ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

Abstract

Provided is an organic light-emitting device including an emission layer which includes a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer, wherein the host, the fluorescent emitter, and the sensitizer are different from each other, a ratio of a fluorescence component emitted from the fluorescent emitter with respect to total emission components emitted from the emission layer is about 70% or more, and the absolute value of the difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer is 0.5 eV or less.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0015200, filed on Feb. 7, 2020, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and all the benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an organic light-emitting device using an emission layer including a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices, which have improved characteristics in terms of viewing angles, response times, brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, and produce full-color images.

In an example, an organic light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer. A hole transport region may be between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. The holes and the electrons recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an organic light-emitting device using an emission layer including a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting device including

a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer,

wherein the emission layer includes a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer,

the host, the fluorescent emitter, and the sensitizer are different from each other,

a ratio of a fluorescence component emitted from the fluorescent emitter with respect to the total emission components emitted from the emission layer is about 70% or more,

an absolute value of the difference between a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the fluorescent emitter and a HOMO energy level of the sensitizer is 0.5 eV or less,

the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer are each evaluated by using a density functional theory (DFT) method, and

the sensitizer includes an organometallic compound including a transition metal, a delayed fluorescence compound that does not include a transition metal, or any combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 shows the time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectra of device 1 and device A, respectively;

FIG. 3 shows the TREL spectra of device 2 and device B, respectively;

FIG. 4 shows the TREL spectra of device 3 and device C, respectively; and

FIG. 5 shows the TREL spectra of device 3 and device D, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to cover both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

“Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements The exemplary term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.

“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

[Description of FIG. 1]

FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an exemplary embodiment. Hereinafter, the structure of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment will be described in connection with FIG. 1.

The organic light-emitting device 10 of FIG. 1 includes a first electrode 11, a second electrode 19 facing the first electrode 11, and an organic layer 10A located between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 19.

The organic layer 10A includes an emission layer 15, a hole transport region 12 may be located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15, and an electron transport region 17 may be located between the emission layer 15 and the second electrodes 19.

A substrate may be additionally located under the first electrode 11 or above the second electrode 19. For use as the substrate, any substrate that is used in organic light-emitting devices available in the art may be used, and the substrate may be a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water resistance.

[First Electrode 11]

In one or more embodiments, the first electrode 11 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 11 on the substrate. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may include a material with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 11 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming a first electrode may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 11 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflectable electrode, a material for forming a first electrode may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combinations thereof.

The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

[Emission Layer 15]

The emission layer 15 may include a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer.

The host, the fluorescent emitter, and the sensitizer may be different from each other. That is, the emission layer 15 may include three or more compounds different from each other.

The ratio of a fluorescence component emitted from the fluorescent emitter with respect to the total emission components emitted from the emission layer 15 may be about 70% or more, for example, about 70% to about 100%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 85%, or about 70% to about 80%.

The fluorescence component emitted from the fluorescent emitter may be an emission component emitted while the excitons of the fluorescent emitter transit from a singlet excited state to a ground state. Therefore, the emission layer 15 may be a fluorescent emission layer. The fluorescent emission layer is distinguishable from a phosphorescent emission layer which includes a phosphorescent emitter (for example, an organometallic compound including a transition metal) and of which the ratio of a phosphorescence component emitted from the phosphorescent emitter with respect to the total emission components is about 70% or more.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may be a prompt fluorescent emitter, and not a delayed fluorescence emitter. Therefore, the emission layer 15 may be a prompt fluorescent emission layer. The prompt fluorescent emission layer is distinguishable from a delayed fluorescence emission layer which includes a delayed fluorescent emitter wherein the ratio of a delayed fluorescence component emitted from the delayed fluorescent emitter with respect to the total emission components is about 70% or more.

The absolute value of the difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer may be 0.5 eV or less, 0.45 eV or less, 0.4 eV or less, 0.35 eV or less, 0.3 eV or less, 0.25 eV or less, 0.2 eV or less, or 0.15 eV or less. For example, the absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer may be from about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.45 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.4 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.35 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.3 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.25 eV, from about 0 eV to about 0.2 eV, or from about 0 eV to about 0.15 eV. In this regard, the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer may each be evaluated by, for example, a density functional theory (DFT) method using a Gaussian 09 program. In one or more embodiments, the DFT method may use a 6-31G (d, p) basis set.

On the other hand, a turn-on time at which the electroluminescent (EL) intensity of a time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectrum of the organic light-emitting device 10 is about 70% of the maximum EL intensity of the TREL spectrum of the organic light-emitting device 10 may be from about 1 μs to about 50 μs, from about 10 μs to about 50 μs, from about 10 μs to about 30 μs, or from about 10 μs to about 20 μs.

In one or more embodiments, the turn-on time change (ΔT) of the TREL spectrum of the organic light-emitting device 10 may be from about −30% to about 0%, about −30% to about −1%, about −30% to about −5%, about −30% to about −10%, or about −30% to about −15%. The turn-on time change (ΔT) of the electroluminescent spectrum may be represented by <Equation 1>:

ΔT=[T1(70%)−T2(70%)]/T2(70%)×100.   <Equation 1>

In Equation 1,

T1 (70%) is the time when the electroluminescence (EL) intensity of the TREL spectrum of an organic light-emitting device X1 described in this disclosure reaches 70% of the maximum EL intensity thereof,

T2 (70%) is the time when the EL intensity of the TREL spectrum of an organic light-emitting device X2 reaches 70% of the maximum EL intensity thereof, wherein the organic light-emitting device X2 is identical to the organic light-emitting device X1 described in this disclosure, except that a fluorescent emitter is not included therein, and the ratio of an emission component emitted from the sensitizer with respect to the total emission components emitted from the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device X2 may be 70% or more.

For example, the set of the organic light-emitting device X1 and the organic light-emitting device X2 may be the set of device 1 and device A described in examples described herein.

When the HOMO energy level relationship between the fluorescent emitter and the sensitizer, the turn-on time of the TREL spectrum of the organic light-emitting device 10, and/or the turn-on time change (ΔT) of the TREL of the organic light-emitting device 10 (see <Equation 1>) satisfy the relations described above, the dexter energy transfer from the sensitizer to the fluorescent emitter, and the direct exciton recombination in the fluorescent emitter can be minimized. Accordingly, the organic light-emitting device 10 may have high emission efficiency and a long lifespan.

Not wishing to be bound by theory, 25% singlet excitons formed in the host in the emission layer 15 are transferred to the sensitizer via Förster energy transfer, and the energy of 75% triplet excitons formed in the host may be transited into the singlet excited state and triplet excited state of the sensitizer. Triplet excitons transferred to the triplet exciton state are subjected to reverse inter-system crossing into a singlet exciton state, and then, singlet excitons of the sensitizer can be transitioned into the singlet excited state of the fluorescent emitter via Förster energy transfer. Thus, the singlet excitons and triplet excitons generated in the emission layer 15 are all transferred to the singlet excited state of the fluorescent emitter, so that the organic light-emitting device 10 can have excellent emission efficiency and lifespan characteristics.

For example, the emission layer 15 may consist of the host, the fluorescent emitter, and the sensitizer.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The total amount of the fluorescent emitter and the sensitizer in the emission layer 15 may be, based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer 15, from about 0.5 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight, from about 1 part by weight to about 30 parts by weight, or from about 5 parts by weight to about 20 parts by weight. On the other hand, the weight ratio of the fluorescent emitter to the sensitizer may be in the range of 10:90 to 90:10, for example, 30:70 to 70:30. When the total amount range of the fluorescent emitter and sensitizer and/or the weight ratio of the fluorescent emitter to the sensitizer are satisfied, the emission layer 15 may contribute to securing the high emission efficiency and long lifespan of the organic light-emitting device 10 without quenching of concentration.

[Host in Emission Layer 15]

The host may include no metal.

The host may be one kind of compound, or a mixture of two or more different kinds of compounds. The fluorescent emitter may be one kind of compound, or a mixture of two or more different kinds of compounds. The sensitizer may be one kind of compound, or a mixture of two or more different kinds of compounds.

The host may be any host.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one of an amphiprotic host, an electron transport host, a hole transport host, or any combination thereof. The amphiprotic host, the electron transport host, and the hole transport host may be different from one another.

The electron transport host may include at least one electron transport group.

The hole transport host may not include an electron transport group.

The “electron transport group” used herein may include a cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, a group represented by one of the following formulae, or any combination thereof:

wherein *, *′, and *″ in the formulae above are each a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host of the emission layer 15 may include a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host in the emission layer 15 may include at least one cyano group.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host in the emission layer 15 may include at least one cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the host includes an electron transport host and a hole transport host, the electron transport host may include at least one π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, at least one electron transport group, or any combination thereof, the hole transport host may include at least one π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, and may not include an electron transport group, and the electron transport group may include a cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host may include i) a cyano group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof and ii) a triphenylene group, a carbazole group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport host may include at least one carbazole group.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host may include a compound represented by Formula E-1, and the hole transport host may include a compound represented by Formula H-1:

[Ar₃₀₁]_xb11-[(L₃₀₁)_xb1-R₃₀₁]_xb21   <Formula E-1>

In Formula E-1,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_301a or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_301a,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may each independently be a single bond, a group represented by one of the following formulae, a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_301a, or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_301a, wherein *, *′ and *″ in the following formulae may each be a binding site to a neighboring atom,

xb1 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

R_301a and R₃₀₁ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), or —P(═S)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and at least one of <Condition 1> to <Condition 3> is satisfied:

<Condition 1>

Ar₃₀₁, L₃₀₁, R₃₀₁, or any combination thereof in Formula E-1 may each independently include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group.

<Condition 2>

L₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 is a group represented by the following groups:

<Condition 3>

R₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 may be a cyano group, —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), or —P(═S)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂).

Ar₄₀₁-(L₄₀₁)_xd1-(Ar₄₀₂)_xd11   <Formula H-1>

In Formulae H-1, 11, and 12,

L₄₀₁ may be:

a single bond; or

an π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), or any combination thereof;

xd1 may be an integer from 1 to 10, wherein when xd1 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

Ar₄₀₁ may be a group represented by Formulae 11 or 12,

Ar₄₀₂ may be:

a group represented by Formula 11 or 12; or

a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group (for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group), unsubstituted or substituted deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, tetraphenyl group, or any combination thereof;

CY₄₀₁ and CY₄₀₂ may each independently be a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group (a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzosilole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, or a benzonaphthosilole group),

A₂₁ may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₅₁), C(R₅₁)(R₅₂), or Si(R₅₁)(R₅₂),

A₂₂ may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₅₃), C(R₅₃)(R₅₄), or Si(R₅₃)(R₅₄),

at least one of A₂₁, A₂₂, or a combination thereof in Formula 12 is not a single bond,

R₅₁ to R₅₄, R₆₀, and R₇₀ may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

• • a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof;

a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₄₀₄)(Q₄₀₅)(Q₄₀₆),

e1 and e2 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₃₀₁ and L₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(bipheny)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —S(Q₁)(Q₃₂)(Qa₃), —N(Q₁)(Qa₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₃₂), —C(—O)(Q₃₁), —S(—O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof,

at least one of Lao(s) in the number of xb1 may each independently be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof,

R₃₀₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —S(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(—O)(Q₃₁), —S(—O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(—O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments,

Ar₃₀₁ may be: a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof; or

a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and Formulae 6-1 to 6-33, and

L₃₀₁ may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and Formulae 6-1 to 6-33:

In Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and 6-1 to 6-33,

Z₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

d4 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

d3 may be 0, 1, 2, or 3,

d2 may be 0, 1, or 2, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, L₃₀₁ may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-2, 5-3 and 6-8 to 6-33.

In one or more embodiments, R₃₀₁ may be a cyano group or a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18, and at least one of Ar₄₀₂(s) in the number of xd11 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18:

In Formulae 7-1 to 7-18,

xb41 to xb44 may each be 0, 1, or 2, wherein xb41 in Formula 7-10 is not 0, the sum of xb41 and xb42 in Formulae 7-11 to 7-13 is not 0, the sum of xb41, xb42, and xb43 in Formulae 7-14 to 7-16 is not 0, the sum of xb41, xb42, xb43, and xb44 in Formulae 7-17 and 7-18 is not 0, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) in Formula E-1 may be identical to or different from each other, two or more L₃₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other, two or more L₄₀₁(s) in Formula H-1 may be identical to or different from each other, and two or more Ar₄₀₂(s) in Formula H-1 may be identical to or different from each other.

An example of the electron transport host may be a compound of groups HE1 to HE7:

<Group He1>

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport host may include at least one of compounds H—H1 to H—H103:

In one or more embodiments, the amphiprotic host may be a compound of group HEH1:

Ph used herein refers to a phenyl group.

In one or more embodiments, compound H1 may be used as the hole transport host. In one or more embodiments, compound H2 may be used as the electron transport host:

When the host is a mixture of an electron transport host and a hole transport host, the weight ratio of the electron transport host and hole transport host may be 1:9 to 9:1, for example, 2:8 to 8:2, for example, 4:6 to 6:4, for example, 5:5. When the weight ratio of the electron transport host and the hole transport host satisfies the above-described ranges, the hole-and-electron transport balance in the emission layer 15 may be made. [Fluorescent emitter in emission layer 15]

The fluorescent emitter may be any compound that can emit fluorescent light.

For example, the fluorescent emitter may be a prompt fluorescent emitter.

The maximum emission wavelength of the emission spectrum of the fluorescent emitter may be 400 nm or more and 550 nm or less. For example, the maximum emission wavelength of the emission spectrum of the fluorescent emitter may be 400 nm or more and 495 nm or less, or 450 nm or more and 495 nm or less. In other words, the fluorescent emitter may emit blue light. The “maximum emission wavelength” refers to a wavelength at which the emission intensity is the greatest, and may also be referred to as “a peak emission wavelength”.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may not include metal atoms.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may not include a transition metal.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may include a condensed polycyclic compound, a styryl compound, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may include a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group (or, a tetracene group), a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a group represented by one of Formulae 501-1 to 501-18, or any combination thereof:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may include an amine-containing compound, a carbazole-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may include a styryl-amine-based compound, a styryl-carbazole-based compound, or any combination thereof.

For example, the fluorescent emitter may include a compound represented by Formula 501, a compound represented by Formula 502, or any combination thereof:

In Formulae 501 and 502,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, or a group represented by one of Formula 501-1 to 501-18, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₅₀₁)(Q₅₀₂)(Q₅₀₃), or any combination thereof,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be:

a single bond; or

a substituted or unsubstituted, a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₅₀₁)(Q₅₀₂)(Q₅₀₃), or any combination thereof, xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₅₀₁)(Q₅₀₂)(Q₅₀₃), or any combination thereof,

R₅₀₅ and 8506 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, or —Si(Q₅₀₁)(Q₅₀₂)(Q₅₀₃),

xd5 and xd6 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4, and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6,

wherein 0501 to Q₅₀₃ may each independently be hydrogen, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 may be an integer from 2 to 6 (or, 2, 3, or 4).

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may include a compound represented by one of Formulae 502-1 to 502-5:

In Formulae 502-1 to 502-5,

X51 may be N or C-[(L₅₀₁)_xd1-R₅₀₁], X52 may be N or C-[(L₅₀₂)_xd2-R₅₀₂], X₅₃ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₃)_xd3-R₅₀₃], X₅₄ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₄)_xd4-R₅₀₄], X₅₅ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₅)_xd5-R₅₀₅], X₅₆ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₆)_xd6-R₅₀₆], X₅₇ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₇)_xd7-R₅₀₇], and X₅₈ may be N or C-[(L₅₀₈)_xd8-R₅₀₈],

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₈ are each the same as described in connection with L₅₀₁ in Formula 501, xd1 to xd8 are each the same as described in connection with xd1 in Formula 501, R₅₀₁ to R₅₀₈ may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; or

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof,

xd11 and xd12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,

two of R₅₀₁ to R₅₀₄ may optionally be linked together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring, and

two of R₅₀₅ to R₅₀₈ may optionally be linked together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring.

The fluorescent emitter may include at least one compound, for example, of the following compounds FD(1) to FD(16) and FD1 to FD24:

The amount of the fluorescent emitter in the emission layer may be, based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer, from about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, about 0.5 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight, or about 1 part by weight to about 10 parts by weight.

[Sensitizer in Emission Layer 15]

The sensitizer may include an organometallic compound including a transition metal, a delayed fluorescence emission compound that does not include a transition metal, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the sensitizer may include an organometallic compound including platinum (Pt).

In one or more embodiments, the sensitizer may include Pt and an organic ligand (L₁₁), and L₁₁ and Pt may form 1, 2, 3, or 4 cyclometallated rings.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 101:

Pt(L₁₁)_n11(L₁₂)_n12   <Formula 101>

In Formula 101,

L₁₁ is a ligand represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-4;

L₁₂ may be a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand,

n11 may be 1, and

n12 may be 0, 1, or 2.

In Formulae 1-1 to 1-4,

A₁ to A₄ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aa C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a non-cyclic group,

Y₁₁ to Y₁₄ may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, N(R₉₁), B(R₉₁), P(R₉₁), or C(R₉₁)(R₉₂),

T₁ to T₄ may each independently be a single bond, a double bond, *—N(R₉₃)—*′, *—B(R₉₃)—*′, *—P(R₉₃)—*′, *—C(R₉₃)(R₉₄)—*′, *—Si(R₉₃)(R₉₄)—*′, *—Ge(R₉₃)(R₉₄)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂-*′, *—C(R₉₃)=*′, *=C(R₉₃)—*′, *—C(R₉₃)═C(R₉₄)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′,

R_10a and R₉₁ to R₉₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂),

*₁, *₂, *₃, and *₄ each indicate a binding site to M₁₁, and

a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, or a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —Si(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —Ge(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇), —P(═O)(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), —P(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), or any combination thereof;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —Si(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —Ge(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇), —P(═O)(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), —P(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), or any combination thereof;

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —Ge(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), —P(═O)(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉) or —P(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉); or

any combination thereof.

Q₁ to Q₉, Q₁₁ to Q₁₉, Q₂₁ to Q₂₉, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₉ are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group; a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group; a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group; an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group; a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group; a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, at least one of a bond between Pt and L₁₁ in Formula 101 may be a Pt-carbene bond.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 101,

L₁₁ is a ligand represented by Formula 1-3,

Y₁₁ in Formula 1-3 may be a chemical bond,

A₁ in Formula 1-3 may be a benzimidazole group or an imidazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, and

a bond between Pt in Formula 101 and Ai in Formula 1-3 may be a Pt-carbene bond.

For example, an example of the sensitizer may be a compound of Groups I to V:

In one or more embodiments, the sensitizer may include a delayed fluorescence compound that does not include transition metal.

For example, the sensitizer may include a delayed fluorescence compound represented by Formula 201 or 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

A₂₁ is an acceptor group,

D₂₁ is a donor group,

m₂₁ may be 1, 2, or 3, and n₂₁ may be 1, 2, or 3,

the sum of n₂₁ and m₂₁ in Formula 201 may be 6 or less, and the sum of n₂₁ and m₂₁ in Formula 202 may be 5 or less,

R₂₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), and a plurality of R₂₁ (s) may optionally be linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group; a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group; a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group; an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group; a C₆—C₆₀ aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group; a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 201 and 202,

D₂₁ may be a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a di(C₁-C₆₀ alkyl)fluorenyl group, a di(C₆-C₆₀ aryl)fluorenyl group, a (C₁-C₆₀ alkyl)carbazolyl group, a (C₆-C₆₀ aryl)carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof,

A₂₁ may be:

—F or a cyano group;

• • a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_21a; or

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group or a π electron-rich C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with —F, a cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, or any combination thereof, and

R_21a is the same as described in connection with R₂₁ in the present specification.

For example, an example of the sensitizer may be a compound of Groups VII to XI:

In one or more embodiments, the sensitizer may be compound S-1, S-2, or S-3:

The amount of the sensitizer may be, based on 100 parts by weight of the host in the emission layer, from about 1 part by weight to about 30 parts by weight, or from about 1 part by weight to about 20 parts by weight.

[Hole Transport Region 12]

The hole transport region 12 may be located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

The hole transport region 12 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

For example, the hole transport region 12 may have a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer structure, a hole transport layer/middle layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/middle layer structure, a hole transport layer/electron blocking layer or hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure.

The hole transport region 12 may include any compound having hole transport properties.

For example, the hole transport region 12 may include an amine-based compound.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 1 may include a compound represented by one of Formulae 201 to 205, or any combination thereof:

In Formulae 201 to 205,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₉ may each independently *-be O—*′, *—S—*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xa1 to xa may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein neighboring two groups of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

For example,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₉ may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a corogen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or a triindolobenzene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), or any combination thereof,

xa1 to xa9 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, or a benzothienocarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof, wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound and a carbazole-free amine-based compound.

The carbazole-containing amine-based compound may be, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 i) including a carbazole group and ii) further including a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or any combination thereof.

The carbazole-free amine-based compound may be, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 i) which do not include a carbazole group and ii) which include a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one compound represented by Formulae 201 or 202.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one compound represented by Formulae 201-1, 202-1 and 201-2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 201-1, 202-1, and 201-2, L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, L₂₀₅, xa1 to xa3, xa5, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ are the same as described herein, and R₂₁₁ to R₂₁₃ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

For example, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one of Compounds HT1 to HT39.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a p-dopant. When the hole transport region 12 further includes a p-dopant, the hole transport region 12 may have a matrix (for example, at least one compound represented by Formulae 201 to 205) and a p-dopant included in the matrix. The p-dopant may be uniformly or non-uniformly doped in the hole transport region 12.

In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, a cyano group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ),2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and F6-TCNNQ;

a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;

1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN);

a compound represented by Formula 221 below; or

any combination thereof.

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and at least one R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one of a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Br, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I, or any combination thereof.

The hole transport region 12 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 10000 Å, for example, about 400 Å to about 2000 Å, and the emission layer 15 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 3000 Å, for example, about 300 Å to about 1000 Å. When the thickness of each of the hole transport region 12 and the emission layer 15 is within these ranges described above, satisfactory hole transportation characteristics and/or luminescent characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Electron Transport Region 17]

The electron transport region 17 is placed between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

The electron transport region 17 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

For example, the electron transport region 17 may have an electron transport layer, an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer structure, hole blocking layer/electron transport layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure. The electron transport region 17 may further include an electron control layer.

The electron transport region 17 may include known electron transport materials.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group. The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group is the same as described above.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601 below:

[Ar₆₀₁]_xe11-[(L₆₀₁)_xe1-R₆₀₁]_xe21   <Formula 601>

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_601a or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_601a,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R_601a and R₆₀₁ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 and R₆₀₁ (s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group.

In one or more embodiments, ring Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof, and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in connection with

R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or any combination thereof; or

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include at least one of Compounds ET1 to ET36:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, or any combination thereof:

Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region 17 (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may include a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, a Cs ion, or any combination thereof and a m etal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, a Ba ion, or any combination thereof. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region 17 may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 19. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 19.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof.

The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs.

The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof.

The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or any combination thereof, of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may include alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal compound may include LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, Kl, or any combination thereof.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may include alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_xSr_1-xO (0<x<1), or Ba_xCa_1-xO (0<x<1). In one or more embodiments, the alkaline earth-metal compound may include BaO, SrO, CaO, or any combination thereof.

The rare earth metal compound may include YbF₃, ScF₃, scO₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, TbF₃, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal compound may include YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, Ybl₃, Scl₃, Tbl₃, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth-metal, or rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may include hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Second Electrode 19]

The second electrode 19 is located on the organic layer 10A having such a structure. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 19 may be a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 19 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 19 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 19 may have a single-layered structure having a single layer or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device has been described with reference to FIGURE, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Explanation of Terms

All groups and compounds are understood to include all possible isomers, including structural isomers, occurring in the groups or compounds. Structural isomers differ from each other in the connectivity of the constituent atoms. By way of general example, and without limitation, the structural isomers of oxadiazole include 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiaozole.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₄ (wherein A₁₀₄ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, and an isopropylthio group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated monocyclic group having at least one N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, B, or any combination thereof as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ Cheterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ Cheterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, B, or any combination thereof as a ring-forming atom, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Examples of the C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group are a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ Cheterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group including at least one N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Ge, S, or any combination thereof as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one heteroatom-carbon double bond, heteroatom-heteroatom double bond, or a combination thereof in its ring. Examples of the unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ Cheterocyclic group include an oxazine group and an imidazoline group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocarbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, B, or any combination thereof as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least one N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, B, or any combination thereof as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group used herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” used herein refers to a monovalent group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, only carbon is used as a ring-forming atom (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be 8 to 60) and the whole molecule is a non-aromaticity group. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, a heteroatom N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge and B, other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group” used herein refers to a cyclic group that includes at least one *—N=*′(* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom) as a ring-forming moiety and has 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and may be, for example, a) a first ring, b) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, or c) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one first ring is condensed with at least one second ring.

The term “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group” used herein refers to a cyclic group which has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *—N=*′(* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom) as a ring forming moiety, and may be, for example, a) second ring or b) a cyclic group in which two or more second rings are fused each other.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group” used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group that has 5 to 60 carbon atoms, and may be, for example, a) a third ring or b) a cyclic group in which two or more third rings are condensed each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group which includes at least one heteroatom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and may be, for example, a) a fourth ring, b) a cyclic group in which two or more fourth rings are condensed with each other, or c) a cyclic group in which at least one third ring is condensed with at least one fourth ring.

The term “first ring” used herein refers to an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, or a thiadiazole group.

The term “second ring” used herein refers to a benzene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, or a silole group.

The term “third ring” used herein refers to a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane(norbornane) group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, or a benzene group.

The “fourth ring” used herein refers to afuran group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a 1,2,3-oxadiazole group, a 1,2,4-oxadiazole group, a 1,2,5-oxadiazole group, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, a isothiazole group, a 1,2,3-thiadiazole group, a 1,2,4-thiadiazole group, a 1,2,5-thiadiazole group, a 1,3,4-thiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, a imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, a azasilole group, a diazasilole group, a triazasilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group.

For example, the π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an acridine group, or a pyridopyrazine group.

For example, the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, an isoindole group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a naphthopyrrole group, a naphthofuran group, a naphthothiophene group, a naphthosilole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a triindolobenzene group, a pyrrolophenanthrene group, a furanophenanthrene group, a thienophenanthrene group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, an (indolo)phenanthrene group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrene group, or a (benzothieno)phenanthrene group.

For example, the C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, or a norbornene group.

For example, the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may be a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a borole group, a phosphole group, a selenophene group, germole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group.

The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group, and the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may each be a part of a condensed cycle, or a monovalent, divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, or hexavalent group, depending on the formula structure.

A substituent of the substituted π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group, the substituted π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, the substituted C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C—C₆₀ alkylthio group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may each independently be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —Si(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —Ge(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇), —P(═O)(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), —P(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), or any combination thereof;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —Si(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —Ge(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇), —P(═O)(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), —P(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), or any combination thereof;

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —Ge(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), —P(═O)(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉), or —P(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉); or any combination thereof.

Q₁ to Q₉, Q¹¹ to Q₁₉, Q₂₁ to Q₂₉, and Q³¹ to Q₃₉ used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group; a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group; a C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group; an unsaturated C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group; a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, Q₁ to Q₉, Q₁₁ to Q₁₉, Q₂₁ to Q₂₉ and 031 to Q₃₉ described herein may each independently be: —CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, or —CD₂CDH₂; or an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group, or any combination thereof.

The term “room temperature” used herein refers to a temperature of about 25° C.

The terms “a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to monovalent groups in which two, three, or four phenyl groups which are linked together via a single bond.

The terms “a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, and a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group, each of which is substituted with at least one cyano group. In “a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, and a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group”, a cyano group may be substituted to any position of the corresponding group, and the “cyano-containing phenyl group, the cyano-containing biphenyl group, the cyano-containing terphenyl group, and the cyano-containing tetraphenyl group” may further include substituents other than a cyano group. For example, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, and a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, and a methyl group may all belong to “a cyano-containing phenyl group.”

Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments are described in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording ‘″B’ was used instead of ‘A’″ used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an amount of ‘A’ used was identical to an amount of ‘B’ used, in terms of a molar equivalent.

EXAMPLES

Preparation of Device 1

A glass substrate with an ITO electrode provided thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm and then, sonicated in acetone isopropyl alcohol and pure water, each for 15 minutes, and then, washed by exposure to UV ozone for 30 minutes.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the ITO electrode (anode) on the glass substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Å, NPB was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a first hole transport layer having a thickness of 500 Å, TCTA was deposited on the first hole transport layer to form a second hole transport layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and mCP was deposited on the second hole transport layer to form an electron blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å thickness.

A first host (H1), a second host (H2), a sensitizer (S-1), and a fluorescent emitter (FD11) were co-deposited on the electron blocking layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å. In this regard, the weight ratio of the first host, the second host, and the sensitizer was 60:40:10, and the amount of the fluorescent emitter was controlled to be 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the first host, the second host, the sensitizer and the fluorescent emitter.

DBFPO was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and then, DBFPO and Liq were co-deposited thereon at the weight ratio of 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, and then, Liq was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness 1000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

Preparation of Devices 2 to 4 and Devices A to D

Devices 2 to 4 and devices A to D were manufactured in the same method as used to manufacture the device 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 were used to form the emission layer. Devices A to D did not include the fluorescent emitters used in devices 1 to 4, respectively, and among devices A to D, the sensitizer acted as an emitter.

TABLE 1
	Host		Fluorescent
Device No.	First host	Second host	Sensitizer	emitter
1 (Example)	H1	H2	S-1	FD11
A	H1	H2	S-1	—
2 (Example)	H1	H2	S-2	FD11
B	H1	H2	S-2	—
3 (Example)	H1	H2	S-3	FD19
C	H1	H2	S-3	—
4 (Comparative	H1	H2	S-A	FD11
Example)
D	H1	H2	S-A	—

Evaluation Example 1

The HOMO energy level of each of the following compounds was evaluated using a Gaussian 09 program, based on a quantum chemical calculation method on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) using a 6-31G (d, p) basis set. Results are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2
					Absolute
					value (eV)
					of the
					difference
					between the
					HOMO
					energy level
					of the
					fluorescent
			emitter
			and the
			HOMO
	Sensitizer	Fluorescent emitter	energy level
	Compound	HOMO	Compound	HOMO	of the
Device No.	No.	(eV)	No.	(eV)	sensitizer
1 (Example)	S-1	−4.61	FD11	−4.638	0.028
2 (Example)	S-2	−4.65	FD11	−4.638	0.012
3 (Example)	S-3	−5.362	FD19	−5.236	0.126
4 (Comparative	S-A	−5.25	FD11	−4.638	0.612
Example)

From Table 2, it can be seen that the absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer in each of device 1 to device 3 was 0.5 eV or less, but the difference between the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer in device 4 exceeded 0.5 eV.

Evaluation Example 2

The TREL spectrum of each of device 1 and device A was measured by using a photomultiplier tube (PMT, Hamamatsu, H10721) and a digital storage oscilloscope (Agilent Technologies, DS09104A) device after a square-wave electric field was applied using a pulse function arbitrary noise generator (Agilent Technologies, 81150A). Then, with respect to each of device 1 and device A, the time when the EL intensity of the TREL spectrum reached 70% of the maximum EL intensity was measured, and then, the turn-on time change (ΔT) of TREL spectrum of device 1 was evaluated therefrom. The turn-on time change (ΔT) of TREL spectrum of device 1 was evaluated by calculating “(10.31 μs-12.48 μs)/12.48 μs×100(%)” based on <Equation 1> described herein. Then, the external quantum efficiency (EQE (%) at 1000 cd/m²) and lifespan (T95(hr) at 1000 cd/m²) of each of device 1 and device A were evaluated using a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A). Results thereof are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. This experiment was repeatedly performed on devices 2, B, 3, C, 4, and D, and results thereof were summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Lifespan (T95) was measured by evaluating the time to achieve 95% luminance with respect to 100% of initial luminance. In Table 4, 1) the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device 1 were represented as relative values (%) with respect to the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device A, respectively, 2) the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device 2 were represented as relative values (%) with respect to the EQE and lifespan (T95) of the device B, respectively, 3) the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device 3 were represented as relative values (%) with respect to the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device C, respectively, and 4) the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device 4 were represented as relative values (%) with respect to the EQE and lifespan (T95) of device D, respectively. Meanwhile, the TREL spectra of device 1 and device A, the TREL spectra of device 2 and device B, the TREL spectra device 3 and device C, and the TREL spectra of device 4 and device D are shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, respectively.

TABLE 3
			Time (μs)
			taken when
			the EL
			intensity
			of the TREL
			spectrum
			reaches 70%	Turn-on
			of the	time
			maximum	change
			EL intensity	of TREL
		Fluorescent	of the TREL	spectrum
Device No.	Sensitizer	emitter	spectrum	(ΔT, %)
1 (Example)	S-1	FD11	10.31	−17%
A	S-1	—	12.48	—
2 (Example)	S-2	FD11	14.34	−22%
B	S-2	—	18.50	—
3 (Example)	S-3	FD19	18.75	−28%
C	S-3	—	25.99	—
4 (Comparative	S-A	FD11	8.33	−68%
Example)
D	S-A	—	25.90	—

TABLE 4
			EQE (%) at	Lifespan (T95)
			1000 cd/m2	at 1000 cd/m2
		Fluorescent	(relative	(Relative
Device No.	Sensitizer	emitter	value, %)	value, %)
1 (Example)	S-1	FD11	76%	200%
A	S-1	—	100%	100%
2 (Example)	S-2	FD11	71%	469%
B	S-2	—	100%	100%
3 (Example)	S-3	FD19	72%	140%
C	S-3	—	100%	100%
4 (Comparative	S-A	FD11	33%	38%
Example)
D	S-A	—	100%	100%

From Tables 3 and 4 and FIGS. 2 to 5, it can be seen that the turn-on time change (ΔT,%) of the TREL spectrum of device 1 to device 3 is greater than the turn-on time change (ΔT,%) of the TREL spectrum of device 4. In one or more embodiments, it can be seen that device 1 to device 3 show excellent external quantum efficiency and lifespan characteristics compared to each of device A to device C which do not include a fluorescent emitter.

According to Table 4, each of devices 1, 2 and 3 (Examples) in which the fluorescent emitter acts as an emitter, compared to the corresponding device of the devices A, B and C in which the sensitizer acts as an emitter, has a slightly reduced EQE but has improved lifespan characteristics. Accordingly, it can be seen that devices 1, 2 and 3 (Examples) have improved lifespan characteristics while minimizing the decrease in EQE.

However, device 4 (Comparative Example), in which the fluorescent emitter acts as an emitter, has a significantly reduced EQE and, at the same time, significantly reduced lifespan characteristics, compared to device D in which the sensitizer acts as an emitter. Accordingly, it can be seen that the lifespan of device 4 (Comparative Example) was not improved.

The organic light-emitting device according to the present disclosure can have high efficiency and a long lifespan.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein the organic layer comprises an emission layer,wherein the emission layer comprises a host, a fluorescent emitter, and a sensitizer,the host, the fluorescent emitter, and the sensitizer are different from each other,a ratio of a fluorescence component emitted from the fluorescent emitter with respect to the total emission components emitted from the emission layer is about 70% or more,an absolute value of a difference between a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the fluorescent emitter and a HOMO energy level of the sensitizer is 0.5 eV or less,the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer are each evaluated by using a density functional theory (DFT) method, andthe sensitizer comprises an organometallic compound comprising a transition metal, a delayed fluorescence compound that does not include a transition metal, or any combination thereof.

2. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the fluorescent emitter and the HOMO energy level of the sensitizer is 0.15 eV or less.

3. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a turn-on time at which an electroluminescent (EL) intensity of a time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectrum is about 70% of a maximum EL intensity of the TREL spectrum is from about 1 μs to about 50 μs.

4. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a turn-on time change (ΔT) of a time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectrum represented by <Equation 1> is from about −30% to about 0%: ΔT=[T1(70%)−T2(70%)]/T2(70%)×100   <Equation 1>wherein, in Equation 1,T1 (70%) is the time when an electroluminescence (EL) intensity of a TREL spectrum of the organic light-emitting device X1 of claim 1 reaches about 70% of a maximum EL intensity thereof, andT2 (70%) is a time when the EL intensity of a TREL spectrum of an organic light-emitting device X2 reaches about 70% of a maximum EL intensity thereof, wherein the organic light-emitting device X2 is identical to the organic light-emitting device X1 of claim 1, except that a fluorescent emitter is not included, anda ratio of an emission component emitted from the sensitizer with respect to the total emission components emitted from the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device X2 is about 70% or more.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein the turn-on time change (ΔT) of the TREL spectrum represented by <Equation 1> is from about −30% to about −15%.

6. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the host comprises an amphiprotic host, an electron transport host, a hole transport host, or any combination thereof, the amphiprotic host, the electron transport host, and the hole transport host are different from one another,the electron transport host comprises at least one electron transport group,the hole transport host does not comprise an electron transport group, andthe electron transport group comprises a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, a group represented by one of the following formulae, or any combination thereof:

7. The organic light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein the host comprises an electron transport host and a hole transport host, the electron transport host comprises at least one π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group and at least one electron transport group,the hole transport host comprises at least one π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, and does not comprise an electron transport group, andthe electron transport group comprises a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

8. The organic light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein the electron transport host comprises i) a cyano group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof and ii) a triphenylene group, a carbazole group, or any combination thereof, and the hole transport host comprises at least one carbazole group.

9. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the maximum emission wavelength of the photoluminescent spectrum of the fluorescent emitter is about 400 nm or more and about 550 nm or less.

10. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent emitter does not comprise a transition metal.

11. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent emitter comprises an amine-containing compound, a carbazole-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

12. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the fluorescent emitter comprises a compound represented by Formula 501, a compound represented by Formula 502, or any combination thereof:

13. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer comprises an organometallic compound comprising platinum (Pt).

14. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer comprises an organometallic compound represented by Formula 101: Pt(L11)n11(L12)n12   <Formula 101>wherein, in Formula 101,L11 is a ligand represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-4;L12 is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand,n11 is 1, andn12 is 0, 1, or 2,

15. The light-emitting device of claim 14, wherein at least one bond between Pt and L11 in Formula 101 is a Pt-carbene bond.

16. The light-emitting device of claim 14, wherein Li is a ligand represented by Formula 1-3, Y11 in Formula 1-3 is a chemical bond,A1 in Formula 1-3 is a benzimidazole group or an imidazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, anda bond between Pt in Formula 101 and A1 in Formula 1-3 is a Pt-carbene bond.

17. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer comprises a delayed fluorescence compound represented by Formula 201 or 202:

18. The organic light-emitting device of claim 17, wherein D21 is a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a di(C1-C60 alkyl)fluorenyl group, a di(C6-060 aryl)fluorenyl group, a (C1-C60 alkyl)carbazolyl group, a (C6-C60 aryl)carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof, A21 is:—F or a cyano group;a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R21a; ora C1-C60 alkyl group or a π electron-rich C1-C60 cyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with —F, a cyano group, a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, or any combination thereof, andR21a is the same as described in connection with R21 in claim 16.

19. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the amount of the sensitizer is, based on 100 parts by weight of the host in the emission layer, from about 1 part by weight to about 30 parts by weight.

20. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the amount of the fluorescent emitter is, based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer, from about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight.