not —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I as described above, and iii) M in Formula 1 is not iridium. Although the present disclosure is not limited to any specific mechanism or theory, when a film is formed by using the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, it is possible to minimize or reduce stacking between the organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1 (for example, the organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1 in which at least one of the R2(s) (e.g., R2(s) in the number of a2) is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group). Therefore, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, which includes the organometallic compound (or the first compound) represented by Formula 1 may have high luminescence efficiency and/or a long lifespan.
Another aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device may be electrically coupled with a source electrode or a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.
Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for a first electrode 110 may be a material having a high work function to facilitate hole injection.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming a first electrode 110 may be indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.
The organic layer 150 is on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.
The organic layer 150 may include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.
The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.
For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.
The hole transport region may include m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS(, polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201 below, a compound represented by Formula 202 below, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 201 and 202, L201 to L204 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
L205 may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q201)-*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
xa1 to xa4 may each independently be one of an integer from 0 to 3,
xa5 may be one of an integer from 1 to 10, and
R201 to R204 and Q201 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
For example, in Formula 202, R201 and R202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R203 and R204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,
L201 to L205 may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.
In one or more embodiments, R201 to R204 and Q201 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C1-C10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 are the same as described herein above.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of R201 to R203 in Formula 201 may each independently be a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C1-C10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R201 and R202 may be linked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R203 and R204 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of R201 to R204 in Formula 202 may be a carbazolyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C1-C10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1) below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1, L201 to L203, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R202 to R204 are the same as described herein above,
R211 and R212 may be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R203, and
R213 to R217 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C1-C10 alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
A thickness of the hole transport region may be from about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 3,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, suitable or satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase luminescence efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials as described above.
p-Dopant
The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
In one embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of about −3.5 eV or less.
The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:
In Formula 221, R221 to R223 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least one of R221 to R223 may have at least one substituent selected from a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with —F, a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with —Br, and a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with —I.
When the emission layer includes the dopant (or an emitter) described above and an auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or an emitter) and the auxiliary dopant may be different from each other.
In the present specification, the first compound may serve as the dopant (or an emitter) or the auxiliary dopant.
In the emission layer, an amount of the dopant (or an emitter) may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other (e.g., physically contact each other) or are separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer configured to emit white light.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301 below:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21. Formula 301
In Formula 301, Ar301 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C60 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
In one embodiment, Ar301 in Formula 301 may be a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 may each independently be a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
When xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more Ar301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 may be represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2 below:
In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2, ring A301 to ring A304 may each independently be a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a fluoranthene ring, a triphenylene ring, a pyrene ring, a chrysene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, an indene ring, a fluorene ring, a spiro-bifluorene ring, a benzofluorene ring, a dibenzofluorene ring, an indole ring, a carbazole ring, a benzocarbazole ring, a dibenzocarbazole ring, a furan ring, a benzofuran ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a naphthofuran ring, a benzonaphthofuran ring, a dinaphthofuran ring, a thiophene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a naphthothiophene ring, a benzonaphthothiophene ring, or a dinaphthothiophene ring,
For example, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, L301 to L304 may each independently be a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an benzoisothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an benzoisoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, or an azacarbazolylene group, each unsubstituted or substituted deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 are the same as described herein above.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, R301 to R304 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 are the same as described herein above.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth-metal complex. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
The host may include 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)diphenylsilane (BCPDS), (4-(1-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)cyclohexyl)phenyl)diphenyl-phosphine oxide (POPCPA), one of Compounds H1 to H55, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one embodiment, the host may include a silicon-containing compound (for example, BCPDS), a phosphine oxide-containing compound (for example, POPCPA), or any combination thereof.
However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one embodiment, the host may include only one compound, or two or more different compounds (for example, a host includes BCPDS and POPCPA).
The phosphorescent dopant may be a transition metal-containing organometallic complex.
For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401 below:
In Formulae 401 and 402, M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), or thulium (Tm)),
In one embodiment, A401 and A402 in Formula 402 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an benzoisothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X401 may be nitrogen, and X402 may be carbon, or ii) X401 and X402 may each be nitrogen at the same time
In one or more embodiments, R401 and R402 in Formula 402 may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two A401 (s) in two or more L401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via X407, which is a linking group, or when xc1 is 2 or more, two A402(s) in two or more L401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via, X408, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X407 and X408 may each independently be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q413)-*′, *—C(Q413)(Q414)-*′ or *—C(Q413)=C(Q414)-*′ (wherein Q413 and Q414 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
L402 in Formula 401 may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organic ligand. For example, L402 may be selected from halogen, diketone (for example, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate), —C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (for example, phosphine, or phosphite), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be selected from, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501 below, a compound represented by Formula 502 below, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 501 and 502, Ar501 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C60 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
In one embodiment, Ar501 in Formula 501 may be a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, or indeno phenanthrene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, A501 to A503 in Formula 502 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, an indeno phenanthrene group, or a group represented by Formula 503:
In Formula 503, A504 to A506 may each independently be the same as described in connection with A501 in Formula 502,
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 501 and 502, L501 to L505 may each independently be a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, or a pyridinylene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, R501 and R502 in Formula 501 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 may each independently be a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.
In one or more embodiments, R503 to R507 in Formula 502 may each independently be a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), or any combination thereof, and
Q31 to Q33 may each independently be a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.
In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, c11 to c13 in Formula 502 may be 0 or 1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1 to FD27:
In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from the following compounds, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.
The electron transport region may include the second compound as described above.
In one embodiment, the electron transport region may include a buffer layer. The buffer layer may directly contact (e.g., physically contact) the emission layer, and may include the second compound.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, which are stacked in this stated order on the emission layer, and the buffer layer may include the second compound as described above.
The electron transport region (for example, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.
The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring,” as used herein, refers to a C1-C60 heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.
For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed (e.g., combined together) with at least one C5-C60 carbocyclic group.
Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, an indazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, a phthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline, a phenanthridine, an acridine, a phenanthroline, a phenazine, a benzimidazole, an benzoisothiazole, a benzoxazole, an benzoisoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, a thiadiazole, an imidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole, but are not limited thereto.
For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601 below:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21. Formula 601
In Formula 601, Ar601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C60 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
In one embodiment, at least one of the Ar601(s) (e.g., Ar601(s) in the number of xe11) and the R601(s) (e.g., R601(s) in the number of xe21) may include the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.
In one embodiment, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an benzoisothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —S(═O)2(Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or any combination thereof, and
In Formula 601, when xe11 is 2 or more, two or more Ar601(s) may be linked via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1 below:
In Formula 601-1, X614 may be N or C(R614), X615 may be N or C(R615), X616 may be N or C(R616), and at least one selected from X614 to X616 may be N,
In one embodiment, L601 and L611 to L613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an benzoisothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an benzoisoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, or an azacarbazolylene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, R601 and R611 to R613 in Formula 601 and 601-1 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or any combination thereof; or
—S(═O)2(Q601) or —P(═O)(Q601)(Q602), and
Q601 and Q602 are the same as described herein above.
The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET36, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, the hole blocking layer or electron control layer may have excellent hole blocking characteristics or electron control characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
A thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have suitable or satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion from a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a metal ion from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy phenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 190.
The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal).
The alkali metal-containing compound may include alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O, alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (0<x<1), or BaxCa1-xO (0<x<1). The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth-metal complex may include i) one of ions of alkali metal, alkaline earth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above and ii) a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth-metal complex, and examples of the ligand include hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, hydroxy phenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601). When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When a thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, suitable or satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 190 may be on the organic layer 150 having such the structure described above. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 190 may be metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.
The second electrode 190 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure including a single layer, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.
A first capping layer may be outside of the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be outside of the second electrode 190. In more detail, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 are stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order.
Light generated in an emission layer of the organic layer 150 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may pass through the first electrode 110 and the first capping layer toward the outside, wherein the first electrode 110 may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode. Light generated in an emission layer of the organic layer 150 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may pass through the second capping layer toward the outside, wherein the second electrode 190 may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external luminescence efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds, porphyrine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, a naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth metal complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.
In one embodiment, at least one of first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
For example, at least one of first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
The organic light-emitting device 10 may be included in various suitable apparatuses. For example, a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or an electronic apparatus, which includes the organic light-emitting device 10, may be provided.
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device 10, a biometric information collector. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, and one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically coupled with one of the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 190 of the organic light-emitting device 10.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer, and/or the like.
The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The apparatus including the organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a sealing member which seals the organic light-emitting device 10. The sealing member may be between the color filter and the organic light-emitting device 10. The sealing member may be a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing member may be a thin-film encapsulating layer including a plurality of organic layers and/or a plurality of inorganic layers. When the sealing member is a thin-film encapsulating layer, the organic light-emitting device 10 may be flexible.
The light-emitting apparatus may be used as various suitable displays, light sources, and/or the like.
The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus for authenticating an individual by using biometric information of a biometric body (for example, a finger tip, a pupil, and/or the like).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device 10, a biometric information collector.
The electronic apparatus may be applied to personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram (ECG) displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
Layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C. by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a linear or branched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having the substantially same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., at the terminus) of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., at the terminus) of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is the C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity (e.g., is not aromatic), and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in its ring. Examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-hydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-hydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C6-C60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other (e.g., combined together). The term “C7-C60 alkylaryl group,” as used herein, refers to a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with at least one C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other (e.g., combined together). The term “C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group,” as used herein, refers to a C1-C60 heteroaryl group substituted with at least one C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group,” as used herein, refers to —OA102 (wherein A102 is the C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group,” as used herein, indicates —SA103 (wherein A103 is the C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other (e.g., combined together), only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entire molecular structure is not aromatic). An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other (e.g., combined together), at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, S, and B, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entire molecular structure is not aromatic). An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C5-C60 carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms in which a ring-forming atom is a carbon atom only. The term “C5-C60 carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be a ring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or a divalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C5-C60 carbocyclic group, the C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group. In one or more embodiments, a C5-C30 carbocyclic group is preferred to be used.
The term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a group having substantially the same structure as the C5-C60 carbocyclic group, except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60). In one or more embodiments, a C1-C30 heterocyclic group is preferred to be used.
In the present specification, at least one substituent of the substituted C5-C60 carbocyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C6-C60 arylene group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be:
In the present specification, Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23, and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; C2-C60 alkenyl group; C2-C60 alkynyl group; C1-C60 alkoxy group; C3-C10 cycloalkyl group; C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group; C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group; C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group; C6-C60 aryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; C6-C60 aryloxy group; C6-C60 arylthio group; C1-C60 heteroaryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “Ph,” as used herein, refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me,” as used herein, refers to a methyl group, the term “Et,” as used herein, refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But,” as used herein, refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe,” as used herein, refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group.” In other words, the “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
* and *′, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.
Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.
Compound BD2(1) (1.00 g, 1.71 mmol), 9H-carbazole-3,6-dicarbonitrile (0.45 g, 2.05 mmol), and NaOH (0.10 g, 2.57 mmol) were mixed with acetone (300 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and an organic layer was extracted therefrom three times by adding dichloromethane and water thereto. The extracted organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate and filtered by using celite, and chromatography was performed thereon to obtain Compound BD2 (0.79 g, 1.03 mmol) (yield=60%).
Compound BD7 (0.94 g, 1.08 mmol) (yield=63%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that Compound BD7(1) (1.17 g, 1.71 mmol) was used instead of Compound BD2(1).
Compound BD67 (0.85 g, 0.89 mmol) (yield=52%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that Compound BD67(1) (1.33 g, 1.71 mmol) was used instead of Compound BD2(1).
Compound BD102(1) (1.33 g, 1.71 mmol) and AgCN (0.27 g, 2.05 mmol) were mixed with dichloromethane (300 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, and an organic layer was extracted therefrom three times by adding water thereto. The extracted organic layer was dried by using magnesium sulfate and filtered by using celite, and chromatography was performed thereon to obtain Compound BD102 (0.92 g, 1.20 mmol) (yield=70%).
1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS data of Compounds synthesized according to Synthesis Examples 1 to 4 are shown in Table 1.
Compounds other than Compounds synthesized according to Synthesis Examples 1 to 4 may also be synthesized by referring to the synthesis mechanisms and source materials described above.
1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz)
3JH-H = 8.3), 7.42 (d, 1H, 3JH-H = 8.5),
3JH-H = 3.2), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.72
3JH-H = 3.2), 2.99 (m, 3H), 1.35
4JH-H = 3.0).
HOMO and LUMO energy levels of Compounds BD2, BD7, BD67, BD102, ETH2, ETH77, HTH2, and HTH4 were evaluated according to methods of Table 2, and results thereof are shown in Table 3.
From Table 3, it can be seen that Compounds BD2, BD7, BD67, BD102, ETH2, ETH77, HTH2, and HTH4 have HOMO and LUMO energy levels suitable for manufacturing an organic light-emitting device.
As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm2 (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.
2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl amino]biphenyl (NPB) was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.
Compound BD2 (first compound), Compound ETH2 (second compound), and Compound HTH2 (third compound) were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å. An amount of Compound BD2 was 10 wt % based on 100 wt % of the emission layer, and a weight ratio of Compound ETH2 to Compound HTH2 was adjusted to 5:5.
Compound ETH2 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a buffer layer having a thickness of 50 Å, Alq3 was vacuum-deposited on the buffer layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that Compounds shown in Table 4 were respectively used as a first compound, a second compound, and a third compound in forming an emission layer.
The driving voltage (V), current density (mA/cm2), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T90) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were measured at 1,000 cd/m2 by using a Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 4. In Table 4, the lifespan (T90) indicates an amount of time (hr) that lapsed when luminance was 90% of initial luminance (100%). A wavelength-emission intensity graph and a luminance-luminescence efficiency graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Example 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are shown in
From Table 4, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 7 have excellent or equivalent driving voltage and current density, as compared with the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and have excellent luminescence efficiency and lifespan characteristics, as compared with the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that Compound BD2 (first compound or dopant) and Compound HTH4 (host) were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å instead of vacuum-depositing Compound BD2 (first compound), Compound ETH2 (second compound), and Compound HTH2 (third compound) on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å. In forming the emission layer, an amount of Compound BD2 was adjusted to 10 wt % based on 100 wt % of the emission layer.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 8, except that Compounds shown in Table 5 were respectively used as a dopant and a host in forming an emission layer.
The driving voltage (V), current density (mA/cm2), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T90) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured at 300 cd/m2 according to Examples 8 to 11 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were measured at 300 cd/m2 by using a Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 5. In Table 5, the lifespan (T90) indicates an amount of time (hr) that lapsed when luminance was 90% of initial luminance (100%)
From Table 5, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 8 to 11 have excellent or equivalent driving voltage and current density, as compared with the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 3 and 4, and have excellent luminescence efficiency and lifespan characteristics, as compared with the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 3 and 4.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that Compound BD2 (first compound, auxiliary dopant), Compound ETH2 (second compound), Compound HTH2 (third compound), and Compound FD24 (fluorescent dopant, fluorescent emitter) were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å instead of vacuum-depositing Compound BD2 (first compound), Compound ETH2 (second compound), and Compound HTH2 (third compound) on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å. An amount of the fluorescent dopant Compound FD24 in forming the emission layer was adjusted to 0.5 wt % based on 100 wt % of the emission layer, and a weight ratio of Compound BD2 (first compound), Compound ETH2 (second compound), and Compound HTH2 (third compound) was adjusted to 9.5:45:45.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 12, except that Compounds shown in Table 6 were respectively used as a first compound, a second compound, a third compound, and a fluorescent dopant in forming an emission layer.
The driving voltage (V), current density (mA/cm2), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T90) of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 12 to 18 were measured at 1,000 cd/m2 by using a Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 6. In Table 6, the lifespan (T90) indicates an amount of time (hr) that lapsed when luminance was 90% of initial luminance (100%). A wavelength-emission intensity graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 5 and 12 to 15, a wavelength-emission intensity graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 16 to 18, a luminance-luminescence efficiency graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 5 and 12 to 18, and a time-luminance graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 12 to 18 are illustrated in
From Table 6, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 12 to 18 have excellent driving voltage, current density, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics.
A time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectrum of each of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 14 and 17 was measured by using a Tektronix TDS 460 Four Channel Digitizing Oscilloscope while a voltage pulse (a pulse width was in a range of 100 ns to 1 ms) was applied by using an AVTECCH AV-1011-B pulse generator, and results thereof are shown in
From
The organic light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage, high current density, high luminescence efficiency, and a long lifespan and may be used for manufacturing high-quality electronic apparatuses. The organometallic compound may be used for manufacturing an organic light-emitting device having high luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.
It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section described below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of explanation to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or in operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.
It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer, or one or more intervening elements or layers may be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “between” two elements or layers, it can be the only element or layer between the two elements or layers, or one or more intervening elements or layers may also be present.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, acts, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, acts, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.” As used herein, the terms “use,” “using,” and “used” may be considered synonymous with the terms “utilize,” “utilizing,” and “utilized,” respectively. Also, the term “exemplary” is intended to refer to an example or illustration.
Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all subranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.
While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2019-0071060 | Jun 2019 | KR | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/889,067, filed Jun. 1, 2020, which claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0071060, filed on Jun. 14, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16889067 | Jun 2020 | US |
| Child | 18414720 | US |
