ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

Abstract

Provided is an organic light-emitting device including an emission layer that includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0121785, filed on Sep. 21, 2020, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Provided is an organic light-emitting device including an emission layer that satisfies a predetermined condition.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that produce full-color images, and also have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, compared to devices in the art.

In an example, an organic light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer. A hole transport region may be located between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be located between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. The holes and the electrons recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.

SUMMARY

Provided is an organic light-emitting device including an emission layer that satisfies a certain condition.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

According to an aspect, provided is an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer, the emission layer includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and the emission layer satisfies Condition 1 below:

⊖_H+S+E/⊖_H+S×100>109(%).  Condition 1

In Condition 1,

⊖_H+S+E is a horizontal orientation ratio of the emission layer, and

⊖_H+S is a horizontal orientation ratio of a thin film consisting of the host and the sensitizer included in the emission layer.

According to another aspect, provided is an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; and m emission units located between the first electrode and the second electrode and including at least one emission layer; and m−1 charge generation layers located between two adjacent emission units of the m emission units and including an n-type charge generation layer and a p-type charge generation layer, wherein a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the at least one emission unit of the m emission units is different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one emission unit of the remaining emission units, wherein at least one of emission layers includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and the at least one emission layer satisfies Condition 1.

According to another aspect, provided is an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; and m emission layers between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein m is an integer of 2 or more, a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the at least one emission layer of the m emission layers is different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one emission layer of the remaining emission layers, wherein at least one of the m emission layers includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, wherein the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, a actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and the emission layers satisfy Condition 1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to another exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to another exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a graph of a correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and an external quantum efficiency, according to an absence/presence of emitter; and

FIG. 5 is a graph of a correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and a lifespan, according to an absence/presence of an emitter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity and are intended to cover both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

“Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements The exemplary term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.

“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an exemplary embodiment. Hereinafter, a structure and a manufacturing method of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

The organic light-emitting device 10 of FIG. 1 includes a first electrode 11, a second electrode 19 facing the first electrode 11, and an organic layer 10A between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 19.

The organic layer 10A includes an emission layer 15, a hole transport region 12 located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15, and an electron transport region 17 located between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19.

A substrate may be additionally located under the first electrode 11 or above the second electrode 19. For use as the substrate, any substrate that is used in general organic light-emitting devices may be used, and the substrate may be a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water resistance.

First Electrode 11

In one or more embodiments, the first electrode 11 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 11 on the substrate. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may be a material with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 11 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming a first electrode may be indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Emission Layer 15

The emission layer 15 includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter.

Since the emission layer 15 includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter and fluorescence or delayed fluorescence is emitted from the emitter, the organic light-emitting device 10 may have higher efficiency and/or longer lifespan than other organic light-emitting devices, for example, an organic light-emitting device that does not include a sensitizer, and particularly, an increase in the efficiency thereof may be remarkable. Without wishing to be bound by theory, triplet excitons formed at a host, which is 75% of the total excitons, are transferred to a sensitizer through Dexter energy transfer, and energy of singlet excitons formed at the host, which is 25% of the total excitons, is transferred to singlet and triplet of the sensitizer, wherein the singlet undergoes intersystem crossing into a triplet, and then, the triplet energy of the sensitizer is transferred to an emitter through Förster energy transfer. Accordingly, by transferring all the singlet excitons and the triplet excitons generated in the emission layer to an emitter, an organic light-emitting device having improved efficiency may be obtained. In addition, since an organic light-emitting device with significantly reduced energy loss may be obtained, the lifespan characteristics of the organic light-emitting device may be improved.

The emission layer 15 may satisfy the following Condition 1:

⊖_H+S+E/⊖_H+S×100>about 109(%).  Condition 1

In Condition 1,

⊖_H+S+E is a horizontal orientation ratio of the emission layer 15, and

⊖_H+S is a horizontal orientation ratio of a thin film consisting of the host and the sensitizer included in the emission layer.

⊖_H+S+E is a value obtained by preparing a quartz substrate having a thickness of 50 nm and formed by depositing the host, the sensitizer, and the emitter at a weight ratio of {100−(a+b)}:a:b, and comparing a graph obtained by measuring photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the same according to an angle of 0° to 90° with simulated graphs having different horizontal orientation ratios, for example, a horizontal orientation ratio of 100% and a horizontal orientation ratio of 67%. Here, a and b are each an arbitrary constant.

⊖_H+S is a value obtained by preparing a quartz substrate having a thickness of 50 nm and formed by depositing the host and the sensitizer at a weight ratio of (100−c):c, and comparing a graph obtained by measuring PL intensity of the same according to an angle of 0° to 90° with simulated graphs having different horizontal orientation ratios, for example, a horizontal orientation ratio of 100% and a horizontal orientation ratio of 67%. Here, c is an arbitrary constant.

When Condition 1 is satisfied, improved spectral overlap may be secured, and thus, efficiency and/or lifespan of the organic light-emitting device may be increased.

In detail, ⊖_H+S+E/⊖_H+S×100 of the emission layer 15 may be about 140% or less, about 135% or less, about 111% or more, or about 110% or more.

In an embodiment, a spectral overlap integral (SOI) constant (J) of the sensitizer and the emitter is greater than or equal to about 1×10¹⁴. J is a value obtained from the following Equation 1:

$\begin{array}{cc}J={\int }_0^{\infty }{F}_D\left(\lambda \right){\varepsilon }_A\left(\lambda \right){\lambda }^{4}d\lambda .& \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$

In Equation 1,

λ is an emission wavelength (nm),

F_D(A) is an emission spectrum of the sensitizer, and ε_A(A) is an extinction coefficient spectrum of the emitter.

When Equation 1 is satisfied, J may be greater than or equal to about 1×10¹⁴, energy transfer to the emitter may be efficiency performed. Accordingly, the efficiency of the organic light-emitting device 10 and the lifespan of the organic light-emitting device may be increased at the same time.

In an embodiment, the host, the emitter, and the sensitizer may further satisfy the following Condition 2:

T₁(H)≥T₁(S)≥S₁(E).  Condition 2

In Condition 2,

T₁(H) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the host,

S₁(E) is a lowest excitation singlet energy level of the emitter, and

T₁(S) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the sensitizer.

When the host, the emitter, and the sensitizer satisfy Condition 2, triplet excitons may be effectively transferred from the emission layer to the emitter, and thus, an organic light-emitting device having improved efficiency may be obtained. In addition, when Condition 2 is further satisfied, only the emitter substantially emits light in the emission layer, and thus, a horizontal orientation ratio of the emission layer may vary according to a type of the emitter, regardless of the composition of the emission layer.

In an embodiment, the host and the sensitizer may further satisfy the following Condition 3:

T₁(H)>T₁(S).  Condition 3

In Condition 3,

T₁(H) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the host, and

T₁(S) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the sensitizer.

When the host and the sensitizer further satisfy Condition 3, in an emission layer consisting of the host and the sensitizer, only the sensitizer substantially emits light, and thus, a horizontal orientation ratio of the emission layer may vary according to a type of the sensitizer, regardless of the composition of the emission layer.

In an embodiment, ⊖_H+S+E may be greater than or equal to about 80%. Because ⊖_H+S+E is greater than or equal to 80%, the efficiency and/or the lifespan may be improved. In detail, because ⊖_H+S+E is greater than or equal to about 80%, during the organic light-emitting device 10 is driven, an electric field may be emitted in a substantially horizontal direction (i.e., a direction parallel to the first electrode) with respect to the emission layer, and thus, optical loss due to a waveguide mode and/or a surface plasmon polariton mode may be reduced. Light emitted by such a mechanism may have high external extraction efficiency, and the organic light-emitting device 10 may achieve high luminescence efficiency.

In detail, ⊖_H+S+E may be, for example, about 84% or more, about 87% or more, about 90% or more, about 93% or more, about 96% or more, about 99% or more, or 100% or less.

Among total emission components emitted from the emission layer, a proportion of emission components emitted from the emitter may be greater than or equal to about 80%. In an embodiment, the emitter may be a delayed fluorescence dopant emitting delayed fluorescence. A proportion of delayed fluorescence components to total emission components in time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) of the emitter may be about 85% or more, for example, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or about 99% or more. The emitter emits delayed fluorescence. Accordingly, when the emitter is used, an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency may be obtained. The proportion of delayed fluorescence components (DF portion) may be evaluated using a known method. A more detailed evaluation method of the DF portion will be described with reference to embodiments to be described later.

Each of the host and the sensitizer may not emit light.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host in Emission Layer 15

The host may not include metal atoms.

In an embodiment, the host may include one type of host. When the host includes one type of host, the one type of host may be an amphiprotic host, an electron transport host, or a hole transport host, which will be described later.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a mixture of two or more different hosts. For example, the host may be a mixture of an electron transport host and a hole transport host, a mixture of two different types of electron transport hosts, or a mixture of two different types of hole transport hosts. The electron transport host and the hole transport host may be understood by referring to the related description to be presented later.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an electron transport host including at least one electron transport moiety and a hole transport host that does not include an electron transport moiety.

The electron transport host may include at least one electron transport moiety. The hole transport host may not include an electron transport moiety.

In the present specification, the electron transport moiety may be a cyano group, —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group, or a group represented by one of the following formulae:

In the formulae, *, *′, and *″ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, the electron transport host may include a cyano group, a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host may include at least one cyano group.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host may include at least one cyano group and at least one π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group.

In an embodiment, the hole transport host may include at least one π-electron-deficient nitrogen-free cyclic group and may not include an electron transport moiety.

In the present specification, the term “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group” refers to a cyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, and for example, may be: an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; or a condensed cyclic group of two or more π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic groups.

In the present specification, the term “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-free cyclic group” may be, for example, a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a corogen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or a triindolobenzene group; or a condensed cyclic group of two or more π-electron-deficient nitrogen-free cyclic groups, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport host may be a compound represented by Formula E-1 and the hole transport host may be a compound represented by Formula H-1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

[Ar₃₀₁]_xb11-[(L₃₀₁)_xb1-R₃₀₁]_xb21  Formula E-1

In Formula E-1,

Ar₃₀₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 is 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ is a single bond, a group represented by the following formulae, a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, and *, *′, and *″ in the following formulae are each a binding site to a neighboring atom,

xb1 is an integer from 1 to 5,

R₃₀₁ is hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), or —P(═S)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 is an integer from 1 to 5,

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

at least one of the following Condition A to Condition C is satisfied.

Condition A

at least one of Ar₃₀₁, L₃₀₁, and R₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 each independently includes a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group;

Condition B

L₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 is a group represented by one of the following formulae:

Condition C

R₃₀₁ in Formula E-1 is a cyano group, —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), or —P(═S)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂).

In Formulae H-1, 11, and 12,

L₄₀₁ is: a single bond; or

a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a corogen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, and a triindolobenzene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, or —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃),

xd1 is an integer from 1 to 10, wherein, when xd1 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

Ar₄₀₁ is groups represented by Formulae 11 or 12,

Ar₄₀₂ is: a group represented by Formulae 11 or 12, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group; or

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group, each substituted with at least one deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, or any combination thereof,

CY₄₀₁ and CY₄₀₂ are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzosilole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, or a benzonaphthosilole group,

A₂₁ is a single bond, O, S, N(R₅₁), C(R₅₁)(R₅₂), or Si(R₅₁)(R₅₂),

A₂₂ is a single bond, O, S, N(R₅₃), C(R₅₃)(R₅₄), or Si(R₅₃)(R₅₄),

at least one of A₂₁ and A₂₂ in Formula 12 is not a single bond,

R₅₁ to R₅₄, R₆₀, and R₇₀ are each independently:

hydrogen, deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof;

a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-free cyclic group (for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a triphenylenyl group);

a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-free cyclic group (for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a triphenylenyl group) that is substituted with at least one deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₄₀₄)(Q₄₀₅)(Q₄₀₆),

e1 and e2 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10,

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₆ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a triphenylenyl group, and

* indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula E-1, Ar₃₀₁ and L₃₀₁ may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof;

at least one of L₃₀₁(s) in the number of xb1 may each independently be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyhdinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group. —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof;

R₃₀₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₃₀₁ may be: a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano group-containing phenyl group, a cyano group-containing biphenyl group, a cyano group-containing terphenyl group, a cyano group-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenyl pyridinyl group, a diphenyl pyridinyl group, a biphenyl pyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl) pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenyl pyrazinyl group, a diphenyl pyrazinyl group, a biphenyl pyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl) pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenyl pyridazinyl group, a diphenyl pyridazinyl group, a biphenyl pyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl) pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenyl pyrimidinyl group, a diphenyl pyrimidinyl group, a biphenyl pyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl) pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyl triazinyl group, a diphenyl triazinyl group, a biphenyl triazinyl group, a di(biphenyl) triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof; or

A group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and Formulae 6-1 to 6-33, and

L₃₀₁ may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and Formulae 6-1 to 6-33:

In Formulae 5-1 to 5-3 and 6-1 to 6-33,

Z₁ is hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, a cyano-containing naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a phenylpyridinyl group, a diphenylpyridinyl group, a biphenylpyridinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenylpyrazinyl group, a diphenylpyrazinyl group, a biphenylpyrazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a phenylpyridazinyl group, a diphenylpyridazinyl group, a biphenylpyridazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a phenylpyrimidinyl group, a diphenylpyrimidinyl group, a biphenylpyrimidinyl group, a di(biphenyl)pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a phenyltriazinyl group, a diphenyltriazinyl group, a biphenyltriazinyl group, a di(biphenyl)triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

d4 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

d3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3,

d2 is 0, 1, or 2, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, L₃₀₁ may be a group represented by one of Formulae 5-2, 5-3, and 6-8 to 6-33.

In one or more embodiments, R₃₀₁ may be a cyano group or a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18, and at least one of Ar₄₀₂ in the number of xd11 may be a group represented by one of Formulae 7-1 to 7-18, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

in Formulae 7-1 to 7-18,

xb41 to xb44 are each 0, 1, or 2, wherein xb41 in Formula 7-10 is not 0, the sum of xb41 and xb42 in Formulae 7-11 to 7-13 is not 0, the sum of xb41, xb42, and xb43 in Formulae 7-14 to 7-16 is not 0, the sum of xb41, xb42, xb43, and xb44 in Formulae 7-17 and 7-18 is not 0, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Two or more of Ar₃₀₁(s) in Formula E-1 are identical to or different from each other, two or more of L₃₀₁(s) in Formula E-1 are identical to or different from each other, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) in Formula H-1 are identical to or different from each other, and two or more of Ar₄₀₂(s) in Formula H-1 are identical to or different from each other.

The electron transport host may be, for example, a compound of a group HE1 to HE7, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the hole transport host may be one of Compounds H-H1 to H-H103, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the amphiprotic host may be one of Group HEH1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Compounds 1 to 432,

Ph may be a phenyl group.

When the host is a mixture of an electron transport host and a hole transport host, the weight ratio of the electron transport host to the hole transport host may be 1:9 to 9:1, for example, 2:8 to 8:2, for example, 4:6 to 6:4, for example, 5:5. When the weight ratio of the electron transport host to the hole transport host satisfies the above-described ranges, the hole-and-electron transport balance in the emission layer 15 may be achieved.

Sensitizer in Emission Layer 15

The sensitizer may include a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the sensitizer may include iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the sensitizer may include Ir, Pt, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the sensitizer may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 2:

M₂₁(L₂₁)_n21(L₂₂)_n22  Formula 2

In Formula 2,

M₂₁ includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof,

L₂₁ is a ligand represented by one of Formulae 2-1 to 2-4,

L₂₂ is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand,

n11 is 1, 2, or 3, and

n12 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

In Formulae 2-1 to 2-4,

A₂₁ to A₂₄ are each independently a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, or a non-cyclic group,

T₂₁ to T₂₄ are each independently a single bond, a double bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—C(R₂₅)(R₂₆)—*′, *—C(R₂₅)═C(R₂₆)—*′, *—C(R₂₅)═*′, *—Si(R₂₅)(R₂₈)—*′, *—B(R₂₅)—*′, *—N(R₂₅)—*′, or *—P(R₂₅)—*′,

k21 to k24 are each independently 1, 2, or 3,

Y₂₁ to Y₂₄ are each independently a single bond, *—O—*′, *—C(R₂₇)(R₂₈)—*′, *—Si(R₂₇)(R₂₈)—*′, *—B(R₂₇)—*′, *—N(R₂₇)—*′, or *—P(R₂₇)—*′,

*₁, *₂, *₃, and *₄ each indicate a binding site to M₂₁,

R₂₁ to R₂₈ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₈-C₈₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₈₀ alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), R₂₁ to R₂₈ are optionally bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, and

b21 to b24 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10.

In detail, the sensitizer may be of Groups S-I to S-VI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

A compound represented by the following Formula A:

(L₁₀₁)_n101-M₁₀₁-(L₁₀₂)_m101.  Formula A

In Formula A, L₁₀₁, n101, M₁₀₁, L₁₀₂, and m101 are the same as shown in Tables 1 to 3:

TABLE 1
Compound						Compound
name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101	name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101
BD001	LM1	3	Ir	—	0	BD051	LM51	3	Ir	—	0
BD002	LM2	3	Ir	—	0	BD052	LM52	3	Ir	—	0
BD003	LM3	3	Ir	—	0	BD053	LM53	3	Ir	—	0
BD004	LM4	3	Ir	—	0	BD054	LM54	3	Ir	—	0
BD005	LM5	3	Ir	—	0	BD055	LM55	3	Ir	—	0
BD006	LM6	3	Ir	—	0	BD056	LM56	3	Ir	—	0
BD007	LM7	3	Ir	—	0	BD057	LM57	3	Ir	—	0
BD008	LM8	3	Ir	—	0	BD058	LM58	3	Ir	—	0
BD009	LM9	3	Ir	—	0	BD059	LM59	3	Ir	—	0
BD010	LM10	3	Ir	—	0	BD060	LM60	3	Ir	—	0
BD011	LM11	3	Ir	—	0	BD061	LM61	3	Ir	—	0
BD012	LM12	3	Ir	—	0	BD062	LM62	3	Ir	—	0
BD013	LM13	3	Ir	—	0	BD063	LM63	3	Ir	—	0
BD014	LM14	3	Ir	—	0	BD064	LM64	3	Ir	—	0
BD015	LM15	3	Ir	—	0	BD065	LM65	3	Ir	—	0
BD016	LM16	3	Ir	—	0	BD066	LM66	3	Ir	—	0
BD017	LM17	3	Ir	—	0	BD067	LM67	3	Ir	—	0
BD018	LM18	3	Ir	—	0	BD068	LM68	3	Ir	—	0
BD019	LM19	3	Ir	—	0	BD069	LM69	3	Ir	—	0
BD020	LM20	3	Ir	—	0	BD070	LM70	3	Ir	—	0
BD021	LM21	3	Ir	—	0	BD071	LM71	3	Ir	—	0
BD022	LM22	3	Ir	—	0	BD072	LM72	3	Ir	—	0
BD023	LM23	3	Ir	—	0	BD073	LM73	3	Ir	—	0
BD024	LM24	3	Ir	—	0	BD074	LM74	3	Ir	—	0
BD025	LM25	3	Ir	—	0	BD075	LM75	3	Ir	—	0
BD026	LM26	3	Ir	—	0	BD076	LM76	3	Ir	—	0
BD027	LM27	3	Ir	—	0	BD077	LM77	3	Ir	—	0
BD028	LM28	3	Ir	—	0	BD078	LM78	3	Ir	—	0
BD029	LM29	3	Ir	—	0	BD079	LM79	3	Ir	—	0
BD030	LM30	3	Ir	—	0	BD080	LM80	3	Ir	—	0
BD031	LM31	3	Ir	—	0	BD081	LM81	3	Ir	—	0
BD032	LM32	3	Ir	—	0	BD082	LM82	3	Ir	—	0
BD033	LM33	3	Ir	—	0	BD083	LM83	3	Ir	—	0
BD034	LM34	3	Ir	—	0	BD084	LM84	3	Ir	—	0
BD035	LM35	3	Ir	—	0	BD085	LM85	3	Ir	—	0
BD036	LM36	3	Ir	—	0	BD086	LM86	3	Ir	—	0
BD037	LM37	3	Ir	—	0	BD087	LM87	3	Ir	—	0
BD038	LM38	3	Ir	—	0	BD088	LM88	3	Ir	—	0
BD039	LM39	3	Ir	—	0	BD089	LM89	3	Ir	—	0
BD040	LM40	3	Ir	—	0	BD090	LM90	3	Ir	—	0
BD041	LM41	3	Ir	—	0	BD091	LM91	3	Ir	—	0
BD042	LM42	3	Ir	—	0	BD092	LM92	3	Ir	—	0
BD043	LM43	3	Ir	—	0	BD093	LM93	3	Ir	—	0
BD044	LM44	3	Ir	—	0	BD094	LM94	3	Ir	—	0
BD045	LM45	3	Ir	—	0	BD095	LM95	3	Ir	—	0
BD046	LM46	3	Ir	—	0	BD096	LM96	3	Ir	—	0
BD047	LM47	3	Ir	—	0	BD097	LM97	3	Ir	—	0
BD048	LM48	3	Ir	—	0	BD098	LM98	3	Ir	—	0
BD049	LM49	3	Ir	—	0	BD099	LM99	3	Ir	—	0
BD050	LM50	3	Ir	—	0	BD100	LM100	3	Ir	—	0

TABLE 2
Compound						Compound
name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101	name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101
BD101	LM101	3	Ir	—	0	BD151	LM151	3	Ir	—	0
BD102	LM102	3	Ir	—	0	BD152	LM152	3	Ir	—	0
BD103	LM103	3	Ir	—	0	BD153	LM153	3	Ir	—	0
BD104	LM104	3	Ir	—	0	BD154	LM154	3	Ir	—	0
BD105	LM105	3	Ir	—	0	BD155	LM155	3	Ir	—	0
BD106	LM106	3	Ir	—	0	BD156	LM156	3	Ir	—	0
BD107	LM107	3	Ir	—	0	BD157	LM157	3	Ir	—	0
BD108	LM108	3	Ir	—	0	BD158	LM158	3	Ir	—	0
BD109	LM109	3	Ir	—	0	BD159	LM159	3	Ir	—	0
BD110	LM110	3	Ir	—	0	BD160	LM160	3	Ir	—	0
BD111	LM111	3	Ir	—	0	BD161	LM161	3	Ir	—	0
BD112	LM112	3	Ir	—	0	BD162	LM162	3	Ir	—	0
BD113	LM113	3	Ir	—	0	BD163	LM163	3	Ir	—	0
BD114	LM114	3	Ir	—	0	BD164	LM164	3	Ir	—	0
BD115	LM115	3	Ir	—	0	BD165	LM165	3	Ir	—	0
BD116	LM116	3	Ir	—	0	BD166	LM166	3	Ir	—	0
BD117	LM117	3	Ir	—	0	BD167	LM167	3	Ir	—	0
BD118	LM118	3	Ir	—	0	BD168	LM168	3	Ir	—	0
BD119	LM119	3	Ir	—	0	BD169	LM169	3	Ir	—	0
BD120	LM120	3	Ir	—	0	BD170	LM170	3	Ir	—	0
BD121	LM121	3	Ir	—	0	BD171	LM171	3	Ir	—	0
BD122	LM122	3	Ir	—	0	BD172	LM172	3	Ir	—	0
BD123	LM123	3	Ir	—	0	BD173	LM173	3	Ir	—	0
BD124	LM124	3	Ir	—	0	BD174	LM174	3	Ir	—	0
BD125	LM125	3	Ir	—	0	BD175	LM175	3	Ir	—	0
BD126	LM126	3	Ir	—	0	BD176	LM176	3	Ir	—	0
BD127	LM127	3	Ir	—	0	BD177	LM177	3	Ir	—	0
BD128	LM128	3	Ir	—	0	BD178	LM178	3	Ir	—	0
BD129	LM129	3	Ir	—	0	BD179	LM179	3	Ir	—	0
BD130	LM130	3	Ir	—	0	BD180	LM180	3	Ir	—	0
BD131	LM131	3	Ir	—	0	BD181	LM181	3	Ir	—	0
BD132	LM132	3	Ir	—	0	BD182	LM182	3	Ir	—	0
BD133	LM133	3	Ir	—	0	BD183	LM183	3	Ir	—	0
BD134	LM134	3	Ir	—	0	BD184	LM184	3	Ir	—	0
BD135	LM135	3	Ir	—	0	BD185	LM185	3	Ir	—	0
BD136	LM136	3	Ir	—	0	BD186	LM186	3	Ir	—	0
BD137	LM137	3	Ir	—	0	BD187	LM187	3	Ir	—	0
BD138	LM138	3	Ir	—	0	BD188	LM188	3	Ir	—	0
BD139	LM139	3	Ir	—	0	BD189	LM189	3	Ir	—	0
BD140	LM140	3	Ir	—	0	BD190	LM190	3	Ir	—	0
BD141	LM141	3	Ir	—	0	BD191	LM191	3	Ir	—	0
BD142	LM142	3	Ir	—	0	BD192	LM192	3	Ir	—	0
BD143	LM143	3	Ir	—	0	BD193	LM193	3	Ir	—	0
BD144	LM144	3	Ir	—	0	BD194	LM194	3	Ir	—	0
BD145	LM145	3	Ir	—	0	BD195	LM195	3	Ir	—	0
BD146	LM146	3	Ir	—	0	BD196	LM196	3	Ir	—	0
BD147	LM147	3	Ir	—	0	BD197	LM197	3	Ir	—	0
BD148	LM148	3	Ir	—	0	BD198	LM198	3	Ir	—	0
BD149	LM149	3	Ir	—	0	BD199	LM199	3	Ir	—	0
BD150	LM150	3	Ir	—	0	BD200	LM200	3	Ir	—	0

TABLE 3
Compound						Compound
name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101	name	L101	n101	M101	L102	m101
BD201	LM201	3	Ir	—	0	BD251	LFP1	3	Ir	—	0
BD202	LM202	3	Ir	—	0	BD252	LFP2	3	Ir	—	0
BD203	LM203	3	Ir	—	0	BD253	LFP3	3	Ir	—	0
BD204	LM204	3	Ir	—	0	BD254	LFP4	3	Ir	—	0
BD205	LM205	3	Ir	—	0	BD255	LFP5	3	Ir	—	0
BD206	LM206	3	Ir	—	0	BD256	LFP6	3	Ir	—	0
BD207	LM207	3	Ir	—	0	BD257	LFP7	3	Ir	—	0
BD208	LM208	3	Ir	—	0	BD258	LM47	2	Ir	AN1	1
BD209	LM209	3	Ir	—	0	BD259	LM47	2	Ir	AN2	1
BD210	LM210	3	Ir	—	0	BD260	LM47	2	Ir	AN3	1
BD211	LM211	3	Ir	—	0	BD261	LM47	2	Ir	AN4	1
BD212	LM212	3	Ir	—	0	BD262	LM47	2	Ir	AN5	1
BD213	LM213	3	Ir	—	0	BD263	LM11	2	Pt	—	0
BD214	LM214	3	Ir	—	0	BD264	LM13	2	Pt	—	0
BD215	LM215	3	Ir	—	0	BD265	LM15	2	Pt	—	0
BD216	LM216	3	Ir	—	0	BD266	LM45	2	Pt	—	0
BD217	LM217	3	Ir	—	0	BD267	LM47	2	Pt	—	0
BD218	LM218	3	Ir	—	0	BD268	LM49	2	Pt	—	0
BD219	LM219	3	Ir	—	0	BD269	LM98	2	Pt	—	0
BD220	LM220	3	Ir	—	0	BD270	LM100	2	Pt	—	0
BD221	LM221	3	Ir	—	0	BD271	LM102	2	Pt	—	0
BD222	LM222	3	Ir	—	0	BD272	LM132	2	Pt	—	0
BD223	LM223	3	Ir	—	0	BD273	LM134	2	Pt	—	0
BD224	LM224	3	Ir	—	0	BD274	LM136	2	Pt	—	0
BD225	LM225	3	Ir	—	0	BD275	LM151	2	Pt	—	0
BD226	LM226	3	Ir	—	0	BD276	LM153	2	Pt	—	0
BD227	LM227	3	Ir	—	0	BD277	LM158	2	Pt	—	0
BD228	LM228	3	Ir	—	0	BD278	LM180	2	Pt	—	0
BD229	LM229	3	Ir	—	0	BD279	LM182	2	Pt	—	0
BD230	LM230	3	Ir	—	0	BD280	LM187	2	Pt	—	0
BD231	LM231	3	Ir	—	0	BD281	LM201	2	Pt	—	0
BD232	LM232	3	Ir	—	0	BD282	LM206	2	Pt	—	0
BD233	LM233	3	Ir	—	0	BD283	LM211	2	Pt	—	0
BD234	LM234	3	Ir	—	0	BD284	LM233	2	Pt	—	0
BD235	LM235	3	Ir	—	0	BD285	LM235	2	Pt	—	0
BD236	LM236	3	Ir	—	0	BD286	LM240	2	Pt	—	0
BD237	LM237	3	Ir	—	0	BD287	LFM5	2	Pt	—	0
BD238	LM238	3	Ir	—	0	BD288	LFM6	2	Pt	—	0
BD239	LM239	3	Ir	—	0	BD289	LFM7	2	Pt	—	0
BD240	LM240	3	Ir	—	0	BD290	LFP5	2	Pt	—	0
BD241	LM241	3	Ir	—	0	BD291	LFP6	2	Pt	—	0
BD242	LM242	3	Ir	—	0	BD292	LFP7	2	Pt	—	0
BD243	LM243	3	Ir	—	0	BD293	LM47	1	Pt	AN1	1
BD244	LFM1	3	Ir	—	0	BD294	LM47	1	Pt	AN2	1
BD245	LFM2	3	Ir	—	0	BD295	LM47	1	Pt	AN3	1
BD246	LFM3	3	Ir	—	0	BD296	LM47	1	Pt	AN4	1
BD247	LFM4	3	Ir	—	0	BD297	LM47	1	Pt	AN5	1
BD248	LFM5	3	Ir	—	0
BD249	LFM6	3	Ir	—	0
BD250	LFM7	3	Ir	—	0

In Table 1, AN1 to AN5 are as follows:

In Tables 1 to 3, LM1 to LM243 may be understood with reference to the following Formulae 1-1 to 1-3 and the following Tables 4 to 6:

TABLE 4
Formula 1-1
Ligand name	R11	R12	R13	R14	R15	R16	R17	R18	R19	R20
LM1	X1	H	X3	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM2	X1	H	X3	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM3	X1	H	X3	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM4	Y1	H	X3	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM5	Y2	H	X3	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM6	Y3	H	X3	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM7	Y3	D	X3	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM8	Y3	D	X3	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM9	Y3	D	X3	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM10	Y3	D	X3	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM11	Y3	D	Y11	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM12	Y3	D	Y11	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM13	Y3	D	Y11	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM14	Y3	D	Y11	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM15	Y3	D	Y11	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM16	X2	H	X3	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM17	X2	H	X3	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM18	X2	H	X3	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM19	Y4	H	X3	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM20	Y5	H	X3	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM21	Y6	H	X3	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM22	Y7	H	X3	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM23	Y8	H	X3	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM24	Y9	H	X3	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM25	Y10	H	X3	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM26	Y10	D	X3	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM27	Y10	D	X3	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM28	Y10	D	X3	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM29	Y10	D	X3	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM30	Y10	D	Y11	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM31	Y10	D	Y11	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM32	Y10	D	Y11	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM33	Y10	D	Y11	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM34	Y10	D	Y11	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM35	X1	H	X4	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM36	X1	H	X4	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM37	X1	H	X4	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM38	Y1	H	X4	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM39	Y2	H	X4	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM40	Y3	H	X4	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM41	Y3	D	X4	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM42	Y3	D	X4	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM43	Y3	D	X4	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM44	Y3	D	X4	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM45	Y3	D	Y12	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM46	Y3	D	Y12	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM47	Y3	D	Y12	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM48	Y3	D	Y12	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM49	Y3	D	Y12	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM50	X2	H	X4	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM51	X2	H	X4	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM52	X2	H	X4	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM53	Y4	H	X4	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM54	Y5	H	X4	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM55	Y6	H	X4	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM56	Y7	H	X4	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM57	Y8	H	X4	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM58	Y9	H	X4	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM59	Y10	H	X4	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM60	Y10	D	X4	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM61	Y10	D	X4	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM62	Y10	D	X4	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM63	Y10	D	X4	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM64	Y10	D	Y12	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM65	Y10	D	Y12	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM66	Y10	D	Y12	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM67	Y10	D	Y12	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM68	Y10	D	Y12	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM69	X1	H	X5	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM70	X1	H	X5	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM71	X1	H	X5	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM72	Y1	H	X5	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM73	Y2	H	X5	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM74	Y3	H	X5	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM75	Y3	D	X5	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM76	Y3	D	X5	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM77	Y3	D	X5	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM78	Y3	D	X5	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM79	Y3	D	Y13	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM80	Y3	D	Y13	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM81	Y3	D	Y13	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM82	Y3	D	Y13	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM83	Y3	D	Y13	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM84	X2	H	X5	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM85	X2	H	X5	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM86	X2	H	X5	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM87	Y4	H	X5	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM88	Y5	H	X5	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM89	Y6	H	X5	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM90	Y7	H	X5	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM91	Y8	H	X5	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM92	Y9	H	X5	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM93	Y10	H	X5	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM94	Y10	D	X5	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM95	Y10	D	X5	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM96	Y10	D	X5	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM97	Y10	D	X5	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM98	Y10	D	Y13	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM99	Y10	D	Y13	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM100	Y10	D	Y13	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM101	Y10	D	Y13	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM102	Y10	D	Y13	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM103	X1	H	X6	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM104	X1	H	X6	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM105	X1	H	X6	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM106	Y1	H	X6	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM107	Y2	H	X6	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM108	Y3	H	X6	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM109	Y3	D	X6	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM110	Y3	D	X6	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM111	Y3	D	X6	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM112	Y3	D	X6	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM113	Y3	D	Y14	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM114	Y3	D	Y14	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM115	Y3	D	Y14	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM116	Y3	D	Y14	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM117	Y3	D	Y14	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM118	X2	H	X6	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM119	X2	H	X6	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM120	X2	H	X6	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM121	Y4	H	X6	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM122	Y5	H	X6	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM123	Y6	H	X6	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM124	Y7	H	X6	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM125	Y8	H	X6	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM126	Y9	H	X6	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM127	Y10	H	X6	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM128	Y10	D	X6	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM129	Y10	D	X6	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM130	Y10	D	X6	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM131	Y10	D	X6	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM132	Y10	D	Y14	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM133	Y10	D	Y14	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM134	Y10	D	Y14	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM135	Y10	D	Y14	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM136	Y10	D	Y14	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM137	X1	H	X7	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM138	X1	H	X7	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM139	X1	H	X7	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM140	Y1	H	X7	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM141	Y2	H	X7	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM142	Y3	H	X7	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM143	Y3	D	X7	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM144	Y3	D	X7	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM145	Y3	D	X7	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM146	Y3	D	X7	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM147	Y3	D	X8	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM148	Y3	D	Y16	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM149	Y3	D	Y17	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM150	Y3	D	Y18	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM151	Y3	D	Y15	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM152	Y3	D	Y15	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM153	Y3	D	Y15	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM154	Y3	D	Y16	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM155	Y3	D	Y17	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM156	Y3	D	Y18	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM157	Y3	D	Y15	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM158	Y3	D	Y15	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM159	Y3	D	Y16	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM160	Y3	D	Y17	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM161	Y3	D	Y18	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM162	X2	H	X7	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM163	X2	H	X7	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM164	X2	H	X7	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM165	Y4	H	X7	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM166	Y5	H	X7	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM167	Y6	H	X7	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM168	Y7	H	X7	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM169	Y8	H	X7	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM170	Y9	H	X7	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM171	Y10	H	X7	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM172	Y10	D	X7	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM173	Y10	D	X7	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM174	Y10	D	X7	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM175	Y10	D	X7	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM176	Y10	D	X8	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM177	Y10	D	Y16	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM178	Y10	D	Y17	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM179	Y10	D	Y18	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM180	Y10	D	Y15	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM181	Y10	D	Y15	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM182	Y10	D	Y15	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM183	Y10	D	Y16	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM184	Y10	D	Y17	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM185	Y10	D	Y18	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM186	Y10	D	Y15	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM187	Y10	D	Y15	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM188	Y10	D	Y16	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM189	Y10	D	Y17	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM190	Y10	D	Y18	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM191	X1	X7	H	H	X1	H	H	H	H	D
LM192	X1	X7	H	H	X1	H	H	H	D	H
LM193	X1	X7	H	H	X1	H	H	H	D	D
LM194	Y1	X7	H	H	Y1	H	H	H	D	D
LM195	Y2	X7	H	H	Y2	H	H	H	D	D
LM196	Y3	X7	H	H	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM197	Y3	X7	D	D	Y3	H	H	H	D	D
LM198	Y3	X7	D	D	Y3	D	H	H	D	D
LM199	Y3	X7	D	D	Y3	D	D	H	D	D
LM200	Y3	X7	D	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM201	Y3	Y15	D	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM202	Y3	Y16	D	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM203	Y3	Y17	D	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM204	Y3	Y18	D	D	Y3	D	D	D	D	D
LM205	Y3	Y15	D	D	Y3	H	X1	H	D	D
LM206	Y3	Y15	D	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM207	Y3	Y16	D	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM208	Y3	Y17	D	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM209	Y3	Y18	D	D	Y3	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM210	Y3	Y15	D	D	Y3	H	X4	H	D	D
LM211	Y3	Y15	D	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM212	Y3	Y16	D	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM213	Y3	Y17	D	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM214	Y3	Y18	D	D	Y3	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM215	X2	X7	H	H	X2	H	H	H	H	D
LM216	X2	X7	H	H	X2	H	H	H	D	H
LM217	X2	X7	H	H	X2	H	H	H	D	D
LM218	Y4	X7	H	H	Y4	H	H	H	D	D
LM219	Y5	X7	H	H	Y5	H	H	H	D	D
LM220	Y6	X7	H	H	Y6	H	H	H	D	D
LM221	Y7	X7	H	H	Y7	H	H	H	D	D
LM222	Y8	X7	H	H	Y8	H	H	H	D	D
LM223	Y9	X7	H	H	Y9	H	H	H	D	D
LM224	Y10	X7	H	H	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM225	Y10	X7	D	D	Y10	H	H	H	D	D
LM226	Y10	X7	D	D	Y10	D	H	H	D	D
LM227	Y10	X7	D	D	Y10	D	D	H	D	D
LM228	Y10	X7	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM229	Y10	X8	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM230	Y10	Y16	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM231	Y10	Y17	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM232	Y10	Y18	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM233	Y10	Y15	D	D	Y10	D	D	D	D	D
LM234	Y10	Y15	D	D	Y10	H	X1	H	D	D
LM235	Y10	Y15	D	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM236	Y10	Y16	D	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM237	Y10	Y17	D	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM238	Y10	Y18	D	D	Y10	D	Y3	D	D	D
LM239	Y10	Y15	D	D	Y10	H	X4	H	D	D
LM240	Y10	Y15	D	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM241	Y10	Y16	D	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM242	Y10	Y17	D	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D
LM243	Y10	Y18	D	D	Y10	D	Y12	D	D	D

TABLE 5

Formula 1-2

Ligand

name

R11

X11

R101

R102

R103

R104

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

R20

LFM1

Y10

N-PH

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFM2

Y10

S

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFM3

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFM4

Y3

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y3

D

D

D

D

D

LFM5

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFM6

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

Y3

D

D

D

LFM7

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

Y12

D

D

D

TABLE 6

Formula 1-3

Ligand

name

R11

X11

R101

R102

R103

R104

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

R20

LFP1

Y10

N-PH

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFP2

Y10

S

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFP3

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFP4

Y3

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y3

D

D

D

D

D

LFP5

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

D

D

D

D

LFP6

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

Y3

D

D

D

LFP7

Y10

O

D

D

D

D

D

Y10

D

Y12

D

D

D

X1 to X10 and Y1 to Y18 in Tables 4 to 6 are as follows, and Ph in the tables refers to a phenyl group:

An amount of the sensitizer in the emission layer may be from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %. Within this range, it is possible to achieve effective energy transfer in the emission layer, and accordingly, an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency and long lifespan may be embodied.

Emitter in Emission Layer 15

Because the emitter emits fluorescence, for example, delayed fluorescence, an organic light-emitting device including the emitter emitting fluorescence is clearly distinguished from an organic light-emitting device including a compound emitting phosphorescence.

In an embodiment, a horizontal orientation ratio of the emitter may be greater than or equal to about 90%.

The horizontal orientation ratio of the emitter is a value obtained by using a quartz substrate, in which the host and the emitter are deposited at a weight ratio of (100−d):d to have a thickness of 50 nm, and comparing a graph obtained by measuring PL intensity according to an angle for a range of 0° to 90° with respect to the quartz substrate with a simulated graph having different horizontal orientation ratios, for example, a horizontal orientation ratio of 100% and a horizontal orientation ratio of 67%. Here, d is an arbitrary constant. In the quartz substrate, only the emitter may substantially emit light and may further satisfy T₁(H)>S₁(E).

A maximum emission wavelength of an emission spectrum of the emitter may be about 400 nm or more and about 550 nm or less. In an embodiment, a maximum emission wavelength of an emission spectrum of the emitter may be about 400 nm or more and about 495 nm or less, or about 450 nm or more and about 495 or less, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. That is, the emitter may emit blue light. The “maximum emission wavelength” refers to a wavelength at which the emission intensity is the greatest and may also be referred to as “a peak emission wavelength”.

In an embodiment, the emitter does not include metal atoms.

The emitter may be a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 below:

In Formula 1,

X₁₁ is NR₁₄ or O,

X₁₂ is NR₁₆ or O,

X₁₃ is NR₁₆ or O,

k11 is 0 or 1, wherein, when k11 is 0, (X₁₁)_k11 does not exist,

A₁₁ to A₁₃ are each independently a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group,

R₁₁ to R₁₆ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein at least one of R₁₁ to R₁₃ is not hydrogen,

b₁₁ to b₁₃ are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, and

Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof, or a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof.

In an, embodiment, in Formula 1, k11 may be 0.

In an embodiment, in Formula 1, at least one of R₁₁ to R₁₃ is a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), or —N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof, or a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, in Formula 1, A₁₁ to A₁₃ may each independently be a group represented by Formula 10A, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group, and

in Formula 10A,

X₁₀₁ may be NR₁₀₄ or O,

X₁₀₂ may be NR₁₀₅ or O,

X₁₀₃ may be NR₁₀₆ or O,

k101 may be 0 or 1, wherein, when k101 is 0, (X₁₀₁)_k101 may not exist,

A₁₀₁ to A₁₀₃ may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group,

R₁₀₁ to R₁₀₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b101 to b103 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof, or a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, in Formula 1, A₁₁ and A₁₃ may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group, and A₁₂ may be a group represented by Formula 10A, or

A₁₁ to A₁₃ may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1 and 10A, k11 and k101 may be 0.

In detail, the emitter may be a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2:

In Formulae 1-1 and 1-2,

X₁₂ is NR₁₅ or O,

X₁₃ is NR₁₆ or O,

X₁₀₂ is NR₁₀₅ or O,

X₁₀₃ is NR₁₀₆ or O,

R₁₁ to R₁₃, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₀₂, R₁₀₃, R₁₀₅, and R₁₀₆ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein, at least one of R₁₁ to R₁₃ in Formula 1-1 is not hydrogen and at least one of R₁₁ to R₁₃, R₁₀₂, and R₁₀₃ in Formula 1-2 is not hydrogen,

b₁₁ to b₁₃, b102, and b103 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, and

Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₇-C₆₀ alkyl aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, and a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, or a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, or a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

In an embodiment, the emitter may be a compound the following Group E-I: Group E-I

An amount of the sensitizer in the emission layer may be from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %. Within these ranges, it is possible to achieve effective energy transfer in the emission layer, and accordingly, an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency and long lifespan may be obtained.

Hole Transport Region 12

The hole transport region 12 may be located between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

The hole transport region 12 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

For example, the hole transport region 12 may have a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer structure, a hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The hole transport region 12 may include any compound having hole transport properties.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include an amine-based compound.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one a compound represented by Formula 201 to a compound represented by Formula 205, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 201 to 205,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₉ may each independently be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xa1 to xa9 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein neighboring two groups of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ may optionally be bonded to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In an embodiment,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₉ may be

a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a corogen group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an isoindole group, an indole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, and a triindolobenzene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a tetraphenyl group, or —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃),

xa1 to xa9 are each independently 0, 1, or 2,

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₆ are each independently a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, or a benzothienocarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof, and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound and a carbazole-free amine-based compound.

The carbazole-containing amine-based compound may be, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 including a carbazole group and further including at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, or a benzothienocarbazole group.

The carbazole-free amine-based compound may be, for example, a compound represented by Formula 201 which do not include a carbazole group and which include at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one compound represented by Formulae 201 or 202.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one compound represented by Formulae 201-1, 202-1, and 201-2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 201-1, 202-1, and 201-2, L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, L₂₀₅, xa1 to xa3, xa5, R₂₀₁, and R₂₀₂ are the same as described herein, and R₂₁₁ to R₂₁₃ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include at least one of Compounds HT1 to HT39, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a p-dopant. When the hole transport region 12 further includes a p-dopant, the hole transport region 12 may have a matrix (for example, at least one compound represented by Formulae 201 to 205) and a p-dopant included in the matrix. The p-dopant may be uniformly or non-uniformly doped in the hole transport region 12.

In one embodiment, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one of a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, a cyano group-containing compound, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one of:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ),2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), F6-TCNNQ, or any combination thereof;

• • a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;
  • 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-ON);
  • a compound represented by Formula 221 below, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and at least one of R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one of a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Br, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I, or any combination thereof.

The hole transport region 12 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 400 Å to about 2,000 Å, and the emission layer 15 may have a thickness of about 100 Å to about 3,000 Å, for example, about 300 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the thickness of each of the hole transport region 12 and the emission layer 15 is within these ranges described above, satisfactory hole transportation characteristics and/or luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Electron Transport Region 17

The electron transport region 17 is located between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19 of the organic light-emitting device 10.

The electron transport region 17 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

For example, the electron transport region 17 may have an electron transport layer, an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The electron transport region 17 may further include an electron control layer.

The electron transport region 17 may include known electron transport materials.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one 7-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group. The π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group is the same as described above.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601 below.

[Ar₆₀₁]_xe11-[(L₆₀₁)_xe1-R₆₀₁]_xe21  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 is 1, 2, or 3,

xe1 is an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

xe21 is an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 and R₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 601, ring Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof,

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar₆₀₁(s) may be bonded to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1 below:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X614 to X616 may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 are each independently: a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or any combination thereof;

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-dphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, or any combination thereof.

The thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region 17 (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one of alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, or a metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region 17 may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 19. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 19.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs. In one embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba.

The rare earth metal may be Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, or Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be an oxide or a halide (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, or the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be an alkali metal oxide, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, or an alkali metal halide, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI. In one embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be an alkaline earth-metal oxide, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_xSr_1-xO (0<x<1), or Ba_xCa_1-xO (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be BaO, SrO, or CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be YbF₃, ScF₃, ScO₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, or TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, or TbI₃, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth-metal, or a rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, or cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include the organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 19

The second electrode 19 is located on the organic layer 10A having such a structure. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 19 may be a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 19 may include at least one of lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The second electrode 19 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 19 may have a single-layered structure having a single layer or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device has been described with reference to FIG. 1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Description of FIG. 2

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 100 according to another exemplary embodiment.

The organic light-emitting device 100 of FIG. 2 includes a first electrode 110, a second electrode 190 facing the first electrode 110, and a first emission unit 151 and a second emission unit 152 between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 190. A charge generation layer 141 is located between the first emission unit 151 and the second emission unit 152, and the charge generation layer 141 includes an n-type charge generation layer 141-N and a p-type charge generation layer 141-P. The charge generation layer 141 is a layer that generates charge and supplies the charge to neighboring emission units, and any known material may be used therefor.

The first emission unit 151 includes a first emission layer 151-EM, and the second emission unit 152 includes a second emission layer 152-EM. A maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first emission unit 151 may be different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second emission unit 152. In an embodiment, the mixed light of the light emitted from the first emission unit 151 and the light emitted from the second emission unit 152 may be white light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The hole transport region 120 is located between the first emission unit 151 and the first electrode 110, and the second emission unit 152 includes the first hole transport region 121 located on the side of the first electrode 110.

An electron transport region 170 is located between the second emission unit 152 and the second electrode 190, and the first emission unit 151 includes a first electron transport region 171 located between the charge generation layer 141 and the first emission layer 151-EM.

The first emission layer 151-EM is a thin film including a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and a horizontal orientation ratio of the thin film may be greater than or equal to about 80%.

The second emission layer 152-EM is a thin film including a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and a horizontal orientation ratio of the thin film may be greater than or equal to about 80%.

The first electrode 110 and the second electrode 190 illustrated in FIG. 2 may be the same as described in connection with the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 19 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The first emission layer 151-EM and the second emission layer 152-EM illustrated in FIG. 2 are each the same as described in connection with the emission layer 15 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The hole transport region 120 and the first hole transport region 121 illustrated in FIG. 2 are each the same as described in connection with the hole transport region 12 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The electron transport region 170 and the first electron transport region 171 illustrated in FIG. 2 are each the same as described in connection with the electron transport region 17 illustrated in FIG. 1.

Hereinbefore, referring to FIG. 2, although an organic light-emitting device including the first emission unit 151 and the second emission unit 152, each including an emission layer that includes a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, has been described, one of the first emission unit 151 and the second emission unit 152 of the organic light-emitting device shown in FIG. 2 may be replaced with any known emission unit or may include three or more emission units, and various modifications are possible.

Description of FIG. 3

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 200 according to another exemplary embodiment.

The organic light-emitting device 200 includes a first electrode 210, a second electrode 290 facing the first electrode 210, and a first emission layer 251 and a second emission layer 252 which are stacked between the first electrode 210 and the second electrode 290.

A maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the first emission layer 251 may be different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the second emission layer 252. In an embodiment, the mixed light of the light emitted from the first emission layer 251 and the light emitted from the second emission layer 252 may be white light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Meanwhile, a hole transport region 220 may be located between the first emission layer 251 and the first electrode 210, and an electron transport region 270 may be located between the second emission layer 252 and the second electrode 290.

The first emission layer 251 is a thin film including a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and a horizontal orientation ratio of the thin film may be greater than or equal to about 80%.

The second emission layer 252 is a thin film including a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, the sensitizer includes a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and a horizontal orientation ratio of the thin film may be greater than or equal to 80%.

The first electrode 210, the hole transport region 220, and the second electrode 290 illustrated in FIG. 3 are respectively the same as described in connection with the first electrode 11, the hole transport region 12, and the second electrode 19 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The first emission layer 251 and the second emission layer 252 illustrated in FIG. 3 are each the same as described in connection with the emission layer 15 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The electron transport region 270 illustrated in FIG. 3 may be the same as described in connection with the electron transport region 17 in FIG. 1.

Hereinbefore, referring to FIG. 3, although an organic light-emitting device including the first emission layer 251 and the second emission layer 252, each including a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, as described in the present specification, has been described, one of the first emission layer 251 and the second emission layer 252 shown in FIG. 3 may be replaced with a known emission layer, may include three or more emission layers, or may further include an interlayer between neighboring emission layers, and various modifications are possible.

Explanation of Terms

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein has a structure including at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein has a structure including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom of N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a tetrahydrofuranyl group and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocarbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom of N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom of N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” as used herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” used herein refers to a monovalent group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, only carbon is used as a ring-forming atom (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be 8 to 60) and the whole molecule is a non-aromaticity group. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, a heteroatom of N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, other than carbon atoms(for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic group having, as a ring-forming atom, 5 to 30 carbon atoms only. The C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group, and may be a monovalent, divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, or hexavalent group, depending on the formula structure.

The term “C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic group having, as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom of N, O, P, Si, B, Se, Te, Ge, or any combination thereof, other than 1 to 30 carbon atoms. The C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group, and may be a monovalent, divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, or hexavalent group, depending on the formula structure.

In the present specification, a substituent is:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —Si(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇), —P(═O)(Q₁₈)(Q₁₉), or any combination thereof;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —Si(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇), —P(═O)(Q₂₈)(Q₂₉), or any combination thereof; or

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), or —P(═O)(Q₃₈)(Q₃₉),

wherein Q₁ to Q₉, Q₁₁ to Q₁₉, Q₂₁ to Q₂₉, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₉ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one of a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group and a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “room temperature” used herein refers to a temperature of about 25° C.

The terms “a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to monovalent groups in which two, three, or four phenyl groups which are linked together via a single bond.

The terms “a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, and a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group, each of which is substituted with at least one cyano group. In “a cyano-containing phenyl group, a cyano-containing biphenyl group, a cyano-containing terphenyl group, and a cyano-containing tetraphenyl group”, a cyano group may be substituted to any position of the corresponding group, and the “cyano-containing phenyl group, the cyano-containing biphenyl group, the cyano-containing terphenyl group, and the cyano-containing tetraphenyl group” may further include substituents other than a cyano group. For example, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, and a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group and a methyl group may all belong to “a cyano-containing phenyl group.”

Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments are described in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording ‘*B’ was used instead of ‘A″’ used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an amount of ‘A’ used was identical to an amount of ‘B’ used, in terms of a molar equivalent.

EXAMPLES

Compounds used in the Examples are as follows.

Evaluation Example 1: Horizontal Orientation Ratio

A host, a sensitizer, an emitter described in the following Table 7 were vacuum-deposited on a quartz substrate at a weight ratio shown in Table 7 at a vacuum pressure of 10⁻⁷ torr, to thereby manufacture samples having a thickness of 50 nm. With respect to the samples, Luxol-OLED/analyzer LOA-100 available from CoCoLink company was used to measure PL intensity for each angle in the range of 0° to 90°, an analyzer fitting program was used to determine horizontal orientation ratios obtained by assuming that a horizontal orientation ratio is 67% in a fully anisotropic case and a horizontal orientation ratio is 100% in a fully oriented case, and the horizontal orientation ratios are shown in the following Table 7. A host and a sensitizer described in the following Table 8 were vacuum-deposited on a quartz substrate at a weight ratio shown in Table 8 at a vacuum pressure of 10⁻⁷ torr, to thereby manufacture samples having a thickness of 50 nm. A horizontal orientation ratio was calculated in the same manner with respect to the samples, and results are shown in Table 8. Based on values shown in Tables 7 and 8, ⊖_H+S+E/⊖_H+S×100 was calculated, and results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 7
					Weight ratio	Horizontal
	First	Second			(first host:second	orientation
Sample No.	host	host	Sensitizer	Emitter	host:sensitizer:emitter)	ratio (%)
Sample 1	HT2	ET2	S2	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 2	HT2	ET2	S1	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	92
Sample 3	HT2	ET2	S3	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 4	HT2	ET2	S4	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	94
Sample 5	HT2	ET2	S5	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	92
Sample 6	HT2	ET2	S6	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	92
Sample 7	HT2	ET2	S7	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	91
Sample 8	HT2	ET2	S8	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 9	HT2	ET2	S9	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 10	HT2	ET2	S10	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 11	HT2	ET2	S11	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	92
Sample 12	HT2	ET2	S12	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	93
Sample 13	HT2	ET2	S13	E2	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	91
Comparative	HT2	ET2	S1	E1	44.75:44.75:10:0.5	66
Sample 1

TABLE 8
					Horizontal
	First	Second		Weight ratio	Orientation
Sample No.	host	host	Sensitizer	(host:sensitizer)	ratio (%)
Sample 1A	HT2	ET2	S2	44.75:44.75:10	80
Sample 2A	HT2	ET2	S1	44.75:44.75:10	68
Sample 3A	HT2	ET2	S3	44.75:44.75:10	75
Sample 4A	HT2	ET2	S4	44.75:44.75:10	80
Sample 5A	HT2	ET2	S5	44.75:44.75:10	79
Sample 6A	HT2	ET2	S6	44.75:44.75:10	82
Sample 7A	HT2	ET2	S7	44.75:44.75:10	81
Sample 8A	HT2	ET2	S8	44.75:44.75:10	75
Sample 9A	HT2	ET2	S9	44.75:44.75:10	71
Sample 10A	HT2	ET2	S10	44.75:44.75:10	81
Sample 11A	HT2	ET2	S11	44.75:44.75:10	71
Sample 12A	HT2	ET2	S12	44.75:44.75:10	82
Sample 13A	HT2	ET2	S13	44.75:44.75:10	82

TABLE 9
		Ratio of
		Horizontal
		orientation
		ratio
		(⊖H +E/
⊖H +S +E	⊖H +S	⊖H +S ×
sample No.	sample No.	100) (%)
Sample 1	Sample 1A	116
Sample 2	Sample 2A	135
Sample 3	Sample 3A	124
Sample 4	Sample 4A	118
Sample 5	Sample 5A	116
Sample 6	Sample 6A	112
Sample 7	Sample 7A	112
Sample 8	Sample 8A	124
Sample 9	Sample 9A	131
Sample 10	Sample 10A	115
Sample 11	Sample 11A	130
Sample 12	Sample 12A	113
Sample 13	Sample 13A	111
Comparative	Sample 1A	83
Sample 1

Referring to Table 9, it was confirmed that a horizontal orientation ratio of a sample including an emitter is improved, a rate of increase of each of the horizontal orientation ratios of Samples 1 to 13 are relatively high, and the ratio of the horizontal orientation ratios are at least 109% or more.

Evaluation Example 2: SOI

With respect to the sensitizer and the emitter used in Evaluation Example 1, SOI constant (J) was calculated from Equation 1, and results are shown in Table 10.

$\begin{array}{cc}J={\int }_0^{\infty }{F}_D\left(\lambda \right){\varepsilon }_A\left(\lambda \right){\lambda }^{4}d\lambda & \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$

In Equation 1,

λ is an emission wavelength (nm),

F_D(λ) is an emission spectrum of the sensitizer, and ε_A(λ) is an extinction coefficient spectrum of the emitter.

	TABLE 10
	Sample No.	Sensitizer	Emitter	J
	Sample 1B	S2	E2	4.56 × 1014
	Sample 2B	S1	E2	5.41 × 1014
	Sample 3B	S3	E2	4.23 × 1014
	Sample 4B	S4	E2	4.41 × 1014
	Sample 5B	S5	E2	4.13 × 1014
	Sample 6B	S6	E2	4.494 × 1014
	Sample 7B	S7	E2	4.73 × 1014
	Sample 8B	S8	E2	4.59 × 1014
	Sample 9B	S9	E2	5.58 × 1014
	Sample 10B	S10	E2	4.20 × 1014
	Sample 11B	S11	E2	4.79 × 1014
	Sample 12B	S12	E2	4.89 × 1014
	Sample 13B	S13	E2	4.94 × 1014
	Comparative	S1	E1	5.14 × 1013
	Sample 1B

Example 1

A glass substrate with a 50 nm-thick of ITO electrode pattern was ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and pure water for 15 minutes each, and then cleaned by exposure of UV ozone thereto for 30 minutes.

Subsequently, N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-[4-(phenyl-m-tolyl-amino)-phenyl]-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (DNTPD) was deposited to a thickness of 40 nm, N,N,N′N′-tetra[(1,10-biphenyl)-4-yl]-(1,10-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (BPBPA) was deposited to a thickness of 10 nm, and 3,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (mCBP) was deposited to a thickness of 10 nm, on the ITO electrode (anode) of the glass substrate in this stated order.

Next, a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter shown in Table 9 were co-deposited at a ratio described in Table 11 to thereby form an emission layer having a thickness of 50 nm.

On the emission layer, 2,8-bis(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (DBFTrz) was deposited to a thickness of 5 nm, 9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracen-2-yl-(4,1-phenylene)(1-phenyl-1Hbenzo[d]imidazole (ZADN) was deposited to a thickness of 20 nm, LiF was deposited to a thickness of 1.5 nm, and Al was deposited to a thickness of 200 nm, to thereby complete the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device having a structure of ITO (50 nm)/DNTPD (40 nm)/BPBPA (10 nm)/mCBP (10 nm)/emission layer (30 nm)/DBFTrz (5 nm)/ZADN (20 nm)/LiF (1.5 nm)/Al (200 nm).

Example 2 to 13 and Comparative Example 1

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a corresponding host, a corresponding sensitizer, and a corresponding emitter were used as shown in Table 11 in forming an emission layer.

Evaluation Example 3: Measurement on Lifespan and External Quantum Efficiency of OLED

With respect to each of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 13, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and lifespan were evaluated and calculated as a relative value (%) and results thereof are shown in Table 11. A luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A) was used as an evaluation apparatus. Lifespan (T₉₅) was determined by evaluating the time that is taken for luminance to become 95% compared to the initial luminance of 100%, under the same luminance measurement conditions.

	TABLE 11
			External
		Emission	quantum	Lifespan
		layer	efficiency	(T95)
	No.	composition	(%)	(time)
	Example 1	Same as Sample 1	126%	164%
	Example 2	Same as Sample 2	155%	415%
	Example 3	Same as Sample 3	125%	192%
	Example 4	Same as Sample 4	117%	150%
	Example 5	Same as Sample 5	116%	111%
	Example 6	Same as Sample 6	111%	184%
	Example 7	Same as Sample 7	117%	124%
	Example 8	Same as Sample 8	160%	196%
	Example 9	Same as Sample 9	163%	532%
	Example 10	Same as Sample 10	114%	118%
	Example 11	Same as Sample 11	166%	450%
	Example 12	Same as Sample 12	115%	147%
	Example 13	Same as Sample 13	116%	186%
	Comparative	Comparative	87%	23%
	Example 1	Sample 1

From Table 11, it was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 13 have improved efficiency and improved lifespan compared to the organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example 1.

Evaluation Example 4: Correlation Between Change in Horizontal Orientation Ratio and External Quantum Efficiency and Lifespan

A correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and external quantum efficiency, according to an absence/presence of emitter, is illustrated in FIG. 4. A correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and lifespan, according to an absence/presence of emitter, is illustrated in FIG. 5. In this case, the correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and external quantum efficiency and the correlation between a change in a horizontal orientation ratio and lifespan were derived based on data (see Table 11) about external quantum efficiency and lifespan obtained from Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Example 1 and data (see Table 9) about ratios of horizontal orientation ratio of samples corresponding to composition of emission layers used in Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Example 1.

From FIGS. 4 and 5, it may be confirmed that when the ratio of horizontal orientation ratio is greater than about 109%, a degree of improvement in lifespan and efficiency of an organic light-emitting device is apparent.

The organic light-emitting device may have improved efficiency and/or improved lifespan.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein the organic layer comprises an emission layer,the emission layer comprises a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter,the sensitizer comprises a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, andthe emission layer satisfies Condition 1 below: ⊖H+S+E/⊖H+S×100>about 109(%)  Condition 1wherein, in Condition 1,⊖H+S+E is a horizontal orientation ratio of the emission layer, and⊖H+S is a horizontal orientation ratio of a thin film consisting of the host and the sensitizer included in the emission layer.

2. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein ⊖H+S+E/⊖H+S×100 is less than or equal to about 140%.

3. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein ⊖H+S+E is greater than or equal to about 80%.

4. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter is a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1:

5. The organic light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein at least one of R11 to R13 is a C1-C60 alkyl group, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —N(Q1)(Q2), and Q1 to Q3 are each independently a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C7-C60 alkyl aryl group, a C1-C60 alkyl group that is substituted with at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, and a C6-C60 aryl group, or a C6-C60 aryl group that is substituted with at least one of a deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or any combination thereof.

6. The organic light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein k11 is 0.

7. The organic light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein A11 to A13 are each independently a group represented by Formula 10A below, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group,

8. The organic light-emitting device of claim 7, wherein A11 and A13 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group, and A12 is a group represented by Formula 10A, or A11 to A13 are each independently a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, or a perylene group.

9. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter is a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2:

10. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter is a compound of Group E-I:

11. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a horizontal orientation ratio of the emitter is greater than or equal to about 90%.

12. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer comprises iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper(Cu), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), or any combination thereof.

13. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is an organometallic compound represented by Formula 2: M21(L21)n21(L22)n22  Formula 2wherein, in Formula 2,M21 comprises a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof,L21 is a ligand represented by one of Formulae 2-1 to 2-4,L22 is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand,n11 is 1, 2, or 3, andn12 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

14. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the host comprises an electron transport host, a hole transport host, or a combination thereof, the electron transport host comprises at least one electron transport moiety,the hole transport host does not comprise an electron transport moiety,the electron transport moiety is a cyano group, —F, —CFH2, —CF2H, —CF3, a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group, a group represented by one of formulae below, or any combination thereof:

15. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein each of the host and the sensitizer does not emit light.

16. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the host, the emitter, and the sensitizer further satisfy Condition 2 below: T1(H)≥T1(S)≥S1(E)  Condition 2wherein, in Condition 2,T1(H) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the host,S1(E) is a lowest excitation singlet energy level of the emitter, andT1(S) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the sensitizer.

17. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the host and the sensitizer further satisfy Condition 3 below: T1(H)>T1(S)  Condition 3wherein, in Condition 3,T1(H) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the host, andT1(S) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the sensitizer.

18. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a spectral overlap integral (SOI) constant (J) of the sensitizer and the emitter is greater than or equal to about 1×1014.

19. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; m emission units located between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising at least one emission layer; andm−1 charge generation layers located between two adjacent emission units of the m emission units and comprising an n-type charge generation layer and a p-type charge generation layer,wherein m is an integer of 2 or more,wherein a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the at least one emission unit of the m emission units is different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one emission unit of the remaining emission units,wherein the at least one of emission layer comprises a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, wherein the sensitizer comprises a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and the at least one emission layer satisfies Condition 1 below: ⊖H+S+E/⊖H+S×100>about 109%  Condition 1wherein, in Condition 1,⊖H+S+E is a horizontal orientation ratio of an emission layer, and⊖H+S is a horizontal orientation ratio of a thin film consisting of the host and the sensitizer included in the emission layer.

20. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and m emission layers between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein m is an integer of 2 or more,a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from the at least one emission layer of the m emission layers is different from a maximum emission wavelength of light emitted from at least one emission layer of the remaining emission layers, andwherein the at least one of them emission layers comprises a host, a sensitizer, and an emitter, wherein the sensitizer comprises a fourth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a fifth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a sixth-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a lanthanide metal, an actinide metal, or any combination thereof, and the emission layers satisfy Condition 1 below: ⊖H+S+E/⊖H+S×100>about 109%  Condition 1wherein, in Condition 1,⊖H+S+E is a horizontal orientation ratio of an emission layer, and⊖H+S is a horizontal orientation ratio of a thin film consisting of the host and the sensitizer included in the emission layer.