ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0186367, filed on Dec. 22, 2014, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

One or more exemplary embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emission devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, and short response times. In addition, OLEDs excellent brightness, driving voltage, and response speed characteristics, and produce full-color images.

A typical organic light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer that is disposed between the anode and the cathode and includes an emission layer. A hole transport region may be disposed between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be disposed between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, are recombined in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons change from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.

Various types of organic light emitting devices are known. However, there still remains a need in OLEDs having low driving voltage, high efficiency, high brightness, and long lifespan.

SUMMARY

One or more exemplary embodiments include an organic light-emitting device.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

According to one or more exemplary embodiments, an organic light-emitting device includes:

a first electrode,

a second electrode, and

an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer; and

wherein the organic layer further includes a first material represented by Formula 1 and a second material represented by Formula 2:

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wherein in Formulae 1 and 2,

L₁₁is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a11 is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3;

R₁₁is a substituted or unsubstituted a carbazolyl group;

R₁₂to R₁₅are each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

b14 and b15 are each independently selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4;

L₁is a first ligand represented by Formula 2-1;

L₂is a second ligand selected from a monovalent organic ligand, a divalent organic ligand, a trivalent organic ligand, and a tetravalent organic ligand, provided that L₂is different from L₁;

n1 is selected from 1, 2, and 3;

n2 is selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; and

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wherein in Formulae 2-1,

X₂₁is selected from N and CR₂₁;

Y₂₁is selected from C and N;

A₂₁is selected from a C₆-C₆₀cyclic group and a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group;

R₂₁to R₂₅are each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

b25 is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6;

R₂₁and R₂₂are optionally linked to each other through a first linking group;

* and *′ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom; and

at least one substituent of substituents of the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted carbazolyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from

a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —Si(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), and —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇);

a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —Si(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), and —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇); and

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇);

wherein Q₁₁to Q₁₇, Q₂₁to Q₂₇, and Q₃₁to Q₃₇may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the exemplary embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a graph of luminance (milli Amperes per square centimeter, mA/cm²) with respect to driving voltage (Volts, V) of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a graph of current density (milli Amperes per square centimeter, mA/cm²) with respect to driving voltage (Volts, V) of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a graph of quantum efficiency (percent, %) with respect to luminance (candelas per square meter, cd/m²) of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 5 shows a graph of luminance (percent, %) with respect to time (hours, h) of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

The present disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to exemplary embodiments. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Advantages, features, and how to achieve them will become apparent by reference to the embodiment that will be described later in detail, together with the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be limited to the exemplary embodiments.

Hereinafter, embodiments are described in detail by referring to the attached drawings, and in the drawings, like reference numerals denote like elements, and a redundant explanation thereof will not be provided herein.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the open-ended terms “includes” and/or “including” and “comprises” and/or “comprising” as used herein specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” or “onto” another layer, region, or component, it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

Sizes of components in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, since sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

The expression “(an organic layer) includes a first material” as used herein may be interpreted as an embodiment in which “(an organic layer) includes identical first materials represented by Formula 1 or two or more different first materials represented by Formula 1.”

The term “organic layer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device. A material included in the “organic layer” is not limited to an organic material.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. Hereinafter, the structure of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment, and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment will be described in connection with FIG. 1. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 11, an organic layer 15, and a second electrode 19, which are sequentially stacked.

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 11 or above the second electrode 19. For use as the substrate, any substrate that is used in general organic light-emitting devices may be used, and the substrate may be a glass substrate or transparent plastic substrate, each with excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water-resistance.

The first electrode 11 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode on the substrate. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for the first electrode 11 may be selected from materials with a high work function to allow holes be easily provided. The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode. The material for the first electrode 11 may be an indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), or zinc oxide (ZnO). In some embodiments, the material for the first electrode 11 may be metal, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), or magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag).

The first electrode 11 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 11 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

The organic layer 15 is disposed on the first electrode 11, and the second electrode 19 is disposed on the organic layer 15.

The first electrode 11 may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode, and the second electrode 19 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, or the first electrode 11 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, or the second electrode 19 may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode.

The organic layer 15 may include a hole transport region, an emission layer, and an electron transport region.

For example, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, and the organic layer may include i) a hole transport region that is disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer, wherein the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and an electron blocking layer, and ii) an electron transport region that is disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the electron transport region includes at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

The organic layer 15 includes a first material represented by Formula 1 and a second material represented by Formula 2:

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In Formula 1, L₁₁is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

at least one substituent of the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇);

For example, L₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, an spiro-fluorenylene group, an benzofluorenylene group, an dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, an triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, a ovalenylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an isoindolylene group, an indolylene group, an indazolylene group, a purinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzoimidazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, a oxadiazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a dibenzocarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-fluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubycenylene group, coronenylene group, ovalenylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an isoindolylene group, an indolylene group, an indazolylene group, a purinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzoimidazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, tetrazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a dibenzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, and an imidazopyridinyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, L₁₁in Formula 1 may be a group selected from Formulae 3-1 to 3-3 below, but is not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 3-1 to 3-3,

R₃₁may be selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, and a triazinyl group;

b31 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4;

* and *′ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In some embodiments, L₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from Formulae 4-1 to 4-3 below, but is not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 4-1 to 4-4,

* and *′ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

a11 in Formula 1 indicates the number of L₁₁, and a11 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3. When a11 is 0, -(L₁₁)_a11- indicates a single bond. When a11 is 2 or more, a plurality of L₁₁may be identical or different. In some embodiments, a11 in Formula 1 may be selected from 0, 1, and 2, but is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, a11 in Formula 1 may be selected from 1 and 2, but is not limited thereto.

R₁₁in Formula 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group; and

at least one substituent of substituents of the substituted carbazole group may be selected from

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇);

For example, R₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 9-1 to 9-5, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 9-1 to 9-5,

R₉₁to R₉₃may be each independently selected from

b91 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4;

b92 is selected from 1, 2, and 3; and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In some embodiments, R₁₁in Formula 1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 9-11 to 9-15 below, but is not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 9-11 to 9-15,

R₉₁is selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

R₁₂to R₁₅in Formula 1 may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

at least one substituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇);

Q₁₁to Q₁₇, Q₂₁to Q₂₇, and Q₃₁to Q₃₇may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, R₁₂to R₁₅in Formula 1 are each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, and a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group.

In some embodiments, R₁₂and R₁₃in Formula 1 may be each independently selected from a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group, but they are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, R₁₄and R₁₅in Formula 1 may be a hydrogen, but they are not limited thereto.

b14 in Formula 1 indicates the number of R₁₄, and b14 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4. When b14 is 2 or more, a plurality of R₁₄may be identical or different.

b15 in Formula 1 indicates the number of R₁₅, and b15 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4. When b15 is 2 or more, a plurality of R₁₅may be identical or different.

In Formula 2, L₁is a first ligand represented by Formula 2-1, and L₂is a second ligand selected from a monovalent organic ligand, a divalent organic ligand, a trivalent organic ligand, and a tetravalent organic ligand, and L₂is different from L₁.

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wherein in Formula 2-1,

descriptions of substituents are the same as described below; and

* and *′ each independently indicate a binding site to Ir in Formula 2.

n1 in Formula 2 indicates the number of L₁, and n1 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3. When n1 is 2 or more, a plurality of L₁may be identical or different. For example, n1 in Formula 2 may be 3, but is not limited thereto.

n2 in Formula 2 indicates the number of L₂, and n2 may be selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. When n2 is 2 or more, a plurality of L₂may be identical or different. For example, n2 in Formula 2 may be 0, but is not limited thereto.

X₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be N or CR₂₁. Descriptions of R₂₁will be provided below.

For example, X₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be CR₂₁, but is not limited thereto.

Y₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be selected from a carbon atom (C) and a nitrogen atom (N).

For example, Y₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be C, but is not limited thereto.

A₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be selected from a C₆-C₆₀cyclic group and a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group.

In some embodiments, A₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be selected from a benzene, a naphthalene, a fluorene, a spiro-fluorene, an indene, a furan, a thiophene, a benzofuran, a benzothiophene, a dibenzofuran, a dibenzothiophene, a carbazole, a pyrrole, an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a naphthyridine, an indole, a benzoimidazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, an oxadiazole, and a triazine, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, A₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be selected from a benzene, a naphthalene, a fluorene, a spiro-fluorene, an indene, a benzofuran, a benzothiophene, a dibenzofuran, a dibenzothiophene, and a carbazole, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, A₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be selected from a benzene and a naphthalene, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, A₂₁in Formula 2-1 may be a benzene, but is not limited thereto.

R₂₁to R₂₅in Formula 2-1 may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇);

For example, R₂₁to R₂₅in Formula 2-1 may be each independently selected from

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, and a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;

a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, and a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, R₂₁to R₂₅in Formula 2-1 may be each independently selected from

a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group, but they are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, R₂₁to R₂₅in Formula 2-1 may be each independently selected from

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wherein in Formulae 6-1 to 6-6,

X₆₁is selected from O, S, N(R₆₃), and C(R₆₃)(R₆₄);

R₆₁to R₆₄may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group;

b61 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and

b62 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3;

b63 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4; and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

b25 in Formula 2-1 indicates the number of R₂₅, and b25 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. When b25 is 2 or more, a plurality of R₂₅may be identical or different.

R₂₁and R₂₂in Formula 2-1 may be optionally linked to each other through a first linking group.

For example, the first linking group in Formula 2-1 may be represented by Formula 8, but is not limited thereto:

*-(L₈₁)_a81-*′ Formula 8

wherein in Formula 8,

L₈₁may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(R₈₁)—*′, *—C(R₈₁)(R₈₂)—*′, *—C(R₈₁)═C(R₈₂)—*′, and

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a81 may be selected from 1, 2, and 3;

R₈₁to R₈₄may be each independently selected from

a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

* and *′ indicate binding sites to a neighboring atom.

For example, R₈₁to R₈₄in Formula 8 may be each independently selected from

a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, and a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, but they are not limited thereto.

In other examples, R₈₁to R₈₄in Formula 8 may be each independently selected from

a phenyl group and a naphthyl group; and

a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group, but they are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, L₁in Formula 2 may be represented by one of Formulae 2-11 and 2-12 below, but are not limited thereto:

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wherein, in Formulae 2-11 and 2-12,

R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, and b25 are the same as described in Formula 2-1;

R₈₁to R₈₄may be each independently selected from

a phenyl group and a naphthyl group; and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to Ir in Formula 2.

For example, L₂in Formula 2 may be represented by Formula 2-2, but is not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formula 2-2,

X₂₆may be N or CR₂₆, X₂₇is N or CR₂₇;

Y₂₂and Y₂₃may be each independently selected from a carbon atom (C) or a nitrogen atom (N);

A₂₂and A₂₃may be each independently selected from a C₆-C₆₀cyclic group and a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group;

R₂₈and R₂₉may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

b28 and b29 may be each independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, when b28 is 2 or more, a plurality of R₂₈may be identical or different, and when b29 is 2 or more, a plurality of R₂₉may be identical or different;

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to Ir in Formula 2.

In some embodiments, A₂₂and A₂₃in Formula 2-2 may be each independently selected from a benzene, a naphthalene, a fluorene, a spiro-fluorene, an indene, a furan, a thiophene, a benzofuran, a benzothiophene, a dibenzofuran, a dibenzothiophene, a carbazole, a pyrrole, an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a naphthyridine, an indole, a benzoimidazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, an oxadiazole, and a triazine, but they are not limited thereto.

For example, R₂₈and R₂₉in Formula 2-2 may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, and a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group;

a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

In some embodiments, L₂in Formula 2 may be represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-116 below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 5-1 to 5-116,

R₅₁to R₅₃may be each independently selected from a hydrogen, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an iso-a hexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an iso-a heptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-an octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-a nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an iso-decyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an iso-a hexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an iso-a heptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-an octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-a nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an iso-decyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, butoxy group, a pentoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from —F, a cyano group, and a nitro group;

b51 and b54 are each independently selected from 1 and 2;

b53 and b55 may be each independently selected from 1, 2, and 3;

b52 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4; and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to Ir in Formula 2.

In some embodiments, the first material may be represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-5 below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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wherein in Formulae 1-1 to 1-5,

L₁₁, a11, R₁₂, and R₁₃are the same as described in Formula 1;

R₉₁may be selected from a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In some embodiments, the second material may be represented by one of Formulae 2-21 and 2-22 below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

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wherein, in Formulae 2-21 and 2-22,

R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, and b25 are the same as described in Formula 2-1;

R₈₁to R₈₄may be each independently selected from

a phenyl group and a naphthyl group; and

In some embodiments, the first material may be one of Compounds 101 to 103 below, but is not limited thereto:

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In some embodiments, the second material may be one of Compounds 201 to 203 below, but is not limited thereto:

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The first material and the second material have excellent hole transport capabilities and high triplet energy. Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the first material and the second material may have a low driving voltage, high efficiency, high luminance, and a long lifespan.

The first material has one acridine group, and due to the inclusion of the acridine group, the first material may have excellent hole transport capabilities. The first material has one carbazolyl group, and due to the inclusion of the carbazolyl group, the first material may provide thermal and electric stability. Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the first material may have a low driving voltage, high efficiency, and a long lifespan.

Since the second material necessarily has one imidazole group, thermal stability thereof is high. Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the second material may have long lifespan characteristics.

Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the first material and the second material may have a low driving voltage, high efficiency, high luminance, and a long lifespan.

The singlet (S₁) energy, triplet (T₁) energy, band gap, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of Compound 102 were evaluated by using a DFT method of Gaussian program (structurally optimized at levels of B3LYP and 6-31G(d)), and evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Compound
S₁energy
T₁energy
Band gap
LUMO
HOMO

No.
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)

101
3.36
3.18
4.22
−0.75
−4.96

102
3.13
3.08
3.71
−1.18
−4.89

103
3.22
3.13
3.81
−0.95
−4.74

Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that Compound 102 has a HOMO, LUMO, band gap, S₁energy, and T₁energy which are suitable for use as a material for an organic light-emitting device. Accordingly, the first material has electric characteristics that are suitable for use as a material for an organic light-emitting device.

Synthesis methods of the first material and the second material may be easily recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples provided below.

A hole transport region of the organic layer 15 may be disposed between the first electrode 11 and an emission layer.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, and a buffer layer.

The hole transport region may include only a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer. In some embodiments, the hole transport region may have a structure of hole injection layer/hole transport layer or hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer, which are sequentially stacked in this stated order from the first electrode 11.

When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer (HIL), the hole injection layer may be formed on the first electrode 11 by using any one of various methods, for example, vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition.

When a hole injection layer is formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition conditions may vary according to a material that is used to form the hole injection layer, and the structure and thermal characteristics of the hole injection layer. For example, the deposition conditions may include a deposition temperature of about 100 to about 500° C., a vacuum pressure of about 10⁻⁸to about 10⁻³torr, and a deposition rate of about 0.01 to about 100 Angstroms per second (Å/sec). However, the deposition conditions are not limited thereto.

When the hole injection layer is formed using spin coating, coating conditions may vary according to the material used to form the hole injection layer, and the structure and thermal properties of the hole injection layer. For example, a coating speed may be from about 2,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) to about 5,000 rpm, and a temperature at which a heat treatment is performed to remove a solvent after coating may be from about 80° C. to about 200° C. However, the coating conditions are not limited thereto.

Conditions for a hole transport layer and an electron blocking layer may be understood by referring to conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

The hole transport region may include, for example, at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB, β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, α-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, HTM-01, DNTPD 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (Pani/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (Pani/CSA), (polyaniline)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201 below, and a compound represented by Formula 202 below:

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Ar₁₀₁and Ar₁₀₂in Formula 201 may be each independently selected from

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, and a pentacenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

xa and xb in Formula 201 may be each independently an integer of 0 to 5, or 0, 1 or 2. For example, xa may be 1 and xb may be 0, but xa and xb are not limited thereto.

R₁₀₁to R₁₀₈, R₁₁₁to R₁₁₉, and R₁₂₁to R₁₂₄in Formulae 201 and 202 may be each independently selected from

a hydrogen, a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, or a hexyl group), and a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a pentoxy group);

a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group and a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, and a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a pyrenyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a pyrenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, and a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, but they are not limited thereto.

R₁₀₉in Formula 201 may be selected from

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

According to an embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A below, but is not limited thereto:

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R₁₀₁, R₁₁₁, R₁₁₂, and R₁₀₉in Formula 201A may be understood by referring to the description provided herein.

For example, the compound represented by Formula 201, and the compound represented by Formula 202 may include compounds HT1 to HT20 illustrated below, but are not limited thereto.

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A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes both a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant. The p-dopant may be one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments are not limited thereto. Non-limiting examples of the p-dopant are a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinonedimethane (TCNQ) or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinonedimethane (F4-TCNQ); a metal oxide, such as a tungsten oxide or a molybdenium oxide; and a cyano group-containing compound, such as Compound HT-D1 below, but are not limited thereto.

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The hole transport region may include a buffer layer.

Also, the buffer layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and thus, efficiency of a formed organic light-emitting device may be improved.

Then, an emission layer (EML) may be formed on the hole transport region by vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, LB deposition, or the like. When the emission layer is formed by vacuum deposition or spin coating, the deposition or coating conditions may be similar to those applied to form the hole injection layer although the deposition or coating conditions may vary according to the material that is used to form the emission layer.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant.

In some embodiments, the first material (acting as a host) and the second material (acting as a dopant) may be included in an emission layer (that is, an amount of the second material may be smaller than that of the first material).

An organic light-emitting device including an emission layer that includes the first material and the second material may emit blue light, for example, dark blue light.

An amount of the second material in the emission layer may be, in general, in a range of about 0.01 to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the first material, but is not limited thereto.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

When the organic light-emitting device is a full color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer. In some embodiments, due to a stack structure including a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, the emission layer may emit white light.

Then, an electron transport region may be disposed on the emission layer.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

For example, the electron transport region may have a structure of hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer or a structure of electron transport layer/electron injection layer, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto. The electron transport layer may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layer structure including two or more different materials.

Conditions for forming the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, and the electron injection layer which constitute the electron transport region may be understood by referring to the conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

When the electron transport layer includes a hole blocking layer, the hole blocking layer may include, for example, at least one of BCP and Bphen, but may also include other materials.

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A thickness of the hole blocking layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thickness of the hole blocking layer is within these ranges, the hole blocking layer may have excellent hole blocking characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, at least one selected from BCP, Bphen, Alq₃, Balq, TAZ, and NTAZ.

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In some embodiments, the electron transport layer may include at least one of ET1 and ET2, but are not limited thereto:

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A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Also, the electron transport layer may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2.

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The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer (EIL) that allows electrons to be easily provided from a second electrode 19.

The electron injection layer may include at least one selected from, LiF, NaCl, CsF, Li₂O, BaO, and LiQ.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The second electrode 19 is disposed on the organic layer 15. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode. A material for forming the second electrode 19 may be metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function. For example, lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), or magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag) may be formed as the material for forming the second electrode 19. To manufacture a top emission type light-emitting device, a transmissive electrode formed using ITO or IZO may be used as the second electrode 19.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device has been described with reference to FIG. 1, but is not limited thereto.

A C₁-C₆₀alkyl group as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Detailed examples thereof are a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an iso-amyl group, and a hexyl group. A C₁-C₆₀alkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group.

A C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁(wherein A₁₀₁is the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group). Detailed examples thereof are a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

A C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminal of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group. Detailed examples thereof are an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. A C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group.

A C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminal of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group. Detailed examples thereof are an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. A C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group.

A C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Detailed examples thereof are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. A C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

A C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Detailed examples thereof are a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. A C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

A C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one double bond in the ring thereof and which is not aromatic. Detailed examples thereof are a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. A C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group.

A C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in its ring. Detailed examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group are a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. A C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

A C₆-C₆₀aryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and a C₆-C₆₀arylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Detailed examples of the C₆-C₆₀aryl group are a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

A C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. A C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group are a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

A C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₂(wherein A₁₀₂is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group), and a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group indicates —SA₁₀₃(wherein A₁₀₃is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

A monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group that has two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 8 to 60) as a ring forming atom, and which is non-aromatic in the entire molecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. A divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

A monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group that has two or more rings condensed to each other, has a heteroatom selected from N, O P, and S, other than carbon atoms (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60), as a ring forming atom, and which is non-aromatic in the entire molecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. A divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments are described in detail with reference to Synthesis Example and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording “‘B’ was used instead of ‘A’” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that molar equivalents of A used were identical to molar equivalents of B used.

EXAMPLE
Synthesis Example 1
Synthesis of Compound 101

9-(3-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole (2.0 grams (g), 6.21 millimoles (mmol), 1.0 equivalents (eq)), 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (1.43 g, 6.83 mmol, 1.1 eq), palladium acetate (0.42 g, 1.86 mmol, 0.3 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (1.88 g, 9.31 mmol, 1.5 eq), and potassium-tert-butoxide (1.04 g, 9.31 mmol, 1.5 eq) were dissolved in 30 milliliters (mL) of toluene, and the mixture was reacted under reflux for 12 hours. Once the reaction was complete, the resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography (hexane:dichloromethane=1:4) to obtain Compound 101 (2.15 g, yield of 77%) in the form of white powder. Compound 101 was confirmed by NMR and MS.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.69 (s, 6H), 6.44 (d, 2H, J=4.0 Hz), 6.95 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.06 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.29 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.40-7.51 (m, 7H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 7.84 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 8.13 (d, 2H, J=4.0 Hz)

MS (FAB) m/z 451 [(M+H)⁺].

Synthesis Example 2
Compound 102

9-(3′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (0.7 g, 1.76 mmol, 1.0 eq), 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (0.41 g, 1.96 mmol, 1.1 eq), palladium acetate (0.12 g, 0.52 mmol, 0.3 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.53 g, 2.63 mmol, 1.5 eq), and potassium-tert-butoxide (0.30 g, 2.63 mmol, 1.5 eq) were dissolved in 20 mL of toluene, and the mixture was reacted under reflux for 12 hours. Once the reaction was complete, the resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography (hexane:dichloromethane=1:4) to obtain Compound 102 (0.58 g, yield of 62%) in the form of white powder. Compound 102 was confirmed by NMR and MS.

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO): δ=1.63 (s, 6H), 6.24 (d, 2H, J=4.0 Hz), 6.89 (t, 2H, J=7.5 MHz), 6.98 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.28-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz), 7.43-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=4.5 Hz), 7.64 (d, 1H, J=4.5 Hz), 7.77-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=4.0 Hz), 8.02-8.04 (m, 2H), 8.26 (d, 2H, J=4.0 Hz)

MS (FAB) m/z 527 [(M+H)⁺].

Synthesis Example 3
Synthesis of Compound 103

3-iodo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (2.0 g, 5.5 mmol, 1.0 eq), 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (1.28 g, 6.11 mmol, 1.1 eq), palladium acetate (0.37 g, 1.67 mmol, 0.3 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (1.68 g, 8.33 mmol, 1.5 eq) and potassium-tert-butoxide (0.93 g, 8.33 mmol, 1.5 eq) were dissolved in 30 ml of toluene, and the mixture was reacted under reflux for 12 hours. Once the reaction was complete, the resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography (hexane:dichloromethane=1:4) to obtain Compound 103 (1.6 g, yield of 64%) in the form of white powder. Compound 103 was confirmed by NMR and MS.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.74 (s, 6H), 6.35 (d, 2H, J=4.4 Hz), 6.89-6.90 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.54 (m, 5H), 7.60-7.65 (m, 5H), 8.08 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz)

MS (FAB) m/z 451 [(M+H)⁺]

Evaluation Example 1
Evaluation on S1 Energy, T1 Energy, Band Gap, LUMO and HOMO

According to the methods shown in Table 2, the S1 energy, T1 energy, band gap, HOMO, and LUMO of Compounds 101 to 103 were evaluated, and evaluation results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 2

SI energy evaluation
A mixture of each compound, PS, and THF (each compound: PS = 1 percent by

method
weight (wt %), THF 1 cubic centimeter (cc)) was spin-coated on a quartz plate.

Then, a photoluminescence spectrum thereof was measured by using a

photoluminescence meter. Peaks on the photoluminescence spectrum were

analyzed to calculate S1 energy.

T1 energy evaluation
A mixture (each compound was dissolved in an amount of 1 milligram (mg) in

method
3 cc of toluene) of toluene and each compound was loaded into a quartz cell.

The resultant quartz cell was loaded into liquid nitrogen (77 Kelvins (K)) and a

photoluminescence spectrum thereof was measured by using a device for

measuring photoluminescence. The obtained spectrum was compared with

a photoluminescence spectrum measured at room temperature, and peaks

observed only at low temperature were analyzed to calculate T1 energy.

Band gap evaluation
Each compound was diluted in THF at a concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁵Molar (M),

method
and an ultraviolet absorption spectrum thereof was measured at room

temperature by using a Shimadzu UV-350 spectrometer. From the edge of

the absorption spectrum, a band gap was calculated.

HOMO energy level
A potential (Volts (V)) - current (Amperes (A)) graph of each compound was

evaluation method
obtained by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu₄NClO₄/

solvent: ACN/electrode: 3-electrode system (working electrode: GC,

reference electrode: Ag/AgCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and from the reduction

onset of the graph, a HOMO energy level of the compound was calculated.

LUMO energy level
Each compound was diluted at a concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁵M in THF, and a UV

evaluation method
absorption spectrum thereof was measured at room temperature by using a

Shimadzu UV-350 spectrometer, and a LUMO energy level thereof was

calculated by using an optical band gap (Eg) from an edge of the absorption

spectrum.

TABLE 3

S1 energy
T1 energy
Band gap
HOMO
LUMO

Compound No.
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)

101
3.40
3.00
3.58
−5.85
−2.27

102
3.01
2.80
3.66
−5.75
−2.09

103
3.18
2.99
3.45
−5.71
−2.36

From Table 3, it can be seen that Compounds 101 to 103 have electric characteristics that are suitable for use as a material for forming an organic light-emitting device.

Evaluation Example 2
Evaluation on S1 Energy, T1 Energy, Band Gap, LUMO and HOMO

According to the methods shown in Table 4, the S1 energy, T1 energy, band gap, HOMO, and LUMO of Compounds 101 to 103 were evaluated, and evaluation results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 4

S1 energy evaluation
A mixture of each compound, PS, and THF (each compound: PS = 1 wt %, THF 1 cc)

method
was spin-coated on a quartz plate, and a photoluminescence spectrum

thereof was measured by using a photoluminescence spectrometer. Peaks on

the photoluminescence spectrum were analyzed to calculate S1 energy.

T1 energy evaluation
A mixture (each compound was dissolved in an amount of 1 mg in 3 cc of

method
toluene) of toluene and each compound was loaded into a quartz cell, and the

resultant quartz cell was loaded into liquid nitrogen (77 K). A

photoluminescence spectrum thereof was measured by using a device for

measuring photoluminescence, the obtained spectrum was compared with a

photoluminescence spectrum measured at room temperature, and peaks

observed only at low temperature were analyzed to calculate T1 energy.

Band gap evaluation
A potential (V) - current (A) graph of each compound was obtained by using

method
cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0M Bu₄NClO₄/solvent: ACN/electrode:

3-electrode system (working electrode: GC, reference electrode: Ag/AgCl,

auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and from oxidation onset and reduction onset of the

graph, a HOMO energy level of the compound was calculated.

HOMO energy level
A potential (V) - current (A) graph of each compound was obtained by using

evaluation method
cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu₄NClO₄/solvent: ACN/electrode:

3-electrode system (working electrode: GC, reference electrode: Ag/AgCl,

auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and from reduction onset of the graph, a HOMO energy

level of the compound was calculated.

LUMO energy level
From the difference between a HOMO energy level and a band gap of each

evaluation method
compound, a LUMO energy level of the compound was calculated.

TABLE 5

S1 energy
T1 energy
Band gap
HOMO
LUMO

Compound No.
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)

101
3.40
3.00
3.57
−5.85
−2.28

102
3.01
2.80
3.05
−5.75
−2.70

103
3.18
2.99
3.20
−5.71
−2.51

From Table 5, it can be seen that Compounds 101 to 103 have electric characteristics that are suitable for use as a material for forming an organic light-emitting device.

Example 1

An anode was prepared as follows: an ITO substrate having a thickness of 50 nanometers (nm) was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.5 mm, each piece of the substrate was sonicated by using isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes, and then exposed to UV light for 30 minutes and ozone for cleaning. Then, the anode was loaded into a vacuum deposition apparatus.

DNTPD was vacuum deposited on the ITO substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 60 nm, and HTM-01 was vacuum deposited thereon to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Compound 101 and Compound 201 were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

ET1 was vacuum deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 35 nm, LiF was vacuum deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 1 nm, and Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form an electrode having a thickness of 200 nm, thereby completing manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

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Example 2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in forming an emission layer, Compound 102 was used instead of Compound 101.

Example 3

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in forming an emission layer, Compound 103 was used instead of Compound 101.

Comparative Example 1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in forming an emission layer, Compound A illustrated below was used instead of Compound 201.

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Evaluation Example 3
Evaluation on Characteristics of Organic Light-Emitting Devices

The maximum luminance wavelength, current density, luminance, and driving voltage of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 were measured by using a Keithley 2400 source measurement unit and a CS 2000 spectrometer. The maximum external quantum efficiency thereof was measured according to a method described in G. Gu and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (Vol. 4, No. 1, January/February 1998, p. 83-99). Results thereof are shown in Table 6, and FIGS. 2-5.

TABLE 6

Maximum

Extremal

Maximum
Quantum
Driving

Luminescence
Efficiency
voltage

Emission layer
Wavelength (nm)
(%)
(V)

Example 1
Compound 101 +
474
3.43
10.26

Compound 201

Example 2
Compound 102 +
473
12.25
9.25

Compound 201

Example 3
Compound 103 +
474
2.60
12.12

Compound 201

Comparative
Compound A +
474
2.97
14.87

Example 1
Compound 201

Referring to Table 6 and FIGS. 2 to 5, it can be seen that the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 3 have better performances than the organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example 1.

It should be understood that exemplary embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each exemplary embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other exemplary embodiments.

While one or more exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the following claims.

ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

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